Kristian Birkeland (1867 - 1917) the Almost Forgotten Scientist and Father of the Sun-Earth Connection
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The Planeterrella Experiment: from Individual Initiative to Networking J
submitted to Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate c The author(s) under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license The Planeterrella experiment: from individual initiative to networking J. Lilensten1, G. Provan2, S. Grimald3, A. Brekke4, E. Fluckiger¨ 5, P. Vanlommel6, C. Simon Wedlund6, M. Barthel´ emy´ 1, and P. Garnier3 1 Institut de Plantologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38041 Grenoble, France e-mail: [email protected] 2 Institution University of Leicester, United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] 3 IRAP, e-mail: [email protected] 4 History of Geoph. and Space Sciences journal, e-mail: [email protected] 5 Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Switzerland, e-mail: [email protected] 6 Royal Observatory of Belgium e-mail: [email protected] 7 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Space weather is a relatively new discipline which is generally unknown to the wider public, de- spite its increasing importance to all of our daily lives. Outreach activities can help in promoting the concept of space weather. In particular the visual beauty and excitement of the aurora make these lights a wonderful inspirational hook. A century ago Norwegian experimental physicist Kristian Birkeland, one of the founding fathers of modern space science, demonstrated with his Terrella experiment the formation of the aurora. Recently a modernised version of the Terrella has been designed. This Planeterrella experiment is very flexible, allowing the visualization of many phenomena occurring in our space environment. Although the Planeterrella was originally designed to be small to be demonstrated locally by a scientist, the Planeterrella has proved to be a very successful public outreach experiment. -
United States National Museum
Contributions from The Museum of History and Technology: Paper 8 The Natural Philosophy of William Gilbert and His Predecessors IV. James King 121 By W James King THE NATURAL PHILOSOPHY OF WILLIAM GILBERT AND HIS PREDECESSORS Until several decades ago, the physical sciences were considered to have had their origins in the 17th century— mechanics beginning with men Like Galileo Galilei and magnetism ivith men like the Elixjihcthan physician and scientist William Gilbert. Historians of science, however, have traced many of the 17th century's concepts of tncchanics hack into the Middle Ages. Here, Gilbert' s explanation of the loadstone and its powers is compared with explanations to he found in the Middle Ages and earlier. From this comparison it appears that Gilbert can best be understood by considering him not so much a herald of the new science as a modifier of the old. The Author : W. James King is curator of electricity. Museum of History and Technology, in the Smithsonian Institution' s United States National Musettm. THE \K.\R 1600 SAW the puhlkiition Ijy an English for such a tradition by determining what (iilbert's physician, William Gilbert, of a book on the original contributions to these sciences were, and loadstone. Entitled De magnele, ' it has traditionally to make explicit the sense in which he may be con- been credited with laying a foundation for the sidered as being dependent upon earlier work. In modern science of electricity and magnetism. The this manner a more accurate estimate of his position following essay is an attempt U) examine the basis in the history of science may be made. -
A Brief History of Magnetospheric Physics Before the Spaceflight Era
A BRIEF HISTORY OF MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS BEFORE THE SPACEFLIGHT ERA David P. Stern Laboratoryfor ExtraterrestrialPhysics NASAGoddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt,Maryland Abstract.This review traces early resea/ch on the Earth's aurora, plasma cloud particles required some way of magneticenvironment, covering the period when only penetratingthe "Chapman-Ferrarocavity": Alfv•n (1939) ground:based0bservationswerepossible. Observations of invoked an eleCtric field, but his ideas met resistance. The magneticstorms (1724) and of perturbationsassociated picture grew more complicated with observationsof with the aurora (1741) suggestedthat those phenomena comets(1943, 1951) which suggesteda fast "solarwind" originatedoutside the Earth; correlationof the solarcycle emanatingfrom the Sun's coronaat all times. This flow (1851)with magnetic activity (1852) pointed to theSun's was explainedby Parker's theory (1958), and the perma- involvement.The discovei-yof •solarflares (1859) and nent cavity which it producedaround the Earth was later growingevidence for their associationwith large storms named the "magnetosphere"(1959). As early as 1905, led Birkeland (1900) to proposesolar electronstreams as Birkeland had proposedthat the large magneticperturba- thecause. Though laboratory experiments provided some tions of the polar aurora refleCteda "polar" type of support;the idea ran into theoreticaldifficulties and was magneticstorm whose electric currents descended into the replacedby Chapmanand Ferraro's notion of solarplasma upper atmosphere;that idea, however, was resisted for clouds (1930). Magnetic storms were first attributed more than 50 years. By the time of the International (1911)to a "ringcurrent" of high-energyparticles circling GeophysicalYear (1957-1958), when the first artificial the Earth, but later work (1957) reCOgnizedthat low- satelliteswere launched, most of the importantfeatures of energy particlesundergoing guiding center drifts could the magnetospherehad been glimpsed, but detailed have the same effect. -
Som Nær Sagt Ingen Anden» Sam Eyde (1866 –1940)
TROND AASLAND «… som nær sagt ingen anden» Sam Eyde (1866 –1940) et er gått 1 50 år siden Sam Eyde ble født i Arendal, men vi starter i DFrankrike for 80 år siden, da han rundet de 70. I forkant av dagen gikk Eyde i filmstudio og leste inn et ungdomsdikt om en ung mann med hjemlengsel og kjærlighet til fedrelandet – en som «ønsker å komme til - bake en gang…» Det var som om han for andre gang befant seg på feil sted, denne gangen i et påtvunget eksil. Hans hilsen hjem til Norge ble også formidlet gjen - nom radioen, men den ble ikke tatt godt imot av alle. Strengt tatt flyttet han aldri tilbake, men i vår tid synes det å være bred enighet om at han er kommet hjem. Han står ganske stødig som vår viktigste gründer og industribygger, i alle fall i de første formende tiårene av forrige århundre. Han står slik både på grunn av og på tross av Sam Eyde. Kunne andre ha tatt en tilsvarende rolle? Vi skal være forsiktige med å legge det meste på noen individer. Historisk utvikling er alltid et samspill mellom tidens breie elver og manøvrene til farkostene ute på vannet. Hadde ikke Eyde kommet, kunne andre sett og grepet mulighetene og fått til noe rundt store norske fosser. Trolig ville vi fått se mer av utenlandske kapitalister og mindre av samarbeid og overføring av kunnskap og teknologi. Sammensetningen av industri ville ha vært annerledes. Tidsforløpet likeså. Hydros produksjon er det vanskelig å tenke seg uten det avgjør - 9 ende initiativet til Eyde og møtet med professor Birkeland. -
2862 001 OCR DBL ZIP 0.Pdf
, , .- GREAT SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS Twenty Experiments that Changed our View of the World ROM HARRE Oxford New York OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1983 Whi'te Oalt OXford Um'wrsity Press, Waftoff Street, OXfordOX'2 6DP LondonGlasgov) New Yorn Toronto Delhi &mbay Calcutta Madras Knrachi Kuala'LumpurSingapore HangKnng·Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Mel~urne Auckland and associates in Beirut Berlin [hac/an Mexico City Nicosia © Phaidon Press limited 1981 First published by Phaidon Press Limited /981 First issued as an Oxford University Press Paperback 1983 All n'ghts reserved. No port of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by atiy means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without ., the prior permission oj Oxford University Press This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall n(Jt,~by way oftrade or otherwise, be Jent, re-sold, hired out or otheruxse circulated without the pilblisher's prior consent in any fonn of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and ulithout a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Ham, Rom Great scientific experiments.-{Oxford paperbacks) 1. Science-experiments-History 1. Title SfJ1'.24 Q125 ISBN 0-19-286036-4 library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data , Harrl, Rmnimo. Great scientific experimetus. (Oxford paperbacks) " Biblwgraphy: p. Includes index. 1. Scieni:e-MethodlJ~(Ue studies. 2.-Science-Expen"men/$-PhI1osopf!y. 3. Science-Histo1y--Sources. 4. Scientists_Biograpf!y. I. Title. QI75.H32541983 507'.2 82';'19035 ISBN 0-19-286036-4 (pbk.) Printed in Great Britain by R. -
Switching Relations: the Rise and Fall of the Norwegian Telecom Industry
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Switching Relations The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry by Sverre A. Christensen A dissertation submitted to BI Norwegian School of Management for the Degree of Dr.Oecon Series of Dissertations 2/2006 BI Norwegian School of Management Department of Innovation and Economic Organization Sverre A. Christensen: Switching Relations: The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry © Sverre A. Christensen 2006 Series of Dissertations 2/2006 ISBN: 82 7042 746 2 ISSN: 1502-2099 BI Norwegian School of Management N-0442 Oslo Phone: +47 4641 0000 www.bi.no Printing: Nordberg The dissertation may be ordered from our website www.bi.no (Research - Research Publications) ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Knut Sogner, who has played a crucial role throughout the entire process. Thanks for having confidence and patience with me. A special thanks also to Mats Fridlund, who has been so gracious as to let me use one of his titles for this dissertation, Switching relations. My thanks go also to the staff at the Centre of Business History at the Norwegian School of Management, most particularly Gunhild Ecklund and Dag Ove Skjold who have been of great support during turbulent years. Also in need of mentioning are Harald Rinde, Harald Espeli and Lars Thue for inspiring discussion and com- ments on earlier drafts. The rest at the centre: no one mentioned, no one forgotten. My thanks also go to the Department of Innovation and Economic Organization at the Norwegian School of Management, and Per Ingvar Olsen. -
Sam Eydes Kvinner
RJUKAN-NOTODDEN INDUSTRIARV Sam Eyde og kvinnene Anne Haugen Wagn Kan ekteskapene og kvinnene i Sam Eydes liv bidra til å belyse industrigrunnleggerens personlighet? Og fork- lare hans karriere og nederlag? Uansett forteller disse sidene av Sam Eydes liv historien om borgerskapets mannssamfunn. Der kvinnene var underordnet mannen. Og der de fikk utfolde seg, enten som hore eller ma- donna. Ole Kristian Grimnes, som har skrevet biografien om Sam Eyde i 2001, skriver at Eyde var så altoppslukende opptatt av sitt arbeid at det gjorde han immun mot begivenheter og forandringer i privatlivet. Det er ikke stort å hente hos ektemannen for et studium av industrimannen, skriver Grimnes videre. Men, det burde være mulig å utdype forståelsen av Eyde som industrigründer og leder, ved å se nærmere på han som ektemann. Første ekteskapet 17.august 1895 giftet Sam Eyde seg med Ulla Mørner i Skeppholmskyrkan i Stockholm. Sam bar løytnants uni- form, hun var i hvit brudekjole med halvlangt slep, en liten utringning foran ved halsen og lange ermer. Etter noen hvetebrødsdager ved Saltsjøbaden, reiste de til Lubeck. Anna Ulrika ( Ulla ) ble født 13.juni 1873, som yngste datter av den svenske adelsmannen Carl Robert Stellan Mörner af Morlanda. Ved dåpen bad han noen i Eydefamilien om å være fadder, fordi kontakten her var allere- de etablert. Ullas far døde mindre enn 2 år seinere, men kontakten med Eyde-familien fortsatte. Mor til Ulla, Sally, ble alene med 6 mindreårige barn og måtte selge herregården. Men underbruket Marieberg ble beholdt, og Ulla vokste opp der. Sommeren 1891, da Ulla var 18 år, besøkte hun og moren eydene i Arendal. -
Sam Eyde – Norsk Hydros Grunnlegger
RJUKAN-NOTODDEN INDUSTRIARV Sam Eyde – Norsk Hydros grunnlegger Sam Eyde kom første gang til Notodden som 18-åring. Da er han ingeniørstudent og har skrevet seg inn i gjesteboka på Hotell Furuheim på Notodden. Og han kommer tilbake til Telemark. Fire år seinere, sommeren 1888, skriver han sitt navnetrekk sammen med tyske venner i besøksboka på Gaustatoppen. Eyde nøyer seg ikke med en signatur. Han tegner også inn Rjukanfossen og - til overmål – tegner han en bro med svevebane tvers over dalen! Det viktigste med turen til Rjukan var likevel at han også studerte Rjukanfossen. Eyde merket seg at det var voldsomme krefter i den fossen, og at den kunne brukes til noe…. Sam Eyde (1866-1940) ble født og vokste opp i Arendal, der hans far drev med shipping. Som barn likte han bedre å leike ved havna og klatre i riggene på seilskipene enn å fordype seg i skolearbeidet. Da han var 13 år, ble han tatt ut av skolen og mønstret på skoleskipet ”Nornen”. Han omtaler det selv som en slags dannelsesreise. En måte å bi voksen på. Den unge Sam fikk se verden og fikk erfaring og opplæring i det virkelige liv. Eyde skriver i sin selvbiografi at han på denne turen lærte seg tre viktige ting: Disiplin og vennskap med offiserene om bord - og at det var en verden utenfor Arendal. Sam fullførte gymnaset (videregående), avtjente verneplikten og ble kadett. Han søkte seg til det tekniske univer- sitetet i Charlottenburg, utenfor Berlin. Her ville han utdanne seg til ingeniør. Sam gjør det bra på studiene, han vinner en pris ved universitetet for sitt arbeid. -
Kristian Birkeland's Pioneering Investigations of Geomagnetic
CMYK RGB Hist. Geo Space Sci., 1, 13–24, 2010 History of www.hist-geo-space-sci.net/1/13/2010/ Geo- and Space © Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Access Open Sciences Advances in Science & Research Kristian Birkeland’s pioneering investigationsOpen Access Proceedings of geomagnetic disturbances Drinking Water Drinking Water A. Egeland1 and W. J. Burke2 Engineering and Science Engineering and Science 1University of Oslo, Norway Open Access Access Open Discussions 2Air Force Research Laboratory, USA Received: 11 February 2010 – Accepted: 15 March 2010 – Published: 12 April 2010 Discussions Earth System Earth System Abstract. More than 100 years ago Kristian Birkeland (1967–1917) addressed questions that had Science vexed sci- Science entists for centuries. Why do auroras appear overhead while the Earth’s magnetic field is disturbed? Are magnetic storms on Earth related to disturbances on the Sun? To answer these questions Birkeland devised Open Access Open terrella simulations, led coordinated campaigns in the Arctic wilderness, and then interpretedAccess Open hisData results in Data the light of Maxwell’s synthesis of laws governing electricity and magnetism. After analyzing thousands of magnetograms, he divided disturbances into 3 categories: Discussions 1. Polar elementary storms are auroral-latitude disturbances now called substorms. Social Social 2. Equatorial perturbations correspond to initial and main phases of magnetic storms. Open Access Open Geography Open Access Open Geography 3. Cyclo-median perturbations reflect enhanced solar-quiet currents on the dayside. He published the first two-cell pattern of electric currents in Earth’s upper atmosphere, nearly 30 years before the ionosphere was identified as a separate entity. -
5 Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism
5 Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism It is not known when the directive power of the magnet 5.1 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION - its ability to align consistently north-south - was first recognized. Early in the Han dynasty, between 300 and 5.1.1 The discovery of magnetism 200 BC, the Chinese fashioned a rudimentary compass Mankind's interest in magnetism began as a fascination out of lodestone. It consisted of a spoon-shaped object, with the curious attractive properties of the mineral lode whose bowl balanced and could rotate on a flat polished stone, a naturally occurring form of magnetite. Called surface. This compass may have been used in the search loadstone in early usage, the name derives from the old for gems and in the selection of sites for houses. Before English word load, meaning "way" or "course"; the load 1000 AD the Chinese had developed suspended and stone was literally a stone which showed a traveller the pivoted-needle compasses. Their directive power led to the way. use of compasses for navigation long before the origin of The earliest observations of magnetism were made the aligning forces was understood. As late as the twelfth before accurate records of discoveries were kept, so that century, it was supposed in Europe that the alignment of it is impossible to be sure of historical precedents. the compass arose from its attempt to follow the pole star. Nevertheless, Greek philosophers wrote about lodestone It was later shown that the compass alignment was pro around 800 BC and its properties were known to the duced by a property of the Earth itself. -
Registration Document
Yara International ASA – 19.01.2015 Registration Document Registration Document Yara International ASA 19.01 2015 Prepared according to Commission Regulation (EC) No 809/2004 - Annex IV Yara International ASA – 19.01.2015 Registration Document Important notice The Registration Document is based on sources such as annual reports and publicly available information and forward looking information based on current expectations, estimates and projections about global economic conditions, the economic conditions of the regions and industries that are major markets for the Company's (including subsidiaries and affiliates) lines of business. A prospective investor should consider carefully the factors set forth in chapter 1 Risk factors, and elsewhere in the Prospectus, and should consult his or her own expert advisers as to the suitability of an investment in the bonds. The Joint Lead Managers and/or affiliated companies and/or officers, directors and employees may be a market maker or hold a position in any instrument or related instrument discussed in this Registration Document, and may perform or seek to perform financial advisory or banking services related to such instruments. The Joint Lead Managers’ corporate finance department may act as manager or co-manager for this Issuer in private and/or public placement and/or resale not publicly available or commonly known. Copies of this Registration Document are not being mailed or otherwise distributed or sent in or into or made available in the United States other than on the Issuer’s web page. Persons receiving this document (including custodians, nominees and trustees) must not distribute or send such documents or any related documents in or into the United States. -
Birkeland Currents and Dark Matter
Issue 2 (April) PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Volume 14 (2018) Birkeland Currents and Dark Matter Donald E. Scott Dept. of Electrical Engineering (Retired), University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA E-mail: [email protected] A straight-forward application of basic electrical definitions and one of Maxwell’s di- vergence equations provide an extension of the Bessel function model of force-free, field-aligned currents (FAC). This extended model offers descriptions of the charge den- sity, electric-field strength, velocity profile, and voltage profile, each as a function of radial value, r, within the cross-section of the FAC structure. The resulting model ex- hibits an obvious correspondence with the results of the Marklund convection process in plasma filaments. Most importantly, it shows that observed stellar velocity profiles in galaxies are now accurately predicted without invocations of Dark Matter, WIMPs, or MACHOs. 1 Introduction to be of unlimited extent in length and have a circular cross- section, the model assumes no variation of either B or j in the Kristian Birkeland’s hypothesis [1] that Earth’s auroras are θ, or z directions. The mathematical results of this modeling powered by electric charges flowing from the Sun was shown process are: to be correct in the late 1960’s [2]. Since that time there has been a growing interest in the exact structure of those Bz(r) = Bz(0) J0(αr) ; (1) streams. What are the precise shapes and physical proper- ties of these currents that cascade down into Earth’s polar B (r) = B (0) J (αr) ; (2) regions? NASA calls them “magnetic flux-ropes”.