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Designing UFAD Systems Betterbricks Workshop, September 7-8, 2005 Designing UFAD Systems BetterBricks Workshop, September 7-8, 2005 Acknowledgments Designing Underfloor Air Course Development Distribution (UFAD) Systems Taylor Engineering Allan Daly Workshop for BetterBricks Pacific Gas & Electric Co. Cascadia Region of Green Building Council Puget Sound / Oregon Chapters of ASHRAE ASHRAE Seattle – Sept. 7, Portland – Sept. 8, 2005 Projects, Images Arup, Flack + Kurtz, Nailor Industries, Fred Bauman, P.E. EH Price, Tate Access Floors, Center for the Built Environment, York International University of California, Berkeley 2 Agenda 9:00-9:10 Opening Comments 9:10-9:30 Introduction 9:30-10:10 Diffusers and Stratification 10:10-10:50 Underfloor Plenums Introduction 10:50 -11:05 Break 11:05-11:45 Load Calculations, Energy 11:45-12:00 Comfort and IAQ 12:00 -1:00 Lunch 9:10 – 9:30 1:00-1:20 Horizontal and Vertical Distribution 1:20-1:35 Commissioning and Operations 1:35-1:50 Post-Occupancy Evaluations 1:50-2:05 How to Decide to Go with UFAD? 2:05-2:15 Wrap-Up, Conclusions 2:15 -2:30 Break 2:30-4:00 Panel Discussion 3 CBE Organization CBE Industry Partners Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (I/UCRC) Armstrong World Industries Skidmore Owings and Merrill Steelcase, Inc. National Science Foundation provides support and Arup* evaluation California Department of Syska Hennessy Group General Services Tate Access Floors Inc.* Industry Advisory Board shapes research agenda California Energy Commission Taylor Engineering Team: Semi-annual meetings emphasize interaction, shared goals • Taylor Engineering Charles M. Salter Associates and problem solving • Guttmann & Blaevoet E.H. Price Ltd. • Southland Industries • Swinerton Builders Flack + Kurtz, Inc. Trane HOK U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)* Keen Engineering, Inc. U.S. General Services Pacific Gas & Electric Co. Administration (GSA)* York International Corporation RTKL *founding partner 5 6 Fred Bauman, PE All contents copyright (C) 2000 Center for the Built Environment (CBE) The Regents of the University of California 1 Designing UFAD Systems BetterBricks Workshop, September 7-8, 2005 Overhead System Underfloor air distribution system 55°F-57°F 61°F-65°F 7 8 Underfloor vs. Conventional Potential UFAD Benefits Air Distribution System Design Issues Improved occupant comfort, Underfloor air supply plenum productivity and health Air supplied into occupied zone near floor level Improved ventilation efficiency and indoor air quality Higher supply air temperatures (for cooling) Reduced energy use Allows for occupant control Properly controlled stratification leads to reduced energy Reduced life-cycle building costs use while maintaining comfort Improved flexibility for Reduced space sensible heat load building services Perimeter zone solutions are critical Reduced floor-to-floor height in new construction Access floor improves flexibility and re-configurability 9 10 Room Air Stratification Current Barriers to UFAD Technology (cooling operation) Lack of familiarity by building industry Higher first costs Need for design guidelines and tools Fundamental research needed on key issues Room air stratification Underfloor plenums Energy performance Thermal comfort and ventilation effectiveness Problems with applicable standards and codes 11 12 Fred Bauman, PE All contents copyright (C) 2000 Center for the Built Environment (CBE) The Regents of the University of California 2 Designing UFAD Systems BetterBricks Workshop, September 7-8, 2005 Floor Construction Integrated Service Plenum 13 14 Underfloor Air & Power Underfloor HVAC Concept PLUG & PLAY VAV Modular POWER and Diffuser Wiring CONTROLS 15 16 ASHRAE Research Project RP-1064: ASHRAE UFAD Design Guide UFAD Design Guide CONTENTS (243 pp.) Project start: September 1999 1. Introduction 9. Perimeter and Special Primary author – Fred Bauman 2. Room Air Distribution Systems Contributing author – Allan Daly 3. Thermal Comfort and 10. Cost Considerations Indoor Air Quality 11. Standards, Codes, and Sponsored by ASHRAE and CBE 4. Underfloor Air Supply Ratings Plenums Technical oversight by TC 5.3, 12. Design Methodology 5. UFAD Equipment Room Air Distribution 13. Examples 6. Controls, Operation, and Guide published by ASHRAE in Maintenance 14. Future Directions December 2003 7. Energy Use 15. Glossary Available from ASHRAE bookstore 8. Design, Construction, and 16. References and Commissioning Annotated Bibliography Developed ASHRAE Professional 17. Index Development Seminar (PDS) 17 18 Fred Bauman, PE All contents copyright (C) 2000 Center for the Built Environment (CBE) The Regents of the University of California 3 Designing UFAD Systems BetterBricks Workshop, September 7-8, 2005 Development of UFAD Design Guide Current status of UFAD technology Design Guide material Strong interest due to several attractive features Current database of UFAD projects in North America Research (laboratory, field, simulation) ~300 installations Design experience (literature, interviews, case studies) ~50-55 million ft2 Manufacturer’s literature Routinely considered as HVAC design option Includes UFAD and closely related task/ambient conditioning (TAC) systems Ongoing research and experience in the field are generating new and improved information Covers topics in which important differences exist between UFAD and conventional overhead design Problems found in completed UFAD installations are often the same as those found in overhead buildings Identifies areas where more work is needed Conservative design Poor construction practice Inadequate commissioning, controls, and operation 19 20 Raised floor and UFAD adoption How Many UFAD Projects are Installed? Through 2000, approximately 80 projects ¾ 1995: Less than 3% of 20% representing some 20 million sq ft in US. new office buildings had 16% raised floors, UFAD a Raised Floor Between 2000-2002, the number of new projects “fringe” element UFAD 12% represented another 25 million sq ft. ¾ 2002: 7% of new offices 8% CBE currently maintains database of North used raised floors, 15% of these with UFAD American UFAD projects with over 300 4% installations representing 50-55 million sq ft. systems. % of New Office Construction 0% ¾ 2004: 14% -15% have 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 The jobs are getting larger. The Bank One Center raised floors, ~ 45% of Year in Chicago (1.5 million sq ft) was completed in these with UFAD 2003 and several more projects over 1 million sq ft systems. are now in design or under construction. 21 22 Diffuser types Variable area (VA) Swirl Diffusers and Stratification 9:30 – 10:10 Swirl, horizontal discharge Linear bar grille 24 Fred Bauman, PE All contents copyright (C) 2000 Center for the Built Environment (CBE) The Regents of the University of California 4 Designing UFAD Systems BetterBricks Workshop, September 7-8, 2005 Swirl Diffusers Personal control of swirl diffuser Rotate face plate Swirl floor diffuser 25 26 Personal control of swirl diffuser Individual Plenum Box 27 28 Office cubicles Too many! One diffuser per workstation 29 30 Fred Bauman, PE All contents copyright (C) 2000 Center for the Built Environment (CBE) The Regents of the University of California 5 Designing UFAD Systems BetterBricks Workshop, September 7-8, 2005 Variable-Area Diffuser Proprietary Product 31 32 Variable Air Volume Performance Bar Grilles in Perimeter CONSISTANT VELOCITY - VARIABLE VOLUME Maintain constant discharge velocity even as air reduces 33 34 Perimeter solution: Underfloor variable-speed fan-coil Variable Speed Fan-Coil Control 130°F Max Fan Speed Design Discharge Air Design Airflow Fan Speed Temperature Setpoint Return Air Plenum Airflow Glazing Fan Speed Fan Return Air Grille Airflow 30% Design 30% Design Airflow T Fan Speed No U/A diffusers Fan Speed in perimeter zones Heating Coil Lowest Possible Linear Bar Fan Speed Raised Access Floor Diffuser (~15% Max Fan Speed) Minimum Airflow (due to 60°F pressurized Fan Coil w/ ECM motor plenum) Heating Loop Output Deadband Cooling Loop Output Flex Duct 35 36 Fred Bauman, PE All contents copyright (C) 2000 Center for the Built Environment (CBE) The Regents of the University of California 6 Designing UFAD Systems BetterBricks Workshop, September 7-8, 2005 Perimeter solution: Underfloor variable-speed fan-coil 37 38 Perimeter solution – variable-area diffuser Perimeter solution – variable-area diffuser Cooling mode Heating mode 39 40 Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems Diffuser Code Compliance Desktop control for maximum In the past, technically only all-metal diffusers could meet all code occupant comfort control flame spread and smoke ratings Relatively rare in practice For plastic diffusers: UL 94 (Flammability of Plastic Devices) NFPA 90A (smoke developed index <= 50) Smoke test protocol is NFPA 255 (burn 25 ft sample) NFPA 90A exception (smoke optical density) NFPA 262 or UL 2043 (new test for smoke generation from plastic diffusers in 2002 edition of NFPA 90A) 41 42 Fred Bauman, PE All contents copyright (C) 2000 Center for the Built Environment (CBE) The Regents of the University of California 7 Designing UFAD Systems BetterBricks Workshop, September 7-8, 2005 Room air stratification (cooling operation) Overhead Air Distribution System Mixing system tries to maintain uniform temperature and ventilation conditions throughout space 43 44 Displacement Ventilation System Underfloor Air Distribution System Minimize mixing in occupied zone Increased mixing up to throw height (TH) Stratification height (SH) separates upper and lower
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