INDEX

A Aquifers cooling, 233–234 Acoustics energy storage, 148f heat pumps, 202–203 importance, 53–54 usage, 147 Carbon Disclosure Rating, 17 theater usage, 57 Carbon footprint, 17 Active chilled beams, 68–70 B Cast-iron radiators, DIU retrofi t coverage, 77t Bi-fuel engines, conversion kits, 214 (example), 110f example, 70f Boiler energy savings, 64 Cattle farms, 207–208 nozzle, induction effect, 70f Building management and security Ceilings passive chilled beams, contrast, 73–74 (BMS) systems, 129–130 chilled beams, usage, 74 Air circulation, impact, 65 Buildings diffusers, ventilation effectiveness, Air cleanliness, method, 8 average site energy consumption, 176t 88t, 108t Air distribution, problem, 91f construction, importance, 2 space, chilled beams (impact), 66 correction, 92f cooling, night cool (usage), 151–153 Chilled beams Air ineffi ciency, 64 core spaces, UFAD (impact), 96 applications, 72–77 Air reheat loads, impact, 81 energy consumption, 174–176 benefi ts, 63–67, 79 Air-side economizer, 230 impact, 1 ceilings, impact, 74 Airside economizer, water side percentages, 2f comfort/noise, 65 economizer (contrast), 232f energy effi ciency, improvement, design, to-do list, 73–75 Alternating current (AC) to direct 181–183 economics, 74 current (DC) conversion, 229 energy end-use splits, 15–16 energy savings, 63–65 American Institute of Architects (AIA), energy performance (enhancement), example, 62f hospital guidelines, 51–52 intermediate cavity (usage), 134 geothermal systems, coupling, 64–65 American National Standards Institute envelope criteria, codes, 119–120 humid climates, impact, 74–75 (ANSI), energy code 90.1, external heat load, reduction, 73 installation, example, 75f 118–128 fl oor-to-fl oor height, impact, 95–96 layout, 73 glazing performance requirements, heat dissipation, aquifers (usage), 147 maintenance level, 66–67 123t improvements, opportunities, 4–5 moisture generation, 77 American Society of Heating COPYRIGHTEDoperable windows, 113 MATERIALoperation/technology, principle, 62–63 Refrigeration and Air systems, effi ciency level, 16 performance, 81–82 Conditioning Engineers technologies, potential, 5 space savings, 65–66 (ASHRAE), energy code 90.1, 13, thermal energy storage, 145 system, fl exibility, 66 118–128 UFAD, impact, 95–100 types, 67–72 glazing performance requirements, usage, 61–62 123t C underfl oor air distribution (UFAD) Annual solar electric power generation, Capillary tubes, example, 38f applications, combination, 78–82 173–174 Carbon dioxide wattage, determination, 76

239

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Chilled walls/ceilings COMcheck, 122–123 Daylight harvesting system, integration, capillary systems, examples, 38f Commercial heat pump, 199f 133 usage, 25 Commercial offi ces, chilled beams Daytime solar radiation, night cool Chiller energy savings, 64 (usage), 75–77 (contrast), 150–151 Churn, chilled beams (impact), 66 Computational fl uid dynamics (CFD) Developing countries, growth Classrooms analysis, 91 (acceleration), 4 design, acoustics (importance), 53–54 Concrete fl at slab, fl oor-to-fl oor height Direct digital control (DDC) systems, displacement/ceiling diffusers, savings, 96f 38–39 ventilation effectiveness, 108t Concrete structure buildings, Direct solar gain, reduction, 130 displacement ventilation fl oor-to-fl oor height (impact), Dispatchable standby generation (DSG), examples, 54f–55f 95 214–215 usage, 53–56 Continuous generators, 215–216 benefi ts, 214t DIUs Conventional air conditioning systems, Displacement example, 111f 153–156 diffusers, ventilation effectiveness, usage, 108–111 diurnal thermal storage, usage 88t, 108t induction units, examples, 110f (example), 153f distribution, underfl oor air speech intelligibility, importance, 54 Conventional air distribution systems distribution (contrast), 47–48 Climate zones, 119–121 displacement systems principle, 43f example, 120f benefi ts, 46t–47t systems, UFAD systems (contrast), Closed-loop systems, types, 193t contrast, 42–47 48f Cloud computing, 225 fl oor-to-fl oor height, example, 95f temperature gradient, 43f Cogeneration, 205 UFAD systems, contrast, 90t Displacement induction applications, 207–211 Conventional overhead air distribution, contaminant control, 106f benefi ts, 208–211, 237 schematic, 84f duct/piping arrangement, 109f capacity range, 212t Conventional power plant effi ciency, principle, example, 102f DSG/heat recovery, combination, 215 206f units, induction units (contrast), 107f economics, 206–207 Cooling towers, usage, 155–156 Displacement induction units (DIUs), effi ciency, increase, 208 example, 156f 101 electrical power/total effi ciencies, 212t air requirement, 102 feasibility study, 222 D applications, 107–113 operating cost, reduction, 208–210 Data centers benefi ts, 103–106 operational effi ciency, 209f air management, 237–238 electrical costs, reduction, 105 plant cogeneration, benefi ts, 237 energy consumption, 103–104 examples, 218f effi ciency examples, 109f–111f location, 206 areas, 230f fan coil system, retrofi t (example), power plant effi ciency, 207f technologies, impact, 230–234 110f technologies, 211–221 EPA study, 224–225 indoor environment improvement, Cold aisles heat capture, 235, 236f 105 creation, 237f, 238 heat transfer, 235f maintenance, reduction, 105–106 hot aisles, separation, 238 history, 224–225 noise levels, 104 College dormitories, radiant ceiling low energy effi ciency, 228–229 space savings, 105 panels (usage), 36 PUE levels, 228–229 thermal comfort, 104 Combined heat and power (CHP) spaces, classifi cation, 234t Trox DIU, example, 103f generation, 205 sustainability, 223 Displacement ventilation on-site generation, 236–237 trends, 225–226 acoustics, impact, 53, 56

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applications, 48 Electrical rooms, UFAD usage (example), Evacuated tube collectors, 168–169 benefi ts, 44–46 97f example, 169f conventional air distribution system Electricity, grids, 171–172 External shades, 128, 130–132 benefi ts, 46t–47t Embodied energy examples, 132f contrast, 42–47 comparison, 18f energy savings, 44–45 defi nition, 17 F examples, 49f–50f, 54f–55f, 58f operational energy, contrast, 17–19 Façade cooling load, percentage, 118f explanation, 42 percentage, 18–19 Fans history, 41–42 Energy equipment effi ciency, radiant cooling indoor environment, 45–46 consumption, 174–176 factor, 24 large public spaces, 48–59 growth, technologies (impact), 2–3 ineffi ciency, 64 mixed-air systems, contrast, 42–47 reduction, 130, 165, 183 Fins, 128 offi ce space usage, 59 cost budget method, 123 Flat plate collectors, 168 performance space usage, 56–59 off-site export, 171–172 example, 169f systems peak demand, reduction, 140t Floor-mounted console heat pump, 200f supply air temperature, 42 reduction, 140t Floor-to-fl oor height underfl oor air distribution (UFAD), overhangs, usage, 131t impact, 95–96 contrast), 48t resources, pressure, 4 savings, 96f teaching environment/classroom storage, 171 Fossil fuel resources, 8–10 usage, 53–56 use, reduction, 130–131 Frame U values, reduction methods, 125 theater usage, 56–59 Energy codes Free cooling, 230 thermal stratifi cation, 45 envelope compliance, 121–122 Free heat, availability, 191 Diurnal energy storage, 148 options, 122t Fuel cells Diurnal thermal storage U.S. adoption, 119f cogeneration, 219–221 cooling towers, usage (example), Energy effi ciency operation, 220f 156f funding opportunities, 19–20 systems, comparative cost, 221t UFAD systems, usage, 155f improvement, 181–183 usage, 212 usage, example, 153f increase, 164–165 Fume hood exhaust, impact, 82 Double-skin envelope, 128, 134–136 profi ts/savings, 11–12 Double-wall façade ENERGY STAR program, 183 G airfl ows, 135f Engaging envelopes, 116 Gas turbines dampers, 135f Envelopes applications, 217–218 engagement methods, 135–136 code performance, exceeding, cogeneration, 216–219 heat harvesting, 138f 128–143 example, 217f solar radiation, impact, 150f criteria, code mandates, 119–120 usage, 211 summer/winter uses, 151f energy code compliance, 121–122 Geothermal energy, heat production, Dry bulb temperature bin (New Jersey), glazing characteristics, 123–128 187–189 231t light to solar gain (LSG) ratio, Geothermal heat pumps, 190–198 Dual-fuel engines, conversion kits, 214 127–128 effi ciency performance, improvement, 123–124 reasons, 190–191 E simulation, energy cost budget sources, 190–191 E coating, effect, 128t method, 123 energy effi ciency, 192f Economic development, importance, solar heat gain coeffi cient (SHGC), operation 1–2 126 cooling mode, example, 188f, 190f Electrical distribution, 229 visible light transmittance (VLT), 126 heating mode, example, 189f, 191f

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Geothermal heat systems, HVAC Hospitals Information technology (IT) equipment (comparison), 147–148 American Institute of Architects (AIA) power, 227 Geothermal methods, 191–193 guidelines, 51–52 rooms, UFAD usage (example), 97f Geothermal resource map, 186f chilled beams Insulated glass unit (IGU), 124 Geothermal systems, 185 benefi ts, 79 SHGC values, 126t building benefi ts, 187 UFAD, combination usage, 79–80 U values, 125t chilled beams, coupling, 64–65 usage, example, 80f International Standards Organization classifi cation, 192 codes, 51–52 (ISO), Standard ISO 7730, 23 economic benefi ts, 187 displacement ventilation, usage, K environmental benefi ts, 186–187 50–52 Glare (reduction), overhangs (usage), energy, usage, 51f Kyoto Protocol, greenhouse gas 131t infection control, importance, 51 identifi cation, 10, 17 Glazing assembly u-value, 124–125 radiant ceiling panels, 38–39 L Glazing characteristics, 123–128 systems, history, 52 Laboratories list, 124t Hot aisles chilled beams/UFAD, combination Glazing u-value, 124–125 cold aisles, separation, 238 usage, 80–82 Greenhouse gases (GHGs), 10–11 creation, 237f, 238 example, 82f effect, 10f Human thermal comfort, variables, 23–24 energy usage, 81 emitting countries, aggregate Humidity control strategy, 73 radiant ceiling panels, usage, 34–35 contributions, 11f Hydrogen fuel cells, 220 set points, 81–82 identifi cation, 10 Hypocausts Lake closed-loop system, 195–196 Greenhouses, 207 example, 22f Large public spaces, displacement Green roofs, 128 usage, 21, 23 ventilation (usage), 48–59 Las Vegas, high/low temperatures, 152t H I Leadership in Energy and Environmental Health-care facilities Indoor air Design (LEED) displacement ventilation, usage, environment, UFAD (impact), 87–88 rating systems energy optimization 50–52 exhaust, 138–139 points, 14t DIUs, usage, 111–112 supply, 137–138 Reference Guide for Green Building Heat carrying capacity, radiant cooling Indoor air quality Design and Construction UFAD factor, 24 guarantee, 65 information (2009), 84 Heat energy, quality, 187–188 improvement, strategies, 7 version 3 (LEED V3), 13–14 Heat extraction/sinking, 191–193 UFAD, impact, 87–88 Life-cycle cost analysis, familiarity, 6 Heat harvesting, 138f Indoor building environment, cleanliness Light glare, reduction, 130 Heat-pipe evacuated collector, 169f (method), 8 Light to solar gain (LSG) ratio, 127–128 Heat pumps, types, 198–203 Indoor environment Liquid cooling, 231–233 Heat transfer, 201f displacement ventilation, usage, 45–46 Low-grade energy heat, abundance/ Heat transmission coeffi cient, 124–125 DIUs, impact, 105 availability, 189 High-grade energy, usage, 188 Induction principle, suitability/ Low-temperature solar thermal High-performance envelope, 115 adaptability, 69 collectors, 168 defi nition, 117–118 Induction units High-temperature solar thermal displacement induction units, M collectors, 168 contrast, 107f Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing Horizontal closed-loop heat pump, 195f history, 106–107 (MEP) systems, improvements, Horizontal closed-loop system, 194 usage, 102 4–5

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Medium-grade energy, limitation, New York City, high/low temperatures, Operational energy 188–189 152t comparison, 18f Medium-temperature solar thermal Night cool, 150–153 defi nition, 17 collectors, 168 UFAD, impact, 154–155 embodied energy, contrast, 17–19 Micro-cogeneration or combined usage, examples, 151–153 Outdoor air heat and power (micro-CHP), Noise levels, 65 buffer, 136 221–222 DIUs, impact, 104 supply, 136–137 Micro-turbines Nonengaging envelopes, 116 Outdoor chilled water storage tank, cogeneration, 219 Nonrenewable energy, partial thermal example, 160f usage, 212 storage system, 158f Overhangs, 128, 130–132 Mixed-air systems, displacement systems Nonrenewable energy storage, usage, 131t (contrast), 42–47 156–161 Mullion U values, reduction methods, Nozzle, induction effect, 70f P 125 Partial storage system operation, 159t Multidirectional radiant slabs, 37f O Partial thermal storage system, 158f Multiservice chilled beams, 70–72 Offi ce buildings Passive chilled beams, 67–68 benefi ts, 70–71 active chilled beam coverage, 77t active chilled beams, contrast, 73–74 examples, 71f–72f data centers benefi ts, 68 installation, example, 71f applications, 234–237 schematic, 68f heat transfer, 235f UFAD application, 78f N energy reduction, 5 Patient rooms National Renewable Energy Laboratory high load density, 77t chilled beams, benefi ts, 79 (NREL), geothermal resources offi ce-sensible (non moisture) space chilled beams/UFAD, combination maps, 186 heat loads, 77t usage, 79–80 Natural gas industrial prices, 210t radiant ceiling panels, 31–33 DIUs, usage, 111–112 Natural gas sites, availability, 213–214 examples, 32f Peak cooling load, reduction, 140–142 NetMetering, 179–181 fi nishes, 33f illustration, 141f Net metering, 180–181 Offi ce layout (confi guration), UFAD Per capita energy consumption, 14–15 Net-zero buildings, 163 (impact), 86–87 world BTU consumption, 15f analysis, 178 Offi ce spaces, displacement ventilation Performance spaces, displacement consumption, reduction, 183–184 (usage), 59 ventilation energy effi ciency, improvement, Off-site energy export, 171–172 example, 58f 181–183 Once-through system, 82 usage, 56–59f energy simulation, 178 On-side generation and combined heat Perimeter buildings feasibility, 178–179 and power, 236–237 DIUs, example, 113f fi nancial aspects, 182 Open-loop geothermal wells, usage DIUs, usage, 112–113 mechanical/electrical systems, (factors), 197–198 Perimeter heating system, 74 181–183 Open-loop systems Perimeter zone heat pumps, usage, 201 process, steps, 164, 166, 181, 183 types, 193t Photovoltaic power generation, 174t solar energy, 177–181 water quantities, 197t Photovoltaic system, effi ciency, 170 impact, 165f Open-well open-loop system, 196–198 Plenum technologies, impact, 182–183 Operable windows, 113 design, 56 Net-zero defi nition, 179–181 controls, 129f integrity, 96, 99 New Jersey, dry bulb temperature bin, sensors, 129f Polyethylene (PEX) tubing, 25, 25f 231t usage, 128–130 Pond closed-loop system, 195–196

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Power usage effectiveness (PUE), Radiant panels, usage, 24 Solar photovoltaic energy effi ciency, 226–229 Radiant pipe manifold, example, 30f 167f example, 227f Raised fl oor, air distribution problem, Solar photovoltaic system, solar thermal Prime generators, 215–216 91f system (contrast), 170–172 Process loads, impact, 81 correction, 92f list, 171t Public spaces Reciprocating engines Solar radiant system, integration, 133 displacement ventilation, examples, cogeneration, 212–216 Solar radiation, 149–150 49f–50f example, 216f impact, 150f radiant cooling fl oors, 28–30 Reciprocating engines, usage, 211 Solar-responsive internal blinds/shades, benefi ts, 28–29 Renewable energy storage, 146–153 128, 133–134 PVWatts software, printout, 175t REScheck, 122–123 position, 133 Residential buildings, radiant ceiling Solar-responsive shading system, inputs/ Q panels (usage), 35–36 outputs, 134t Quality of life, benefi ts, 7–8 Rooftop heat pump, 200f Solar spectrum, low-E (relationship), Room air distribution, induction 127f R principle (suitability/adaptability), Solar thermal collectors, effi ciency, 169 Rack cooling, 231–233 69 Solar thermal energy coil, 233f effi ciency, 170f Radiant ceiling panels, 31–33 S harvesting, 167–169 applications, 34–39 Seasonal energy storage, 146–148 Solar thermal panels, types, 168 construction, 33–39 schematic, 147f Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance examples, 32f Servers, blanking panels, 238 (SECA), 220 fi nishes, 33f Sewage treatment plants, 207 Source-to-site energy conversion factor, Radiant cooling Sick building syndrome (SBS), causes, 7 176–177 applications, 28–33 Site energy, 174–175 EPA national average, 177t benefi ts, 26 Site-to-source conversion table, 13t Space, ventilation, 42 condensation, impact, 26 Site-to-source effect, 12–13 Standby generators, 215–216 conventional systems, differences, Slinky closed-loop system, 194–195 Standby power, facilities usage, 215 27t ground installation, 195f Steam turbines, usage, 212 example, 22f Slinky loop, pier installation, 196f Steel structure buildings, fl oor-to-fl oor explanation, 23–26 Slinky loop system, lake installation, height (impact), 95 historic preservation, impact, 39 196f Stored thermal energy, source, 146 history, 21–23 Solar electric power, annual generation, Sustainable energy systems, funding systems 173–174 opportunities, 19–20 benefi ts, 32 Solar energy, 163 Sustainable technologies, adoption energy savings, 27 abundance, 164 (cost), 6 technologies, 24–25 harvesting, 166 usage, reasons, 26–27 impact, 165f T Radiant cooling fl oors, 28–30 Solar heat gain coeffi cient (SGHC), Teaching environment benefi ts, 28–29 126 displacement/ceiling diffusers, construction, 30–31 values, 126t ventilation effectiveness, 108t examples, 29f–30f Solar intensity, 172–173 displacement ventilation fl oor sandwich, 31f U.S. locations, 173t examples, 54f–55f walkway bridge, example, 29f Solar photovoltaic cell, effi ciency, usage, 53–56 Radiant fl oors, usage, 24–25 166–167 DIUs, usage, 108–111

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Technologies chilled beams, usage (combination), Unidirectional radiant slabs, 37f cost, 6 78–82 Unknown technology factor, impact, funding opportunities, 19–20 churn costs, 86–87 5–6 Theaters conventional air distribution systems, U.S. annual solar intensity, 173t acoustics, 57 contrast, 90t U.S. buildings energy end-use air outlets, 56–57 design, 96–100 splits, 16f displacement ventilation integration, 99 U.S. climate zones, 120f example, 58f diffuser, example, 89f U.S. coal resources/reserves, if usage, 56–59 displacement distribution, contrast, U.S. geothermal resource map, 186f lighting, 57 47–48 U.S. primary energy production, 9f plenum, design, 56 displacement ventilation systems, U-value, 124–125 return air, 57 contrast, 48t U values, reduction methods, 125 stages, 58 diurnal thermal storage, usage, 155f Thermal comfort ductwork, requirements, 94 V DIUs, impact, 104 electrical/information technology Vacuum tube collectors, 168–169 ISO defi nition, 23 room usage, example, 97f example, 169f UFAD, impact, 87 energy effi ciency, 85 Variable process loads, impact, 81 Thermal density, 142t examples, 89f, 98f–99f Vertical closed loop-system, 193–194 Thermal energy storage, 145, 157–161 fl exibility, 86–87 Vertical fl oor-mounted heat pump, Thermal mass, 128, 140 fl oor-to-fl oor height, 94 199f diurnal temperature, relationship, example, 95f Visible light transmittance (VLT), 142f impact, 95–100 126–127 energy reduction, 142–143 incremental cost, 93t partition type, 141t indoor air environment/quality, W reduction, 140–141 87–88 Waste heat, recovery, 213 Thermal storage systems LEED 2009 Reference Guide for Water side economizer, airside space requirements, 161 Green Building Design and economizer (contrast), 232f types, 158 Construction information, 84 Water temperature difference/fl ow rate, Tint, effect, 128t mechanical systems component 197t Total facility power, 227 design, 99–100 Water-to-air heat pumps, 198–201 Transformer losses, 229 myths, 94 types, 198t Triple-pane glass, 128, 139 night cool, usage, 154–155 Water-to-water heat pumps, 202 Triple-pane windows, 139 occupant control, 88 example, 202f Trombe walls offi ce restructuring, 86–87 Well fi eld, layout/capacity, 194f schematic, 149f plenum integrity, 96, 99 World energy consumption, shares, 3f usage, 149–150 schematic, 84f World Internet penetration rates, 225f Trox displacement fl ow diffusers, 44f stair section, 97f World marketed energy consumption, Trox DIU, example, 103f systems 3f cost, 92–93 World per capita energy consumption, U displacement systems, contrast, 48f 15f Underfl oor air distribution (UFAD), 83 toilet section, 97f Worldwide economic growth, air leakage, 96, 99 theater usage, 56–57 impact, 4 air requirements, 94 thermal comfort, 88 benefi ts, 85–88 validation, CFD analysis (usage), Z calculations, 94 91–94 Zero energy buildings (ZEB), 179

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