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Copyrighted Material INDEX A Aquifers cooling, 233–234 Acoustics energy storage, 148f heat pumps, 202–203 importance, 53–54 usage, 147 Carbon Disclosure Rating, 17 theater usage, 57 Carbon footprint, 17 Active chilled beams, 68–70 B Cast-iron radiators, DIU retrofi t coverage, 77t Bi-fuel engines, conversion kits, 214 (example), 110f example, 70f Boiler energy savings, 64 Cattle farms, 207–208 nozzle, induction effect, 70f Building management and security Ceilings passive chilled beams, contrast, 73–74 (BMS) systems, 129–130 chilled beams, usage, 74 Air circulation, impact, 65 Buildings diffusers, ventilation effectiveness, Air cleanliness, method, 8 average site energy consumption, 176t 88t, 108t Air distribution, problem, 91f construction, importance, 2 space, chilled beams (impact), 66 correction, 92f cooling, night cool (usage), 151–153 Chilled beams Air ineffi ciency, 64 core spaces, UFAD (impact), 96 applications, 72–77 Air reheat loads, impact, 81 energy consumption, 174–176 benefi ts, 63–67, 79 Air-side economizer, 230 impact, 1 ceilings, impact, 74 Airside economizer, water side percentages, 2f comfort/noise, 65 economizer (contrast), 232f energy effi ciency, improvement, design, to-do list, 73–75 Alternating current (AC) to direct 181–183 economics, 74 current (DC) conversion, 229 energy end-use splits, 15–16 energy savings, 63–65 American Institute of Architects (AIA), energy performance (enhancement), example, 62f hospital guidelines, 51–52 intermediate cavity (usage), 134 geothermal systems, coupling, 64–65 American National Standards Institute envelope criteria, codes, 119–120 humid climates, impact, 74–75 (ANSI), energy code 90.1, external heat load, reduction, 73 installation, example, 75f 118–128 fl oor-to-fl oor height, impact, 95–96 layout, 73 glazing performance requirements, heat dissipation, aquifers (usage), 147 maintenance level, 66–67 123t improvements, opportunities, 4–5 moisture generation, 77 American Society of Heating COPYRIGHTEDoperable windows, 113 MATERIALoperation/technology, principle, 62–63 Refrigeration and Air systems, effi ciency level, 16 performance, 81–82 Conditioning Engineers technologies, potential, 5 space savings, 65–66 (ASHRAE), energy code 90.1, 13, thermal energy storage, 145 system, fl exibility, 66 118–128 UFAD, impact, 95–100 types, 67–72 glazing performance requirements, usage, 61–62 123t C underfl oor air distribution (UFAD) Annual solar electric power generation, Capillary tubes, example, 38f applications, combination, 78–82 173–174 Carbon dioxide wattage, determination, 76 239 bbindex.inddindex.indd 223939 002/05/122/05/12 111:071:07 AAMM 240 INDEX Chilled walls/ceilings COMcheck, 122–123 Daylight harvesting system, integration, capillary systems, examples, 38f Commercial heat pump, 199f 133 usage, 25 Commercial offi ces, chilled beams Daytime solar radiation, night cool Chiller energy savings, 64 (usage), 75–77 (contrast), 150–151 Churn, chilled beams (impact), 66 Computational fl uid dynamics (CFD) Developing countries, growth Classrooms analysis, 91 (acceleration), 4 design, acoustics (importance), 53–54 Concrete fl at slab, fl oor-to-fl oor height Direct digital control (DDC) systems, displacement/ceiling diffusers, savings, 96f 38–39 ventilation effectiveness, 108t Concrete structure buildings, Direct solar gain, reduction, 130 displacement ventilation fl oor-to-fl oor height (impact), Dispatchable standby generation (DSG), examples, 54f–55f 95 214–215 usage, 53–56 Continuous generators, 215–216 benefi ts, 214t DIUs Conventional air conditioning systems, Displacement example, 111f 153–156 diffusers, ventilation effectiveness, usage, 108–111 diurnal thermal storage, usage 88t, 108t induction units, examples, 110f (example), 153f distribution, underfl oor air speech intelligibility, importance, 54 Conventional air distribution systems distribution (contrast), 47–48 Climate zones, 119–121 displacement systems principle, 43f example, 120f benefi ts, 46t–47t systems, UFAD systems (contrast), Closed-loop systems, types, 193t contrast, 42–47 48f Cloud computing, 225 fl oor-to-fl oor height, example, 95f temperature gradient, 43f Cogeneration, 205 UFAD systems, contrast, 90t Displacement induction applications, 207–211 Conventional overhead air distribution, contaminant control, 106f benefi ts, 208–211, 237 schematic, 84f duct/piping arrangement, 109f capacity range, 212t Conventional power plant effi ciency, principle, example, 102f DSG/heat recovery, combination, 215 206f units, induction units (contrast), 107f economics, 206–207 Cooling towers, usage, 155–156 Displacement induction units (DIUs), effi ciency, increase, 208 example, 156f 101 electrical power/total effi ciencies, 212t air requirement, 102 feasibility study, 222 D applications, 107–113 operating cost, reduction, 208–210 Data centers benefi ts, 103–106 operational effi ciency, 209f air management, 237–238 electrical costs, reduction, 105 plant cogeneration, benefi ts, 237 energy consumption, 103–104 examples, 218f effi ciency examples, 109f–111f location, 206 areas, 230f fan coil system, retrofi t (example), power plant effi ciency, 207f technologies, impact, 230–234 110f technologies, 211–221 EPA study, 224–225 indoor environment improvement, Cold aisles heat capture, 235, 236f 105 creation, 237f, 238 heat transfer, 235f maintenance, reduction, 105–106 hot aisles, separation, 238 history, 224–225 noise levels, 104 College dormitories, radiant ceiling low energy effi ciency, 228–229 space savings, 105 panels (usage), 36 PUE levels, 228–229 thermal comfort, 104 Combined heat and power (CHP) spaces, classifi cation, 234t Trox DIU, example, 103f generation, 205 sustainability, 223 Displacement ventilation on-site generation, 236–237 trends, 225–226 acoustics, impact, 53, 56 bbindex.inddindex.indd 224040 002/05/122/05/12 111:071:07 AAMM INDEX 241 applications, 48 Electrical rooms, UFAD usage (example), Evacuated tube collectors, 168–169 benefi ts, 44–46 97f example, 169f conventional air distribution system Electricity, grids, 171–172 External shades, 128, 130–132 benefi ts, 46t–47t Embodied energy examples, 132f contrast, 42–47 comparison, 18f energy savings, 44–45 defi nition, 17 F examples, 49f–50f, 54f–55f, 58f operational energy, contrast, 17–19 Façade cooling load, percentage, 118f explanation, 42 percentage, 18–19 Fans history, 41–42 Energy equipment effi ciency, radiant cooling indoor environment, 45–46 consumption, 174–176 factor, 24 large public spaces, 48–59 growth, technologies (impact), 2–3 ineffi ciency, 64 mixed-air systems, contrast, 42–47 reduction, 130, 165, 183 Fins, 128 offi ce space usage, 59 cost budget method, 123 Flat plate collectors, 168 performance space usage, 56–59 off-site export, 171–172 example, 169f systems peak demand, reduction, 140t Floor-mounted console heat pump, 200f supply air temperature, 42 reduction, 140t Floor-to-fl oor height underfl oor air distribution (UFAD), overhangs, usage, 131t impact, 95–96 contrast), 48t resources, pressure, 4 savings, 96f teaching environment/classroom storage, 171 Fossil fuel resources, 8–10 usage, 53–56 use, reduction, 130–131 Frame U values, reduction methods, 125 theater usage, 56–59 Energy codes Free cooling, 230 thermal stratifi cation, 45 envelope compliance, 121–122 Free heat, availability, 191 Diurnal energy storage, 148 options, 122t Fuel cells Diurnal thermal storage U.S. adoption, 119f cogeneration, 219–221 cooling towers, usage (example), Energy effi ciency operation, 220f 156f funding opportunities, 19–20 systems, comparative cost, 221t UFAD systems, usage, 155f improvement, 181–183 usage, 212 usage, example, 153f increase, 164–165 Fume hood exhaust, impact, 82 Double-skin envelope, 128, 134–136 profi ts/savings, 11–12 Double-wall façade ENERGY STAR program, 183 G airfl ows, 135f Engaging envelopes, 116 Gas turbines dampers, 135f Envelopes applications, 217–218 engagement methods, 135–136 code performance, exceeding, cogeneration, 216–219 heat harvesting, 138f 128–143 example, 217f solar radiation, impact, 150f criteria, code mandates, 119–120 usage, 211 summer/winter uses, 151f energy code compliance, 121–122 Geothermal energy, heat production, Dry bulb temperature bin (New Jersey), glazing characteristics, 123–128 187–189 231t light to solar gain (LSG) ratio, Geothermal heat pumps, 190–198 Dual-fuel engines, conversion kits, 214 127–128 effi ciency performance, improvement, 123–124 reasons, 190–191 E simulation, energy cost budget sources, 190–191 E coating, effect, 128t method, 123 energy effi ciency, 192f Economic development, importance, solar heat gain coeffi cient (SHGC), operation 1–2 126 cooling mode, example, 188f, 190f Electrical distribution, 229 visible light transmittance (VLT), 126 heating mode, example, 189f, 191f bbindex.inddindex.indd 224141 002/05/122/05/12 111:071:07 AAMM 242 INDEX Geothermal heat systems, HVAC Hospitals Information technology (IT) equipment (comparison), 147–148 American Institute of Architects (AIA) power, 227 Geothermal methods, 191–193 guidelines, 51–52 rooms, UFAD usage (example), 97f Geothermal resource map, 186f chilled beams Insulated glass unit (IGU), 124 Geothermal systems, 185 benefi ts, 79 SHGC values, 126t building benefi ts, 187 UFAD, combination usage, 79–80 U values, 125t chilled beams, coupling, 64–65 usage, example, 80f International Standards Organization classifi cation, 192 codes, 51–52 (ISO), Standard ISO 7730, 23 economic benefi ts, 187 displacement ventilation, usage, K environmental benefi ts, 186–187 50–52 Glare (reduction), overhangs (usage), energy, usage, 51f Kyoto Protocol, greenhouse gas 131t infection control, importance, 51
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