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CALCULATION METHODS for AIR SUPPLY DESIGN in INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES REPORT B60 Litterature Review

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CALCULATION METHODS for AIR SUPPLY DESIGN in INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES REPORT B60 Litterature Review / & yv/ Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Espoo 1999 CALCULATION METHODS FOR AIR SUPPLY DESIGN IN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES REPORT B60 Litterature review Kim Hagstrom Kai Siren Alexander M. Zhivov 6 : IrfVKEVfE-T. AUG 3 0 HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Mechanical Engineering Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Espoo 1999 CALCULATION METHODS FOR AIR SUPPLY DESIGN IN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES REPORT B60 Literature review Kim Hagstrom Kai Siren Helsinki University of Technology Alexander M. Zhivov University of Illinois Helsinki University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Laboratory of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Distribution: Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning P.0. Box 4100 FIIM-02015 HUT Tel. +358 9 451 3601 Fax. +358 9 451 3611 ISBN 951-22-4418-7 ISSN 1455-2043 Libella Painopaivelu Oy Espoo 1999 DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. Calculation methods for air supply design in industrial facilities ABSTRACT The objectives of air distribution systems for warm air heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning are to create the proper thermal environment conditions in the occupied zone (combination of temperature, humidity, and air movement), and to control vapor and air bom particle concentration within the target levels set by the process requirements and/or threshold limit values based on health effects, fire and explosion prevention, or other considerations. HVAC systems designs are constrained by existing codes, standards, and guidelines, which specify some minimum requirements for the HVAC system elements, occupant ’s and process environmental quality and safety. There is a variety of different methods consulting engineers use to design room air diffusion and to select and size air diffusers, such as assumption of perfect mixing , design methods employing the empirical relations determined through research, such as the air diffusion performance index (ADPI), air jet theory and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. Air supplied into the room through the various types of outlets (grills, ceiling mounted air diffusers, perforated panels etc.), is distributed by turbulent air jets. In mixing type air distribution systems, these air jets are the primary factor affecting room air motion. Numerous theoretical and experimental studies that developed a solid base for turbulent air jets theory were conducted concurrently in different countries (Germany, Sweden, Russia, U.K., USA) from the 1930's through the 1980's. Design methods based on air jet theory allows for the prediction of extreme values of air velocities and air temperatures in the occupied zone of empty spaces. Current air jet theory techniques account for the effects of buoyancy, confinement, jets interaction. For many conditions of jet discharge, it is possible to analyze jet performance and determine: the angle of divergence of the jet boundary; the velocity patterns along heated or chilled the jet axis; the velocity and temperature profile at any cross section in the zone of maximum engineering importance; the entrainment ratios in the same zone; the jet trajectory; the vertically projected or inclined air jet throw; the separation point of the jet from the surface, influence of confinement on jet behavior; the multiple jet interaction. The results of most analytical and experimental studies has been received in empty rooms and do not reflect the infuence of the obstructions on the air distribution and ventilation efficiency . Information on the influence of obstructions on room air distribution is limited. Attempts has been made to utilize statistical data from the occupied zone conditions in order to extend predictions from extreme parameters to the rest of the occupied zone. The efficiency of the ventilation can be analyzed using zonal models. Calculation methods for air supply design in industrial facilities PREWORD This literature review is made within the Finnish research framework for industrial ventilation. The title of the research project to which the review belongs is "Development of a method for air distribution design in industrial environments". The goal of this project has been to develop an advanced but still simple calculation method for air distribution design and for predicting the conditions in the occupied zone of industrial buildings. The literature review is an important part of the foundation on which the development work is based. The review has been done in co ­ operation between Helsinki University of Technology and University of Illinois. The project is funded by the Finnish Technology Development Center (TEKES) and the companies ABB, HALTON, JP-Building Engineering and VALMET. In the project management group have been Esko Tahti TAKE, Esko Virtanen TEKES, Dan Sarin ABB, Risto Kosonen HALTON, Markku Kaskimies JP-Building Engineering, Dkka Jokioinen VALMET and Kai Siren HUT. I hereby want to thank the authors of an excellent and competent work and the members of the management group of strong support and an encouraging attitude. Espoo, 22 January, 1999. Kai Siren Calculation methods for air supply design in industrial facilities TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT PREWORD TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. TARGET LEVELS FOR AIR DISTRIBUTION DESIGN................................................ 1 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Codes and standards for indoor air quality and thermal comfort ........................ 2 1.2.1. Thermal environment in industrial work spaces ......... ........................ 2 1.2.2. Standards for indoor air contaminant control ..................................... 10 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION DESIGN METHODS IN LARGE INDUSTRIAL HALLS .. 21 2.1. Air supply methods ................................................................................................ 21 2.2. Current design methods ...................................... 23 3. AIR DIFFUSERS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE .......................................................... 39 4. AIR JETS THEORY .......................................................... 47 4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 47 4.2. Classification ............................................................................................................ 47 4.3. Isothermal free jet ................................................................................................... 48 4.3.1. Zones in a jet ......................................................................................... 48 4.3.2. Velocity distribution in a jet cross-section within the Zone 3 .... 49 4.3.3. Centerline velocity ................................................................................ 52 4.3.4. Universal equation for velocity computation along the jets supplied from outlets with finite dimensions .............................................................. 55 4.3.5. Jet throw ................................................................................................. 57 4.3.6. Entrainment ratio ............. 57 4.4. Non-isothermal free jets......................................................................................... 58 4.4.1. Temperature profile in a jet ................................................................... 58 4.4.2. Centerline temperature differential in a horizontally supplied jet ... 59 4.4.3. Universal equation for temperature difference computation along the jets supplied from outlets with finite dimensions .................................... 64 4.4.4. Velocities and temperatures in vertical non-isothermal jet.............. 65 4.4.5. Trajectory of a horizontal and inclined jet.......................................... 68 4.4.6. Jet attachment......................................................................................... 75 4.4.7. Jet separation ......................................................................................... 77 4.4.8. Criteria for non-isothermal jets............................................................ 78 5. JETS INTERACTION............................................................................................................ 97 5.1. Interaction of parallel jets ..................................................................................... 97 5.2. Interaction of jets supplied from opposite directions ....................................... 99 Calculation methods for air supply design in industrial facilities 5.3. Interaction of coaxial jets..................................................................................... 100 5.4 Interaction of jets supplied at an angle to each other ..................................... 104 6. JETS IN CONFINED SPACES ........................................................................................... 119 6.1. General description of confined flow .................................................................. 119 6.2 Experimental studies of isothermal horizontal jet in confined spaces ............119 6.3 Analytical studies ..................................................................................................... 124 6.4. Experimental studies of horizontal heated and cooled
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