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“Luiz De Queiroz” Centro De Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura Pequeno

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“Luiz De Queiroz” Centro De Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura Pequeno Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura Pequenos mamíferos não voadores da Estação Ecológica de Bananal, SP Edson Fiedler de Abreu Júnior Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências. Área de concentração: Ecologia Aplicada Piracicaba 2013 Edson Fiedler de Abreu Júnior Bacharel em Ciências Biológicas Pequenos mamíferos não voadores da Estação Ecológica de Bananal, SP Orientador: Prof. Dr. ALEXANDRE REIS PERCEQUILLO Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências. Área de concentração: Ecologia Aplicada Piracicaba 2013 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA - ESALQ/USP Abreu Júnior, Edson Fiedler de Pequenos mamíferos não voadores da Estação Ecológica de Bananal, SP / Edson Fiedler de Abreu Júnior. - - Piracicaba, 2013. 375 p. : il. Dissertação (Mestrado) - - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, 2013. Bibliografia. 1. Rodentia 2. Didelphimorphia 3. Floresta Atlântica 4. Variação intrapopulacional 5. Biogeografia I. Título CDD 639.979 A162p “Permitida a cópia total ou parcial deste documento, desde que citada a fonte – O autor” 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Uma das tarefas mais árduas ao final de um trabalho como este é, sem dúvidas, traduzir em palavras a importância que algumas pessoas tiveram para o seu desenvolvimento; e fazer com que estas palavras transmitam, ao menos uma parcela, da enorme gratidão que sentimos. Agradeço aos meus pais, Edson e Carmen, por estarem sempre presentes, pela preocupação, dedicação e torcida. O apoio de vocês foi e sempre será imprescindível. Ao meu orientador, Alexandre Percequillo, pela confiança, incentivo, suporte e ajuda em inúmeras circunstâncias, que muitas vezes ultrapassaram o seu “dever” de orientador. Pela amizade e por compartilhar não só seu imenso conhecimento em mastozoologia, mas também sua valiosa experiência com situações da vida acadêmica e cotidianas. A minha orientadora no estágio de pesquisa no exterior, Sharon Jansa, por ter me recebido em seu laboratório e por ter tornado, através de sua simplicidade, uma complicada tarefa em algo prazeroso e gratificante. Aos diversos pesquisadores do MZUSP e colaboradores que participaram das expedições de coleta à EEB e que disponibilizaram os diários e catálogos de campo: Hussam Zaher, Erika Hingst-Zaher, Maurício Forlani e Caroline Aires, pelas informações fornecidas acerca dos desenhos e esforços amostrais empregados na EEB. Aos curadores e técnicos das coleções científicas visitadas: Mario de Vivo e Juliana Gualda de Barros (MZUSP); Alexandre Christoff e Eduardo Coelho (MCNU); Renato Gregorin e Marcelo Passamani (CMUFLA); Michael Carleton e Esther Langan (Smithsonian NMNH); Robert Voss e Aja Marcato (AMNH); James Patton e Chris Conroy (MVZ). Aos curadores e professores que cederam valiosas amostras de tecido para as análises moleculares: Alexandre Christoff (MCNU); James Patton (MVZ); Jorge Cherem e Edmundo Grisard (UFSC); Miguel Trefaut (IB-USP); Renato Gregorin e Marcelo Passamani (CMUFLA); Sérgio Althoff (FURB); Ulyses Pardiñas (CENPAT). 4 A Juliana Gualda de Barros e a Mercedes Águido da Silva pela fundamental ajuda no envio das amostras de tecido ao exterior. A Jim Patton pelas sequências de Cytb cedidas, pela inesquecível e gratificante tarde de conversa em Berkeley e pelas preciosas sugestões. A Yuri Leite e a Ana Carolina Loss pela colaboração no sequenciamento das amostras dos espécimes de Phyllomys. A Gustavo Libardi pelos excelentes desenhos dos crânios utilizados como ilustrações neste trabalho. Aos colegas e amigos do LaMa (Cláudia, Elisandra, Gustavo, Inaê, Joyce, Leandro, Lidiane, Luana, Mariana, Pamella, Ricardo Bovendorp, Ricardo Roth e Vanessa) pela agradável convivência, pelas longas discussões acadêmicas e científicas e pela valiosa ajuda em diversos momentos. A Ricardo e Anaiá por terem me recebido em Piracicaba e gentilmente me acolhido em sua casa. Aos colegas de Mastocasa (Leleu, Pam e Roth) pela amizade e por compartilharem comigo este período. Aos colegas e amigos do Jansa Lab (Carmen, Danielle, Jordan, Juan, Lorissa e Tom) por terem me ensinado a “lidar” com as moléculas, pela paciência e pelo prazeroso convívio. A Juan, Lorissa e Alan por terem me recebido em Minneapolis e literalmente me ensinado a viver nos Estados Unidos. Aos housemates Jordan, Joe e Tom pela divertida convivência em Minneapolis. Aos amigos que me acolheram nas diversas visitas as coleções científicas e com quem tive o prazer de conviver e trocar experiências: Carla, Fábio, Guilherme, Marcus, Yolanda (MZUSP); Felipe e Ivan (CMUFLA); Lilly, Manuela, Marieke e Lauren (Smithsonian). 5 Aos “amigos do Rucas” e agregados (Bolinho, Cem, Diabólica, Fitnessa, Fuda, Gari, Napister, Pam, Pipoca, Roth, Tama e Xili) pela ajuda no cumprimento dos “créditos Marrom”, pela receptividade em Piracicaba e por compartilharmos as alegrias e aflições da vida de pós-graduando. A Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e, em especial, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Ecologia Aplicada (PPGI-EA, ESALQ/CENA) pela oportunidade de desenvolver este projeto e por todo o apoio. A Mara Casarin pela dedicação e valiosa ajuda nas questões burocráticas da pós- graduação na USP. A University of Minnesota (UMN) e, em especial, ao Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Department pelo aceite e suporte no estágio de pesquisa no exterior. A Julia Knoll e Lisa Wiggins pelo fundamental auxilio com as questões burocráticas institucionais. A Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa de mestrado concedida nos primeiros meses de curso. A Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo pelas bolsas de mestrado (Processo FAPESP 2010/14633-7) e de estágio de pesquisa no exterior (Processo FAPESP 2012/15928-6) concedidas. 6 7 “Science is an ongoing process. It never ends. There is no single ultimate truth to be achieved, after which all the scientists can retire.” Carl Sagan Cosmos, 1980 8 9 SUMÁRIO RESUMO........................................................................................................................... 13 ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... 15 1 INTRODUÇÃO.............................................................................................................. 17 2 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS............................................................................................ 21 2.1 AMOSTRAGEM.............................................................................................................. 21 2.1.1 Área de estudo.......................................................................................................... 21 2.1.2 Coleta dos espécimes................................................................................................ 21 2.2 IDENTIFICAÇÃO E DIAGNOSE DAS ESPÉCIES................................................................... 23 2.2.1 Análises morfológicas............................................................................................... 23 2.2.1.1 Quantitativas.......................................................................................................... 23 2.2.1.2 Qualitativas............................................................................................................ 34 2.2.2 Análises moleculares................................................................................................ 41 2.2.2.1 Amostras................................................................................................................ 41 2.2.2.2 Extração, amplificação e sequenciamento............................................................. 41 2.2.2.3 Edição e análise das sequências............................................................................. 44 2.3 ANÁLISE DA AMOSTRAGEM........................................................................................... 45 2.4 RIQUEZA DE ESPÉCIES E BIOGEOGRAFIA........................................................................ 45 2.4.1 Análise de similaridade faunística............................................................................ 45 2.4.2 Análises filogeográficas............................................................................................ 46 3 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO.................................................................................... 49 3.1 LISTA COMENTADA ...................................................................................................... 49 Ordem Didelphimorphia.................................................................................................... 49 Família Didelphidae/Subfamília Didelphinae................................................................... 49 Tribo Marmosini.................................................................................................... 49 Monodelphis iheringi................................................................................. 50 Monodelphis scalops.................................................................................. 56 Tribo Didelphini..................................................................................................... 61 Didelphis aurita.......................................................................................... 61 Philander frenatus...................................................................................... 65 Tribo Thylamyini..................................................................................................
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