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Redalyc.A Distinctive New Cloud-Forest Rodent (Hystriocognathi: Echimyidae) from the Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru

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Redalyc.A Distinctive New Cloud-Forest Rodent (Hystriocognathi: Echimyidae) from the Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru Mastozoología Neotropical ISSN: 0327-9383 [email protected] Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Argentina Patterson, Bruce D.; Velazco, Paul M. A distinctive new cloud-forest rodent (Hystriocognathi: Echimyidae) from the Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru Mastozoología Neotropical, vol. 13, núm. 2, julio-diciembre, 2006, pp. 175-191 Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Tucumán, Argentina Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45713202 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Mastozoología Neotropical, 13(2):175-191, Mendoza, 2006 ISSN 0327-9383 ©SAREM, 2006 Versión on-line ISSN 1666-0536 www.cricyt.edu.ar/mn.htm A DISTINCTIVE NEW CLOUD-FOREST RODENT (HYSTRICOGNATHI: ECHIMYIDAE) FROM THE MANU BIOSPHERE RESERVE, PERU Bruce D. Patterson1 and Paul M. Velazco1, 2 1 Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr, Chicago IL 60605-2496 USA. 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St, Chicago IL 60607 USA ABSTRACT: Recent surveys in Peru’s Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve uncovered a new species of hystricognath rodent, a spiny rat (Echimyidae) with dense, soft fur. Inhabiting Andean cloud-forests at 1900 m, the new rodent belongs to a radiation of “brush- tailed tree rats” previously known only from the Amazon, Orinoco, and other lowland river drainages. Phylogenetic analysis of morphology (cranial and dental characters) unambiguously allies the new species with species of Isothrix. While the inclusion of the new taxon does not resolve the “star phylogeny” which underlies the echimyid radiation, it identifies the Andes as a possible theatre for the evolution of some soft-haired members of the group. The new species is described and a revised diagnosis of the genus Isothrix is presented. RESUMEN: Nueva especie de roedor (Histriocognathi: Echimydae) del bosque nubla- do en la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu, Perú. Recientes inventarios en el Parque Nacional y Reserva de Biosfera del Manu en Perú revelaron una nueva especie de roedor histricognato, una rata espinosa (Echimyidae) con pelaje denso y suave. Este roedor habita el bosque nublado andino a 1900 m, y pertenece a la radiación de los Echimyidae conocidos previamente de las cuencas de los ríos Amazonas, Orinoco, y de otras cuencas de ríos de bosque bajo. El análisis filogenético morfológico (caracteres craneales y dentales) inequívocamente agrupa la nueva especies con las otras especies de Isothrix. A pesar de que la inclusión del nuevo taxón no resuelve la filogenia en forma de estrella que domina la radiación de los Echimyidae, sugiere a los Andes como posible escenario para la evolución de algunos de los miembros del grupo de pelo suave. Esta nueva especie es descrita y se presenta un diagnóstico revisado del género. Key words. Andes. Echimyidae. Isothrix. Morphology. Phylogenetics. Species description. Systematics. Palabras clave. Andes. Echimyidae. Isothrix. Morfología. Filogenética. Descripción de espe- cie. Sistemática. INTRODUCTION On average during the 1990s, scientists de- scribed a new genus and 8 new species from The Neotropics are home to roughly a quarter the Neotropics each year (Patterson, 2000), of the world’s mammal species (Nowak, 1999; and three times that number of species be- Wilson and Reeder, 2005), and scientists came newly validated by studies in museums working there frequently discover new taxa. and biochemical labs (Patterson, 1996). One of Recibido 12 julio 2006. Aceptación final 13 noviembre 2006. 176 Mastozoología Neotropical, 13(2):175-191, Mendoza, 2006 B D Patterson and P M Velazco www.cricyt.edu.ar/mn.htm the world’s richest concentrations of plants the new species, assess its affinities to and animals live on the eastern slopes of the Isothrix and other related arboreal “spiny rats”, Andes Mountains in tropical South America. and offer an amended diagnosis of the genus. Towering 3000-4000 m above humid tropical lowland forests, the Andes are annulated by METHODS a succession of habitats stratified by eleva- tion. Bathed by easterly winds and inundated To characterize the cranial and dental morphology by extensive regions of endemism on either of the new species, we denoted cranial features side—Amazonia on the east and the Altiplano following Woods and Howland (1979) and on the west, the Andes are also the world’s Bezuidenhout and Evans (2005) and used the den- longest continuous mountain chain. This con- tal terminology of Patterson and Wood (1982) and stellation of factors apparently multiplies the Carvalho and Salles (2004). External measurements richness of species of its regional pools were recorded from the original field tags, and (Rahbek, 1997; Patterson et al., 1998; Fjeldså, external characters are as described by Brown 1999). (1971) and Brown and Yalden (1973). Ages were estimated following the criteria of Patton and During a three-year survey to extend inven- Rogers (1983). Capitalized color terms are as in tories of mammals and birds in the Manu Bio- Ridgway (1912). Cranial measurements (see Voss sphere Reserve, joint expeditions from Field et al., 2001) were taken with digital calipers to the Museum of Natural History, Chicago, and nearest 0.01 mm, as follows: CIL, condylo-incisive Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad length; LD, length of diastema; LIF, length of in- Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, col- cisive foramina; BIF, breadth of incisive foramina; lected various new species of rodents, bats, MTR, maxillary toothrow length; LM, length of and a marsupial. Mammals described to date the molars; BM1, breadth of M1; ZB, zygomatic include a previously enigmatic mouse impor- breadth; ZL, zygomatic length; LN, length of na- sals; LIB, least interorbital breadth; and BB, breadth tant to resolving sigmodontine relationships of braincase. Additionally, we also measured the (Luna and Patterson, 2003; D’Elía et al., 2006), following, which were described and figured by several broad-nosed bats (Velazco, 2005), and Voss and Angermann (1997): BP4, breadth of P4; two short-tailed bats (Pacheco et al., 2004; HIF, height of infraorbital foramen; BNA, breadth Solari and Baker, 2006). But the most remark- of nasal aperture; DI, depth of incisor; BIT, breadth able-looking species was a large nocturnal of incisor tips. Specimens examined are listed in rodent we encountered in cloud forest at 1900 m Appendix 1. Summary statistics for these vari- elevation. Its heavy build, blockish head and ables were generated using Statistica 6.0 (StatSoft fleshy nose suggested affinities with the Inc, 2003). To assess the phylogenetic position of the new caviomorphs, probably either the Abrocomidae species using morphology, we analyzed variation (chinchilla rats) or the Echimyidae (spiny rats). in 47 external, cranial, and dental characters iden- Long, lax hair and a noticeable blackish crest tified by Emmons (2005) as useful in assessing on the crown, nape and shoulders of the ro- arboreal Echimyidae. Characters and their states dent only added to its striking appearance. are discussed and illustrated in Emmons (2005) Subsequent examination of the skull and and are listed in Appendix 2. Character states for teeth and museum comparisons confirmed the the new species and for I. sinnamariensis and I. identity of this striking rodent as a distinctive orinoci, not included in Emmons’s analysis, are highland species of Isothrix (Echimyidae). presented in Table 1. The resulting matrix of 36 taxa and 47 characters was analyzed with PAUP* Torós or brush-tailed tree rats are otherwise version 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002), using unordered known only from tropical lowland forests, and states and the heuristic search specifying the tree this new Andean species offers a new context bisection-reconnection option. The topology of for evaluating the evolution and biogeogra- shortest-length trees was then subjected to boot- phy of this group. In this paper, we describe strap analysis (1000 replicates). NEW CLOUD-FOREST RODENT FROM MANU 177 RESULTS The cladistic analysis of 47 morphological characters among 36 taxa identified 304 trees of 250 steps (Fig. 1; CI = 0.380; CI excluding uninformative characters = 0.375; RI = 0.668). In all of the most parsimonious trees, the new species was grouped with the 4 examined species of Isothrix (Fig. 1). A monophyletic Isothrix that includes the new species was recovered in 93% of the bootstrap replicates, a clustering of species equaled elsewhere in the tree only by Echimys chrysurus + E. saturnus (97%). The bootstrap-consensus tree placed all Isothrix species in a polytomy. As in Emmons’s (2005) analysis, Isothrix was un- certainly grouped in a massive polytomy involving most recognized genera of Echimyinae. On these bases, we feel justified in describing the new form as a species of Isothrix, and regard the genus as sufficiently distinct to obviate the need for comparing the new species to other genera of Echimyidae. Isothrix Wagner, 1845 Table 1 Synonyms.—Lasiuromys Deville 1852 (based on Lasiuromys villosus Deville, 1852). Type species.—Isothrix bistriata Wagner, 1845, by subsequent designation (Goldman, 1916). Included species.—I. bistriata Wagner, 1845 (including boliviensis, molliae, pachyura, villosa); I. negrensis Thomas 1920; I. orinoci Morphological character states for newly coded species: (Thomas, 1899); I. pagurus Wagner, 1845 (in- cluding crassicaudus); I. sinnamariensis Vie et al. 1996, and the new species from Manu, described below. Revised diagnosis.—A soft-furred echimyid rodent with parietals ridged, upper cheek-teeth 1 2422132223?12132??3122113 422133123?12132115121113 3422131223312132115122113 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ? 1 12 12 13 2 13 3 12 12 1 1 ? 2 21 1 21141213213312121122211 41252213213312121122211 25 26 27 28 29 30not 31 32 tending 33 34 35 to 36 become 37 38 39 separated 40 41 42 43 into 44 45 trans- 46 47 verse plates, fur soft, without bristles or spines, and tail long and densely haired.
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