Reproductions Supplied by EDRS Are the Best That Can Be Made from the Original Document

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 478 046 SO 035 011

TITLE Civil Rights Movement Unit. Using Primary Sources in the Classroom. INSTITUTION Alabama Dept. of Archives and History, Montgomery. PUB DATE 2001-07-12 NOTE 65p.; For other units in this series, see SO 035 002-010. AVAILABLE FROM Alabama Department of Archives and History, 624 Washington Ave., Montgomery, AL 36130-0100. Tel: 334-242-4435; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site:

http://www.archives.state.al.us/ . PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Civil Rights; Class Activities; Curriculum Enrichment; Learning Activities; *Lesson Plans; *Primary Sources; Secondary Education; *State History; Student Educational Objectives; *Units of Study IDENTIFIERS *Alabama; Document Analysis

ABSTRACT This teaching unit, "Civil Rights Movement," is the tenth in a series of 10 units about Alabama state history, part of a project designed to help teachers integrate the use of primary source materials into their classrooms. Although the units are designed to augment the study of Alabama, they are useful in the study of U.S. history, world history, and the social studies in general. Each unit contains background information for the teacher and consists of several lessons. Lessons contain learning objectives, suggested activities, and documents. This unit is divided into seven sections: (1) "Introduction"; (2) "Lesson 1: Riding the Bus Taking a Stand" (seven primary. source documents); (3) "Lesson 2: Opinions of the Public" (five primary source documents); (4) "Lesson 3: Birmingham 1963" (six primary source documents);(5) "Lesson 4: Marching for Justice Selma to Montgomery:(five primary source documents);(6) "Lesson 5: Voting Rights" (three primary source documents); and (7)"General Guidelines for Analyzing a Document." (BT)

Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. .. 7

Slti , ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF

Using Primary Sources in the Classroom

Civil Rights Movement Unit

Alabama Department of Archives & History 624 Washington Avenue Montgomery, Alabama 36130-0100 tf) Phone: (334) 242-4435 Cr) E-Mail:[email protected]

ci)http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights.html

PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND Updated July 12, 2001 DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION BEEN GRANTED BY Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization b-2-0.51tetbAl originating it. 2 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 1 Points of view or opinions stated in this BEST COPYAVAILABLE document do not necessarily represent Table of Contents

Introduction 1

Lesson 1: Riding the Bus - Taking a Stand 2

Document 1. Code of the City of Montgomery, Alabama. Charlottesville: Michie City Publishing Co., 1952 6

Document 2. Montgomery Advertiser article, 12/06/55, Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General File, Bus Boycott, SG6945, folder 305b 8

Document 3. Montgomery Advertiser article, 12/9/55, Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General File, Bus Boycott, SG6945, folder 305b 10

Document 4. "Negroes' Most Urgent Needs," Inez Jessie Baskin Papers 11

Document 5. "Western Union Telegram: Diamond Brothers," Judge Eugene Carter Papers, Box 11, folderl 12

Document 6. Montgomery Advertiser editorial, 4/26/56. Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General File, Bus Boycott, SG6945, folder 305b 13

Document 7. "Integrated Bus Suggestions," Inez Jessie Baskin Papers 14

Lesson 2: The Opinions of the Public 15

Document 1. "Pine Grove Methodist Church letter, 11/04/62," Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminstrative files, SG12653, folder 1 18

Document 2. "Central Methodist Church letter, 11/16/62," Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminsitrative files, SG12653, folder 2 19

Document 3. "Lucian Lentz letter, 11/17/62," Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminsitrative files, SG12653, folder 1 20

Document 4."Tuskegee Institute Young Democrats Club letter, 10/--/63," Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminstrative files, SG12653, folder 4.. 21 Document 5. "Northrop Laboratories letter, 05/23/65," Alabama Governor George Wallace Administrative files, SG12653, folder 3 22

Lesson 3: Birmingham 1963 24

Document 1."Telegram from L.H. Foster 05/13/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 3 27

Document 2. "Telegram from George Andrews 05/13/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 3 28

Document 3. "Telegram from NBC News 05/16/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 6 29

Document 4. "Telegram from Wallace to The President 05/13/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 3 30

Document 5. "Telegram from Mayor Boutwell 05/28/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 5 32

Document 6. "Documents on Human Rights in Alabama," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 6 33

Lesson 4: Marching for Justice - Selma to Montgomery 39

Document 3. "Alabama Senate Joint Resolution No. 28, 03/19/65," Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Civil Rights - Selma to Montgomery March, SG6948, folder 406 45

Chart 1: Registered Black Voters by 1965 in Alabama 53

Blank Map of Alabama 54

Document 1. "1962 Breakdown of White and Negro Voters" map, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, map L-11 55

Document 2. "Birmingham News article 10/02/66," Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Voter Registration, SG6993 56

Document 3. "Birmingham News article 11/06/66, Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Negro Registration and Voting, SG6975 57

General Guidelines for Analyzing a Document 58

This project is designed to help teachers more easily integrate the use of primary source materials into their classrooms. Each unit contains background information for the teacher and is made up of several lessons. The lessons contain learning objectives, suggested activities, and documents. Documents are reproduced in the original form and transcribed when necessary. Primary source materials may be printed and reproduced for classroom use. Lessons can be used without modification, adapted for specific class use, or entire new lessons and activities may be created based on the primary source materials provided.

5 Project Description

This project is designed to help teachers more easily integrate the use of primary source materials into their classrooms. It consists of teaching units on Alabama history organized in ten chronological/subject areas:

Creek War, 1813-1814 Settlement Slavery Civil War Reconstruction 1901 Constitution World War I Depression/New Deal World War II Civil Rights Movement

While these units cover some of the most critical and significant periods in Alabama history, the selected lessons are meant to be representative rather than comprehensive. These units were designed to augment the study of Alabama, yet they are useful in the study of the United States, the world, and the social studies in general. The documents can also be used to supplement the study of other curriculums.

Each unit contains background information for the teacher and is made up of several lessons. The lessons contain learning objectives, suggested activities, and documents. Documents are reproduced in the original form and transcribed when necessary. Primary source materials may be printed and reproduced for classroom use. Lessons can be used without modification, adapted for specific class use, or entire new lessons and activities may be created based on the primary source materials provided.

Purpose of the Project

The 1992 Alabama Social Studies Course of Studies emphasized the use of primary source documents to "enrich the social studies program and enable students to visualize and empathize with people of other times and places." These documents help students vividly understand the feelings and actions of Jeremiah Austill at the Canoe Fight of 1813, of riders on the first integrated buses in Montgomery at the conclusion of the famous bus boycott, of women nursing wounded Civil War soldiers, and of destitute Alabama families during the Depression. These documents enrich the study of Alabama history and the study of all civilizations.

6 The Alabama Department of Archives and History is the official repository for Alabama government documents and holds many of the most important books, documents, visual materials and artifacts that document the history of Alabama and the South. The purpose of this project is to bring those materials to students, and to organize them in such a way that teachers can easily utilize them in the classroom. Using Primary Sources in the Classroom: Civil Rights Movement Unit

Introduction to the Civil Rights Movement Unit

Many of the major events which defined the modern Civil Rights Movement in America took place in Alabama during the 1950s and 1960s. Concerted efforts to guarantee African Americans equal access to public and private transportation, schools, voting booths, economic opportunities, and housing caused tremendous social turmoil all over the South, where legal discrimination against black Americans was most pronounced.

From Alabama emerged two of the leading figures in the struggle. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. came to prominence here as a spokesman for African Americans seeking equality, while Governor George C. Wallace became the symbol for white resistance to racial integration. Montgomery, Tuscaloosa, Birmingham, and Selma all figured prominently in the contest between the two views these leaders represented.

Boycotts, demonstrations, and protest marches by Civil Rights activists provoked sometimes violent responses from whites determined to resist integration. This, in turn, focused national attention to Alabama, leading to a series of federal court orders and congressional legislation to guarantee black Americans equalilty under the law.

1 8 Lesson 1: Riding the Bus Taking a Stand

1. Background information for teachers:

On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, was arrested for refusing to obey a Montgomery bus driver's order to give her seat up for a boarding white passenger as required by city ordinance. Such municipal and state laws designed to separate the races were common in the South at the time. These segregation codes were increasingly onerous to African Americans, especially after the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka struck down legal barriers to school integration in 1954. Outrage in Montgomery's black community over the arrest of Rosa Parks sparked a boycott against the city's bus line -- the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement.

Working closely with a long-active African-American leadership extant in Montgomery, Atlanta-born Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. emerged as the president of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) which organized the boycott. As the MIA's demands expanded beyond more flexibility in bus seating to include more equal access to other municipal services, racial tensions increased during the standoff. Preaching a course of non-violence, Dr. King was convinced that the cause could be won through a combination of dignified behavior and economic pressure on the part of the protesters.

The Boycott ended in December 1956 < http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/m1k/ movement/PT/Rosa Parks_1956.html>, over a year after it began, when the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the desegregation of buses in Montgomery.

NOTE: For additional information regarding the Montgomery Bus Boycott, see Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson; edited, with a foreword by David J. Garrow. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, c. 1987, and

The Montgomery Bus Boycott Page http://socsci.colorado.eduk-jonesem/montgomery.html

2. Learning objectives:

Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Identify the policy of segregation which existed in Alabama.

2 2. Define the legal idea of being "separate but equal."

3. Define and describe an editorial.

4. Discuss the impact of social unrest and inequality upon economic development.

5. Describe Dr. King's theory of non-violence and its impact upon the Civil Rights Movement.

3. Suggested Actvities:

1. Make copies of Documents 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 for the students.

2. Read Document 1, Sec. 10 - 11 aloud. Have the class discuss city laws and Mrs. Parks' arrest on December 1, 1955. (According to police reports from the time period, Rosa Parks was charged with violating Sec. 11.)

3. Allow the students to read Document 3.

4. As a class, list the requests for changes as reported in Document 3.

5. Allow the students to read Document 4. After having read Document 4, tell the students that these items were presented to the Montgomery City Council in 1955 prior to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

6. What similarities and differences can be found between the requests presented in Document 3and those presented in Document 4?

7. Show the students an overhead transparency of Document 5. Ask the students why they believe Mr. Diamond took this position. What kinds of conclusions can be drawn about other businesses and economic investments in Alabama during this time period?

8. Allow the students to read Document 6.

a. What is the stand of the editor?

b. Is the issue being discussed desegregation of buses or is the issue the dismissal of the "separate but equal" policy for every situation?

9. Allow the students to read Document 7. After reading the document, discuss with students their opinions concerning the suggestions. Point out the pattern of nonviolence that Dr. King used as a part of the Civil Rights Movement. Why was nonviolence an important issue to Dr. King?

10. Ask each student to make a list of rules for riding a school bus or for working together in a classroom.

11. With the students' assistance, make a class list of rules for riding a school bus or for working together in a classroom.

12. Give each student a copy of Document 7.

13. Ask the students to mark those suggestions which match the class list for riding a school bus or for working together in a classroom.

14. Ask the students the following questions:

a. Which of these rules deal with politeness and courtesy?

b. Why do you think that good manners would be important during a situation like this?

c. Why are good manners and courtesy important to all people?

DOCUMENTS: INSERT /SCAN:

Document 1. Code of the City of Montgomery, Alabama. Charlottesville: Michie City Publishing Co., 1952. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http ://www. archives. state. al. us /teacher /rights /lesson l/do c 1 .html

Document 2. Montgomery Advertiser article, 12/06/55, Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General File, Bus Boycott, SG6945, folder 305b. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lessonl/doc2.html

Document 3. Montgomery Advertiser article, 12/9/55, Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General File, Bus Boycott, SG6945, folder 305b. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lessonl/doc3.html Document 4. "Negroes' Most Urgent Needs," Inez Jessie Baskin Papers, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at. http ://www. archiv es. state. al. us/teacher/ri ghts/lessonl/do c4.html

Document 5. "Western Union Telegram: Diamond Brothers," Judge Eugene Carter Papers, Box 11, folderl. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lessonl/doc5.htrn1

Document 6. Montgomery Advertiser editorial, 4/26/56. Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General File, Bus Boycott, SG6945, folder 305b. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lessonl/doc6.html

Document 7. "Integrated Bus Suggestions," Inez Jessie Baskin Papers, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http ://www. archives. state. al. us/teacher/ri ghts/lessonl/doc 7.html C. 6, § 10 MONTGOMERY CITY CODE C. 6, § 18 Sec. 10. Separation of racesRequired. Every person operating a bus line in the city shall provide equal but separate accommodations for white people and negroes on his buses, by requiring the employees in charge thereof to assign passengers seats on the vehicles under their charge in such manner as to separate the white people from the negroes, where there are both white and negroes on the same car; provided, however, that negro nurses having in charge white children or sick or infirm white persons, may be assigned seats among white people. Nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting the operators of such bus lines from separating the races by means of separate vehicles if they see fit.(Code 1988, §§ 608, 606.) Soc. 11. Some Powers of persons in charge of vehicle; passengers to obey directions. Any employee in charge of a bus operated in the city shall have the powers of a police officer of the city while in actual charge of any bus, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the preceding section, and it shall be unlawful for any passenger to refuse or fail to take a seat among those assigned to the race to which he belongs. at the request of any such employee in charge, if there is such a seat vacant. (Code 1938, § 604.) Sec. 12. Failure to carry passengers. It shall be unlawful for any person operating a bus line in the city to refuse, without sufficient excuse, to carry any passenger; provided, that no driver of a bus shall be required to carry any passenger who is intoxicated or disorderly, or who is afflicted with any contagious or infectious disease, or who refuses to pay in advance the fare required, or who for any other reason deemed satisfactory by the recorder should be excluded.(Code 1938, § 699.) Sec. 13. Smoking. It shall be unlawful for any person to smoke a cigar, pipe or cigarette upon any bus In the city; provided, however, that

Document 1: Code of the City of Montgomery, Alabama. Charlottesville: Michie City Publishing Co., 1952. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 1.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 6 13 C. 6, § 14 BUM

smoking may be permitted in vehicles provided for thatpur- pose and net apart therefor by the person operating the bus lino.(Code 1NR, § 441) See. 14. Failure to pay WO IL shall be unlawful for any person, with the intent to defraud the operator of a bus line, to rideor attempt to ride upon any bus in the city without the payment of the fare charged for such service.(Code 1968, § 600.) CHAPTER 7. CHMETERLEs AND 1111R14111.7 Article 1.in Goacual. §1. 'Cemeteries to be euporvinod; powers and duties of ocztons. § 2. Register of burials and map to be kept. & Maintenance of graves and vaults. §4. All work to be performed under supervision of sexton. 9. How graves to be dug and filled. § R. Construction of vaults. § 7. Duties of undertaken as to graves and vaults. Gravos to be marked. §9. Monument foundations. § 10. Construction of concrete aloha an graves. § 11. Arcs used for burial not to be used for additional burials. A 12. Persons erecting monuments. etc.. or constructing vaults In be licensed. § 13. Prohibited acts; unlawful entries. § 14. Injuries to property nr planting. § 1&. All burials to be In established cemeteries. § 16. Notice of proposed Interment to be chine. § 17. Interments in nighttime. § 18. Violations of state law. g For state law its ki riding buses without, paying fare, Bet Ala. Code MO, Tit. 48, § 482. ' For power of city to own and regulate cemeteries,see Ala. Code 1440, Tit. 37, §§ M-480. As to burial conipanieS, see Ala, Code 1040, Tit. 10, 16 1244112.As to location and extensions of cemeteries, see Ala. Code 1940, Tit. 22, § 88.As to duty of city to bury certain dead. see Ala. Code 1940, Tit. 44, § 17. As to interments generally, sae Ala. Code 1040, Tit, 22, §§ 22-40, Tit. 14, §§ 114, 115. As to unlawful removal of bodies from graves. see Ala. Codeo1440, Tit, 14. 46 108.111.

Document 1: Code of the City of Montgomery, Alabama. Charlottesville: Michie City Publishing Co., 1952. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 2

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BEST COPY AVAILABLE NEGRO BOYCOTT POSTEIt This is one of the pzisterP which city -pultregotO yesterday removed iroM bia. gels pa,tli as Nerylvs staged a hoyeolt against sty: Montgomery ticy Linea river orm,t of o Negro ( woman on a tronsporea.-son sciregation tbotgo.`Flit po,trt atater. "Remember we are righting (or a eatise.Ito net Thic bus tod:;." MtaiStees Cr vorimr diu:ebto, Ted Severatthotisued N'ogroes taasdie trieetuigI1St .ight the Imam oft a nrancl dalt. Flatlet, klagky had isoadto Policeoarsandmoteroyeo9 funr.mt the bo6e3 portottivally toStZernent onyleg the bus coupon', sDtrY eirlY4/ne"118 t" atovellt trouble] alter Sellers saidIRbe exerts irons SO= Negroes roportod thMr wortto ' Dt8t8 city 166°"' throottmed with sioloneo Li theyin the IteFe lowks ease yeFter rode buses yesterday. day,lbo elty was prepared to Theelrealarodistelbuted in oftm. t0ttironrte from it witoe,-,.600, Negro etsittrat,31clizUleta Bator ivy three, make ead two women UrAttuttheboycottYeste- passengers testified. One of the day in pretc.A to the ornfqt of women calla there Was an ent;ty notia Parka 91c1°' tot Agnotl. The seat whom ItUbii Porte tuald have Rev. A. W. VUSOn, pasuir of the hat If she bud moved to the rear. Negro church where the raeetta- As the boycott stsrool yeste-elay WOO to be held, said ho wouldrut!0119114.11}4Negroessteed ens down- (Wow"under413Y ;Mon smeet cornett wattina toe Stsneca"the sullies of time t11s14,460i0,, tow into tittleabi. Maov. Belled permission to 1130 thu ehureh waled two or hirermiles to WOZA

_Nr_11110 OtC,'g403, _ _ - ip !be. r,ris? raid -cestLucs Must Neer!) thIldrritwalked to erbool wad there %cm a relay auto Ficlaas sss uperatir,g through, oist.1....munamomplrl.....34.7 Must tho

Document 2: Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files-General File, Bus Boycott, SG6945, folder 305b. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 2.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 9 16 ',basked the group was not trying to change the segregation 4-HOUR iltIDDLE law. BETTER ACCOXIMODATIONS "We are merely trying to peace- SBoycott Conference 'fully obtain bailee secommodatioos Jet Negelies," he %ltd. Commenting on reports of vice lence. King said most of hie race Aeplores such tuts as mutat as To Find Solution anyone add ,promisedtoreport "anyone we know to be guilty." BY TOM JOHNSON But, he added, the boycott will Montgomery Negroes will continue to boycott city Continue "until something is done." buses tnithti. "satisfactory" seating arra.ngement is de- J.IL -00g)eY, manager of the vised, a spokesman told officials of Oity.Bus LhICA, yes-but line, woe asked it this state- terday. meat would alum the company The Rev. ,M. L. King, speaking for a delegation, thatto reduce ltm ,serilifed immediately, " conferred with bus lines °flick& He replied fourhours.proposedthat ,bus "We willcontinue toprovide patrons ,hesealed on 'a"iirst'Serviceadequateto the !Abbe comeliret aerved" basis with no needs.'' Soothing reserved for either race. HO -added' that s'e r e o has Negroes would continue toseat,filreadY been Curtailed on some from the rear and whites fromteoutes but declined, to name them. the' front, be said, but there would A Negro alternoy,TiredD. ' be, no reassignment of seats once quesUanctiwhetherthe the buses were' loadid. .state law applied 'to city, bite litieS OTHER CONDITIONS and kilted 'Oat a ruling he an Ma -laid down two ether condi,tattled from the attorney general Lionssought by Negroes;More Moor W. A. Gayle Inter said ;Courteous treatment and the hit-the City rommission, had not de, lig Of Negro drivers on routeseided Whether tit seek the ruling* "predominantly" Negro. Crenshawtoldtheprottsting On all but the "eourtesy" pro-delegation,,tbe bui company would Posta.. Atty. Jack Crenshaw, comp di,everything possibleto serve sel for the'bus lines, demurred. ge4,setigers'butCouldnot He said It would ,be impossible"change the law;" to accept the proposed seating ar- Eta-soldthe companywould rangement "In view of the segre-merit Over'other bus "sleeted" Station Jaw" and, ho i'added, the On theWitshingtonPark-South company hats no intentiens Of hir-,iacirson Street runs' and transport ing Negro drivers, only Negroes. They could still ass' "We do not contemplate an dthe regular buses which run at have no intentions oi hiring Negroelven and ottahalf minute knee ,drivers," sold Crenshaw. "The vale, trine is not right in Montgomery, The boycottitrewoutof tb but who can say what, wilt happenarrest feat week of 116;14 Parte- ,111 10 yore," aseamstresswhoreVekettto One of the derogation replied:move to . the rear ,of a eiowdeO "Weilon't mean 10-Years we messcityhas. She wso fined $104 In ithis Recordee's 'Court, who Is pastor ,oft Several'Instancesof 'v)olenee DeatekAvenue,linptititChuich. em-Curve -been, reported. Four city buses have been fired on. But Police Chief O. Ituppen- Iiial said there was "no evidence to date" of any connection" be tweed the incidents and the hey-

"Two, Negro houses Including the home of Poileennue A. G. WorthY, were hit by eivotoun blasts Welt itesaay night but no one was re posted hurt.

Document 3: Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General File, Bus Boycott, SG6945, folder 305b. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama

10 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 17 NEGROES' MOST URGFAT NEWS

FOLLOWING ARE A Flad OFIRE MOST URGENT mns OF OUR PEOPLE. IMMEDIATE ATTENTION SHOULD BEOIVEN EACH OF THESE. WHAT IS YOUR STAND =AHD THEM?

The present bus situation. Negroes have to etond over empty seats of city buses,because the first ton scatseru resorvod for whitos who oomotimo moor rido. We wish to fill the bus from the back toward the front until all thseato are taken. This is done in'Atlanta, M-Ergia, Hobilo,-41hbaila and in moot of our _larger southern cities. 2. Negro Reproontation on the Perko and Rcoroation Board. 0).10 parka are in a ;mullv'kmAt4 doplorable condition. Wo have protested, yot nothing, has boon toward improving thorn. Jove dc-,r, Vid) Rile delinquency continuos to int:Amoco In many ' instancos those children are not rosponiblo.

P. Tbo city is. Nobody knows better than Negroes what their nods are.

3. Sub - division for housing. Oust recently a projoct ton ar.deNidlvision $or Negroes was protested bofore the City Contusion for approval. Protests tromWhitoo and other objections prevented the dovelopmont. There is no section 'shoran Nogroo2 _oon coo- pond to build docont homes. *hal' 01 L'incan Muight°

A. Jobs for qualifiod Negroes. Cortain civil sorvico jobs are not open to NogrooS, yot Many are qualified. Negroes nod , lobs ommensurato with their training. Every.. body-can not t000h.

.6. Negro representation On'all,beards fecting Negroes. Negroes are ta)6. u; they are proporty ouaere or renters. ho oonetituto about i'lfhptysr6anporcont of the City's nopulation. Many boards determino their dostinioo without any kind of rupr000ntation whatsoever. Only Negroes aro qualifiod to reprosent thomsolvos adequatoly and properly.

6. Conbested areas, with inadequate pr no fireplugs. Fire hazards are inviting.

7. Lack of -earago disposals makes it necessary t o resort toout -door privies, which is a health hazard. 0. Narrow streets, lack of curbing, unpaved Arcata in somesections. Immediate action should4,taken on thistraffic hazzard.

Gentleman, what is your stand en these James? That will you do to improve these undemocratic practices? Your stand on those issues will enable us to better decide an whom we shall oastourballot lathe March election.

Very truly yours, ,1 ^7 Montgomery Negroes

Document 4: Inez Jessie Baskin Papers, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

BEST COPYAVAILABLE 11 .18 (2-:.0Pres.ritmv.` WESTERN UNION itanNt;1-et letin ludas tu defaced char. IELISla lailtotel be the 1201 Vdr.tr:ttatiGIMII peopererinhol, TELEGRAM W P eatartik&I. or.alnalme The 6tarte time shown In the dare Inc on dzimmat cIcjieni Ii STAN)ARD TIME: at veisho Vitae of tn,vt,t, la STANOARD TIME wt iasint wf 4=AI:tem 6A2'6i' PA294 1 i7). P TRDO8O PDVJUX tnEfam ujER 26 213n1= 27 C I PICO T COURT JUDGE EUODIECAPITErt=

0.t1 TOOME RY

^HAVE CALICELLED !'L.,A143 FOR BU'iLD1r1P ALADAMAI 150,000 S4 FT BANUFACTURING SPACE UPON CONV1CTIOn OF REV LiAnTTO

0'010 . , DIN:1014D BROTHER 601:, V fCE ;PRESTREASURER6

13111 COMMIT WILL APPRECIATO OtIOCECT10140 PROM ITO PA1II0140 evitilcmeract 1Ta et:Lowest

Document 5: Judge Eugene Carter Papers, Box 11, folderl. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE NV,ut Did Th Supreme Court Actually RA I? IT NOW appears thatldoitilicinery City thick acting presumably on inst:ur- City WASHIN1117a, April 25 feel -{in- tionato the parent Na-tiorial ertunont lakvyera were divided lowly Lines, may have acted With iniGeeMly. on what the SupreweCourt meant by UnricceSSary haste in ordeririastiivtrs ice cryptic action Mondayin a ram challengtug race segregation onIntra- here to disregard city and state segre. state buses, gation taus. The COUWIIbrief orderieriling to review a loner court . decision Mwa Second -look appraisals or what the widely interpreted at the time ae end- its;Monday ing acamgation on any farmof nubile court actually meant in kensportatitur, But some lawyers re, ruling leave considerable, doubt that the viewing the k sae said rho Isiah court court intended toanollsh could have acted use narrow,technical grounds, gallonvuintrastatetrantportation. The Suprante COhrl ILInort newel Since she (mut seemed to leave stand= elaborates on its or Na eXplani tiers could be obtained from ittoday the deciiitil SY the tJ.d, eth Circuit meant. uWe do nut think its to just what it Cow I of APPOIls that According to bigal opinion, here and the separate but Banal doctrine can any in Washlnoton, the court might huts father be regarded as a correct state- aimpiy Octined to consider a matter ' meat of the law," wire services. and roost which hoot not bun through jinni ntdO. newspapers Jumped to the Conclusion that bus Segregation bad gone the will/ cunt in the lower courts. of school essgragatien. has The very brevity oftheSupreme Tiu,4 is true, the bus company painted itself into a corner, amount- Court'sruling, however, shouldhave generated some doubt that thecourt ing that it will not dOtend segregation broad new princi although, as the Al'story indicates, was laying down a laws requiring separatiem of the Inca pie of law.AlSo, the court kimono the turmoil existing in the South today re. on intrastate transportation may re- the main intact,In any event, National suiting Irons the erhool ruling. and ad. Justices could hardly be unmindfulof City Lines would have low well ilia concoqueineee tit anotherextnerhat- elm, to }Ave wilted Until Ifs &Min; eye An; ruling it this erithial time, had time to weigh the sited of the cOurt's ruling. But if the bur company is guilty at IT ra Idle to argue that the Supreme hasty, theeupreme Court is guiltyat Court amply Tux*, on the lawwith veal:caws and the nation's press, per. Out regard to what happens- Thecourt baps. of conelUALOtt-Jumping none of has found It expedient Often before to slash has helped an already sorrowful employ the proverbial law's delay,and might very well have deem en in the situation bus case if the court has any V31114 Ders_,_Sl'e!ktio_ -- Library 't atallfor social consequences ofits actions,And we cannot believe the ""r15511"Tf9:4:;;Zi Cad* "WWI court is totally devoid of such teenage. The AssociatedPress,whichsaid 00,tegorie,aty Monday that the BUDreille Court had ended segregation onin- instate transportation, hedgedyester. filTGY .-ADVERT111111, 'day with the following:

APR 261956

Document 6: Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject FilesGeneral File, Bus Boycott, SG6945, folder 305b. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

13 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 10016mm' er 19, ;1.4,1u1)rawer tu, +ow . This is a hiatorlo wuu:- beo,tuoo so, rJc.,ti)n ra buo has now been (1oolnred uncomtitutionql. Within fow t'-,a Su ems Court Nam into will reach M3nt;q1nery and ro-bohr

For your help and convenience the folio w_nf1 uu,t battensarc mule. trill you read, otudy and nomorizo them an thAt nur !nu-violent Jo- termination may not bo ontlangered. First, tem-) tint ^> t augoestlons:

1. Not all white people are opposed to intet,r1ted harlot'. Acoept goodwill, on the Dart of Many. 2, The whole bus is now for the use of All people. %:akt a vaoaLL seat.. 3. Fray Dar 7,uidance and commit yourself tu conk:int,' nun -vi elonco in word and action as you ortor tho buo. 1t. DAreretrate the talm dignity of our Montom,nz, pimple in your actions. .5. In all thinCa obsorvo ordinary rules off' courtesy and poo4 benavi,r. 6. Rolm:Tiber that this io not a victory for tlegmes Almon, but for all Montcomary and the South. Do not boast: Do net bran 7. Bo quiet but friendly; proud, but not arroc:4.nto joyous, but not boistroup. 8. be loving enough to absorb ovil and undonarltni firourh to Lurn aft enemy into a friend. Now for some specific suggestions:

1. Tho buo driver is in charge of the bus and hae bit ins.ructed to obey the law. Ateum that ho will cooperate in bolring occipy any vacant seat. 2. Do not deliberately sit by a white person, unless thane it no other seat, 3. In sitting down by a person, white or colored, say "Max I" or nranion me" as you sit. This is a common oeurtosy. 4. If ourood, do not curse back. If pushed, do Lot push buck. If stuck, do not striko back, but evidence elve and roodwiil at all times. '. In caae of an incident, talk as little as poosible, and tulways In a quiet tone. Do not get up from your -,,eat! ;7oport nil serious incidento to the bus driver. 6. For the first few days try to got en the bu utt't n friend in whops non-viOlehoe you have confidence. You an uphold nno another by a glance or a prayer. 7. If another versonlbbuinn molcstiod, du not are to ro to %lc defonoe, but pray for the opprosnor And u z1.il moral and spiritual force to, narry on the :ItnnrilP "or jnntien. 8. According to your own ability And onrunt.111L,, uo not bo afraid to experimont with now nnt. orcativr. tc.c'altqLoc for aehl(,vinr rectonolliqtion Fin0 nobial clinn$'e. If yeu feel you c-Jaw't take It, walk for another week or two. We have confidoe.7J, nun pt,o11(1. COD BLESS YOU ALL,

IflE r Mlit,CCIFY AS:-:OCIATION VI: ILI. 11. L. KIWI, Jd., rll...1M1IZDT :"7/. W. J. Ineot:LT, SUCRMIN Document 7: Inez Jessie Baskin Papers, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

14 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 21 Lesson 2: The Opinions of the Public

1. Background information for teachers:

George Corley Wallace was elected Governor of Alabama in the November elections of 1962. Blaming an earlier, 1958 defeat for the same office on his failure to exploit the racial fears of white voters, Wallace based his successful 1962 campaign on pledges to resist the federal government's efforts to force integration upon Alabama.

Scheduled to take office in January of 1963, Wallace became the focal point for both those who supported and opposed integration during a period of tremendous racial turmoil and violence. Justifying his segregationist stance on the need to preserve "states' rights" in the face of federal tyranny, Governor Wallace's pronouncements like "Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!" in his first inaugural address < http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/inauguralspeech.html > and his actions like the symbolic "stand in the schoolhouse door" < http://www.archives.state. al.us/govs_list/schooldoor.html >to block integration at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa in June of 1963 tended to fuel the flames of racial discord and brought the critical eyes of the rest of the world down on Alabama.

George Wallace would go on to run startlingly strong campaigns for president of the U.S. in 1964, 1968 and 1972, and was elected to the Alabama Governor's office again in 1970, 1974 and 1982. The documents in this lesson are letters sent to Wallace right after his election in 1962 and in 1963 duffing the time of the stand in the school house door and Birmingham demonstrations. They represent the divergent views of Alabamians on these important issues and the response of the Governor to his constituents.

2. Learning objectives:

Upon completion of this activity, students should be able to:

1. Discuss the importance of America's constitutional right to free speech.

2. Discuss the difficulty of dealing with public opinion as an elected official.

3. Identify the importance of public discussion and the election process.

4. Identify some of the key issues facing Governor Wallace in 1962-1963 and the divergent opinions of Alabama citizens on these issues. 3. Suggested activity:

1. Provide each student with copies of Documents 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

2. Allow the students to discuss the similarities and the differences found in the opinions voiced in the letters. Be sure that the students classify the letters as individuals, groups, businesses, organizations, etc. (Point out the handwritten comment on the top of the letter from the Tuskegee Institute Young Democrats Club: "Do Not Reply.")

3. Ask each student to determine the point of view of the author of each letter.

4. Ask students the following questions:

a. How would you feel about re-electing an official who would not reply to a letter written to him/her by you?

b. Is an election a reflection of public opinion? Why or why not?

c. What can an elected official do to communicate his/her concern for his/her constituents?

5. Students should choose one letter and write a response to it as if they were the governor of Alabama.

DOCUMENTS:

Document 1. "Pine Grove Methodist Church letter, 11/04/62," Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminstrative files, SG12653, folder 1. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson2/docl.html

Document 2. "Central Methodist Church letter, 11/16/62," Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminsitrative files, SG12653, folder 2. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson2/doc2.html

Document 3. "Lucian Lentz letter, 11/17/62," Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminsitrative files, SG12653, folder 1. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http: / /www. archives. state . al. us/teacher/rights/lesson2/doc3 .html

Document 4."Tuskegee Institute Young Democrats Club letter, 10/--/63," Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminstrative files, SG12653, folder 4.

16 23 Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://wvvw.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson2/doc4.html

Document 5. "Northrop Laboratories letter, 05/23/65," Alabama Governor George Wallace Administrative files, SG12653, folder 3. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http: / /www. archives. state. al. us /teacher /rights /lesson2 /doc5.html

17 24 Iping (groin-gbextezer etliebbst (Chary JERRY A. TANTON. Mormivaso

STAR ROUTS Gram, Alabama November 4, 1962

Gov ernor -Elect GeorgeG. Wallace Clayton, Alabama

Dear Mr. Wallace: The congregation of the Pine Grove Methodist Church voted unanimously today to write you this letter. We are aware of your grave responsibilities and formative influence in the area of race relations in this state.We are praying for you daily as you feoe what seems to us to be one of the most serious problems ever confronted by an. AlabamaGovernor. We urge you to begin immediately a program of preparation minion will prevent lawlessness, discord, violence, and bloodshed. Every public statement you make is setting the tone for what is to come. We do not believe that inflammatory and rebellious statements provide the type preparation we need. Our ohuroh is vitally concerned about what happens in the next few months at the University of Alabama, where we have four students, and at Auburn University, where we have three students. We strongly urge you to dismiss any ideas concerning the closing of adhool! We plead with you to use reasonable governance and he courts to resist integration...not force: While we do not approve integrated schools, we abho-r-TheTTcrea of repeating the present Mississippi crisis in Alabama. We have faith that the school officials and students can and will handle peaceably the situation which is to arise...if only a peaceful attitude is created by state leaders and private citizens...and if outside agitators are not allowed on the campuses. We are firm in our conviction that a workable solution to this problem and your own political future depend upon a peaceful approach. We urge you to seek the interested support of the thousands of men and women who are praying and working for law, order, and good will among all the people of our state.

2erely,

Jerry A. Tarlton, Pastor C. K. Grenade Church Lay Leader Document 1: "Pine Grove Methodist Church letter, 11/04/62," Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminsitrative files, SG12653, folder 1. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 18 25 central fitabizt'turd?

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November 10, 10G2

Honorable George Wallace Uovernor-elect of Alabama Bell Building Montgomery, Alabama

Dear Mr. Wallace;

The penple of Decatur and many of your friends all over the State are encouraged by the strong statements you have made of loft. We are glad to know that you are going to keep the KKK not of Irmealonsa when the Herrn student is enrolled.

Most of us shore your objections to the Federal Gaveromentes stand on de-segregation. We eisa share your desire to avoid Violence and anarchy. We believe that you, au a Christian, as o Methodist, and se on American citizen will graciously accept the orders of The United States Courts.

We Alobomn Demoorots tee some things about our great notional party that we do not like. However, we are Americans first. We know that ours is the. party which Is strongest for freedom and justice for all - regardless of roce, creed, or economic station.

I congratulate you on your determination to keep low and order in a situation that you and thousands of other Alabamians despise. I em not surprised at the courageous action on your cart. A man who has served ac Superintendent of a Methodist Sundoy School can not but believe in the brotherhood of man under the Rather- hol.d of God..

It is far more important that we remember our yaws of Baptism and Church membership than to seek. popularity in a time of deep distress. Tho stand you arc taking now may cause3CSIOof your more reactionary friends alarm. Monk God you have the courage to follow Jesus Christ. our Lord.

Thankfully and ?rayerfully,

John Nutlend JB:vhd Document 2: "Central Methodist Church letter, 11/16/62," Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminsitrative files, SG12653, folder 2. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

19 BESTCOPYAVAILABLE 2V - 45 Sunset Driie Anniston, Ala. November 17, 19b2

The Non. George C. Wallace Bell Building Montgomery, Alabama

Dear Judge Wallace: On several occasions I have had the pleasure of discussinggovernmental issues with you. I liked your hustling approach to obtaining new industry for our state. I appreciated your sympathetic understanding of the Aid to Dependent Children problem. And I admired your fair-minded appraisal of the Right to Work law. During your campaign, however, I was distressed to note yourextreme stand on the desegregation issue. I did not approve of your statementito the effect that you would "stand on the schoolhouse steps and blockthe path of any Negro trying to register at a whiteinstitution. I therefore consulted our close mutual friend, Fred Merrill,who assured me that from conversations with you, he learned that this type of campgign talk was merely avote-getting gimmick, and that you would in actuality follow asensible, moderate course of action when the time came. More recently, I have beenalkifed to read of your reiteration of such incendiary sentiments. I am writing to implore you to break your campaign promise, which seems to me designed only to lead to rabblerousing and violence, I do not think that anyone should try to hold you tothis utterance, in the light of the Mississippi tragedy. Surely even the Ku Klux Klan must now see the futilityof trying to fight the might of the entire federal government. Let us carry out the law of the land with courage and dignity, little as we may agreewith it.Thousands will be looking to you for leadership whenever theintegration threat is raised. Please, please give them an example of quiet moderation. Since meny newspapers which supported you havecalled upon you to moderate your segregation stand, Iwould like to suggest that you enlist their aid to avoid violence. Challenge them to play down any stories of Negroregistrations at state schools, relegating such informationto small squibs on tho interior pages of the papers, rather thanscreaming it out in banner headlines. Much as I admire your approach to many, many issues in ourstate, and convinced as I am of your personal integrity, if youhave any part in turning Alabama into another Mississippi when the same issues arisehere, I shall oppose any further political steps you may everytry to take. Sincerely yours, e&A_Lob-Ki ott4351, (Mrs. Lucian Lentz) Document 3: "Lucian Lentz letter, 11/17/62," Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminsitrative files, SG12653, folder 1. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

REST COPY AVAILABLF 20 27 (,\ 64, 04.*\

Tuakegee Institute Young Democrats Club Huntington Hall, Room U4 Tuskegee Institute, Alabama

The Honorable George Wallace Governor Of Alabama State Capitol Montgomery, Alabama Dear Governor: The present eucial climate in Birmingham, Alabama has fomented the chaos out of which has precipitated the criminal and hideous destruction of the very lives of four American children (one decapitated) who ware endeavoring to exercise an essential inalienable right guaranteed by Article I of the Constitution of the United States - the freedom to worship. This climate is not peculiar to Birmingham - a city of uncontrolled law- leseneee; it has permeated the State of Alabama, evidencing itself through racial beatings and rioting. Democracy and the Democratic Party, you yourself a member, proclaim as a preachment individnall worth and the protection of the minority; none- theless, the Democratic power politics in Alabama is incongruent with its preaciumytit.IL has become quite palpable that Alabama is failing miserably to insure domestic tranquility". Viewing the grave situation soberly, the Young Democrats Club of Tuskegee institute urges you as state executive to provoke more immediate legal action relative to the elimination of racial disorder and the establieh- meat of peace in Alabama, Very truly yours, Tuake ee Institute Young Democrats Club 1k? larence Jones President CJJ:ejp

Document 4: " Tuskegee Institute Young Democrats Club letter, 10/--/63," Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminsitrative files, SG12653, folder 4. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

21 bEST COPYAVAILARP 28 C A 01vlaponal Noetnrop Corporation

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Governor George C. Wallace sof27 1%2 Governor's Mansion Montgomery, Alabama GovZRNoR's °P56 Dear Governor Wallace; It was a pleasure to have the opportunity to meet you personally last night while you were in Huntsville.It was also reassuring to hear your affirmation of your belief in the free enterprise system and your assurance of a cooperative welcome to new industries coming to Alabama. One of the tasks which we in the Aerospace Industry must face in building sizable operations in Huntsville is to lure experienced people Crum their present location, and, as you are well aware, this means luring them from California to Huntsville. One of the difficulties which I have encountered is that the image of Alabama to the uninformed non-resident is not good because of the racial problem which is currently receiving so much attention outside of .our State.As an illustration, on the day following publication of your inaugural address in Los Angeles, two engineers with graduate degrees who had agreed to move to Huntsville changed their minds with the explanation that "they didn't want to get into a, racial mess such as occurred in Mississippi". In this morning's mail I received the enclosed clipping from the Los Angeles Times which is further evidence of the extent to which Alabama's national image is being distorted.You are certainly entitled to your opinions, which you have often publicly stated, and 1 fully recognize your obligations as the Chief Executive of. the State.It has been said by a philosopher wiser than I that, "one cannot by reason change another from conclusions which he has reached without reason", and I will not attempt to do so. May I suggest, however, as a representative of the Aerospace Industry and a resident of Alabama, by choice, that this problem be handled within the laws of our Nation and

Document 5: "Northrop Laboratories letter, 05/23/65, Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminsitrative files, SG12653, folder 3. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama", page 1.

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with the dignity and wisdom which the citizens of Alabama have a right to expect from their Chief Executive.I offer for your review the following well. known. prayer: "Lord, give me the courage to change the things which ought to be changed, the serenity to accept those things which cannot be changed, and the wisdom to distinguish one from the other." I write this letter to you personally and in confidence, with the interests of the State of Alabama and its industrial growth in mind. Recognizing your heavy and diverse responsibilities, I trust that you will produce a climate which will. distinguish Alabama as being as progressive in the social field as it is now known to be in the technical and space fields. With kindest personal regards, Sincerely,

JAB:cp /J. A. Barclay, nager Enclosure Northrop/Huntsville Dept.

Document 5: "Northrop Laboratories letter, 05/23/65, Alabama Governor George Wallace Adminsitrative files, SG12653, folder 3. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama", page 2

erCOPY AVAILABLE 23 3 0 Lesson 3: Birmingham 1963

1. Background information for teachers:

By April of 1963, Birmingham, Alabama had become a national example of racial tension and strife. In the spring of 1962, city parks and public golf courses had been closed to prevent desegregation and the black community had attempted to protest racial activities by boycotting selected Birmingham merchants. In response, food that was appropriated for needy families had been cut by the city commissioners. City elections and demonstrations against segregation further separated the city racially for a year and produced a population that was both angry and afraid. On April 12, 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. was sentenced to a nine-day jail term for his part in desegregation demonstrations. It was during this time that King wrote his essay, "Letter from the Birmingham Jail," < http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/popular_requests/frequentdocs/ birmingham.pdfl which described his concerns for the laws of America and his hope for justice for black Americans.

The national media publicized the powerful water hoses and the German shepherd police dogs that were used by the firemen and the policemen of Birmingham against demonstrators in May of 1963 as directed by police commissioner Eugene ("Bull") Connor. Despite the peaceful efforts of both the black and white leaders of the city, terror and violence had gripped Birmingham, Alabama while the world watched. The documents in this lesson include telegrams sent to or by Gov. Wallace concerning the events in Birmingham. The notorized statements from the Intercitizens Committee, Inc. provide a contrast to the official state government version of events in Birmingham. The Committee was formed in 1963 by Reverend J. L. Ware to attract middle class blacks to this movement.

2. Learning objectives:

Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Analyze a written document for position of writer and content.

2. Synthesize an historical position based upon document analysis.

3. Understand the events of Birmingham in 1963 and the positions held by the individuals involved.

2431 3. Suggested activities:

1. Make copies of Documents 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for each student.

2. Ask the students to read each document.

3. After reading the documents, ask each student to choose one document and use the general suggestions for analyzing a written document. Have the students answer the questions about the document they chose and report their findings to the class.

4. Upon completion, give each student the following assignment:

You are the press secretary for the Governor of Alabama. You must write a press release to be sent to each newspaper, radio station and television station in Alabama which will explain what has happened in Birmingham. Consider all of the documents that you have read. What will you advise the Governor to tell the state?

DOCUMENTS:

Document 1."Telegram from L.H. Foster 05/13/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 3, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http ://www. archives. state. al.us/teacher/rights/lesson3/docl .html

Document 2. "Telegram from George Andrews 05/13/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 3, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson3/doc2.html

Document 3. "Telegram from NBC News 05/16/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http ://wwvv. archives. state. al. us/teacher/rights/lesson3/doc3.html

Document 4. "Telegram from Wallace to The President 05/13/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 3, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson3/doc4.html

Document 5. "Telegram from Mayor Boutwell 05/28/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 5, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson3/doc5.html

253 2 Document 6. "Documents on Human Rights in Alabama," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson3/doc6.html

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1210P CST MAY 13 63 NSA2?5 MS TKA010 PD TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE ALA 13 1146A CST THE HONORABLE GEORGE C WALLACE GOVERNOR OF ALABAMA MONTGOMERY ALA CURRENT TRAGEDIES IN BIRMINGHAM FOLLOW INEVITABLY THE MANY, YEARS DURING WHICH NEGROES LIVING AND VISITING IN THAT CITY HAVE EXPERIENCED THE VIOLENCE OF PERSONAL INDIGNITIES AND THE ARBITRARY AND REPEATED DENIAL OF ALMOST EVERY OPPORTUNITY:TO SHARE AS AMERICAN CITIZENS IN THE LIFE OF BIRMINGHAM. WE URGENTLY. NEED YOUR LEADERSHIP TO HELP BRING A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING AND TO MAKE SECURE THE RIGHTS OF NEGROES TO LIVEN WORK, AND PARTICIPATE RESPONSIBLY IN CIVIC AFFAIRS. ANY EFFECTIVEATTEMPT TO SETTLE THE PRESENT DIFFICULTIES MUST DEAL FAIRLY WITH THE CENTRAL ISSUEOF HOMAN AND CONSTITUTIONALRIGHTS FOR EVERY CITIZEN. AS THE GOVERNOR OF ALABAMA YOU HAVE A MAGNIFICENT OPPORTUNITY TO LEAD ALABAMAINS TO A NEW AND FINER HOUR OF HUMAN UNDERSTANDING

BASED ON THE CHRISTIAN ETHIC AND THE ASSOCIATED RESPECT WHICH EVERY HUMAN BEING DESERVES L H FOSTER PRESIDENT TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE, (52).

Document 1: "Telegram from L.H. Foster, 05/13/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 3, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 27 34 (CLiva (Sally= 'Motla a lb= RIME .-.3 DL Diy Later watt*Ito &Farad ckas- STERN t NI NO.-..144174 am. rtondlancd br Illo Frwer capita 040:1 6tvr,,Ilnteartatlonal TELEGRAM ikntet Telegram. P. DIA POMAtt. Pacetows, T)to Mina Onto al, own in *ha &no Ilho on dancazk cdlcamon la WM& 70^4R at t+otns eE oecia.1.1:-na of r.-n-ArtXaCAL %IMO et 9111of ctoulu46ep 1259P CST MAY 15 6NSA29S RBOflI WE224 W BXAOSS GOVT PD RX WASHINGTON 00 15 157P EDT THE HONORABLE GEORGE C WALLACE, oovenmoR STATE OF ALABAMA MONTGOMERY ALA. REURTEL HAVE SENT THE FOLLOWING TELEGRAM TO pREsIoeNT KENNEDY r PLEASE REMOVE TROOPS AND LET ME REPEAT MY TELEGRAM OF LAST SEEK BY ALL MEANS REMOVE MARTIN LUTHER KING FROM ALABAMA. IF HE IS REMOVED THERE WILL BE NO NEED FOR TRIIPS". GEORGE ANDREWS MENDER OF CONGRESS (40).

Document 2: "Telegram from George Andrews, 05/13/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 3, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

28 35 CLAos:OT--- Sem= Thin P. 0 foist clump un4,4 Iti'deferottiOar octet Itiadkutej Ibtr the proper timbal TELEG AM nth:itat (4..p h) W. P MAP Po1 ail_ 6110,..e,a44 . The ti:lifo time shown In the date Hite tut dotuttle aleetzint I is LOCAL TIME at point of °Apia, Mind e teeelpi is LOCAL TIMat OM; of dtrtitiatiOit .1032A CST MAY 16 63 NSA1S9 DEB071 DE NA162 PD WUX NEW YORK. NY 16 1149A EDT GOVERNOR GEORGE C WALLACE MONTGOMERY ALA RE, YOURTELEGRAM,NBC NEWS COVERAGE OF BIRMINGHAM SITUATION HAS BEEN ACCURATE AND INBIASED. SPONSORS OF OUR NEWS PROGRAMS DO NOT PARTICIPATE IN ANY WAY IN DETERMINATION OF CONTENT OF SUCH PROGRAMS. THAT IS RESPONSIBILITY OF NBC NEWS:AND WE SEEK TO CARRY IT OUT CONSCIENTIOTUSLY WILLIAM R MCANDREW EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT NBC NEWS (10.

Document 3: "Telegram from NBC News, 05/16/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

BEST COPYAVAILABLE

29 36 WESTERN UNION-7* SENDING BLANK

011A110e.

itOtItosamii aintr. akir 13p 1963 The rresident. he Mite Roos° linehinaton, D. C. The Otatuto you cito ao onthority for oonditt, troops to tho eitf of ailtdildrin Mien t h inveicad orovicaoly by yott lo direct ocitiliot with Art. Li, Cooties h of the ConOtitatim of tUnited Ototos which at toe thot tbo Gutran toS to inert of the Onion a republican form or govornuont cnd vhinh olso pro- vides that tho U.S. on use ito Saticnoltliity Aroma to quell d0000tio violonoe oAli when requootod to do so by the Zogiolototrie of that State or tM71:overnor if tho logiolaturo cannot be coorvenod.Uoi.tber the La 1. or Is a©. governors haS cn___Sca. jamairj CII...w..11

dead tho abovo rnaosotpt, su.Weel to Om terms ea &Ic4 hared, wharfs nr. hAtodne mooted In PLEASE TYPE OR WRITE 'PLAINLY WITHIN BORDERDO NOT FOLD' 12,69.-1R 4431 .

WESTERN UNION. er SENDING BLANK

CHAIM To PAIDatia.2,...Lationetly).. reoueoted you.to soul troops into the atoto to quell &motto violence. The 0Onotitutod authorities of thetote at Alabozos. City end. County ore able end Imo not failed or refused to sapproeo domesti violence which has Comm*, in tho Cater of Birmingtooe. refer you to Title 10s. Section 333. Qtr foonding fathers In droftino Artficie 6, sootten 4 of the Conotitution expressly limited ,tho central govarrunent in stoners of donsotio violonoe within a stave.tie/0%er the Oonoress of the Unitod Stotos nor you as the Chief Crootttiva of th United States; con violate tato leant basic constitutional guaranty. You Unar in your tolograo that youwill 1138 federal troops to imp.inornt on ollegod toboocznt tvorkod cat by eCossmity

loodore.0 . (0nd POO 2)

Send,tho abovefees one, subject So the ?emuORbort hereof, which ore herebyagreed to PLEASE TYPE OR WRITE PLAINLY WITHIN BORDER DO NOT FOLD 1209.4.11 44* - - Document 4: "Telegram from Wallace to The President, 05/13/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 3, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 1.

30 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 37 WESTERN UNION SENDING BLANK

CALL CRAM MUNI VC2 m MID (pegs 3 Kennedy)

Ve have lyard and fetid , about tbe eitririteMenta *gored' by this croup of soeen.lied be*. iatore but their aotivities huire been clothed in secrecy.with the exoo;tion of the Ctaircan. one 'OneY timer, they have even refused to Identity thamselsoos Apparently, from the actions you have token, youknow the identi of thy =burn of this oomaittse:I urge you to maks male .the wawa of tho tooliboro of tbie ooittAle. whom they renresent by what conatitsticsnal authority they have presumed to not. Each or th© lawfully constituted official* of the City. of 1DIrrainjiam, Jefferson County, cud 3t3te OS nit= h a 1P1b11037, denied Navin; any knowlodge of any so-called egreementsteihas unequivocally denied.the authority of any (reap of white ohitsens to negotiate with the leWless mobsters who hid been leading the tiogrooe of Dire:tech= in woks of violet= and law breaking until thiaviolenos was put down by local and *tato law anteroamont (andFlu°

Send the above mange, subjert to the term on bort' Woof, Wadi orohereby agreed fo PLEASE TYPE OR WRITE PLAINLY WITHIN BORDERDO NOT'FOLD IZAP I 43m

WESTERN UNION SENDING BLANK

CALL 011ARGE TO pAn Kentso) eicartio There is no precedeht for the use of federal nationalililitery troops to enforce on alleged agromant by uneutharized, enonYmOU3 indtvidoate working in saver, 'without ,authocoity atxyttuly Conatittital oYficiz l8. lta car Jtulprerit your daty is to tutee tho right of this State cud 'Mar City of .01raingharla to handle their oen &watt.° offeiros cog any Intorventitat into thi) offal:a ofthis Mats or City of atrollochnia, wheythor tho uno of National Witary trorga or ottcrelnea is In direct violationof your constituti onal obligation. Coerce C. %aline° Covorcor alubans

Saari Ma abalai mum" suhl4ief to tho toms on MO hared, wfddi aro 'ketoby aorood to PLEASE TYPE OR WRITE PLAINLY WITHIN BORDERDO NOT FOLD 4.334 Document 4: "Telegram from Wallace to The President, 05/13/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 3, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 2.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 31 38 2 ,----1 Ca pp 5,Ef ltpC2 3 --L. , SER lido b 41 tom. moc,v1 ..... ortlaa kra deLtiecd!elter- "1._I CO t

iiiPuBLICSAFETY OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA ISBOTH NECESSARY AND DESIRABLE.MAYOR BOUTWELL AND THE COUNCIL CONCUR N THIS MESSAGE. THE COUNCIL ,OF THE CITY OF BIRMINGHAM AND ALBERT BOUTWELL, MAYOROF BIRMINGHAM.

Document 5: "Telegram from Mayor Boutwell, 05/28/63," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 5, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 32 39 DOCUMENTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN

ALABAMA

R FY

4 ."

THE INTERCITIZENS COMMITTEE, INC.

BOX 1443 BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA

REV. J. L. WARE REV. C. H. OLIVER PRESIDENT SECRETARY

Document 6: "Documents on Human Rights in Alabama," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 1.

BESTCOPY AVAILABLE

33 40 Picture on cover shows Walter Gadsden (15) of 3114 Sixth Alley So. in Birmingham, Alabama. He has given to the Inter-Citizens Committee his own account of what happened. It is as follows:

"On Friday May 3, 1963, I was observing the demonstrators as they were coming out of Six- teenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham. I was standing near the corner of 16th Street and 6th Avenue North. As I was going across the street an officer grabbed me and held me while he turned a dog on me. I was not one of the demonstrators. I was jailed and charged with parading without a permit."

Walter Gadsden

Document 6: "Documents on Human Rights in Alabama," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 2.

BEST COPY AVAQABLE

34 41 DOCUMENT NO. 33 ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN ALABAMA.ON THE USE CF POLICE DOGS DURING THE 1963 PALM SUNDAY DEMONSTRATIONS IN BIRMINGHAM.

My name is Eddie L. Bradford. I live at 612 No. 17th St. in Birmingham. On April 7, 1963 at around 4:00 in the afternoon, I was standing on the corner of 17th St. and 6th Ave. No. I was watching to ace what was happening. Some oars had been stopped and I wanted to see why. I was not in the street, but there was a large crowd of people on the corner near where I was standing. Then policemen came and ordered everyone to move on. Two officers were sitting in a police CAT nearby with dogs in it. The people stayed around and I did too. Then the policemen called for the dogs. They sicked the dog on me. The dog made a lunge toward my face but I blocked him with my left arm.At the same time I swung at the dog's neck with a small pen knife'I had. I don't know whether I cut him or not, but I hope I did.Then I drew back to strike him again and the dog grabbed my thigh and bit me. When I drew back the second time, the policeman pulled the dog back and sicked him on someone else.The crowd scattered and I went away and got my dog bite treated. I was not arrested.

Eddie L. Bradford

My name is Raymond Coleman. I live at 712 No. 16th St. in Birmingham. I am 70 years of age. On the afternoon of April 7, 1963, I went to town to eat.While on my way back home I came to the corner of 17th St. and 6th Ave. No. There was a large crowd of people there. Since I was on my way home, I would have to cross the street to go home. I heard the policemen tell the people to move back, but there was such a crowd that I could not move. They sicked the dog on me. The dog tore a piece out of my coat. Then the dog grabbed ma under my arm from behind. The dog held on to me and it was painful. I kept pulling forward trying to get loose from the dog, but he kept holding me for what seemed to me to be a long time.After a while the policeman got him off. They did not arrest me. I went to University Hospital for treatment. There were policemen there. One of them said some other dog bit we and I was saying it was the polico's dog. I had to pay $5.00 for a lockjaw shot.

'"ne771.41 Ha nd Coleman

STATE OF ALABAMA )

COUNTY OF JEFFERSON ) Personally appeared before me the hereon named Eddie L. Bradford

and Raymond Coleman, who depose and say that the foregoing statements are true and correct to the best of their knowledge: Th Sworn and subscribed to before me this /7'day of April 1963.

/6),C AR? PUBLIC Document 6: "Documents on Human Rights in Alabama," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 3.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 35 42 DOCUMENT NO. 34 ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN ALABAMA. ON THE USE OF POLICE DOGS DURING TEE 1963 PALM SUNDAY DEMONSTRATIONS tN BIRMINGHAM. RELATED BY LEROY ALLEN, (19) 0? BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA.

Hy name is Leroy Allen. I live at 1002 30th St. No. in Birming- ham. I have never been in jail before. On Sunday April 7, 1963 at around 5t30 P.M. I went to observe the demonstrations that were going on in Birmingham. I was with some friends who asked-me to go with them to observe the demonstrations. At first I said I would not go because I might get in jail, but I decided to go. I was going to the Greyhound Bus Station anyway to take a bus to my job in Brewton, Alabama, and I was headed toward the bus station. There was a crowd of people on the corner of 6th Ave. and 16th Street North. When I got about midway in the block, a policeman told everybody to get back.I got back, but I don't guess I was getting back fast enough. I heard Connor tell the policeman to sick the dog on mo. I did not have a knife or a pipe or any weapon - nothing but my bare hands.The dog bit me behind first, then he bit me on the leg.The dog tried to get to my neck, but I blocked him with my arm, and ho bit me on the arm.Thep I grabbed the dog and threw him over my shoulder and began choking him and the dog started hollering. Then about four policemen took me off the dog, threw me on the ground and got on top of me. I struggled up, and about five more came, including police chief Jamie Moore, and they pinned me down to the ground, and while they held me on the ground another dog bit me on the arm.They handcuffed me and threw me in the paddy wagon. All the clothes I had on were badly torn. I was taken to the city jail. At the Jail the sergeant said they should take me to the hospital. They said I did not need to go to the hospitalbut the sergeant insisted and they took mo to Hillman Hospital whereIreceived treatment. Then I was taken back to jail. I was charged with failure to obey an officer. The following Wednesday while still in jail, I took sick and they took me to'the hospital where I was examined. I was there about three hours. While there, as many as about 25 policemen came to look at me. Several of them said they wanted to see the man the dog bit so they could know me when they see me walking on the street or anywhere. They were trying to scare me but I was not afraid. I was taken back to jail and stayed until Saturday, April 12 when they released me. As soon as I returned to work, I was fired from my Job. I have not yet been able to find another job.

Leroy Allen

STATE OF ALABAMA COUNTY OF JEFFERSON Personally appeared before me the hereon named Leroy Allen, who deposes and says that the foregoing statement is true and correct to the best of his knowledge. Sworn and subscribed to before me this.2 71.'1 day of April 1963.

49p/i1.1,1/IA1006: 4t0 My commission expires NOTARY PUBLIC 3/7/66 Document 6: "Documents on Human Rights in Alabama," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 4.

BEST COPYAVAILABLE 36 43 Mr'

Leroy Allen being subdued by Birmingham:Ipolicemen on Palm Sunday, 1963.

NNW 50UTHERN GREYHOUND EGGS M2631101 CAM INIL femme air me memneunm S m are Mil,: realm lb till rtrag id IltWi. iva tell GO /MIT RI ME RD R MRS If OEM MUM MEM CI C t C%1LW EMID MEI c* a flu IN ED mud I Mew. hos Jul Wilda orill Is War* it macsottlit 5 nplb WA cs% ir Eno op. ApR .75 Lt. Le3 IDCNTIONATION OEM Nogoodhopm00606w.1160,1 vy,' oRc-.1i 1 Le"."*" Evn Ott, hui.

. .1 1:1:,

Ticket to Brewton, Alabama purchased by Leroy Allen on April 5,1963

Document 6: "Documents on Human Rights in Alabama," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 5.

37 BEST COPYAVAILABLE 44 DOCUMENT NO. 37 ON HUMAN R)OBTS TN ALABAMA. RELATED BY TOMMIE HILL of BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA.

My name is Tommie Hill. I live at 1712 No. 25th Avenue in Birm- ingham. On Easter Sunday (April 14, 1963) in the late afternoon, I was standing near Thirgood C. M. E. Church watching what was going on. After the police had arrested some ministers and other persons, about three policemen grabbed me and one of them tried to hit me on the head with his stick, but I blocked the blow and tried to get across the street. As I was going across the street an officer standing in the street struck me hard on the shoulder with his stick. The blow was so hard that in about fifteen minutes I could barely lift my arm. I was not doing anything but watching, and did not have any weapons on me. I saw some shattered glass, but I don't know how it happened. When the officer struck me on the arm, another one tripped me and I fell, scarring my knees and elbow. They handcuffed me and took me to jail. I stayed in jail five days. When I was taken to jail they said I was charged with attempted murder, assault and battery, resisting arrest, inciting to riot, and parading without a permit, but I was not guilty of either. I understood later that the attempted murder charge was dropped, At the jail I was given a pill for my arm, but it did not do any good.After I got out I went to a doctor to have it treated.

Tommie Hill

STATE OF ALABAMA COUNTY OF JEFFERSON Personally appeared before me the hereon named Tommie Hill, who deposes and says that the foregoing statement is true and correct to the best of his knowledge. Sworn to and subscribed to before me this ,fib day of ya, 1963.

My commission expires 40TAIIY PUBLIC 3/7/66.

Document 6: "Documents on Human Rights in Alabama," Alabama Governor Wallace Administrative files, SG12655, folder 6, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 6.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 38 45 Lesson 4: Marching for JusticeSelma to Montgomery

1. Background information for teachers:

Despite a succession of federal court rulings designed to open the polls to African Americans in the 1960s, black Alabamians in huge numbers were not registered to vote due to the power of local voter registrars to erect obstacles. The problem was particularly acute in the Black Belt of the state, where whites feared losing political control when the black majority population gained the franchise. Selma, in the heart of the Black Belt, became a focus for black registration drives in the early 1960s and, in 1965, was chosen by African American Civil Rights leaders as the site from which to launch a march on Montgomery, the state capital, to dramatize the plight of the disfranchised.

The march of a few hundred protesters began on March 7, 1965. Governor George Wallace ordered local and state law enforcement personnel to block the march at the Edmund Pettus Bridge spanning the Alabama River on the way out of Selma. The resulting spectacle of uniformed law officers attacking peaceful demonstrators was witnessed by a horrified American public as "Bloody Sunday" on the nightly news. The "Selma to Montgomery March" was begun anew on March 21, with the marchers' ranks swelled by supporters from across the nation, including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. who had been involved in the Selma protests since January but had not been there on "Bloody Sunday." Some 3,200 marchers left Selma on March 21st and as many as 25,000 took part in the final stretch up Montgomery's Dexter Avenue to the state Capitol four days later.

Emotions aroused over the events in Selma galvanized the U.S. Congress to pass, and President Lyndon B. Johnson to sign, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to supply federal overseers in the local voter registration process.

2. Learning objectives:

Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Identify primary and secondary sources.

2. Discuss the differences and similarities in time perspective concerning a historical event.

39 46 2. Suggested activity:

1. Make copies of Documents 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for each student.

2. Discuss the differences between primary and secondary sources.

3. Have the students read Documents 1, 2, 3 and 4.

4. Ask the students the following questions:

a. What was the purpose of the march from Selma to Montgomery?

b. Why was the federal judge involved in the march?

c. What was the purpose of the resolution from the Alabama State Senate? d. Why was the National Guard put on alert?

5. Ask the students to read Document 5.

6. On a sheet of paper, ask the students to compare and contrast the original newspaper accounts of the march with the description of the march after ten years.

7. Have the students discuss current activities held to commemorate the Selma to Montgomery March.

DOCUMENTS:

Document 1. "Birmingham News article 03/24/65," Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Civil Rights - Selma to Montgomery March, SG6948, folder 406, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson4/docl.html

Document 2. "Alabama Journal article 03/23/65," Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Civil Rights - Selma to Montgomery March, SG6948, folder 406, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson4/doc2.html

40 47 Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson4/doc3.htrn1

Document 4. "Birmingham News article 03/22/65, Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Civil Rights - Selma to Montgomery March, SG6948, folder 406, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson4/doc4.html

Document 5. "Mobile Press article 03/02/75," Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Civil Rights - Selma to Montgomery March, SG6948, folder 406, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson4/doc5.html

Additional photographs of the Selma to Montgomery March can be found in the Alabama Sovereignty Commission, Administrative files. They are on the web at http ://www. archives. state. al.us/cvl/cvl_ritl .html

41 48 -

. RIGHTS PROTEST MARCii MOWN tfiROUGH S TATE'S111..Adiritarannii. ... ArmedGI guard keFtrs'Avatcli as depions tratornvalk in'dritele afterheavy rain Court's march order ends atCixpitol to gy DAN Duwg slaps short of, approving plant An opinion accompanying the In erteb Instance "according i Now* staff writer for a demenstratlon en the oraer std the plan is the fed4 AMA eircumalasees I -MONTGOMERY, 'March 24 capitol atria, and for sending able "to the extent that it PI-presented." intoaro41.0to tato to a march along E. 'S.In dealing with tenantelVil Mil lighls demonstrators a delegation tntuthing from Set= Ill Mont-building to seek audience with ilighwaY SO from Selma to Mont righis demons rations, the Cit. Namery under a federalenure- Gov. George C. MONET. 1 gomery.- , . Of MOntgotnery

°DiinP°It:The elan Witted on that his opinion "is not intended todeclare oradituileotethe IYHAm. righte of citizens to ussemlf.e, petitionor protest within the 'City of Selma. the Car of /Joni- burnt. q-er, any...other' ratinidea area.' MAR

1, TN, Mitstrise of such rittlitS. i,,be mad; mogt be do_tortnpLeg::: Source: Birmingham News article 03/24/65," Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Civil Rights - Selma to Montgomery March, SG6948, folder 406, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

42 49 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Wet Marchers Pass Halfway Point TRICICEIVkAla. CAP) Thretners broke ramp in pzsairelmost to the halfwny Dahl when undred 2eg-wo&r.ymarchers, of8 a.m. (CST): 1:.h3V bedded down swim. 648- ,dampened by rain, tramped past,S. tato tetinpo am,Lc.cLItiro tchtf.) ina pastors near the Itit3 .,thehalf-way point their 50-1Rev,James Revel, one of King's 8,yamp of Lowt=1 Catur.,!y, right.to.vote ollgrituatse tn-13t2n, oar titiPeelEng Vinir(V neurIfer4ile land dotted witb Itteitdsof day after Dr.141ertWLuLFtier Selma. Bevel 8igned hi?T108 wines -fencti lIereferd anti Black KingJr. left the mar*. {band. He said heWARtravalik, JD)Itr,'. Wattle, leg to 95 per hour in a tringtertipnrarllygaveup 604433.1-1. zone. 1 The pooltLye ig owned by lt4t,e commend ,,,ofthe throe day old akinta Marl's Steele, a DIcgro itote°wow, she hiGhvay march tovotc.r..7 planolh, e ""' & brisk bbidzele tifestore to cloveland, Ohio, and a pro- L, etheo haowo:o r Es planned wov;vitoies,tita r.taijecLing odds uld ends to it* hie ...c3ournaiOnatin-cm '36 °emu JtmbenTuh:oragtiadftte; otflieclityeireniaiTe4total n returnWednesday or Thims- mItteo; Albert Turcarta ikleom dal* ynom) today the marcherslender from Marion: Attorney '1113 pathaheadfevtoday had traveled nearly 30 miles, CharlesRandle of Now yorh! it2ting the twoolane highway iti- That lift ahnut 2n milesturee GeorgeNwier et the sew eluder, deep wet' onr both aides tb Montgomery where thouutradecommissionon Human Hightsg of the toad- fort3tulle and a will join thefinal match ,to lice AndNorman Hairston, a (,osihnIL This is the,111r Swamp. elutecapitol Thursday. AngteleA NAACP officer. Mon gthia nortiOn .Mt N atcl ,:Several' handred bettle-ready The numberwill Increase forifive bridges. orl the last bridge National Guardsmen.nailed up the final tag ofthe iingniletrek, a Mind awry° goe,:i kite) aatter) by presidentialorder,and armyjintoMontgomery,when thel billandthenanother blind rOgotare putrolod the highway.'highwaybecome.3four Isms cartes, TheRV& slowedtoday.Theagain,Brorder of the Judge,1The shoulder L 90-more elms plan was toCoverIL mileadthe marchers mootreach the lour to sbtfeet wide. ennipared to the 17 miles tray- Capitol buildingby 4 pm. AlthoughLowittles County wars clod yesterday. ITbutoday. Idesvibed by oneRefire b ill A:NM-rain fell-W.Vihe marchlThe 2100 marchers -Were-ale tSee MAIN, Pulp2)

ALAM:Of iURN3 A:85

Document 2: "Alabama Journal article 03/23/65, " Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Civil Rights - Selma to Montgomery March, SG6948, folder 406, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 1.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 43 50 RAIN 1 1 r7ihly feet tinal, feel se good ' ter co "worn() thouhell," the ther," Mtn, Kites Wild. ' only trosibla eneeunte-red bythe An Army Jeep moved along ....is...... k...... 1...... Oh, earlofthe morchein on the Pd, way. It Carried a large yelp FROM PAGE 1 low siga: "CoutiorMarchers 'ahead, keep rl.tIA,' marchers so for liter been,an IledeTalizol duardsmen. and blisters. They walked1? miles ArinY troops actottVemed the Monday And plan tocover zio' kailrchers.Atnifildfollthey today. ringed tho camp again. %13110nisi/marched. there c Nang, and the other marchers, ware these other developments rise saw biltboartis &WW1him on the racial seeno: at a former interracial iithoni In, In Washington Senate irestorossee. no eaption temiog 1, 0 leaden said if President John en'svot- "Martin Luther Mrs at Com- ing right,. bm .... aimedat yok- ill-110111ot training. school " ing Negro grievariter-- is oat g calla the botri Lb an pas cri by April 15, zenators will ro`sttcrapttosmear thearil forfeittheirEaster hte movement Ile said he recess. believes the billboards refer iiiinsOil. coniinnestotall'net to progress of the march. the 114.tblancier Folk School_ at Moniengle, which was- &reed i In Cleveland, Ohio, NAACP several yearn ago. lenderslaunch apzospenilve Ned Touch:done, secretary of 'nation-wide, drive agafoot the Citizens Council of LOW.* alleged discrimitiatiOnon leder. ann. lac., said hie rTratip 00.113 bi building projects, VOW/14to to put up .807 of the -billboards ibut down construction of Cleve- throughout the United States. end'a 4l2-million federal office !attersegregationist fed ltrala pulfding if. necessary. were expra-Nnill qp pollow 1,01,e- At Indopeittionde, lb., former lets showered, on the murobagi PreoldentDerryS.' Trumah by p list airplane. The leullete termed "sWy" the Selnla-Mont- called on white. CtlPkits to. 10111,1 gomery march."They caul "Operatiim BIM," described, .as accomplish a darned tiling,"ho 411112pOtiVO hiring, dying, buying, Raid. "Ail they want 38to attract seg" kitty-Idiom"- The,. ltafleIs,said:"Uncire The leader of the marchto 4 played agitator. ceados to C101140170Ory, Pr. Marlin bailor tato.", ies Jr., was joined Monday by / tIs voile, At min red step, Ring said thathisteet Were bothering Wm. fie put enan extra pair Oft

BEST COPY AVAILABLE &tate at ;Alabama

Sact .0o. 47 Opectat atffit011 1965 &mate Joint Refiolution lb. 28 By Messrs. James E. Horton. Jr.. Bob Gilchrist, Harlan G. Allen, Reeeoe 0. Roberts, Jr.. Clayton Carter. Cleorgo Hawkins. A. C. Shelton. Bill Nichols. Julian Lowe. Ernest C. Hornsby. Wrn. C. McCain. Hobart T. Wilson, Law. pence Dumas. B. G. Robison, Jr.. J. T. Mc Dow, Roland Cooper. H. B. Taylor, H. P. James, Albert H. Evans. Jr.. E. O. Eddins, L. W. Brannan. Jr.. L. D. Bentley. Jr.. Noll Metcalf. Samoa S. Clark. W. Ray Lollop. Ed Reynolds. Joseph W. Smith. Vaughan Hill Robison, Kenneth Hammond. Walter C. Glvhsn. W. F.. Oden, Charles A. Montgomery. John M. Tyson. Charles Mathews. Charles H. Adams and James B. Allen, Lieutenant Governor. WHEREAS, after a period of ten weeks of continued agitation and demonstrations, led by and directed by outsiders, a march by these agitators and demonstrators from Selma to Montgomery has been sanctioned by order of the Federal Court; WHEREAS, this march and the incidental activities of the agitators and demonstrators will place unusual and extreme demands on all law enforcement agencies of our State; WHEREAS, one of the purposes of demonstrations, agitation and of this very march is to foment local disorder and strife among our citizens; WHEREAS, the tension created could result in violence and bloodshed; WHEREAS, by the maintenance of law and order in Alabama we can bast show to ilw world that Ahrbanans are a law abiding and peace loving people, amply able to solve every domestic problem by reasonable discussion and by the regular processes of government and in the courts; WHEREAS, our Governor has called upon every citizen to stay at home, away from the route of march and places where the demonstrators will go; NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE SENATE, THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CONCURRING, that we hereby join the Governor of Alabama in calling upon every loyal citizen of the State, ofevery race, color, creed or persuasion, to stay at home or at his regular place of businessas fur removed from the line of march and demonstrations as is possibleuntil the risk of regrettable Incidents which mightoccur ha an atmosphere charged with tension has ceased.Let every one of our citizens act with the utmost restraint.

Approved March HI, 1085 Time 2i38 P. M.

President and Presiding Officer of the Senate 4441 (12(sLiciLA-4 S1 Governor of Alabama Speaker of tho House of Representatives

Document 3: "Alabama Senate Joint Resolution No. 28, 03/19/65," Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Civil Rights - Selma to Montgomery March, SG6948, folder 406, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

REST COPY AVAILABLE 45 52 SINGING MISS IN First day marked with odd quietness itY JACK HOPPER hued to give her name west through Selma, woe Nowa staff writer pushing a baby carriage in the Glowed to a Mendota! several EN ROUTE TO MONTC/Okf- middle of the group. The baby,thites because of newsmen end ERY, March 22"They hale to Couldn't have been more than law enforcementcreepingin go and I do too, but we've got. six months aid. autemnhiles, to go." i Mr. and Mre. .Frank Brink ThisstatementbyAmeliaofAnchorage,Alaska.wereTHREE CARS, painted with Boynton, a Selma Negro toterparked on the side 01 the roadsigns fah as "1 hate niggers," and among those who irIshedduring thefirstday ofthe"Ca Home, King," "Meridian, for authorisation of the marchmarch and "will probably joinWm. MateoNegroes,"and in federal court, scorned lu ate"on the lest clay." "Veterans of Oxfoid," noosed op the general attitude el' theBrink, who is a pet:ea...5er atsome commotion, Newsmen 3,280 Civil rtghts demonstrutoraAlaskaMethodistUniversity.went across the highway to talk as the 50mile trek to Moiretym-said he was hero to participatetothesegregationists,again cry got under way. "In one of the greatest moments blocking traffic. Military police It was a subdued manors thatof democracy.It Is sad that finally broke up the crowd, and marked the first day of tie his-this pilot was reached before' told newsmen to at back across toric march. Most Of the March.basic democratic rights could the highway. ors were quiet, not singing inbe achieved,It Is also sad thatThe marchers were dressed in their customary manner. lotthe Impetus had to some from a wide variety of colors, but the of stragglers fell out of the joo-the federal government Instead dark ones pmvalled. cession shortly after getting MP h o , Huskiest suits and tools, smart der way. , A good-looking blonde from lookingdreamand faded tioireheoly tehr et.ov'p'Yort7el:Menloe Pork Calif., said when' slacks. The spike heels of some country6,01, ofasked why she was marching, marchers ceased them to be "I want to check the situation among thefirst to drop out. their dedication to furthetin,gover." She said she came with Othere wore oM ohocsithet were integration.But Many came _ inn fur marching, out ofcuriosity.Whengees.'three college friends, tinned, some couldn't telt t;ou Ono young white =weber,ToPeorits. Jackets and heavy they,,,w4re j1,171!, possibly 17 yearn old, was heard sweaters awns !whin shed as the kr' buy friend, tompornamni Cager Ipe, the grandfather ofget on the other side of theMany of the marchers raided fatally injured Jimmy Jacksonstreet. the telrvialon cameraebedrolls and canned lope slutts tee, who died of injuries suf-are on." With that, they madeeven though food was to he fered in a brief act of vtoterteuH Minh in trent of Martin Lieserved Al the camp grounds. Continually,throughoutthe inMarionFeb.IS.led Methsonner Klatogtotantici llinheedothiehre leXacer79 marchers at the start of theirip. march were Army helicopters Ile marched beside nor& Luth-during the first day, some yelled Se, csding the area on all four er King. at the Marchers, most of v100110( the much. them talking to themselves. Several helicopters were me LINOS PALLING JR.. a MY. copied by television cameras. chintrist In Honolulu and 'son ofONE WOMAN spectator, Mrs.There was little tension in the Nobel Physic Prize Winner LinosJ..11mIngnirWaitilalcso aw,e,soolred, parirt-mlionuashageniMplIttorato5t tinoatoe two Panting, led slit Hawaiians here terrible we to participate in the trek, 'theyusing thiti money for the march 500110 morel,. brought a sign reading: "Hawaiiwhen our boys are fighting with known integration works." outdated weapons in Viet Rani."Priest decries Why did he fly all the wayThe firstday's march was ircn1 Hawaii to walk 50 miles! completelydisorganized,The "We feet we have something 10 demonstrators agreed before thedegree given demonstrate to Southerners march to only one tom about the ramp getting along to of the fuurItute highway, Thisto.}31:lerider gether. hinny slices live together hasn'tmaterialized, 'they areOKLAHOMA 'CITY (API -- In Hawaii." taking one camplete side of theAn honorary dotter of laws do. Another of the group froth lia highway. Tho second wee toere* awarded Sen. Allen J. El- well, Clean helm, in president have heen reserved her the news lender,inn.,byOklahoma of the student body at the. Uni. memo, City University Mtn week strew versa), of fluvialHis class.Federal hums are stationed 'added the Sunday on the steps mates paid his expenses to come about 100 yards along of the state Capitol, to Alabama to mareb in the civil highwey. not Interferring in anyMore than 100 students and right9 movement. way with the march. letergymen,bothNegro. end The group broughtleisfor After crossing Edmund Pet. 'white, assembled at the Capitol Marlin Luther King and some .his bridge, the march organ. to demonstrate support for Um of the other leader& leers began asking the crowd civil-rights march from Selma, Jim S....1d"7;to speed up theirpace.They to Montgomery. MIC", inu5lel the shined three bouts late and They heard itte Eev. Robert oncrutches.Helouta lea- had to make 7,3 miles before ,I.Vtertole of Corpus Christi Re- shortlY of tat birth bill 84/ reaching their camp. 'man Catholic church take the G°41.0 grace1 wrn make """The marchers actually ranutilvetally to task fur hawing tfoirstaawshotr, adoistaitenclden,uonpalyent.ho"In a fOrmal way a man repre- He mild he was ono of senting the racism eating away "Oiltsiderit" chosen by leadersAfter only one hour on thent the hood of Macias." to make the °nth° J°41rnaY- "1 highway, several deinuastmtursPublic 'award, of Use , Ogee COMP hero to march in freedom boatman" wascance2celWhen students in Selma, Mu., Mal in Saginow, Two rest stops were made rebelled heenur,e of Piiendor'a SlIch.." he empltactred."llere Ike the firsl two miles of theavievad intention to fight Petal the Negro can't vale, and at tourney. dent Johnson's proposed voting- home they have been denied '-Traffic on Highway SO headlights bill. ettual_bousbut_auti...citucellobal 1--

46 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 53 opportunities," Document 4: Birmingham News article 3/22/65, Joe Young, a blind man from Atlanta. said this marCh is the Alabama Department of Archives and History Public greatest. thing, of the century, Alo sold he won raised with Isle, Information Subject Files - General Files, Civil Rights 1 to children' and that im euuI - Selma to Montgomery March, SG6948, folder 406, not undeoland 'why Southerners vote denying them ostittAl rights,. Alabama Department of Archives and History, ROBERT GLADNICK' of 'Mi Montgomery, Alabama. ami, tFM., Is manager or IWO locals of the International La- dles'Garment Union.When asked why he woo wearing a .Canatitonsergeant's'. unifOnt, he Said. "This is the Seine, pat

tie on 'Weld War IL" '1 titie' 'gaga

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

47 54 BPross ;tier p..a.r. !bees2. 1016 Selmas'bloody Sunday 'ORME 1« MEIMERS River wore around ZOO state In rwlmt and surroundingmain in thia minority. there is Ala.1 UPI 0Atroopers and sheriff's Dallas County the numberlittle dianee for a Negro to vguard of Shout 525 black.*deputici under orders tram Jumped trom 411(1 to 11063 to 1Z,* win the mayor's office or pin konverged on the EdmundGm: flenree C. Wallace to 0(10 in 1975. Central of the council, [Pettus Bridge 10 bcars ago toblock their march to the state "Whites have antgown to capitol. GO miles away. A few The increaaed votingthe point where they would begin a march to Montgomery vote for a black man" said to protest the denial of votingminutes later, the troupers Strength helped elect blireks to rights to Negroes in Selma, and deputies, some of them on pUblic offices that had been Knit city council member 'Awaiting them on trui spanhorseback, attacked thehold exeleuively by whites Edwin L. Moss. Which trusses the Mebaneapproaching preeession with [ante reconstruction. Starke slteargas, whips and night- now occupy three southern Reese said election returns sticks, eongressional seats, dozens of indicate some whiles have It hapOened on March '1. tionsin southern State voted for black eundidatea, 1965. Twiny, hied and white eelelatures and city_ halls and and he thinks the number will people. in Selma still call it eeveral sheriffs' of liens. increase as whites watch the "bloody Sunday." performance of blacks in of- . The marchersthrew bricks' Ten years ago. Macke could Hetet positions and as c and bottles, but they were no not win election to public of- meniber-a of both rafts week match for the law enforee- Rees In Selma. Keetle; 4 together on public eveleet, i men' (Arleen. Seventeenleader of (insane Al voter °.*YOticannot tegialate r blatka -went to hospitals and,:registration marchet, ran forhive," Reese Said. "but. you 07 other marchers received thy council hi 1964 and lest by canlegislate an Act that would ; emergencefirstaid a wide margin. put you in a better,pooltioo to I treatment, 100e, This (vuthec.rights Jett Wallace defended the attack Today, Reese, 45, is one ut gave a real opportunity for un. cos ari act In the interest of five blacks elected m 11117to derstanding of both races. public Safety, .Two days after an 11.menther city council. ,It don't want to give you the the clash, President Johnson "I feel that wa have mude imptesiloil that everything Wood a statement denounc- some progress." Reese sold, rosy here because It is not," ing. the "brutality" on the "It's far from what we'd like Reese. said. But we have a to see. but we have to be fair handle on IL" bridge. Many blacks and whites in about itprogrese has been The political gains won Ivy made." blacks have not (solved all the , Selma Claim, the ineldgol on the Edmund Pettus Bridle Change came slowly., In problencs faced by liegeues In ,' haatenad the passage of the 1068, three yottra after din. voting tights act by Corierens voting rights act. blacks Were "Even with some at the In August of that year. unable to unseat whites in the political strength we have city goverfinteet. some black 1 If they had only let that gained, we've got to Rot keno i group march to Mnetgomery candinatea faced harrassrnent economic strength; Moen the* Would nee kayo Woe d and many blacks became e'en- said. -People In the twat vutlus right's bill Signed into vineed the civil right* move- areas. even if. all Of theM law not when lesirasi" OW ment had failed to improve could vote, there would be "Frederick. P. Reese, a march their liveS. many instance° wherethey ,leadpe, , .. ptiesage` of the 'act Joseph T, SMithernlati. Qt would go to-the VOtOli box Ond . 'rho. SelmaEi white mayor since because of their ecunemic eleared' Many barrier* to 1064;belleves many blot* per- dependency thee are going to 'black' voter registratkni, turd be Voluctant to vote patina the ritithber of Weeks on sons thought the voting tights l act" they would have rt some guy .out there who has voting rolls in the South more the power to crash their job or then doubled, increasing tit it pretty white Muse, :like the southeen states from 1,4 white man, and two carp,. It lake the food out of their , left them in frustration ' mouth." million In 1970 to 3.3 million in Because black voters re- Muss. 59. represents much 1 I, 1971_ , ------._

MOBILE PRESS

tio 2 1375

Document 5: "Mobile Press article 3/2/75," Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Civil Rights - Selma to Montgomery March, SG6948, folder 406, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, page 1.

48 BEST COPYAVAILABLE recalled after10yeari of the economics strength of Ding. Whotas in Atlanta, caging into Selina," the black community in have never see So Hindi called "for Mete people who he *aids Selma. hate on the faces. of people 1 wished to come pressor! their "That was one ofthe kittSt e* . lie OWnS a sUperrharket..have herrn all my life. loving bodies and therruelves 40 kelp MI:gating; one of themost est. nuks the business section of people.' he iestri. "4 never felt in. Selma." Anew said. couregIngacts that I hadever Catholic Mission and heads a Where my scripture and wattle credit union with 0130.000 of prayer want nothing except "When the call Went people butt day.' In " dtvusitall from blacks. that night. petipir Startedvlolc "If you get you some - " ' matey. you don't have to ask for anything," Moss said, "Really, that is the -Owes% People respect me because I control pretty close to a Million dollars." Few blacks inSainte have the economic strength of Muss, raid they must con, sotidate their_ nautical power 1,0 be beard, Musa Big can be done With "house to Wyse, day by day work" to register the remaining $.000 eligible Naga voters bt the county. Moss Said the voter registration methods used, at. the peak of the civil rightu movement. 10 years ago-rinass meetings and Marchesfall to dr/IW out the ,unregistered black enters. "People are tired of macs rncethrgs." Moss sold. "It's just a thing of the past. It died with Martin Luther King." in the first hours after the clash on the bridge, Reece was not as certain about progress us he Is now. "Thtve was a big question in my mind whether nee. ,violeace would really prevail in Belem." Reese said.' '"I knew if it wouldn't. we were its big trouble." When the mtirchers return. ed- to Browns Chapel AME Church after the clank Reese MOBILE PRESS ) mid he stood before the group and read from the iiiblo and 2 1976

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 49 5 6 Lesson 5: Voting Rights

1. Background information for teachers:

From its beginnings into the 1960s, Alabama virtually had denied the right to vote to African Americans. The Civil War freed them from slavery and a succession of amendments to the U.S. Constitution in the Reconstruction Era conferred citizenship and the franchise upon them. However, physical and economic intimidation exercised by politically powerful white Alabamians often restricted African Americans through the end of the 19th century.

Suffrage provisions adopted in the 1901 state Constitution effectively disfranchised the vast majority of black Alabamians, as well as large segments of the poor white population. A dizzying array of property, literacy and poll tax requirements operated to deny African Americans the vote throughout the first half of the 20th century. Even as federal court rulings in the 1960s struck down these voting barriers one by one, local registrars in many areas continued to employ whatever tactics they felt were necessary to impede black registration. The Selma to Montgomery March of March 1965 brought national attention to the continuing problem encouraging the U.S. Congress to pass, and President Lyndon B. Johnson to sign, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (August 6). It provided federal (rather than local) examiners to register voters in counties where less than 50 percent of adults were registered in 1964.

The percentage of registered voters among the total population, both black and white, increased enormously in consequence and changed the political landscape of Alabama.

2. Learning objectives:

Upon completion of this activity, students should be able to:

1. Use a map with population data to develop hypotheses concerning the distribution of political power in Alabama in 1962, 1964 and 1965.

2. Define and discuss the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

3. Suggested activities:

1. Make copies of Document 1.

2. After studying the map, ask the students to look for the following:

50 a. How many counties had a majority of White voters?

b. How many counties had a majority of African American voters?

c. Using the map, what kinds of information can one gather about the population of Alabama?

3. On August 6, 1965, the Voting Rights Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Ask students to use reference materials, textbooks or computer information in order to find a description of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. (Reminder: This law provided for federal examiners to register voters in counties where less than 50 percent of adults were registered in 1964.)

4. Place a copy of Chart 1 on an overhead projector.

5. Ask the students to use this information and compare it with their answer for 2 C above. Where had these new voters been?

6. Provide the students with copies of Documents 2 and 3.

7. Using TWO (2) blank Alabama maps (attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.aLus/teacher/rights/mapact.html) and the information found in Documents 2 and 3, ask the students to record the difference between the registered voters of 1964 and 1965 on one of the maps. On the second map, ask the students to shade or color the counties which had an increase in black voters from the 1962 map and the 1965 newspaper list.

8. Ask the students to write a paragraph with the conclusions that they have drawn from the maps.

DOCUMENTS:

Document 1. "1962 Breakdown of White and Negro Voters" map, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, map L-11. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson5/docl.html

Document 2. "Birmingham News article 10/02/66," Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Voter Registration, SG6993, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http: / /www. archives. state. al.us/teacher/ri ghts/les son5/do c2.html

51 58 Document 3. "Birmingham News article 11/06/66, Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Negro Registration and Voting, SG6975, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. Attached and on the web at http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/lesson5/doc3.html

52 59 Chart 1- Registered Black Voters by 1965 in Alabama

County Number

Dallas 6,000 Perry 2,460 Lowndes 1,496 Wilcox 3,201

Overall black registration between 1960 and 1965 increased from 66,000 to 113,000.

Source: William Warren Rogers, Robert David Ward, Leah Rawls Atkins and Wayne Flynt, Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994), p. 565

53 60 bevt Go??AVAILABLE 54 61 1962. BreakAosa of White 4 Negro Vetere. Probate Judge's .Aneser to.fteetloaaire Prom Secretary. of State.

saerems 9,800W. 700N. N.B .F. mom.. alma& 2,000W. 19,947 ,485 W 2 N. A.F N 8. 115 N. mem imuu. 2,627 W. ,35. W. 230 N. 11 N. MIAOW WWW4 tie Ffi""Yg 1320V 1,524W '8,159W NN.B. 71' 7,423W 1 gz 4692 2,20 .. 0;8 &AMA mains TVOIMUOM !0,369 NOOCUM 16,703V 11; 400 N.B.. 1,100 W t; ,873V 2.008 5,. N.B. mum 04 4,680 W 768151W any 514 N WNW N OW omega 111 N.A. m1'1'10,077 W 11,512 3,012 4, 6 30V N 72 N N N.B. ammo mum 11001 MUM. 3 384 W '478 W 8,839 V ~wimpy 0 2,445 N mem 157 N N.B. 7,628 W 3.200 X50 mom A.F.2,059 W tt 850 WAMW SWUM nu 80808 W 9,582W 50N 230N NNW A.F COff WON= Mag 4 , 835W ,848 V 0,8° 6,773 V 550N 650N 00 to 4002 N.B. A.F. num. mommm um/ 13,249 V I ,810 2,521 W N.B. 1,088 N ...... ALABAMA 19,410V N.B. 1. A.F. ApproximateFigures. : 2.N.A. No Answer. i 3. N.B. No Breakdown according to races. 4. V. Total Voters. ..., ... US

Document 1: "1962 Breakdown of White and Negro Voters" map, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, map L-11.

BESTCOPY AVAILABLE 55 62 /Voter fistsup by 31% after federal drive BY HUGH W. SPARROW ItIbb 4.291 9.912

Nowa staff writer Blount 11,000 14.240 , MONTGOMERY, Oct.1 -Bullock 3,731 3,886 The addithinOf more ManButiM . 6,980 9,660 130,000 Negroes to the votingCalhoun 30,216 2,003 lista by federal iregtstrare aft-Chamber 10,000 11,900 er mattatige of the 1903 federalCherokee 8. 9.011 voting law raised the AlabamaChilton 8.459 10,643 anallfled enter total from 1,-Choctaw 4,02 8,24 087,477 In 124 to 1,392,793 inClarke 8,877 12.23 1132, Clay 7,709 -9,672 ThisIsshown by Main hated on official voting WittCleburne 0,194 7,72 for 1968 In tho 87 AlabamaCoffee 9,350 11,113 counties and reported to theCulbert 18,82 22.809 office of secretary Of state byConocuh 5,231 7,023 the probate judges Coosa 8,101 6.110 It wee en aver.all in ofCovington 14.600 17,000 more than 31 per cent whichCrenshaw 0,174 8,092 affected the voter totals ofCullman 20,200 23,178 virtually all counties, but es-Dale 9,20 12,600 racially the urban counties ofDallas 0,437 12,21 Jefferson, Mobita and Mont.Deltalb 29,89D 2,1,200 smeary and Black Belt coati-Elmore ...,. 11,639 10,131 Ilea where the Inareases in-Eseahibla 13.72 1/.895 variably were more than 100Etowah 26,671 44,1127 per cent, Fayette 9,430 10,300 JEFFERSON'S total ht. 14,710 creased from 190,000toFranklin ..s15,701 Document 2: a 9,705 130,20. Genova 11,222 in 1084, the nunibet of NOGraeae 2,902 5,000 "Birmingham gee voters in the state tie aHale . 4,123 0,000 News article whole was estimated tit aboutHenry 8.4114 8,057 I 96,600.The total Is now esti-llonston 17,109 20,103 10/02/66," mated at 230.000, Jackson 151710 14,042 Jefferson had (await 12.800Jefferson 160,000 231,900 Alabama white and 21,860 Nees velarsLaMar .. 0,248 10,488 on tbe Maul Oat Just .110Lauderdale , 20,307 21,874 Department of Man ago.'the estOnatal Wynne° 11090 16,190 fat in itiahama's largest Coon.Lee 11,,246 15,7S, Archives and ty is between 12,001 toil 1.1mestono 10,323 10,234 000 white and between 11,008Lowtates 2,a23 6,283 History Public and 2.900 Negro value. Macon 7,111 11.000 Mobilehadabout69,20Modicum 03,409 81,29 Information Whits and 13,000 Negro votersMarengo 0,413 10,003 Subject Files - in 1904. Marlon 1/.1120 12,2139 Thatcounty'svotertotalMarshall 20.019 now IS 114,103. with the ratio 21,200 General Files, betweenwhiteendNegroMobile 83,119 114,103 voters probably narrowedMonroe 7.1103 10,000 Voter doiin to some extent. Montgomery 40,100 88,000 In Montgomery County.,Morgan 21,921 27,240 Registration, where federal registrars andremy 4,000 0,030 federal judges ordered whole-Pickens 7,124 9.003 SG6993, sale registration of Negroes,Pike 0,772 15.917 Alabama registrationincreasedfromRaiatulgh 10,243 11,245 40,000 to 68,20. of Which moreHaSell 10,042 10,52 Department of than 9,000 aro Negroes. Shelby .13,042 15,189 TheaecompanyingtableSI. Clair ,0,518 18,118 Archives and Eht1W5 county voter totals inSumter, 7,826 1964 and 1966. History, Qualified QualifiedTalladega,.51,811 30,510' Vetere Voters 71:dlapoesa.'15,000 14,222 BIRMINGHAM NEWSMontgomery, Last Last Tuscaloosa. 33,732 18,593 County Primary PrimaryWalter 23.012 27,506 Alabama. 1968 OCT 2 jy8s 1044 8,003 Autauga 8,309 9,218Washington 7,105 Doithvia .... 20,100 18,230 3,050 8,453 Barbour ....8,113 11,800Winston 10,146 10,088

56 63 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Negro votermaycast deciding ballot Tuesday 139 JAMES cluSUM, New, staff voter Dr. Nisen believes the power Cl the Negro vote will Alabama's more than 141,316 Negro voters meld be most apparent Li liirednehere. Mobile Gild Mont- decide political life or death for any one of the state's 'emery, Where he gays more than 103,000 Negroes are three oubernatoriel Candidates Thessey. reeistared. He estimates that 2,31,000 to 260,000 Negro But too tawny factore width can't be eimmlned In voters ore registered in the state. advance make even a qualified prediction of the ThisfigureIssilgelly higher thee the hdest effect of the "Negro" vote Imecaelhie- Those Wien estimate. of 349,347, noule br tiro Southern Regional 'athlete: Cowell in Atlanta. or the miller DUMB eltintate Of the -The Olze of the vote. The 141,998 figureIs impreolve, butIt wad be cut sharply if many NunAcippLroxlmately 1,167,025 while vetereeere reilletered4. Negroes decided simple to refuse to mute a chOice. the Counsel estimated loot summer. The number of white voters who participate also COUNTY WINTE mono would have o bearing on the weight of the Negro Autemn 0,903 2,308 vo"x..s. Baldwin 1092 1.242 NATME of the whitevole.ir en 0,623 overwhelming majority Chose oneof the eandidotee, Barbour 3.668 Bibub 8,097 933 oven a Negro vote dose to the MUM figure would 140 havelittleeffect,probably deciding only which Blont 13,709 candidate came in second. Bullock ' 3.323 111:190357 -The unanimity and control of Negro leaders. At 8 4,401 thispoint, known Negro leaders apparently don't CalhoCulhouna un .4541 agree on which choice would benefit their people Chambere 11,88g 1,423 more. This could lead to a three-way Vitt of the Cherokee 8,031 483 Chilton 1,08008 447 available Nemo votes. However, this might be Offset 8,021 If Negro voters simply don't follow the advice of their Choctaw leedere end make the allele° for themselves. Clary ke 10,&16 3,604 To make the Negro vote effective, Negro leaders Cla BAN 369 must battle a widespread feeling that their people Cleburne 7,423 13 have no 'holm ht the election except to vote for a take 11,334 1,002 Colbert 3,018. segregationist or throw theirsate away on an 2,094 independent who has no chance to win. , 956 POINTING OUT the flUillEiVe efferi to got Negroes 10,428 1,010 mastered. Dr. John Nixon. president of the Meban) 0, 1,332 :17Qculll'er3nCat47a:ininntgashiwn NAACP council, sold "We've been working nearly 60 34,672 '122 years to get them registered .. We definitely want 11.6ell 1414 them out." bats Whig current animates, Negro votersInfull Danny , ,12,707.- 10,.51,3 strength would have nixed one vote in four if white Deltalb 90,680 317 voters go to the polls in full strength. But If 250,000 of Elmore 10,710 3,013 the approximately any million while voters, May away .ruthernbia 13.631 ma' Etowah 41.220 4,120 from the polls, Negro votes would be about one In 664 three. Fayette 0.141 In this ease n unified Negro vote easily enuld Franklin 13,010 725 decide the outcome of the election If white voters Coerce 10,811 ! 533 o 2,001 3.927 came to the Pelts In tight numbers fuel epee three 4,1315 4,096 ways among, theeuedidatep. Hale The Negro vote maid Meg the eleettrin Min on ' 0,029 1,460, 15,604 1,813 extremely clone content if the Independent candidate, HHennurion Dr, Carl Rey Robinson, were largely Ignored and one 3n eheen 18.826 Jefferson 176,087 EDAM of the other coltdelethe gut only two out of three 267 white votes. 0,92 - Tho Negro vote could make the candidate less littniatderrdale 18>131 1.329 favored by whites a close contender - and perfume Lawrence 14,781 .14313 13.470 2,818 glue him the election. leo 4 BUT THE most unDrethetable factor In the Negro Limestone 14272 1,970 vote 10 its unanimity. Neve leaders era unified - at limerndes 2,.828 2,738 West In'publie - only In a desire to wield the power 4,897 7,130 available to them by getting out the vote. , 41,333 3183 7,228 13,790 Alabama's largest Negropolitical organization, /11"MttnalloerInglin the Jefferson Calmly Prordessive Deitiocratic Coen- Darien 10,418 2g7' di, is backing Mrs. baleen Wallace, reportedlyX4 a Marshall 17,174 . 082 means of aiding the national Democratic Party. Mobilo 307.455 214:470791 Menem 7,502 Leaders of the organization predict 03 per mat of 49;314 10,228 JeffersonCounty'sapproximate62.991reaStered MonteonterY Negro voters will follow Ns recommendeliona and will Monne "25,741 1,104 9,847 helpInfluence Negro voters elsewhere In the ditto. Perry 5,493 But the Alabama Coutlinadon nanucluum for Pickens 7,407 1,717 Recesiehtion and Voting, headed by 13r. Gordon Pike 11,798' , 9,160 Jr, of Annieten, reportedlyportedly has felled to agree ' Randolph 10,00 1,142 on a gubernatorial candidate, though It has picked a Russell itan 3,032 800 51411C of leieer candidates. St. Clair 31,044 11' ALNI) 1MS been reported that the COnteilera. Linn of PoliticalOrganizations,a group associated Sumter with the NAACP, couldn't agree on 0 candidate. 211,48871 9.400 2.8111 Dr,Nixon, however, sap enigmatically "We Tallepoosa 5507 think one of the candidates hug a goad donee.- Tmealouna He also concedes that ho belie:yea Dirs. Wallace. Walker 26,8E4 1.277 WanhIngten 29127,8677990 1,469. as a stond.in for bur husband, sherM he &Seated, 8,039 3,765 , though be admits that the generel opinion among Wilcox Negro voters at the grass routs Nthat bothMartin Winston 11.17e ao. ! and Wallace ore eat- from tiro same segr,egatiOntst L._ 'de& :wrais 1.127.075_211308.___.

Document 3: "Birmingham News article 11/06/66, Alabama Department of Archives and History Public Information Subject Files - General Files, Negro Registration and Voting, SG6975, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 57 64 General Suggestions for Analyzinga Written Document

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