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Analisis Keragaan Usaha Tani Dan Opportunity Cost Emisi CO2 Pertanian Lahan Gambut Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Kalimantan Barat

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Analisis Keragaan Usaha Tani Dan Opportunity Cost Emisi CO2 Pertanian Lahan Gambut Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Kalimantan Barat Analisis Keragaan Usaha Tani dan Opportunity Cost Emisi CO2 Pertanian Lahan Gambut Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Kalimantan Barat ANALISIS KERAGAAN USAHA TANI DAN OPPORTUNITY COST EMISI CO2 PERTANIAN LAHAN GAMBUT KABUPATEN KUBU RAYA, KALIMANTAN BARAT Analysis of Farming System Performance and Opportunity Cost of CO2 Emision on Peatland Agriculture in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan Herman1, Fahmuddin Agus2, IGM Subiksa2, Eleonora Runtunuwu2 , dan Irsal Las2 1Riset Perkebunan Nusantara, Jl. Salak No. 1A Bogor 2Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumber daya Lahan Pertanian, Jl. Tentara Pelajar No.12 Cimanggu Bogor ABSTRACT Peatland is considered as less-favoured land for agricultural land use because it is marginal and causes high CO2 emision. However, in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan peatland has long been used for agriculture and able to support farmers’ life. Therefore, a research should be done to fine out how farmer manage the peatland and its bearing capacity and opportunity cost of conserved peatland. The research was conducted in Kubu Raya Regency, in February-August 2009 by using survey method. The result showed that farmer of peatland has average land ownership of 2.82 ha. Farming system in peatland is able to contribute adequate income for them. In 2008, average income rate of peatland farmer was Rp 15.97 million farmer-1yr-1, where 62.91% came from farming activity and 19,97% from agricultural labour and 17.11% from non-agriculture activity. This condition showed that peatland had adequate capacity for farming development of various agricultural crops. Result of financial analysis showed that oil palm, rubber, and pineapple plantations were feasible to be developed on peatland. Capacity of peatland to give income, particularly for vegetable farming and estate crops were relatively high, so opportunity cost of peatland conservation was relatively high as well. Besides, utilization of peatland has positive impact for regional development, establishment of economic growth center, employment, growth of Gross Region Domestic Product and source of foreign exchange. Therefore, peatland conservation program offered should be assessed thoroughly because its opportunity cost and transaction cost was quite high. Key words : peatland, farming system, opportunity cost, CO2 emission, West Kalimantan ABSTRAK Lahan gambut dianggap sebagai lahan bermasalah untuk digunakan sebagai lahan pertanian karena bersifat marginal dan menimbulkan emisi CO2 yang cukup tinggi. Namun di Kabupaten Kubu Raya, lahan gambut sudah lama digunakan untuk pertanian dan mampu untuk mendukung kehidupan petani. Oleh karena itu perlu dikaji bagaimana petani mengelola lahan gambut dan bagaimana daya dukung lahan gambut serta opportunity Cost lahan gambut yang dikonservasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Kalimantan Barat pada Bulan Februari sampai Bulan Agustus 2009 dengan menggunakan metode survei. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa petani lahan gambut rata-rata menguasai lahan seluas 2,82 ha. Pengembangan usaha tani di lahan gambut mampu 121 Herman, Fahmuddin Agus, IGM Subiksa, Eleonora Runtunuwu, dan Irsal Las memberikan sumbangan pendapatan yang layak bagi mereka. Pada tahun 2008, tingkat pendapatan petani lahan gambut rata-rata Rp 15,97 juta/KK/tahun, dimana 62,91 persen bersumber dari kegiatan usaha tani dan 19,97 persen bersumber dari buruh tani serta 17,11 persen dari luar usaha tani. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa lahan gambut memiliki daya dukung yang cukup memadai bagi pengembangan usaha berbagai jenis tanaman pertanian. Hasil analisis finansial menunjukkan bahwa perkebunan kelapa sawit, karet, dan nenas layak dikembangkan di lahan gambut. Kemampuan lahan gambut untuk menghasilkan pendapatan khususnya untuk usaha sayuran dan perkebunan cukup tinggi, sehingga opportunity cost konservasi lahan gambut relatif tinggi. Disamping itu, pemanfaatan lahan gambut berdampak positif bagi pengembangan wilayah, pembentukan pusat pertumbuhan ekonomi, penyedia lapangan kerja, peningkatan Produk Domestik Regional Brutto dan sumber devisa negara. Oleh karena itu tawaran program konservasi lahan gambut perlu dikaji secara cermat dan menyeluruh karena opportunity cost dan biaya transaksinya cukup tinggi. Kata kunci : lahan gambut, usaha tani, opportunity cost, emisi CO2, Kalimantan Barat. PENDAHULUAN Kalimantan Barat merupakan provinsi terluas keempat setelah Papua, Kalimantan Timur, dan Kalimantan Tengah dengan luas wilayah sekitar 146.807 km² atau setara dengan luas 1,13 kali Pulau Jawa. Provinsi Kalimantan Barat memiliki topografi datar, bergelombang, berbukit sampai bergunung. Jenis tanahnya sebagian besar (10,5 juta ha) adalah podsolik merah kuning, diikuti oleh jenis tanah organosol, grey dan humus, serta jenis tanah aluvial (Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, 2008a). Suatu hal yang cukup menarik untuk dikaji lebih lanjut adalah cukup luasnya lahan gambut dan atau lahan bergambut yang sampai saat ini masih diklasifikasikan sebagai lahan marjinal dan bermasalah untuk digunakan sebagai lahan pertanian. Menurut Noor et. al. (1991), lahan gambut memiliki sifat marjinal dan permasalahaan antara lain: 1) daya dukung bebannya (bearing capacity) yang rendah sehingga menyukarkan tanaman dalam menjangkarkan akarnya secara kokoh, 2) daya hantar hidrolik secara horizontal sangat besar tetapi secara vertikal sangat kecil sehingga menyulitkan mobilitas ketersediaan air dan hara tanaman, 3) bersifat mengkerut tak balik (irreversible) sehingga menurunkan daya retensi air dan peka terhadap erosi yang mengakibatkan mudahnya hara tanaman tercuci, dan 4) terjadinya penurunan permukaan tanah setelah dilakukan pengeringan atau dimanfaatkan untuk budidaya tanaman. Oleh karena itu, pemanfaatan lahan gambut untuk usaha pertanian memerlukan pengetahuan dan teknologi khusus yang berbeda dengan lahan-lahan lainnya. Bagi sebagian petani Kalimantan Barat, pemanfaatan lahan gambut bukan merupakan pilihan, tetapi merupakan tuntutan kebutuhan karena mereka hidup secara turun-temurun di atas lahan gambut dan ada pasar potensial yang sangat membutuhkan bahan pangan dan bahan baku industri. Mereka mengetahui dan menyadari bahwa pemanfaatan lahan gambut untuk pertanian menghadapi banyak kendala dan pemasalahan, sehingga memerlukan pengetahuan, ketrampilan, dan 122 Analisis Keragaan Usaha Tani dan Opportunity Cost Emisi CO2 Pertanian Lahan Gambut Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Kalimantan Barat biaya yang memadai untuk meraih keberhasilan. Pengetahuan dan keterampilan tidak terbatas hanya pada karakteristik lahan gambut, tetapi juga terhadap pemilihan jenis tanaman, pengelolaan lahan, input produksi, dan pemasaran produk pertanian yang dihasilkan. Keahlian dalam menentukan pilihan jenis tanaman dan pengelolaan lahan merupakan salah satu faktor yang sangat menentukan keberlanjutan usaha tani di lahan gambut di Kalimantan Barat. Tulisan ini merupakan hasil kajian tentang persepsi, pengetahunan, dan pengalaman petani dalam mengelola lahan gambut, pola usaha tani yang dikembangkan, pendapatan dan kebutuhan hidup keluarga, kelayakan usaha dan opportunity Cost Emisi CO2 untuk berbagai jenis tanaman utama yang diusahakan petani di lahan gambut Kalimantan Barat. Kajian ini merupakan bagian dari penelitian Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim pada Berbagai Sistem Pertanian di Lahan Gambut dengan harapan dapat memberikan gambaran kondisi pertanian di lahan gambut dan dapat memberikan arahan pemanfaatan lahan gambut untuk pertanian berkelanjutan dan berwawasan lingkungan. METODE PENELITIAN Kerangka Pemikiran Pemanfaatan lahan gambut untuk pertanian hingga saat ini masih menimbulkan pro dan kontra karena ada pengalaman menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan lahan gambut telah menimbulkan kerusakan lingkungan dan kegagalan dalam pengembangan pertanian. Mega proyek lahan gambut sejuta hektar di Kalimantan Tengah sewindu yang lalu (Keppres No.82/1995) merupakan catatan hitam masa lalu dalam sejarah pengembangan lahan gambut di Indonesia. Meskipun demikian, kenyataan menunjukkan bahwa lahan gambut cocok untuk tanaman pangan, tanaman hortikultura, tanaman industri, dan tanaman perkebunan apabila dilakukan pengelolaan secara sungguh-sungguh. Tanaman lidah buaya telah dibudidayakan oleh petani lahan gambut di Kalimantan Barat dan menjadi komoditas ekspor. Kelapa sawit sudah lama menjadi andalan Malaysia dibudidayakan di lahan gambut secara luas. Tanaman karet rakyat di Kalimantan Tengah tumbuh dengan baik di lahan gambut (Noor dan Sarwani, 2004). Lebih lanjut, menurut Noorginayuwati et al. (2006), usaha tani lidah buaya dan tanaman sayuran seperti jagung manis, kangkung, sawi, bayam, kucai, seledri, dan bawang daun di lahan gambut Kalimantan Barat mampu memberikan keuntungan kepada petani pengelolanya dengan B/C berkisar antara 1,23-3,36. Pendapatan dari usaha tani lahan gambut tersebut memberikan kontribusi sebesar 56,05 persen dari total pendapatan keluarga petani lahan gambut. Hasil penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa usaha tani di lahan gambut cukup menguntungkan dan memberikan kontribusi yang cukup besar bagi pendapatan keluarga petani lahan gambut. Keberhasilan usaha tani sayuran di lahan gambut juga dikemukakan oleh Rina et al., (2007), antara lain yang dilakukan petani di Siantan Hulu dan Rasau 123 Herman, Fahmuddin Agus, IGM Subiksa, Eleonora Runtunuwu, dan Irsal Las Jaya (Kalimantan Barat), Kalampangan (Kalimantan Tengah), dan Mamuju Utara (Sulawesi Barat). Keberhasilan pengelolaan lahan gambut tersebut sangat ditentukan oleh pengetahuan petani tentang lahan gambut, teknologi budidaya yang diterapkan,
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