2019J. Pl. Res. Vol. 17, No. 1, pp 58-68, 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
Wetland Flora of Rupandehi District, Nepal
Kalpana Sharma (Dhakal)*, Dammar Singh Saud and Nirmala Joshi Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal *Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to document the wetland flora of three wetlands of Rupandehi district during the year of 2016-2018. Macrophytes plant specimens were collected up to 5 m around the wetland. Altogether 115 species belonging to 45 families were recorded. Out of these, 33 species were alien which include 12 invasive species that seems wetland flora were in threats.
Keywords: Alien Species, Conservation, Invasive Plants, Local Use, Macrophytes
Introduction In Nepal, about 10% of ethnic communities depended on wetlands resources for the subsistence. National Wetland Policy (2003) defines wetlands as The Nepalese wetlands consist of many threatened natural or artificially created areas, such as swamp, and endangered flora and fauna and provide marsh, riverine flood plain, lake, water storage area excellent ecological habitats for internationally and agricultural land containing water from underground important winter migratory birds, aquatic fauna and water resources or atmospheric precipitation that other wildlife (IUCN, 2004). One species of may be permanent or temporary, static or flowing, protected plants under the Forest Regulation 1994 and freshwater or saline. Chaudhary (1998) such as Dalbergia latifolia as well as wild cultivar explained wetland dependent flora as the plants that of rice such as Oryza rufipogon, Oryza nivara, Oryza flourish well in wetland habitats such as marshes, officinalis are known recorded from Terai wetlands swamps, floodland, in rivers or river banks. (Siwakoti, 2006). About 26 endemic species In Nepal, wetland covers around 5.57%, which considered as wetland dependent (IUCN, 2004). comprises river 48.2%, lakes 0.6%, reservoirs 0.2%, Among these, eight species occurs in Terai wetlands pond 0.9 %, marginal swamps 1.5% and irrigated (Siwakoti, 2006). Terai including Siwalik region field 48.6% (Gurung, 2018). There are 19 types of (< 1000 m) houses 1885 (37%) plant species (BPP, natural and 10 types of man-made inland wetlands 1995) out of which 318 plant species are wetland dependent (Siwakoti, 2006). in Nepal (Siwakoti, 2007) ranging from perennially flowing rivers to seasonal streams, lowland oxbow Wetland biodiversity is now decreasing day by day lakes, high altitude glacial lakes, swamps, marshes, due to drainage and encroachment for agriculture, paddy fields, reservoirs and ponds. These wetlands diversion and abstraction of water for irrigation, are biologically diverse and are known to support unsustainable exploitation of wetland resources, more than 20,000 waterfowl (HMGN/MoFSC, including overfishing and destructive fishing, 2002). The Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (2002) invasion of alien species into wetland ecosystem, identified 10 wetland sites in the Terai as meriting climate change, inadequate knowledge about its legal protection because of their significant importance, lack of awareness about conservation biodiversity values. These include 9 lakes and science based information and documentation (Beeshazar, Gaidahawa, Badahiya, Narcrodi, (MoFE, 2018). For the conservation of wetlands, Rampur, Deukhuria, Patriyani, Betkot and Nepal formulated number of policies guiding the Ghodaghodi) and one reservoir Jagdishpur. Among conservation of the wetlands and also became a them two lakes Beeshazari and Ghodaghodi and one signatory to Ramsar Convention in 1988. Now there reservoir Jagdishpur already listed in Ramsar sites. are 10 Ramsar sites in Nepal with a surface area of Remaining other are nationally important wetlands. 60,561 hectares (Ramsar, 2019). Based on
58 2019J. Pl. Res. Vol. 17, No. 1, pp 58-68, 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
Wetland Flora of Rupandehi District, Nepal importance of wetland, Nepal Wetland Policy (2012) 83º1216"E to 83º3816"E covering an area of has classified wetland into three parts as: (a)Local: 1,360 km² in Terai region of Nepal. The elevation Kalpana Sharma (Dhakal)*, Dammar Singh Saud and Nirmala Joshi Small wetlands which are in use or going to be used of the district lies between 100 m to 1229 m from Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal and managed by private or local bodies (b)National: sea level with 16.1% in Churia Range and rest in *Email: [email protected] Nationally important wetlands which have the the Terai region (DCCO, 2018). As per the National opportunity to be enlisted in Ramsar list and (c) Census 2011, the population of Rupandehi was Abstract International: Wetlands enlisted in Ramsar site. 880,196. It lies in tropical region with characteristic The present study was carried out to document the wetland flora of three wetlands of Rupandehi Gaidahawa, Gajedi, Nandabhauju, Sukaiya are the monsoon rainfall and three distinct season hot and district during the year of 2016-2018. Macrophytes plant specimens were collected up to 5 m important lakes of Rupandehi district (DFO, 2072). dry summer (March to May), hot and moist rainy around the wetland. Altogether 115 species belonging to 45 families were recorded. Out of these, season (June to September) and cold and dry winter 33 species were alien which include 12 invasive species that seems wetland flora were in threats. However, documentation of wetland flora was (October to January). Temperature ranges from carried out on few wetlands in Nepal but no detail Keywords: Alien Species, Conservation, Invasive Plants, Local Use, Macrophytes maximum 44ºC to minimum 9ºC. Average annual documentation of wetland flora in Rupandehi rainfall is 1391mm (DCCO, 2018). Location map district. This study will support in the documentation Introduction In Nepal, about 10% of ethnic communities of the study area was prepared by using Arc GIS of wetland flora in Rupandehi as well help in (Figure 1). depended on wetlands resources for the subsistence. conservation of important wetland flora and its National Wetland Policy (2003) defines wetlands as The Nepalese wetlands consist of many threatened natural or artificially created areas, such as swamp, associated biodiversity in future. Gaidahawa, Gajedi-Danapur, Nanda/Bhauju three and endangered flora and fauna and provide wetlands were selected in Rupandehi district on the marsh, riverine flood plain, lake, water storage area excellent ecological habitats for internationally Materials and Methods basis of floral diversity, livelihood, eco-tourism and and agricultural land containing water from underground important winter migratory birds, aquatic fauna and water resources or atmospheric precipitation that socio-cultural value. other wildlife (IUCN, 2004). One species of Study area may be permanent or temporary, static or flowing, protected plants under the Forest Regulation 1994 Gaidahawa Tal: Gaidahawa Tal (latitudes 27º35'47" and freshwater or saline. Chaudhary (1998) such as Dalbergia latifolia as well as wild cultivar Rupandehi District is one of the twelve district of N, longitudes 83º16'49"E and altitude 88 m) lies in explained wetland dependent flora as the plants that of rice such as Oryza rufipogon, Oryza nivara, Oryza Province No. 5 of Nepal and lies between the Gaidahawa Rural Municipality-4 which covers about flourish well in wetland habitats such as marshes, officinalis are known recorded from Terai wetlands latitudes 27º2000" N to 27º4725"N, and longitudes 29.05 hectare (DFO, 2073). Yadav is the major ethnic swamps, floodland, in rivers or river banks. (Siwakoti, 2006). About 26 endemic species In Nepal, wetland covers around 5.57%, which considered as wetland dependent (IUCN, 2004). comprises river 48.2%, lakes 0.6%, reservoirs 0.2%, Among these, eight species occurs in Terai wetlands pond 0.9 %, marginal swamps 1.5% and irrigated (Siwakoti, 2006). Terai including Siwalik region field 48.6% (Gurung, 2018). There are 19 types of (< 1000 m) houses 1885 (37%) plant species (BPP, natural and 10 types of man-made inland wetlands 1995) out of which 318 plant species are wetland dependent (Siwakoti, 2006). in Nepal (Siwakoti, 2007) ranging from perennially flowing rivers to seasonal streams, lowland oxbow Wetland biodiversity is now decreasing day by day lakes, high altitude glacial lakes, swamps, marshes, due to drainage and encroachment for agriculture, paddy fields, reservoirs and ponds. These wetlands diversion and abstraction of water for irrigation, are biologically diverse and are known to support unsustainable exploitation of wetland resources, more than 20,000 waterfowl (HMGN/MoFSC, including overfishing and destructive fishing, 2002). The Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (2002) invasion of alien species into wetland ecosystem, identified 10 wetland sites in the Terai as meriting climate change, inadequate knowledge about its legal protection because of their significant importance, lack of awareness about conservation biodiversity values. These include 9 lakes and science based information and documentation (Beeshazar, Gaidahawa, Badahiya, Narcrodi, (MoFE, 2018). For the conservation of wetlands, Rampur, Deukhuria, Patriyani, Betkot and Nepal formulated number of policies guiding the Ghodaghodi) and one reservoir Jagdishpur. Among conservation of the wetlands and also became a them two lakes Beeshazari and Ghodaghodi and one signatory to Ramsar Convention in 1988. Now there reservoir Jagdishpur already listed in Ramsar sites. are 10 Ramsar sites in Nepal with a surface area of Figure 1: Location Map of Three lakes of Rupandehi district Remaining other are nationally important wetlands. 60,561 hectares (Ramsar, 2019). Based on Figure 1: Location Map of Three lakes of Rupandehi district
58 59 Plant Collection and Identification Field trips were performed in selected wetlands (Gaidahawa, Nanda/bhauju and Gajedi- Danapur Tal ) of Rupandehi district during the period of 2016- 2018. The macrophytes plant specimens and their photographs were collected up to 5 m around the wetland. Some plants were identified in field and unidentified plants were collected, prepared herbarium and identified by comparing it with deposited herbarium at National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories (KATH), Godawari, Lalitpur, Nepal and housed at KATH. Similarly, the threats to wetland were also identified through direct observation. For the Nepali names Press et al. (2000) & Shrestha, K. (1998) and http://www.theplantlist.org was followed for nomenclature.
Plant Categorization Plants were classified into the categories of native, alien on the basis of its origin by consulting Global register of introduced and invasive species (GRIIS, 2019) and for invasive plant (Shrestha et al., 2017).
Interviews
4 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 group consisting of 11.3 % population of Gaidahawa Plant Categorization Rural Municipality (GRM, 2074). The lake is Plants were classified into the categories of native, surrounded by forest of Shorea robusta and alien on the basis of its origin by consulting Global associated species such as Syzygium cumini, Aegle register of introduced and invasive species (GRIIS, marmelos, Terminalia bellirica, Schleichera oleosa, 2019) and for invasive plant (Shrestha et al., 2017). Adina cordifolia etc. to West- North, private land to the East and forest area and settlement area to the Interviews South. Questionnaires were prepared for interviews and Gajedi-Danapur Tal: Gajedi-Danapur Tal informants were chosen randomly. Prior to interview, (latitudes 27º39'51" N, longitudes 83º16'34"E and the purpose of research background was explained altitude 133 masl) lies in Kanchan Rural to each informant. During the interview, collected Municipality-1 which covers about 19 hectare (DFO, plants or photographs were shown. Data about the 2073). Magar is the major ethnic group of Kanchan importance of wetlands, use and threats to plants Rural Municipality-1 (CBS, 2011). The lake is were collected through interview with local people surrounded by forest of Shorea robusta and and key informants. associated species such as Dalbargia sissoo, Terminalia alata, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia Results and Discussion chebula, Acacia catechu, pterocarpus marsupium Dalbergia latifolia Schleichera oleosa, Adina Wetland floral diversity cordifolia etc. to East & North-West; private land Altogether 115 plant species belonging to 45 families and settlement area to South-West. were recorded in Gaidahawa, Gajedi-Danapur and Nanda/Bhauju: Nanda/Bhauju (latitudes Nanda/Bhauju wetlands of Rupandehi district. 74 27º33'41"N, longitudes 83º26'40"E and altitude 98 species in Gaidahawa Tal, 69 species in Gajedi- masl) lies in Siyari rural municipality-1 which covers Danapur Tal and 54 species in Nanda/Bhauju Tal approximately 0.68/0.68 hectare (DFO, 2073). whereas 20 species are found common in all three Magar is the major ethnic group of Siyari Rural Tal. Out of 115 species, 82 species were native, 33 Municipality-1 (CBS, 2011). The lake is surrounded species were alien including 12 invasive species. Out by cultivated forest of Tectona grandis. of 12 alien invasive species, nine species (Ageratum houstonianum, Argemone mexicana, Eichhornia Plant Collection and Identification crassipes, Hyptis suaveolens, Ipomoea carnea, Mimosa pudica, Parthenium hysterophorus, Senna Field trips were performed in selected wetlands tora and Xanthium strumarium), eight species (Gaidahawa, Nanda/bhauju and Gajedi- Danapur (Ageratum houstonianum, Argemone mexicana, Tal) of Rupandehi district during the period of 2016- Chromolaena odorata, Eichhornia crassipes, 2018. The macrophytes plant specimens and their Ipomoea carnea, Mimosa pudica, Senna tora and photographs were collected up to 5 m around the Xanthium strumarium) and six species (Ageratum wetland. Some plants were identified in field and houstonianum, Chromolaena odorata, Lantana unidentified plants were collected, prepared camara, Mikania micrantha, Mimosa pudica and herbarium and identified by comparing it with Parthenium hysterophorus) are recorded in deposited herbarium at National Herbarium and Gaidahawa, Gajedi-Danapur and Nanda/Bhauju Plant Laboratories (KATH), Godawari, Lalitpur, respectively (Appendix 1). Nepal and housed at KATH. Similarly, the threats to wetland were also identified through direct By taxonomic group, the highest number of species observation. For the Nepali names, Press et al. (2000) is represented by Dicotyledons 33 families, 69 & Shrestha, K. (1998) and http://www.theplantlist.org genera, 82 spp. followed by Monocotyledons eight was followed for nomenclature. families, 22 genera, 29 spp. and Pteridophytes four
60 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 group consisting of 11.3 % population of Gaidahawa Plant Categorization families four genera four spp. The major species rich species as alien invasive species. Out of these Rural Municipality (GRM, 2074). The lake is Plants were classified into the categories of native, family include Poaceae (13 spp.) and Compositae Lantana camara, Chromolaena odorata, Mikania surrounded by forest of Shorea robusta and alien on the basis of its origin by consulting Global (13 spp.) followed by Cyperaceae (10 spp.), micrantha and Eichhornia crassipes are among the associated species such as Syzygium cumini, Aegle register of introduced and invasive species (GRIIS, Malvaceae (8 spp.), Lamiaceae (6 spp.) etc (Figure 100 of the worlds worst invasive alien species marmelos, Terminalia bellirica, Schleichera oleosa, 2019) and for invasive plant (Shrestha et al., 2017). 2). Shrestha (1999) presented a list of 240 aquatic (Lowe et al., 2000). Adina cordifolia etc. to West- North, private land macrophytes of Nepal belonging to 124 genera and to the East and forest area and settlement area to the Interviews 58 families. This study represents about 45% of Local Use South. aquatic macrophytes. According to GRIIS (2019) Questionnaires were prepared for interviews and Some of the wetland plants are used by local people there are 179 alien plant species in Nepal. However, informants were chosen randomly. Prior to interview, for different purposes. Gajedi-Danapur Tal: Gajedi-Danapur Tal 33 alien species are reported in this study. Shrestha the purpose of research background was explained (latitudes 27º39'51" N, longitudes 83º16'34"E and et al. (2017) had reported 26 alien invasive plant Medicinal use: Nelumbo nucifera (seeds in to each informant. During the interview, collected altitude 133 masl) lies in Kanchan Rural species in Nepal whereas this study recorded 12 Jaundice), Mimosa pudica (whole plant in uterine Municipality-1 which covers about 19 hectare (DFO, plants or photographs were shown. Data about the 2073). Magar is the major ethnic group of Kanchan importance of wetlands, use and threats to plants Rural Municipality-1 (CBS, 2011). The lake is were collected through interview with local people surrounded by forest of Shorea robusta and and key informants. associated species such as Dalbargia sissoo, Terminalia alata, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia Results and Discussion chebula, Acacia catechu, pterocarpus marsupium Dalbergia latifolia Schleichera oleosa, Adina Wetland floral diversity cordifolia etc. to East & North-West; private land Altogether 115 plant species belonging to 45 families and settlement area to South-West. were recorded in Gaidahawa, Gajedi-Danapur and Nanda/Bhauju: Nanda/Bhauju (latitudes Nanda/Bhauju wetlands of Rupandehi district. 74 27º33'41"N, longitudes 83º26'40"E and altitude 98 species in Gaidahawa Tal, 69 species in Gajedi- masl) lies in Siyari rural municipality-1 which covers Danapur Tal and 54 species in Nanda/Bhauju Tal approximately 0.68/0.68 hectare (DFO, 2073). whereas 20 species are found common in all three Magar is the major ethnic group of Siyari Rural Tal. Out of 115 species, 82 species were native, 33 Municipality-1 (CBS, 2011). The lake is surrounded species were alien including 12 invasive species. Out by cultivated forest of Tectona grandis. of 12 alien invasive species, nine species (Ageratum houstonianum, Argemone mexicana, Eichhornia Plant Collection and Identification crassipes, Hyptis suaveolens, Ipomoea carnea, Mimosa pudica, Parthenium hysterophorus, Senna Field trips were performed in selected wetlands tora and Xanthium strumarium), eight species (Gaidahawa, Nanda/bhauju and Gajedi- Danapur (Ageratum houstonianum, Argemone mexicana, Tal) of Rupandehi district during the period of 2016- Chromolaena odorata, Eichhornia crassipes, 2018. The macrophytes plant specimens and their Ipomoea carnea, Mimosa pudica, Senna tora and photographs were collected up to 5 m around the Xanthium strumarium) and six species (Ageratum wetland. Some plants were identified in field and houstonianum, Chromolaena odorata, Lantana unidentified plants were collected, prepared camara, Mikania micrantha, Mimosa pudica and herbarium and identified by comparing it with Parthenium hysterophorus) are recorded in deposited herbarium at National Herbarium and Gaidahawa, Gajedi-Danapur and Nanda/Bhauju Plant Laboratories (KATH), Godawari, Lalitpur, respectively (Appendix 1). Nepal and housed at KATH. Similarly, the threats to wetland were also identified through direct By taxonomic group, the highest number of species observation. For the Nepali names, Press et al. (2000) is represented by Dicotyledons 33 families, 69 & Shrestha, K. (1998) and http://www.theplantlist.org genera, 82 spp. followed by Monocotyledons eight was followed for nomenclature. families, 22 genera, 29 spp. and Pteridophytes four Figure 22 : : Number Number of of pl plantnt species species wi withinhin family family
60 61 Local U e Some of the wetland plants are sed by loca people for ifferent pu poses. Medicin l use: Nelu bo nucifer (seeds in aundice), imosa pudi a (whole p ant in uteri e disorder , Euphorbi hirta and Euphorbia heterophyl a (latex i cuts), Ce tella asiati a (whole plant as toni ), erremi hederacea (root in sto ach pain). Edible u e: Seeds o Nelumbo n cifera are aten by ch ldren, like ise Ipomo a aquatica is used as egetable, s eds of Nym haea nouc ali eaten b cooking in milk during fasting. Reli iou use: Flowe of N. nuci era is sold in the market during Ti ar; Equiset m is essential during arriage cer mony; Des ostachya ipinnata is used for rit al purpose chyranth s
6 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 disorder), Euphorbia hirta and Euphorbia species inside water are taken out yearly for fish heterophylla (latex in cuts), Centella asiatica (whole farming. Aryal et al. (2009) found that Water lily plant as tonic), Merremia hederacea (root in stomach (Nymphaea spps.), water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa), pain). Makhan (Eurale ferox) as over exploited wetland resources for the livelihoods of the local people of Edible use: Seeds of Nelumbo nucifera are eaten Rupandehi district due to which the Sarus crane by children, like wise Ipomoea aquatica is used as (Grus antigone antigone) population is facing vegetable, seeds of Nymphaea nouchali eaten by negative impacts. cooking in milk during fasting. Religious use: Flower of N. nucifera is sold in the Conclusion market during Tihar; Equisetum is essential during These wetlands are found to be important for socio- marriage ceremony; Desmostachya bipinnata is used economical, cultural and biodiversity aspect. Such for ritual purpose; Achyranthes aspera (stem in type of work can be beneficial for the exploration of Rishipanchami), Calotropis procera (men get flora. The wetlands are mostly threatened due to fish married with this plant to remove the bad effect of farming, invasion of alien species, inadequate possibility of second marriage). knowledge about its importance, lack of awareness Traditional use: Ipomoea carnea is used as fuel, about conservation. If timely not documented and Cyanthillium cinereum for preparation of local conserved there is high chance of extinction of these alcohol. biodiversity due to different types of threats. Therefore, it is an urgent need for conserving and Commercial use: Fish farming in three sites, picnic protecting these important resources of Nepal. It is spot, boating in Gajedi-Danapur Tal. necessary to aware the local people about the importance of wetland and also train up for organized Threats cultivation and marketing of wetland flora. It will Major threats seen in wetlands are extraction and be definitely helped not only in conservation but also diversion of water for irrigation, invasion of alien for the upliftment of economic condition of local species, overharvest of resources including people of these areas. commercial fishery. Some invasive species such as Ageratum houstonianum, Ipomoea carnea have been Acknowledgements found dominantly affecting other flora and habitats of wetland dependent fauna of Gajedi-Danapur Tal. We would like to acknowledge Dr. Akhileshwar Lal Similarly, the Gaidahawa Tal is also invasion by Karna (Former Director General, DPR), Mr. Sanjeev Eichhornia crassipes, Ipomoea carnea, Hyptis Kumar Rai, Director General, Ms. Jyoti Joshi Bhatta, suaveolens, Senna tora and Nanda/Bhauju Tal is and Mr. Mohan Dev Joshi, Deputy Director invasion by Ageratum houstonianum. While rest of Generals, Department of Plant Resources for their the invasive species are found few around the kind support and encouragement. We are grateful to wetland till the study time. According to the local chief of National Herbarium and Plant laboratories people previously there were found wild rice in (KATH) as well as staff of KATH Mr. Dhana Raj Gajedi-Danapur Tal but now this study could not Kandel and Ms. Tila Kumari Thapa helping in plant found wild rice species. This seems that some plant identification. We would like to give special thank species are disappearing from the area. to Dr. Keshab Raj Rajbhandari for the plant identification and Mr. Bhola Nath Dhakal for Many free floating plants like Nelumbo nucifera, providing location map of study area. Also we wish Vallisneria natans are taken out for fish farming and sincere thanks to Senior Scientific Officer Mr. also used herbicides for killing weeds in Gaidahawa Madan Kumar Khadka for help in field trip. Finally, Tal. Likewise, in Nanda Tal also different plant we would like to give thank to Forest Officer, field
62 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 disorder), Euphorbia hirta and Euphorbia species inside water are taken out yearly for fish staff of District Forest Office, Rupandehi and local IUCN. (2004). A Review of the Status and Threats heterophylla (latex in cuts), Centella asiatica (whole farming. Aryal et al. (2009) found that Water lily people of the study sites for their kind help and co- to Wetlands in Nepal,Kathmandu, Nepal: plant as tonic), Merremia hederacea (root in stomach (Nymphaea spps.), water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa), operation in data collection during field trips. International World Conservation Union. pain). Makhan (Eurale ferox) as over exploited wetland Lowe S, M Browne, S Boudjelas and M DePoorter resources for the livelihoods of the local people of References Edible use: Seeds of Nelumbo nucifera are eaten (2000). 100 of the worlds worst invasive alien Rupandehi district due to which the Sarus crane species: A Selection from the Global Invasive by children, like wise Ipomoea aquatica is used as Aryal, A., Shrestha, T.K., Sen, D.S.,Upreti, B. & (Grus antigone antigone) population is facing Species Database. NewZealand: The Invasive vegetable, seeds of Nymphaea nouchali eaten by Gautam, N. (2009). Conservation regime and negative impacts. Species Specialist Group (ISSG), a specialist cooking in milk during fasting. local population ecology of Sarus crane (Grus group of the Species Survival Commission of the antigone antigone) in west- central region of Conclusion International World Conservation Union. Religious use: Flower of N. nucifera is sold in the Nepal. Journal of Wetlands Ecology,Vol. 3, 1-11. market during Tihar; Equisetum is essential during These wetlands are found to be important for socio- MoFE. (2018). National Ramsar Strategy and Action marriage ceremony; Desmostachya bipinnata is used BPP. (1995). Biodiversity Profile of Terai and economical, cultural and biodiversity aspect. Such Plan, Nepal(2018- 2024).Kathmandu, Nepal: for ritual purpose; Achyranthes aspera (stem in Siwalik Physiographic Zones. Biodiversity type of work can be beneficial for the exploration of Ministry of Forests and Environment. Rishipanchami), Calotropis procera (men get Profiles Project (BPP) Pub. No.12. Kathmandu, flora. The wetlands are mostly threatened due to fish MoFSC. (2003). National Wetland Policy. married with this plant to remove the bad effect of Nepal: Government of Nepal, DNPWC. farming, invasion of alien species, inadequate Kathmandu, Nepal: Government of Nepal, possibility of second marriage). CBS. (2011). Statistical Year book of Nepal. Nepal: knowledge about its importance, lack of awareness Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation. Government of Nepal, National Planning about conservation. If timely not documented and Traditional use: Ipomoea carnea is used as fuel, Commission Secretariat, Central Bureau of MoFSC. (2012). National Wetland Policy. conserved there is high chance of extinction of these Cyanthillium cinereum for preparation of local Statistics. Kathmandu, Nepal: Government of Nepal, alcohol. biodiversity due to different types of threats. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation. Therefore, it is an urgent need for conserving and DCCO. (2018). District Coordination Committee Commercial use: Fish farming in three sites, picnic protecting these important resources of Nepal. It is Office (DCCO). Retrieved from http:// Press, J.R., Shrestha, K.K. & Sutton, D.A. (2000). spot, boating in Gajedi-Danapur Tal. necessary to aware the local people about the ddcRupandehi.gov.np/ne-brief-introduction. Annontated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal. London: The Natural history Museum. importance of wetland and also train up for organized DFO. (2072 B.S.). Annual monitoring, Evaluation Threats cultivation and marketing of wetland flora. It will and Analysis Report, Community forest of Ramsar. (2019). Ramsar Convention on Wetland. Major threats seen in wetlands are extraction and be definitely helped not only in conservation but also Rupandehi District, fiscal Year 2071/072, Retrieved from https://www.ramsar.org/wetland/ diversion of water for irrigation, invasion of alien for the upliftment of economic condition of local Rupandehi, Nepal: District Forest Office, Rupandehi. nepal species, overharvest of resources including people of these areas. DFO. (2073 B.S.). Annual Progress Review Report, Shrestha, B.B., Siwakoti, M.& Ranjit, J.D. (2017). commercial fishery. Some invasive species such as Detailed introduction and Progress account fiscal Status of Invasive alien Plant Species in Nepal. Ageratum houstonianum, Ipomoea carnea have been Acknowledgements Year 2072/073, Rupandehi, Nepal: District Forest Dhulikhel : Conservation and Utilization of found dominantly affecting other flora and habitats Office, Rupandehi. Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources in Nepal. of wetland dependent fauna of Gajedi-Danapur Tal. We would like to acknowledge Dr. Akhileshwar Lal 2ndNational Workshop 22-23 May 2017. GRIIS. (2019). Global register of introduced and Similarly, the Gaidahawa Tal is also invasion by Karna (Former Director General, DPR), Mr. Sanjeev Proceeding. Eichhornia crassipes, Ipomoea carnea, Hyptis Kumar Rai, Director General, Ms. Jyoti Joshi Bhatta, invasive species (GRIIS). Retrieved from http:// and Mr. Mohan Dev Joshi, Deputy Director www.griis.org/search3.php. Shrestha, K. (1998). Dictionary of Nepalese Plant suaveolens, Senna tora and Nanda/Bhauju Tal is Names. Kathmandu, Nepal: Mandala Book Point invasion by Ageratum houstonianum. While rest of Generals, Department of Plant Resources for their GRM . (2074 B.S.). Gaidahawa Rural Municipality the invasive species are found few around the kind support and encouragement. We are grateful to Village Profile: Gaidahawa Rural Municipality Shrestha, P. (1999). Aquatic macrophytes of Nepal. wetland till the study time. According to the local chief of National Herbarium and Plant laboratories (GRM), Rupandehi, Nepal: Government of In: Nepal-Natures Paradise (eds.) Majupuria, people previously there were found wild rice in (KATH) as well as staff of KATH Mr. Dhana Raj Nepal. T.C. and R.K. Majupuria. 621-641. Kandel and Ms. Tila Kumari Thapa helping in plant Gajedi-Danapur Tal but now this study could not Gurung, J.B. (2018). Current Status of Wetlands in Siwakoti, M. (2006). An Overview of Floral identification. We would like to give special thank found wild rice species. This seems that some plant Nepal 25 Years of Achievements on Biodiversity Diversity in Wetlands of Terai Region of Nepal. to Dr. Keshab Raj Rajbhandari for the plant species are disappearing from the area. Conservation in Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal. Our Nature 4, 83-90. identification and Mr. Bhola Nath Dhakal for Ministry of Forests and Environment. Many free floating plants like Nelumbo nucifera, providing location map of study area. Also we wish Siwakoti, M. (2007). Mikania weed: a challenge Vallisneria natans are taken out for fish farming and sincere thanks to Senior Scientific Officer Mr. HMGN/MoFSC. (2002). Nepal Biodiversity for conservationists. Our Nature, 5(1), 7074. also used herbicides for killing weeds in Gaidahawa Madan Kumar Khadka for help in field trip. Finally, Strategy, Nepal: Government of Nepal, Ministry Tal. Likewise, in Nanda Tal also different plant we would like to give thank to Forest Officer, field of Forests and Soil conservation.
62 63 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
Appendix 1: Wetland flora of Gaidahawa (G), Gajedi-Danapur (Gd) and Nanda/Bhauju (Nb)Tal of Rupandehi district, Nepal. Note: * Presence of Plant
Alien Origin English Nepali Invasive Collection S.N. Family Scientific Name (Native, G Gd Nb Name Name species No. Alien) (Yes/No) 1 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera Prickly \ȡ[, Native No * * * G69/Gd160/ L. chaff flower Nb95 Ǔ 2 Compositae Ageratum Blue ǓȪ Alien Yes * * * G05/Gd159/ houstonianum Mill. Billygoat Nb112 Weed Û ȯ 3 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera Smooth Ͳ Alien No * * G79/Nb122 paronychioides A.St.- Chaff Hil. Flower 4 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera Khaki weed Ͳ Alien No * Nb87 pungens Kunth 5 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis Sessile ǓǐǒǍ Alien No * * * G45/Gd135/ (L.) R.Br. ex DC. joyweed Nb114 ȡ 6 Leguminosae Alysicarpus vaginalis Alyceclover ȡ Native No * Nb88 (L.) DC. 7 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis L. Rough Ǖ ȯ ȡ Alien No * * G31/Nb105 pigweed 8 Lythraceae Ammannia baccifera Blistering \à ȡ Native No * G23 L. Ammania 9 Thelypteridaceae Ampelopteris - Ͳ Native No * G34 prolifera (Retz.) Copel. 10 Aponogetonaceae Aponogeton crispus - Ͳ Native No * G77 Thunb. 11 Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana Prickly ȡ Alien Yes * * G41/Gd161 L. poppy 12 Salvinaceae Azolla pinnata R. Br. - ȡȢ `Û Ǘ Native No * Gd162 13 Compositae Blumea laciniata Cutleaf Ͳ Native No * * G55/Gd174 (Wall. ex Roxb.) DC. Blumea 14 Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa L. Hogweed [ȡǕ Native No * * G58/Nb107 15 Poaceae Bothriochloa pertusa Indian Ͳ Native No * G20 (L.) A.Camus couch grass 16 Apocynaceae Calotropis procera French- ȯȪ ]ȱ Native No * G11 (Aiton) Dryand. cotton 17 Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L. Marijuana ȡǍ Native No * G71
18 Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Water Ȫ ȡĤȯ Native No * * * G14/Gd149/ Urb. pennywort Nb115 19 Pteridaceae Ceratopteris Water fern ȡȢ Native No * G24 thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Ǔȡ 20 Compositae Chromolaena odorata Christmasbu ȯȪ Alien Yes * * Gd144/Nb9 (L.) R.M.King & sh 9 H.Rob. ȡȡ 21 Euphorbiaceae Chrozophora rottleri [[Ǖ Native No * G73 (Geiseler) A.Juss. ex Spreng. 22 Poaceae Chrysopogon Love Grass Ǖ Ǖ ȯ Native No * * G28/Nb77 aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. ȡȱ 23 Poaceae Chrysopogon Khas-Khas Native No * G47 zizanioides (L.) Roberty 10 64 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
Appendix 1: Wetland flora of Gaidahawa (G), Gajedi-Danapur (Gd) and Nanda/Bhauju (Nb)Tal of Rupandehi Alien Origin district, Nepal. Note: * Presence of Plant English Nepali Invasive Collection S.N. Family Scientific Name (Native, G Gd Nb Name Name species No. Alien Alien) Origin (Yes/No) English Nepali Invasive Collection S.N. Family Scientific Name (Native, G Gd Nb Name Name species No. 24 Cleomaceae Cleome viscosa L. Tick weed Native No * G48 Alien) ¡¡Ǖ Ǖ ȯ (Yes/No) 25 Lamiaceae Clerodendrum Hill glory ȡȯȣ Native No * Nb119 1 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera Prickly \ȡ[, Native No * * * G69/Gd160/ infortunatum L. bower L. chaff flower Nb95 Ǔ 26 Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis (L.) Ivy gourd Ȫ Alien No * Nb121 Voigt 2 Compositae Ageratum Blue ǓȪ Alien Yes * * * G05/Gd159/ ȡȲĐȧ houstonianum Mill. Billygoat Nb112 27 Malvaceae Corchorus aestuans Red weed Alien No * * * G66/Gd138/ Weed Û ȯ ȡȯ L. Nb113 3 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera Smooth Ͳ Alien No * * G79/Nb122 paronychioides A.St.- Chaff 28 Commelinaceae Cyanotis axillaris (L.) Creeping ȡȯ Native No * Gd168 Hil. Flower D.Don ex Sweet Cradle Plant 4 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera Khaki weed Ͳ Alien No * Nb87 29 Compositae Cyanthillium Purple flea Ǖ Ǖ ȯ Native No * * G70/Nb102 pungens Kunth cinereum (L.) H.Rob. bane 5 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis Sessile ǓǐǒǍ Alien No * * * G45/Gd135/ 30 Poaceae Cymbopogon Karnkusa ʨȢ,`ȡ[ Native No * G78 (L.) R.Br. ex DC. joyweed Nb114 jwarancusa (Jones) grass ȡ Schult. 6 Leguminosae Alysicarpus vaginalis Alyceclover Native No * Nb88 ȡ 31 Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Bermuda ȪǕ Native No * * * G67/Gd145 (L.) DC. (L.) Pers. grass 7 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis L. Rough Ǖ ȯ ȡ Alien No * * G31/Nb105 32 Boraginaceae Cynoglossum - Ͳ Native No * * Gd167/Nb1 pigweed lanceolatum Forssk. 01 8 Lythraceae Ammannia baccifera Blistering Native No * G23 \à ȡ 33 Cyperaceae Cyperus compressus Annual Ǖ ȡǕ Native No * * G09/Gd79 L. Ammania L. sedge 9 Thelypteridaceae Ampelopteris - Ͳ Native No * G34 34 Cyperaceae Cyperus difformis L. Variable Ȫȯ Native No * Gd80 prolifera (Retz.) flatsedge Copel. 35 Cyperaceae Cyperus iria L. Grasshopper Native No * G82 10 Aponogetonaceae Aponogeton crispus - Ͳ Native No * G77 Ȫȯ 's cyperus Thunb. 36 Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L. Nut grass Native No * * G13/Gd81 11 Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana Prickly ȡ Alien Yes * * G41/Gd161 Ȫȯ L. poppy 37 Poaceae Dactyloctenium Durban Alien No * Nb78 12 Salvinaceae Azolla pinnata R. Br. - Native No * Gd162 ȡǕ ȯ ȡȢ `Û Ǘ aegyptium (L.) Willd. crowfoot ȡȱ 13 Compositae Blumea laciniata Cutleaf Ͳ Native No * * G55/Gd174 (Wall. ex Roxb.) DC. Blumea 38 Leguminosae Desmodium triflorum Threeflower Ǖ ȯ Native No * Nb120 14 Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa L. Hogweed Native No * * G58/Nb107 (L.) DC. Beggarweed [ȡǕ Ǔȯ 15 Poaceae Bothriochloa pertusa Indian Ͳ Native No * G20 39 Poaceae Desmostachya Sacrificial Ǖ Native No * * * G57/Gd139/ (L.) A.Camus couch grass bipinnata (L.) Stapf grass Nb80 16 Apocynaceae Calotropis procera French- ȯȪ ]ȱ Native No * G11 40 Poaceae Digitaria ciliaris Henry's Û Ȫ Native No * Nb126 (Aiton) Dryand. cotton (Retz.) Koeler crabgrass 17 Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L. Marijuana ȡǍ Native No * G71 41 Compositae Eclipta prostrata (L.) False daisy ȡǙ Alien No * * G68/Gd146 L. 18 Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Water Native No * * * G14/Gd149/ Ȫ ȡĤȯ 42 Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes Common Alien Yes * * G36/Gd131 Urb. pennywort Nb115 Ǖ à Ȣ (Mart.) Solms water 19 Pteridaceae Ceratopteris Water fern ȡȢ Native No * G24 hyacinth thalictroides (L.) Ǔȡ 43 Poaceae Eleusine indica (L.) Crabgrass ȪȪ Native No * * * G85/Gd63/ Brongn. Gaertn. Nb81 20 Compositae Chromolaena odorata Christmasbu ȯȪ Alien Yes * * Gd144/Nb9 ȡȱ (L.) R.M.King & sh 9 ȡȡ 44 Compositae Emilia sonchifolia Native * Gd158 H.Rob. (L.) DC. ex DC. - Ͳ No 21 Euphorbiaceae Chrozophora rottleri [[Ǖ Native No * G73 45 Equisetacea Equisetum sp. Native No * Gd62 (Geiseler) A.Juss. ex ]ȣȱ Spreng. ȡȱ 22 Poaceae Chrysopogon Love Grass Ǖ Ǖ ȯ Native No * * G28/Nb77 46 Poaceae Eragrostis atrovirens - Ͳ Native No * Gd61 aciculatus (Retz.) (Desf.) Trin. ex Steud. Trin. ȡȱ 47 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia Japanese Alien No * * G89/Gd56 23 Poaceae Chrysopogon Khas-Khas Native No * G47 ȡȪ zizanioides (L.) heterophylla L. poinsettia ȡȡǕ ȯ Roberty 10 64 11 65 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
Alien Origin English Nepali Invasive Collection S.N. Family Scientific Name (Native, G Gd Nb Name Name species No. Alien) (Yes/No) 48 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta L. Asthma Ǖ ȯ ȡ Alien No * * * G39/Gd153/ spurge Nb123 49 Convolvulaceae Evolvulus Agracejo Ͳ Alien No * * * G43/Gd175/ nummularius (L.) L. rastrero Nb90 50 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis Common ȡȢ Ȫȯ Native No * * G88/Nb79 dichotoma (L.) Vahl fringe-rush 51 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis ovata Flat spike Ȫȯ, Native No * * Gd49/Nb82 (Burm.f.) J.Kern sedge ãȡǕ 52 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis Hoorahgrass Ï ȡȪ Native No * Gd82 quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth ȡ 53 Compositae Grangea - ȪĦȯ ȡ Native No * * * G75/Gd151/ maderaspatana (L.) Nb124 Poir. 54 Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum Indian ¡ȡƣȢ Ǖ ȯ Native No * * G64/Nb94 L. heliotrope ȡ 55 Boraginaceae Heliotropium - ȡǙ Native No * * Gd42/Nb32 strigosum Willd. 56 Acanthaceae Hemigraphis hirta - ȡ Native No * * * G62/Gd164/ (Vahl) T.Anderson Nb96 57 Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Pignut Ǘ Ȫ Ǔȶ Alien Yes * G17 Poit. 58 Poaceae Imperata cylindrica Blady Grass Ǔ ǽ Native No * * * G74/Gd157/ (L.) Raeusch. Nb76 59 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Chinese Ȣ Native No * * * G72/Gd140/ Forssk. water- Nb116 spinach ȡ 60 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Gloria de la \ȣ Alien Yes * * G04/Gd150 manana 61 Acanthaceae Justicia adhatoda L. Malabar nut \ ȪǕ Native No * G10
62 Cyperaceae Kyllinga brevifolia Green Ȫȯ * Gd83 Rottb. kyllinga 63 Cyperaceae Kyllinga nemoralis White Ȫȯ Native No * * * G137/Gd35/ (J.R.Forst. & kyllinga Nb84 G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel 64 Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. Common ȡȱȡ Alien Yes * Nb106 lantana 65 Lamiaceae Leucas lavandulifolia - àǕ Ȣ Native No * * * G35/Gd Sm. 141/Nb110 66 Linderniaceae Lindernia anagallis - Ͳ Native No * * G50/Gd72 (Burm.f.) Pennell 67 Onagraceae Ludwigia hyssopifolia Seedbox ȡ[ȢǕ Alien No * * G32/Gd142 (G.Don) Exell ȡ 68 Marsileaceae Marsilea minuta L. Small water ȡ `Û Ǘ Native No * * G03/Gd32 clover 69 Plantaginaceae Mecardonia Baby jump- Ͳ Alien No * Ph1 procumbens (Mill.) up Small 70 Malvaceae Melochia - Ǖȡ Native Gd152/Nb1 corchorifolia L. 17 ȡ No * * 71 Convolvulaceae Merremia hederacea Ivy Native No * Ph2
12 66 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
Alien Alien Origin Origin English Nepali Invasive Collection English Nepali Invasive Collection S.N. Family Scientific Name (Native, G Gd Nb S.N. Family Scientific Name (Native, G Gd Nb Name Name species No. Name Name species No. Alien) Alien) (Yes/No) (Yes/No) 48 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta L. Asthma Ǖ ȯ ȡ Alien No * * * G39/Gd153/ (Burm. f.) Hallier f. woodrose spurge Nb123 72 Compositae Mikania micrantha Chinese Alien Yes * Nb86 49 Convolvulaceae Evolvulus Agracejo Ͳ Alien No * * * G43/Gd175/ ¡ȯ Kunth creeper nummularius (L.) L. rastrero Nb90 ȡȡ 50 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis Common Native No * * G88/Nb79 ȡȢ Ȫȯ 73 Leguminosae Mimosa pudica L. Sensitive Alien Yes * * Gd169/Nb1 dichotoma (L.) Vahl fringe-rush Ï ȡȢ plant 18 51 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis ovata Flat spike Native No * * Gd49/Nb82 Ȫȯ, 74 Leguminosae Mimosa rubicaulis - ȪÈ Ȣ Native No * Ph3 (Burm.f.) J.Kern sedge Lam. ãȡǕ ȡȱ 52 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis Hoorahgrass Ï ȡȪ Native No * Gd82 75 Phrymaceae Mimulus tenellus var. - Ͳ Native No * G26 quinquangularis ȡ nepalensis (Benth.) (Vahl) Kunth Tsoong 53 Compositae Grangea - Native No * * * G75/Gd151/ ȪĦȯ ȡ 76 Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera East Indian Native No * * G59/Gd154 maderaspatana (L.) Nb124 Gaertn. lotus Poir. 77 Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea nouchali Blue Lotus Ǔ Native * Gd172 54 Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum Indian ¡ȡƣȢ Ǖ ȯ Native No * * G64/Nb94 Burm.f. No L. heliotrope ȡ 78 Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea tetragona Pygmy Ͳ Native No * * * G40/Gd143/ Georgi water-lily Nb109 55 Boraginaceae Heliotropium - ȡǙ Native No * * Gd42/Nb32 strigosum Willd. 79 Menyanthaceae Nymphoides - Ͳ Native No * * G1/Gd171 hydrophylla (Lour.) 56 Acanthaceae Hemigraphis hirta - ȡ Native No * * * G62/Gd164/ (Vahl) T.Anderson Nb96 Kuntze 80 Menyanthaceae Nymphoides indica Banana- Ͳ Native No * Gd156 57 Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Pignut Ǘ Ȫ Ǔȶ Alien Yes * G17 Poit. (L.) Kuntze plant 81 Lamiaceae Ocimum americanum American Native No * G02 58 Poaceae Imperata cylindrica Blady Grass Ǔ ǽ Native No * * * G74/Gd157/ ȡȣ, (L.) Raeusch. Nb76 L. basil ã ȢǕ 59 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Chinese Ȣ Native No * * * G72/Gd140/ Forssk. water- Nb116 82 Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum L. Basil ȢǕ Native No * G08 spinach ȡ 83 Compositae Parthenium Santa Maria Ͳ Alien Yes * * G65/Nb100 60 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Gloria de la \ȣ Alien Yes * * G04/Gd150 hysterophorus L. manana 84 Malvaceae Pentapetes phoenicea Copper-cups Ȫ¡ȯ Native No * G49 61 Acanthaceae Justicia adhatoda L. Malabar nut \ ȪǕ Native No * G10 L. Ǘ 62 Cyperaceae Kyllinga brevifolia Green Ȫȯ * Gd83 Rottb. kyllinga 85 Polygonaceae Persicaria barbata Field sedge ǒȯ Native No * * * G53/Gd73/ (L.) H.Hara Nb92 63 Cyperaceae Kyllinga nemoralis White Ȫȯ Native No * * * G137/Gd35/ (J.R.Forst. & kyllinga Nb84 86 Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiper Marsh- ǒȯ Native No * Nb91 G.Forst.) Dandy ex (L.) Delarbre pepper Hutch. & Dalziel smartweed 87 Polygonaceae Persicaria - Ͳ Native No * Nb125 64 Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. Common ȡȱȡ Alien Yes * Nb106 lantana lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre 65 Lamiaceae Leucas lavandulifolia - àǕ Ȣ Native No * * * G35/Gd Sm. 141/Nb110 88 Verbenaceae Phyla nodiflora (L.) Capeweed Ǖ Ǖ ȯ Native No * * G68/Nb98 Greene 66 Linderniaceae Lindernia anagallis - Ͳ Native No * * G50/Gd72 ȡ (Burm.f.) Pennell 89 Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus urinaria Chamber _Ǖ Native No * Gd166 67 Onagraceae Ludwigia hyssopifolia Seedbox ȡ[ȢǕ Alien No * * G32/Gd142 L. bitter (G.Don) Exell \ȡ ȡ 90 Solanaceae Physalis peruviana L. Cape- Alien No * * G76/Gd165 68 Marsileaceae Marsilea minuta L. Small water Native No * * G03/Gd32 ȣ ȡ `Û Ǘ gooseberry clover 91 Polygonaceae Polygonum plebeium Common Native No * * * G63/Gd148/ 69 Plantaginaceae Mecardonia Baby jump- Alien No * Ph1 Ǔ Ȫ Ͳ R.Br. knotweed Nb111 procumbens (Mill.) up ǒȯ Small 92 Urticaceae Pouzolzia zeylanica Graceful Ǔ ȡ ȡ Native No * Nb104 70 Malvaceae Melochia - Ǖȡ Native Gd152/Nb1 (L.) Benn. pouzolzsbus corchorifolia L. 17 h ȡ No * * 93 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sceleratus Blister Native No * Gd176 71 Convolvulaceae Merremia hederacea Ivy Native No * Ph2 ȡ Ǖ Ȫ L. buttercup 12 13 66 67 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
Alien Origin English Nepali Invasive Collection S.N. Family Scientific Name (Native, G Gd Nb Name Name species No. Alien) (Yes/No) 94 Acanthaceae Rungia pectinata (L.) - Ͳ Native No * G37 Nees 95 Poaceae Saccharum Fodder cane ȡȱ Alien No * Gd74 spontaneum L. 96 Lamiaceae Salvia plebeia R.Br. Australian Ͳ Native No * G46 sage 97 Cyperaceae Schoenoplectiella - Ͳ Native G07 juncoides (Roxb.) Lye No * 98 Plantaginaceae Scoparia dulcis L. Licorice Ǔȡ ȡ Alien No * * * G12/Gd147/ weed Nb93 99 Leguminosae Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Foetid ȪȪ ȡĤȯ Alien Yes * * G6/Gd132 Cassia 100 Poaceae Setaria pumila (Poir.) Knotroot Ͳ Native No * * * G30/Gd78/ Roem. & Schult. bristle grass Nb127 101 Malvaceae Sida acuta Burm.f. Broomweed Ǖ ȡ Alien No * Nb103 102 Malvaceae Sida cordata Heartleaf Ǖ ȡ Alien No * G29 (Burm.f.) fanpetals Borss.Waalk. 103 Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia L. Cuban jute ȡȪ Alien No * * G54/Gd141 ǔ ã ȡ 104 Solanaceae Solanum surattense Bitter brinjal Û ȡȣ Native No * * G56/Gd163 Burm. f. 105 Compositae Sonchus wightianus Corn Ǖ ȯ, Native No * Ph4 DC. Sowthistle ȡȡǕ ȯ 106 Compositae Spilanthes acmella Para cress ȡȪ ȡȱ Native No * * G01/Gd134 (L.) L. 107 Araceae Spirodela polyrrhiza Common Ͳ Native No * Gd170 (L.) Schleid. duckweed 108 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media (L.) Chickweed Ͳ Alien No * G15 Vill. 109 Compositae Tridax procumbens Coat- ¡ Ǖ Ǖ ȯ ȡ Alien No * * * G06/Gd133/ (L.) L. buttons Nb97 110 Malvaceae Triumfetta Chinese burr ã ȯ Ǖ Ȫ Native No * Nb83 rhomboidea Jacq. 111 Typhaceae Typha angustifolia L. - ȯ Native No * Ph5 112 Malvaceae Urena lobata L. Caesar weed ȡǕ Ǖ Ȫ Native No * * Gd173/Nb8 5 113 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia aurea Native No * * Gd155/Nb1 Lour. 08 114 Hydrocharitaceae Vallisneria natans Tape-grass Ǔ Native No * G38 (Lour.) H.Hara Ǖ Û ȡȡ 115 Compositae Xanthium strumarium Burweed ȯȯ Ǖ Ȫ Alien Yes * * G18/Gd136 L.
68 14