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Wetland Flora of Rupandehi District, Nepal

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Wetland Flora of Rupandehi District, Nepal 2019J. Pl. Res. Vol. 17, No. 1, pp 58-68, 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 Wetland Flora of Rupandehi District, Nepal Kalpana Sharma (Dhakal)*, Dammar Singh Saud and Nirmala Joshi Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal *Email: [email protected] Abstract The present study was carried out to document the wetland flora of three wetlands of Rupandehi district during the year of 2016-2018. Macrophytes plant specimens were collected up to 5 m around the wetland. Altogether 115 species belonging to 45 families were recorded. Out of these, 33 species were alien which include 12 invasive species that seems wetland flora were in threats. Keywords: Alien Species, Conservation, Invasive Plants, Local Use, Macrophytes Introduction In Nepal, about 10% of ethnic communities depended on wetlands resources for the subsistence. National Wetland Policy (2003) defines wetlands as The Nepalese wetlands consist of many threatened natural or artificially created areas, such as swamp, and endangered flora and fauna and provide marsh, riverine flood plain, lake, water storage area excellent ecological habitats for internationally and agricultural land containing water from underground important winter migratory birds, aquatic fauna and water resources or atmospheric precipitation that other wildlife (IUCN, 2004). One species of may be permanent or temporary, static or flowing, protected plants under the Forest Regulation 1994 and freshwater or saline. Chaudhary (1998) such as Dalbergia latifolia as well as wild cultivar explained wetland dependent flora as the plants that of rice such as Oryza rufipogon, Oryza nivara, Oryza flourish well in wetland habitats such as marshes, officinalis are known recorded from Terai wetlands swamps, floodland, in rivers or river banks. (Siwakoti, 2006). About 26 endemic species In Nepal, wetland covers around 5.57%, which considered as wetland dependent (IUCN, 2004). comprises river 48.2%, lakes 0.6%, reservoirs 0.2%, Among these, eight species occurs in Terai wetlands pond 0.9 %, marginal swamps 1.5% and irrigated (Siwakoti, 2006). Terai including Siwalik region field 48.6% (Gurung, 2018). There are 19 types of (< 1000 m) houses 1885 (37%) plant species (BPP, natural and 10 types of man-made inland wetlands 1995) out of which 318 plant species are wetland dependent (Siwakoti, 2006). in Nepal (Siwakoti, 2007) ranging from perennially flowing rivers to seasonal streams, lowland oxbow Wetland biodiversity is now decreasing day by day lakes, high altitude glacial lakes, swamps, marshes, due to drainage and encroachment for agriculture, paddy fields, reservoirs and ponds. These wetlands diversion and abstraction of water for irrigation, are biologically diverse and are known to support unsustainable exploitation of wetland resources, more than 20,000 waterfowl (HMGN/MoFSC, including overfishing and destructive fishing, 2002). The Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (2002) invasion of alien species into wetland ecosystem, identified 10 wetland sites in the Terai as meriting climate change, inadequate knowledge about its legal protection because of their significant importance, lack of awareness about conservation biodiversity values. These include 9 lakes and science based information and documentation (Beeshazar, Gaidahawa, Badahiya, Narcrodi, (MoFE, 2018). For the conservation of wetlands, Rampur, Deukhuria, Patriyani, Betkot and Nepal formulated number of policies guiding the Ghodaghodi) and one reservoir Jagdishpur. Among conservation of the wetlands and also became a them two lakes Beeshazari and Ghodaghodi and one signatory to Ramsar Convention in 1988. Now there reservoir Jagdishpur already listed in Ramsar sites. are 10 Ramsar sites in Nepal with a surface area of Remaining other are nationally important wetlands. 60,561 hectares (Ramsar, 2019). Based on 58 2019J. Pl. Res. Vol. 17, No. 1, pp 58-68, 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 Wetland Flora of Rupandehi District, Nepal importance of wetland, Nepal Wetland Policy (2012) 83º1216"E to 83º3816"E covering an area of has classified wetland into three parts as: (a)Local: 1,360 km² in Terai region of Nepal. The elevation Kalpana Sharma (Dhakal)*, Dammar Singh Saud and Nirmala Joshi Small wetlands which are in use or going to be used of the district lies between 100 m to 1229 m from Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal and managed by private or local bodies (b)National: sea level with 16.1% in Churia Range and rest in *Email: [email protected] Nationally important wetlands which have the the Terai region (DCCO, 2018). As per the National opportunity to be enlisted in Ramsar list and (c) Census 2011, the population of Rupandehi was Abstract International: Wetlands enlisted in Ramsar site. 880,196. It lies in tropical region with characteristic The present study was carried out to document the wetland flora of three wetlands of Rupandehi Gaidahawa, Gajedi, Nandabhauju, Sukaiya are the monsoon rainfall and three distinct season hot and district during the year of 2016-2018. Macrophytes plant specimens were collected up to 5 m important lakes of Rupandehi district (DFO, 2072). dry summer (March to May), hot and moist rainy around the wetland. Altogether 115 species belonging to 45 families were recorded. Out of these, season (June to September) and cold and dry winter 33 species were alien which include 12 invasive species that seems wetland flora were in threats. However, documentation of wetland flora was (October to January). Temperature ranges from carried out on few wetlands in Nepal but no detail Keywords: Alien Species, Conservation, Invasive Plants, Local Use, Macrophytes maximum 44ºC to minimum 9ºC. Average annual documentation of wetland flora in Rupandehi rainfall is 1391mm (DCCO, 2018). Location map district. This study will support in the documentation Introduction In Nepal, about 10% of ethnic communities of the study area was prepared by using Arc GIS of wetland flora in Rupandehi as well help in (Figure 1). depended on wetlands resources for the subsistence. conservation of important wetland flora and its National Wetland Policy (2003) defines wetlands as The Nepalese wetlands consist of many threatened natural or artificially created areas, such as swamp, associated biodiversity in future. Gaidahawa, Gajedi-Danapur, Nanda/Bhauju three and endangered flora and fauna and provide wetlands were selected in Rupandehi district on the marsh, riverine flood plain, lake, water storage area excellent ecological habitats for internationally Materials and Methods basis of floral diversity, livelihood, eco-tourism and and agricultural land containing water from underground important winter migratory birds, aquatic fauna and water resources or atmospheric precipitation that socio-cultural value. other wildlife (IUCN, 2004). One species of Study area may be permanent or temporary, static or flowing, protected plants under the Forest Regulation 1994 Gaidahawa Tal: Gaidahawa Tal (latitudes 27º35'47" and freshwater or saline. Chaudhary (1998) such as Dalbergia latifolia as well as wild cultivar Rupandehi District is one of the twelve district of N, longitudes 83º16'49"E and altitude 88 m) lies in explained wetland dependent flora as the plants that of rice such as Oryza rufipogon, Oryza nivara, Oryza Province No. 5 of Nepal and lies between the Gaidahawa Rural Municipality-4 which covers about flourish well in wetland habitats such as marshes, officinalis are known recorded from Terai wetlands latitudes 27º2000" N to 27º4725"N, and longitudes 29.05 hectare (DFO, 2073). Yadav is the major ethnic swamps, floodland, in rivers or river banks. (Siwakoti, 2006). About 26 endemic species In Nepal, wetland covers around 5.57%, which considered as wetland dependent (IUCN, 2004). comprises river 48.2%, lakes 0.6%, reservoirs 0.2%, Among these, eight species occurs in Terai wetlands pond 0.9 %, marginal swamps 1.5% and irrigated (Siwakoti, 2006). Terai including Siwalik region field 48.6% (Gurung, 2018). There are 19 types of (< 1000 m) houses 1885 (37%) plant species (BPP, natural and 10 types of man-made inland wetlands 1995) out of which 318 plant species are wetland dependent (Siwakoti, 2006). in Nepal (Siwakoti, 2007) ranging from perennially flowing rivers to seasonal streams, lowland oxbow Wetland biodiversity is now decreasing day by day lakes, high altitude glacial lakes, swamps, marshes, due to drainage and encroachment for agriculture, paddy fields, reservoirs and ponds. These wetlands diversion and abstraction of water for irrigation, are biologically diverse and are known to support unsustainable exploitation of wetland resources, more than 20,000 waterfowl (HMGN/MoFSC, including overfishing and destructive fishing, 2002). The Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (2002) invasion of alien species into wetland ecosystem, identified 10 wetland sites in the Terai as meriting climate change, inadequate knowledge about its legal protection because of their significant importance, lack of awareness about conservation biodiversity values. These include 9 lakes and science based information and documentation (Beeshazar, Gaidahawa, Badahiya, Narcrodi, (MoFE, 2018). For the conservation of wetlands, Rampur, Deukhuria, Patriyani, Betkot and Nepal formulated number of policies guiding the Ghodaghodi) and one reservoir Jagdishpur. Among conservation of the wetlands and also became a them two lakes Beeshazari and Ghodaghodi and one signatory to Ramsar Convention
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