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Regeneration Promotion and Income Generation Through Scientific Forest Management in Community Forestry: a Case Study from Rupandehi District, Nepal

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Regeneration Promotion and Income Generation Through Scientific Forest Management in Community Forestry: a Case Study from Rupandehi District, Nepal Banko Janakari, Special Issue No. 4 Regeneration promotion and income generation through scientific forest management in community forestry: a case study from Rupandehi district, Nepal Y. Khanal1* and S. Adhikari2 Community forestry is the most popular programme of forestry sector in Nepal. Previously community forest management was protection oriented and nowadays it has become production oriented due to implementation of scientific forest management plan. Recent forest policy promotes the application of scientific management of all productive forests and now it becomes a novel programme in forestry sector. This study highlights the outputs of the first year of implementation of scientific forest management plan in seven community forests (CF) of Rupandehi district, Nepal. Both bio-physical and socio-economic data were collected and analyzed. Regeneration survey was carried out before and after one year of regeneration felling. Similarly data related to income generation and employment opportunities were collected and analyzed. The results showed that 6.4 times increase in seedlings and 3.4 times increase in saplings after one year of regeneration felling operation. Similarly, the average production of timber and fuel wood was 1,086 cft and 4.5 chatta per ha. during regeneration felling in studied CFs. Average income from the intensive managed area of CF was found to be NRs. 884,059.8 and local employment generation of 910 man-days per ha. This indicates scientific forest management is one of the best options for improving forest condition through promoting regeneration of the forest for future generation and generating income and employment opportunities for the users. Key words: Community forestry, employment, income, regeneration, scientific forest management orest is one of the major natural resources and users groups (CFUGs), approved by the District Fan integral part of the farming system of Nepal. Forest Office (DFO). According to the Act, the So forest management is always a high concern CFUGs have to be formulated and registered at of local people (Kanel et al., 2005). However, the DFO before handing over of the forests and there was no effective people’s participation in they are self-sustained institutions (Kanel, 1993). forest management activities until 1990s. The The CFUGs can act as self-governing entities to first policy document that realised the importance generate, utilize and sell the forest products as of peoples’ participation in forest management per the approved management plan. Procedural was the National Forest Plan of 1976 which details of the community forests are explained in highlighted people’s participation as its fifth the Forest Rules, 1995 and community forestry objective (Kanel et al., 2005). The Master Plan for guidelines and directives. the Forestry Sector (1989) prioritized community forestry as a major forestry programme and is The concept of scientific forest management widely implemented after the enactment of Forest (SFM) is not a new concept; its principles had Act, 1993 and Forest Regulation, 1995. originated from the present-day Germany in the early 19th century and have been adopted by forest According to the Forest Act, 1993, community training institutions and forest bureaucracies forests are national forests handed over to the throughout the world (Kumar, 2002; Rutt et al., local user groups for protection, management and 2014). The SFM requires statistically sound utilization. The forests are managed according to forest inventories that determines the growing the operational plan prepared by community forest stock as well as annual increment with sufficient 1 District Forest Office, Rupandehi, Nepal. *E-mail: [email protected] 2 Silviculture Division, Department of Forests, Kathmandu, Nepal 45 Banko Janakari, Special Issue No. 4 Khanal and Adhikari accuracy to ensure harvesting does not exceed re- increase the productivity of the forest and has growth over the longer-term while maintaining strategy and action plan for adopting proper environmental services such as erosion control, silvicultural systems in prescribed operational watershed protection, wind protection, species plan for the forest management. The MFSC habitat and carbon storage (Rutt et al., 2014). has also developed and approved scientific forest management guideline, 2014 for proper In Nepal, the concept of forest management was implementation of the policy. Now, scientific initiated in 1960s by preparing working plans forest management activities are in practice 3 of different forest divisions of terai . However, under the collaborative and community forest these plans became ineffective due to lack of site management system of terai and mid hill regions specific plan, lack of political commitment and of Nepal. not addressing the local socio-economic issues and they were never implemented (Gautam et The GoN is implementing SFM to improve forest al., 2004). Similarly, in 1990s the government condition, generate employment opportunities, initiated the management of productive forests of regular supply of forest products and increase terai region with financial and technical support local and national income and it is now at from Finnish International Development Agency the initial stage. So it is too early to study the (FINNIDA) by preparing operational forest impacts of SFM on these aspects. So, this study management plan. But this programme also tries to assess the initial effects of implementing became ineffective due to not involving local SFM activities in community forestry in terms people and their concerns (Bampton et al., 2007). of regeneration promotion, forest products production, income, and employment generation. Formulation and implementation of the scientific forest management plan in the community based Rupandehi district was selected for this study forest management system has gained momentum because it is one of the pioneer districts for only after the formulation of revised forest policy, implementing SFM in Nepal. DFO Rupandehi 2000 in Nepal. The Government of Nepal (GoN) initiated SFM in Lumbini collaborative forest and has given emphasis on scientific management Baunnakoti community forest since 2013 (Khanal of forest resources to increase productivity and Jnawali, 2014). Till 2016, 17 CFUGs are so that more revenue can be generated from implementing SFM plans in Rupandehi district existing productive forest. Further, GoN not only (DFO Rupandehi, 2016). So this case study is formulated policies and guidelines in favour of based on the preliminary effect of the first year SFM but also incorporated SFM programmes implementation of scientific forest management in periodic and fiscal year plans. According to plans in seven community forests of the district. the guideline “scientific forest management is the systematic application of forestry science Silviculture system and irregular shelterwood knowledge for the management of forests based system on the correct assessments of attributes of forest Silviculture system is a method of silvicultural crop to maximize and sustain benefits (including procedure worked out in accordance with indirect benefits such as environmental and accepted sets of silvicultural principles by ecosystem services) accruing from the forest. which crops constituting matured forests are Scientific forest management essentially follows harvested, regenerated, and tended and replaced silvicultural systems” (MFSC, 2014). Application by new crops of distinctive forms (Khanna, of SFM helps to create better forest condition, 2004). In the past, silvicultural systems have improve environmental services, sustainable been designed to maximize the production of supply of forest products, improve local and timber crops. However, more recently additional national economy and development, increase ecological considerations and resource objectives local employment opportunities (MFSC, 2014). have also been included. On the basis of mode The Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation of regeneration, silviculture system can be (MFSC) has endorsed the Forest Policy, 2015 classified as high forest and coppice forests. (MFSC, 2015) which envisioned for the Similarly high forest system is further classified sustainable and scientific forest management to on the basis of pattern of felling affecting the 3 Terai: It is one of the physiographic regions of Nepal and consists of gently sloping alluvial deposits and is bordered by the Indian Gangetic plain to the south and the Churia region to the north 46 Khanal and Adhikari Banko Janakari, Special Issue No. 4 concentration or diffusion of regeneration as clear Materials and methods felling, shelterwood, selection and accessory systems (Khanna, 2004). Shelterwood system Study area can further classified into uniform shelterwood, group shelterwood, strip shelterwood, irregular Rupandehi district lies in the western Terai region shelterwood and one cut shelterwood system. of Nepal (Fig. 1). The total area of the district is Irregular shelterwood system is a method of 130,522 ha. It has 25,105 ha. of forest area, in which 6,512 ha. lies in Terai and 18,593 ha. in shelterwood system in which, few mother/shelter 4 trees will be kept and remaining trees will be Churiya region (DFRS, 2015). This district has removed in regeneration felling operations and 163,916 households (HHs) and the population is existing regeneration and poles will be kept for 880,196 (CBS, 2011). Out of the total HHs, 34% future crops resulting in a irregular crop, which
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