Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report
Project Number: 36188 November 2008
NEPAL: Preparing the Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (Financed by the: Japan Special Fund and the Netherlands Trust Fund for the Water Financing Partnership Facility)
Prepared by:
Padeco Co. Ltd. in association with Metcon Consultants, Nepal Tokyo, Japan
For Department of Urban Development and Building Construction
This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.
TA 7182-NEP PREPARING THE SECONDARY TOWNS INTEGRATED URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
Volume 19: BUTWAL INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
in association with
Environmental Assessment Document
Draft Initial Environmental Examination Document Stage: Draft for Consultation Project Number: 36188 March 2010
Volume 19
Nepal: Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project – Butwal Subproject
Prepared by Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Government of Nepal
The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ADB – Asian Development Bank AP – affected persons BPL – below poverty level CBO – Community Based Organizations CDC – Compensation Determination Committee CDO – Chief District Officer CFC – Compensation Fixation Committee CPR – Community Property Resource DDC – District Development Committee DOR – Department of Roads DSC – Design and Supervision Consultants DUDBC – Department of Urban Development and Building Construction EA – Executing Agency GON – Government of Nepal GRC – Grievance Redress Committee HA – Hectares H&S – Health and Safety HH – Households IA – Implementing Agency IP – Indigenous People IR – Involuntary Resettlement LA – Land Acquisition LA Act – Land Acquisition Act MoPPW – Ministry of Physical Planning and Works NGO – Non-Government Organizations NRs – Nepalese Rupees O&M - Operations and Maintenance PCO – Project Coordination Office PD – Project Director PH – Physically Handicapped PIU – Project Implementation Unit PLI – Poverty Level Income PM – Project Manager PPTA – Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PSA – Poverty and Social Assessment RP – Resettlement Plan R&R – Resettlement and Rehabilitation TA – Technical Assistance ToR – Terms of Reference VDC – Village Development Committee WHH – Women Headed Households
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
d - day ha - hectare km - kilometer KV - kilovolts l/pppd - liters per person per day m - meter mg/L - milligrams per liter pH - acidity/alkalinity ppm - parts per million s - second sq. m - square meter sq. km - square kilometer t - ton yr - year
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 01 March 2010)
Currency Unit –
NRs 1.00 = $1.00 =
NOTE
In this report, “$” refers to US Dollars.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction ...... 1 A. Purpose of the Report...... 1 B. Extent of the IEE Study...... 1 C. Key Policies Affecting the Project ...... 4 1. ADB Policy ...... 4 2. Government of Nepal Environmental Policy ...... 5 3. Forest Clearance Requirements ...... 7 4. Multilateral Environmental Requirements...... 7 II. Description of the Subproject ...... 8 A. Project Proponent ...... 8 B. Subproject Components ...... 8 D. Estimated Cost ...... 12 III. Description of Existing Environment ...... 13 A. Physical, Biological and Socio-economic Conditions ...... 13 1. Geophysical ...... 13 2. Ecological Profile ...... 14 3. Social and Economic Development ...... 16 4. Quality of life values ...... 19 B. Major Environmental Issues...... 19 1. Storm water, river flooding, landslides, and debris flow ...... 19 2. Air pollution ...... 20 3. Solid Waste Management ...... 20 4. Deforestation and degradation of forest ...... 21 5. Water Quality ...... 22 IV. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 22 A. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 23 B. Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures ...... 42 V. Analysis of Alternatives ...... 43 A. Project Sites ...... 43 B. Project Design, Technology Selection and Operation ...... 44 C. No Project Options ...... 44 VI. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation...... 44 VII. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 45 A. Mitigation ...... 50 B. Monitoring...... 61 1. Compliance Monitoring ...... 62 2. Impact/Effects Monitoring ...... 63 C. Implementation Arrangement...... 67 1. Institutional Arrangement ...... 67 2. Responsibilities for Mitigation and Monitoring ...... 68 3. Skills Needs and Institutional Strengthening ...... 69 4. Cost Estimates ...... 69 5. Reporting and Review ...... 71 6. Feedback and Adjustment ...... 71 IX. Findings and Recommendations ...... 71 X. ConclusionS ...... 72 A. Results of ADB Environmental Assessment ...... 72 B. Nepali Environmental Clearance ...... 73
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Projects Requiring IEE or EIA per Nepal Environment Protection Regulations of 1997 .6 Table 2: Summary of Components and Subcomponents ...... 9 Table 3: Summary of Butwal Project Costs ...... 12 Table 4: Area under different land use and land cover type in Butwal ...... 16 Table 5: PM10, TSP, SO2, NO2, CO and Pb Measurements ...... 20 Table 6: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Butwal ...... 23 Table 7: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 50 Table 9: Environmental Monitoring Plan and Performance Indicators ...... 64 Table 10: Cost Estimates ...... 70
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Location of Municipalities ...... 2 Figure 2: Location of Proposed SWM Facilities in Butwal ...... 11
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Features of Identified Waste Water Treatment Plants...... 74 Appendix 2: List of Resource Persons Consulted During Field Visits between 9-12 September and 21-24 September in Butwal, Sidharthanagar and Ramgram Municipalities...... 76 Appendix 3: National Standards and Codes ...... 77
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Purpose of the Report
1. The Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (STIUEIP) aims to improve quality of life and to help achieve higher and socially inclusive economic growth in key regional centers in Nepal through improved and affordable municipal services delivered effectively, efficiently and reliably by accountable local bodies. Out of 13 candidate towns, the three municipalities, namely, Biratnagar, Birgunj and Butwal, have been carefully selected on the basis of (i) economic growth potential, (ii) demands for urban services, and (iii) urban management capacity. Each town is the main urban centre of an industrial corridor and of importance in external trade.
2. The STIUEIP will be implemented over five years from 2010-2015 supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through project loans. The Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) will be the Project’s executing agency (EA). Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) will be tshe main implementing agency (IA) which is responsible for implementing the bulk of the activities. A project coordination office (PCO) will be established under the DUDBC with project implementation units (PIUs) at municipality levels.
3. The subprojects in Butwal (Figure 1) will consist of (i) solid waste management (SWM); (ii) auto-village environment improvement; and (iii) community development programs. The overall objective of this subproject is to improve urban environment and health and hygiene of the people through development of basic infrastructure services and promotion of sanitation awareness.
4. This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report for Butwal Subproject has been prepared to meet the Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) requirements for environmental assessment process and documentation following the procedures in ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009), Operational Manual Section F1 (OM F1, 2010), and Government of Nepal (GoN) Environmental Protection Act (EPA, 1997) and Environmental Protection Rules (EPR, 1997).
B. Extent of the IEE Study
5. This IEE Report (i) reviews the potential impacts of the physical and institutional components of the project; (ii) identifies appropriate environmental safeguards; and (iii) outlines a relevant environmental monitoring program for inclusion in the project’s EMP.
6. This IEE Report is based on (i) data generated by the project preparation technical assistance (PPTA) team fielded from May 2009,1 (ii) meetings in Butwal with representatives from the water, waste, and environmental management sectors and with other stakeholders, including beneficiaries and affected people, (iii) secondary data from previous project reports and other sources, (iv) fieldwork at the project locations, and (v) public disclosure. The environmental assessment was conducted according to ADB’s SPS (2009) and Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003).
1 The environmental work was carried out through the PPTA by PADECO in association with METCON Consultants and with public consultations in Butwal Municipality on 19-12 September and another between 21-24 September.
1
Figure 1: Location of Municipalities
2 3 C. Key Policies Affecting the Project
1. ADB Policy
7. ADB’s Environment Policy requires the consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of the Bank’s operations, and the requirements for Environmental Assessment are described in Operational Manual Section F1: Environmental Considerations in ADB Operations. This states that ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, loans involving financial intermediaries, and private sector loans.
8. The nature of the environmental assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity, scale, nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impact are assigned to one of the following four categories:
(i) Category A. Projects could have significant adverse environmental impacts. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required to address significant impacts.
(ii) Category B. Projects could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in category A. An IEE is required to determine whether significant environmental impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report.
(iii) Category C. Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed.
(iv) Category FI. Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all subprojects will result in insignificant impacts.
9. ADB requires public consultation in the environmental assessment process. For category-A and -B projects, the borrower must consult with groups affected by the proposed project and with local non-government organizations (NGOs). The consultation needs to be carried out as early as possible in the project cycle so that views of affected groups are taken into account in the design of the project and its environment mitigation measures. Such consultation will also take place during project implementation to identify and help address environmental issues that arise.
4 2. Government of Nepal Environmental Policy
10. Legal provisions for the protection of environment have been made in different Acts, Regulations, and Guidelines.2 Similarly, there are more than 20 rules and regulations with legal provisions related to environment protection.3 Different Gazette Guidelines for the protection of environment have also been prepared.4
11. The Environmental Protection Regulations (EPR) (1997) and its amendment (2008) have provisions in screening projects for IEE or EIA requirements. The relevant provisions are summarized in Table 1. IEE is comparatively a simpler procedure that does not need to undergo a Scoping process whilst the important components of EIA process, among others, are conduct of scoping before writing EIA report; public hearing/consultation with local people as well as stakeholders, the Environmental Management Plan, and the Environment Monitoring Program. For projects requiring IEE, the proponent should prepare a Terms of Reference (ToR) following the format specified in Schedule 3 of EPR 1997 and submit to the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) through the Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC). The conduct of IEE study commences once the MPPW receives the approval letter for the ToR. The IEE report is then submitted to the MPPW through DUDBC for final approval.5
12. For projects requiring EIA, the process starts with the publication of a 15-day ”Public Notice for Scoping” in the national daily newspaper to inform affected people and stakeholders of the proposed project areas and to solicit their concerns and suggestions. The proponent prepares the Scoping document and ToR following the format specified in Schedule 4 of EPR, 1997 and submits to the Ministry of Environment (MOE) for approval. Upon approval of the Scoping document and ToR, the proponent undergoes the full-fledged EIA study. The project proponent will be responsible for preparing EIA reports and local consultation with the public, project-affected people, representatives of local governments, NGOs, key informants and other stakeholders. The proponent submits the EIA report to MOE which initially checks for the following two legal requirements: (i) Organization of a Public Hearing Session about the project
2 Relevant Acts include: Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1956); Civil Aviation Act (1958); Aquatic Animal Protection Act (1960); Plant Protection Act(1964); National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1987); Public Road Act (1974); Trust Corporation Act (1976); Tourism Act (1978); King Mahendra Nature Conservation Trust Act (1982); Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (1982); Nepal Petroleum Act (1983); Nepal Electricity Authority Act (1984); Mines and Mineral Act (1985); Pashupati Area Development Trust Act (1987); Solid Waste (Management and Resource Mobilization Act (1987); Town Development Act (1988); Kathmandu Valley Development Authority Act (1988); Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act (1989); Pesticides Act (1991); Village Development Committee Act (1991); District Development Committee Act (1991), Municipality Act (1991); Water Resources Act (1992); Forest Act (1992); Electricity Act (1992); Motor Vehicle and Transportation Management Act (1992); Labor Act (1992); Industrial Enterprises Act (1992); Nepal Tourism Board Act (1996); and Environment Protection Act (1996). 3 Relevant Rules include: National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Rules (1973); Plant Protection Rules (1974); Wildlife Reserve Rules (1977); Himalayan National Park Rules (1979); Mountaineering Rules (1979); King Mahendra Nature Conservation Trust Rules (1984); Petroleum Rules (1984); Khaptad National Park Rules (1987); Ancient Monuments Protection Rules (1989); Solid Waste (Management and Resource Mobilization) Rules (1989); Water Resources Rules (1993); Pesticides Rules (1993); Labor Rules (1993); Electricity Rules (1993); Forest Rules (1994); Buffer Zone Management Rules (1995); Royal Bardiya National Park Rules (1996); Conservation Area Management Rules (1997); and Environment Protection Rules (1997). 4 Relevant guidelines includes: National Environment Assessment Guidelines (1993); Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for the Industry Sector (1995); Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for the Forestry Sector (1995); and Urban Environment Management Guidelines (2009). 5 Note that IEEs are approved by the respective Ministries but EIAs are approved by the Ministry of Environment, (MOE).
5 in the area of the appropriate Village Development Committee (VDC) or municipality, as well as collection of comments and suggestions. (ii) Submission of the recommendations of the concerned VDC or municipality. After reviewing and examining the reports, it forwards the reports with comments and suggestions to MPPW. After examining and reviewing the EIA report, along with the comments/suggestions, will be forwarded to MOE for the final approval. Then the MOE publishes a public notice in a national daily newspaper inviting concerned public and stakeholders to provide comments on the report within 30 days. For accessibility of the public to the reports, MOE places EIA reports in concerned VDC and District Development Committee (DDC) offices, central libraries and at other significant public places. During that period, if the public provides substantial valid comments on the report, MOE may instruct the proponent to address them. MOE then, convenes an EIA Report Review Committee meeting to review the EIA report and the comments and suggestions received in response to the public notice. On the basis of the suggestions made by the Review Committee, MOE then, approves the report within 60 days as per the law, provided that the report is of appropriate quality. In some instances, when the report has not incorporated all the pertinent issues or if the report is of inferior quality, the proponent will be asked to revise the report and resubmit the Final EIA report to the MOE.
Table 1: Projects Requiring IEE or EIA per Nepal Environment Protection Regulations of 1997 SN Sectoral Criteria IEE EIA 1 Overriding criteria Any development projects, physical activities, land use change activities 50,000,000 to > 250,000,000 involving cost (Rs) 250,000,000 Any activities in areas (historical, cultural and archeological significance; Yes national park, wildlife reserve, wetland and conservation area and sources of public drinking water supply). Clear felling or rehabilitation of national forests (ha) < 5 > 5 2 Drinking water (water supply and sanitation) Rainwater harvesting area (ha) < 200 > 200 Safe yield of 1 cusec of surface water resources with % of water < 50 % 50-100 % supplied during dry period Water purification with capacity liters per second > 25 Underground water resource development with % of recharge of total < 50 % > 50 % aquifer Drinking water supply project needing construction of tunnel < 1 Drinking water supply project displacing people 25-100 > 100 Drinking water supply project needing resettlement of people upstream of 500 > 500 water sources Drinking water supply projects for people 5,000-50,000 > 50,000 Drinking water supply projects linking new source for people 10,000-100,000 > 100,000 River training and diversion (length in km) > 1 Drinking water supply project with treatment and drainage system Yes Extraction of underground water (point and non-point sources) Yes Implementation of multipurpose project requiring water supply (liter per > 25 second) 3 Solid Waste Management Waste management work servicing 2,000-10,000 >10,000 Land filling of waste (tons per year) 1,000-5,000 > 5,000 Dumping of solid wastes in urban areas for people > 10,000 Selection, segregation, management and reuse of waste using chemicals, 5-10 > 10 equipments or biological methods covering area (ha) Compost plant covering area (ha) 5-10 >10 Drainage/sewerage work with investment (NRs) > 5,000,000 Any kind of work for harmful waste management (building of waste Yes disposal mechanism; construction of waste recovery plant; construction of land area filling, deposition and cover of waste; construction of waste storage place; construction of waste treatment facilities)
6 SN Sectoral Criteria IEE EIA 4. Housing Building and Urban Development Construction of residential, commercial, and their combination buildings 5,000 -10,000 >10,000 (buildup area or floor area in m2) Construction of Cinema Hall, Theater, Community Hall, Stadium, Concert, 1,000-2,000 > 2,000 Spot Complex with flow of people at a time Development of housing for families (number) or area in (ha) 50 or 1-4 > 50 or > 4 Implementation of land development project (area in ha) 10-100 > 100 Hard surface pavement – dry port, bus par, parking lot etc (area in ha) > 10 Site development through mining and dumping of soil (m3) 20,000 Construction of building (number of storeys or height in m) 10 -16 or 25 -50 >16 or > 50 5 Roads Construction of roads District and National urban highways and main feeder roads Improvement of the standard, rehabilitation and reconstruction of National National highways and highways, main feeder roads. feeder roads
3. Forest Clearance Requirements
13. For the Tamnagar Forest site, forest clearance and government permission is required. An application to the Cabinet has already been submitted and is pending approval. In addition to these provisions, the Forest Act, article 68 mentions that in order to implement any project with priority status and with no other alternatives than to use the forest, only in such situation and condition that there will not be any adverse environmental effects by implementing such schemes, government of Nepal may give permission to use some part of forest (conserved forest/community forest/ leasehold forest) to implement such projects. The regulation also requires that all the costs related to the clearing off the forest, its transportation to the approved location and works related to environmental mitigation shall be borne by the project itself. It is mandatory to plant 25 saplings for every tree cut and maintain them for 5 years. The forest cutting clearance process starts with an application from the proponent to the District Forest Office of the concerned district. The application should include all the details pertaining to the project. It should also include the “measurement/dimension” of area to be cleared off from trees, number of trees to be cut down and all cost related to mitigation. The District Forest Office will review the proposal and if satisfied, it may forward it to the Ministry of Forest along with its recommendation. The ministry will forward the proposal to the cabinet for the final clearance, unless the district forest office plans to clear off rotten trees and define some area for this (demarcation) and proposed project activity is within the boundary of such demarcated area, in which case the clearance can be obtained by the district forest office. Depending on the case, IEE or EIA report must be enclosed with the proposal. If more than 5 ha of forest are cut, EIA is required. If the project is located in defined protected area, IEE/EIA is required.
4. Multilateral Environmental Requirements
14. Nepal is also a signatory to many international agreements and conventions related to environmental conservation. These include Plant Protection Agreement for Asia and the Pacific Region (1956); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES, 1973), Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention) (1972); International Tropical Timber Agreement (1983);
7 Convention on Biological Diversity (1992); Convention on Wetland International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention, 1973); UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Counties Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification Particularly in Africa (1994); UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992); Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985); Basel Convention on the Control of Trans Boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste (Basel Convention, 1989); Kyoto Protocol; Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. As a signatory of international agreements, Nepal has to follow the environment conservation provisions made in these agreements.
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT
A. Project Proponent
15. The project proponent is the Government of Nepal. The Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) is the executing agency (EA) and Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) is the implementing agency (IA). A Project Coordination Office (PCO) responsible for coordination and monitoring will be established at DUDBC. The subproject will be implemented by the Butwal Municipality.
B. Subproject Components
16. There are three components for the Butwal Subproject – (i) solid waste management (SWM), (ii) auto-village environment improvement; and (iii) community development programs. The summary of the components and respective subcomponents identified by DUDBC are given in Table 2. The locations of major structures are given in Figure 2.
(i) SWM component. This component will adopt an integrated approach for solid waste management, with review and improvement of the entire system from segregation and collection, through 3R including focus on composting of organic waste, to transportation and final disposal at the sanitary landfill, and thus include procurement of necessary equipment and vehicles and the construction of a sanitary landfill site in each municipality. Preliminary assessment has been made about the potential for utilizing the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) for composting, and further studies will be undertaken during the detailed design stage.
(ii) Auto-village environment improvement component. Strategically located at the crossing point of the East-West Highway and the Siddhartha Highway (North- South Corridor), auto-related enterprises including workshops, motor parts making, painting, wielding, repairing etc. have clustered in Butwal. Basic infrastructure such as wastewater management, drainage and river training in this auto-village will be improved by the Project through a public-private partnership (PPP) arrangement. The auto-village upgrade proposed is therefore wide ranging to include amongst others electrification, roads, water and of course drainage. Drainage from such an enterprise dedicated area as “automotive works”, will have specifically polluted water (with oils/phenols etc, which is not to
8 be discharged to the natural watercourse without containment and treatment. Thus the objective is to intercept and treat all run-off from the autovillage to prevent water course and groundwater pollution. The types of treatment is site specific, but for example there will be an oil/water separator; there may be also specialized filters for certain metals; paint shops will need to be covered/separated from motor activity given use of solvents.
(iii) Community Development Programs component. This subcomponent will mainly consist of (i) health and hygiene education programs in communities and schools6, in particular targeting women and vulnerable groups including the poor, (ii) promotion of household and/or community level 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) activities with a focus on organic waste composting, (iii) skills training mainly for the poor, and (iv) investment in small-scale facilities such as public, school, and community toilets and communal water taps, in accordance with the priorities set by communities, with an aim at achieving social inclusiveness and improved sanitation in Butwal.
Table 2: Summary of Components and Subcomponents Components and Function /purpose Description of the activities Quantification of Location Subcomponents major construction items / activities 1. Solid waste Establish basic Construction of boundary wall, Development of Tamnagar in management level solid waste processing shed and watchmen Sanitary landfill in forest management quarter and workers changing 10 ha land, managed by system and rooms/shower, waste deposit area; construction and Charpala improve urban receiving ramps and loading bays, upgrading of 2 km Community environment tree plantation, turfing and access road Forest Users landscaping at solid waste transfer Group points; Construction / upgrading of access roads; Site clearance and surfacing dressing, excavation; Construction of boundary wall, waste deposit area, administrative buildings, watchmen quarter and generator house, workers changing rooms, segregation and processing shed, separate dedicated pit for medical waste, parking lot, water supply distribution network, well, leach ate drainage collection sump tanks; Installation of site lights and fire extinguishers; Tree plantation, turfing and landscaping in solid waste processing site; and Plantation for the compensation of cut trees 2. Auto-village Promote public Construction of infrastructures – environment private partnership electrification, roads, bus/truck improvement in urban parking area water and of course environment drainage and waste water treatment
6 The program will follow community-led total sanitation (CLTS) and/or school-led total sanitation (SLTS) approach.
9 Components and Function /purpose Description of the activities Quantification of Location Subcomponents major construction items / activities improvement for auto waste.
10
Figure 2: Location of Proposed SWM Facilities in Butwal
11 C. Environmental Categorization
17. Environmental examination indicates that the proposed Butwal Subproject falls within Category B7 of the ADB’s environmental categorization of projects. The planned subproject components would only have small-scale, localized impacts on the environment and can be readily mitigated.
18. Although primarily a Category B project under ADB environmental categorization, the SWM components trigger a requirement for an EIA under EPR 1997 and its amendments. During detailed design phase, scoping document and ToR will be formally submitted to the principal regulatory authority (i.e., MOE) by the proponent to initiate the approval process.
D. Estimated Cost
19. A summary of cost estimates for the SWM component is given in Table 3 and for the auto-village in Table 4.
Table 3: Summary of Butwal Project Costs Particulars Total cost SWM Auto Village Foreign Local Total Foreign Local Total Foreign Local Total $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Land8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Civil works 0.41 1.23 1.64 0.41 1.23 1.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 Equipment/Vehicles 0.33 0.11 0.44 0.33 0.11 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 Training program 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 EIA 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 Annual operating costs 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sub Total 0.75 1.38 2.13 0.75 1.37 2.12 0.00 0.01 0.01 Project management 0.51 1.52 2.02 0.51 1.52 2.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Base Cost 1.26 2.89 4.15 1.26 2.89 4.14 0.00 0.01 0.01 Physical Contingencies: 0.13 0.29 0.42 0.13 0.29 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 Base Cost + Physical contingencies 1.38 3.18 4.57 1.38 3.17 4.55 0.00 0.01 0.01 Price Contingencies 0.03 0.32 0.35 0.03 0.32 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Contingencies 0.15 0.61 0.76 0.15 0.61 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Cost 1.41 3.50 4.91 1.41 3.49 4.90 0.00 0.01 0.01 Total cost with VAT 1.59 3.95 5.55 1.59 3.94 5.54 0.00 0.01 0.01
E. Implementation Schedule
20. The Butwal Subroject will be implemented over 5 years between 2010 and 2015. The project is providing capacity development support9 in advance of the Project implementation.
7 This category includes projects judged likely to have some adverse environmental impacts, but of less significance than Category A projects. Accordingly, there is a need for an ADB IEE during project preparation to determine whether any impacts are likely to be sufficiently significant to warrant further studies or an ADB EIA. 8 Land costs are separate and included in Resettlement Plan for Butwal.
12 III. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
A. Physical, Biological and Socio-economic Conditions
1. Geophysical
21. Location, Topography, Geology and Soils. Butwal municipality is located in Rupandehi district of Lumbini zone in the Western Development Region of Nepal. It lies in the Bhabar zone at the foot of the Chure (Siwalik) hills with an area of 69.28 sq. km. Geographically, it is located between 27040’ -270 44’55’’ north latitude and 830 22’-830 30’20’’ east longitude. This municipality is bounded by Dobhan VDC of Palpa District in the north, Sankarpur VDC in the south, Chandanpur VDC in the east and Motipur VDC in the west. The nearest city is Siddarthnagar Municipality located some 22 km in the south. It has 15 wards.
22. The altitude ranges from 121 m in the south west to 1,060 m in the north. Nearly 5 % of the total area of the municipality is composed of river channels and flood plains. Gently sloping plain comprises about 38 % of the total area. Nearly 6 % of the total area is composed of highly dissected gently sloping land whereas 52 % of the total area is composed of steeply to very steeply sloping hills. Very gently sloping Terai plain in the south consists mainly of silt, clay and sand whereas the gently sloping bhabar zone in the middle where the core area of the town is located consists mainly clay, sand and gravel. The Chure hills in the north mainly consist of the Middle-Miocene to Plio-Pleistocene molassic fluvial deposits, conglomerates, sandstone and shale with vertebrate fossils. No further information on soil properties is available.
23. Climate. The climate is subtropical monsoon type. Daily mean monthly temperature ranges from 17 0c to 31.4 oC with average of 25.9 oC Maximum absolute temperature reaches to 42.5 0 c and the minimum absolute remains 7.5 oC. The annual precipitation is about 2600 mm; more than 80 % of it occurs in four summer months from June to September. Precipitation events with more than 100 mm within 24 hours are frequent. The recorded maximum 24 hrs precipitation was 190 mm.
24. Surface and Ground Water. The Tinau is the main river originating from Mahabharat lekh and middle hills. Sukaura and Barurba khola (streams) originating from the Chure hills act as boundary in the east and the west respectively. These rivers are flashy and flood frequently.10 Flood damage to property in Butwal is almost an annual event. About 60 houses were washed away in August 2009.
9 Capacity development technical assistance (CDTA) for strengthening the capacity of three municipalities in the fields of (i) financial management including revenue enhancement, (ii) technical capacity for urban service delivery, and, (iii) development of geographic information system-based urban mapping was approved in September 2009. The consultants will be mobilized in April 2010. ADB. 2009. CDTA to Nepal for Institutional Strengthening of Municipalities. Manila. 10 Megh Raj Dhital, Rajendra Shrestha, Motilal Ghimire, Ghan Bahadur Shrestha, and Dhruba Tripathi. 2005, Hydrological hazard mapping in Rupandehi district, in Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 2005, Vol. 31, pp. 59– 66. Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
13 2. Ecological Profile
25. Biodiversity. The Tamnagar Forest is a second generation natural forest stand measuring 1624.5 ha. The pole sized trees mainly of Sal (Shorea robusta) are common species in the area and Nepal. Discussion with the forest ranger confirmed secondary data indicating no sensitive species or critical habitat.
26. Flora and Fauna. No endangered species exist in the area. The flora species found in Butwal municipality are Sal (Shorea robusta), Asna ( Terminalia spps.), Sisau (Dalbergia sissoo), Khayar (Acacia catechu), Botdhayaro (Largerstromia parviflora), Siris (Albizia procera), Karma (Adina cordifolia), Jamun (Syzygoum cumini), Amriso (Thysanolaena), Kadam (Anthocephalus chinensis), Bakaino (Melia azederach), Consultation planal (Ficus religiosa). Exotic species such as Masala (Eucalyptus spp.) is also found along the roadside. Kans (Saccharum spontaneous) is found in the flood plain and banks along the river. Shorea robusta which has potential use for timber and Acacia catechu which has potential use for catechu are banned for transportation and export and felling for commercial purposes.
27. Mammals reported from the project area are Bhalu(Melursus Ursinus),Chituwa, Banel(Susserofa), Byaso(Canislupus), Kharayo(Lepus nigricollis ruficandetus) and Harin(Axis axis). Major bird species reported are Kaliz (Lophura leucomelanos), Luiche (Gallus gallus), Titra (Froncolinus spp.), Dhukur (Streptopelia chinensis), Mayur (Paro cristatus), Chil(Milurus migrans), Kag(Corvus splndens).. Battai (Turnix suscitator), Bhangera (Passer domesticus), Lahanche (Chrysocolaptes lucidus), Bakula (Bubulcus ibis), Saras (Ciconia episcopus), Suga (Psittacula himalayana), Koili (Cacomantis merulinus), Parewa (Columba livia), Dangre (Acriotherus tristis).
28. Protected Areas. There is no protected area in the municipality. The Chitwan National Park which is also declared as world heritage site is located about 44 km south east from Butwal and Lumbini another world heritage site is located about 32 km in the south west. Forests nearby settlements are managed through local communities.
29. Forests. There are 6 community forests – Butwal Community Forest (568.65 ha), Chure Community Forest (975.0 ha), Laxminagar Community Forest (750.0 ha), Shivanagar Community Forest (339.75 ha), Chapala Community Forest (1624.5 ha) and Jiteswor Community Forest (474.5 ha).
30. Land use and land cover. About 83 % of the total area in the Butwal municipality is covered with forest. Cultivated land comprises only 6% followed by residential area (3.26%), industrial (0.69%), institutional (0.42%), residential cum commercial (0.23 %) and heritage site identified by the municipality (0.10%) (Table 6). Jitpur Fort located in Ward no 3 is an important heritage site. Below is a land use figure.
14 31. Figure 3. Butwal Land use map
Table 4: Area under different land use and land cover type in Butwal Land use/Land cover Area in km2 % Residential cum commercial 0.16 0.23 Residential 2.26 3.26 Industrial 0.45 0.69 Heritage 0.07 0.10 Institutional 0.29 0.42 Agricultural 4.19 6.05 Forest 57.26 82.66 Others 4.57 6.59 Total 69.28 100.00 Source: Municipality Profile, 2006
3. Social and Economic Development
a. Population, communities and occupation
32. According to Population Census of 2001, Butwal municipality had a total population of 75,384 with annual growth rate of 5.47%. The municipality profile prepared in 2006 shows a total of 102,992 populations with a growth rate of 6.44 %. Male comprises about 51% and female 49% of the total population. As per Population Census 2001, there were more than 57 caste/ethnic groups among them 12 caste/ethnic group each shares more than 1% of the total population. Those are Hill Brahaman (26.8%), Magar (19.1%), Chhetry (12.2%), Newar (11.7%), Gurung (5.5%), Kami (3.4%), Muslim (2.8%), Baniya (2.7%), Damai (2.3%), Thakuri (2.1%), Tharu (1.8%) and Sonar (1.7%).
33. As per municipality profile, large proportion of population in the municipality is engaged in study (35.6%) followed by house-wife (20.5%), service (11.8%), business (10.1%), farming (5.4%), working abroad (4.4%), labour (3.1%) and other sectors (9.1%). The proportion of population involved in farming is very low. One of the major occupations of the poor people living in Butwal is stone crushing. Nearly 3000 people are involved in this occupation. About 25- 35% of them are involved in taking out boulders from Tinau river daily. Total literacy rate is 88.6%, comprising of 92.9% among male and 84.4% among female. Among the literate ones, 32.7% are capable for just to read and write, while 27.5 % are in the secondary level of education. The %age of graduates is just 10.68%. The town is experiencing very high level of in-migration. This has resulted into the emergence of squatter settlement in several areas of the town. There are 23 squatter settlements and seven slumps in the municipality residing by about 24% of the total municipal population. Many of them are located in ward no 13 and 14.
b. Health and Sanitation
34. Butwal has 4 hospitals (Lumbini Zonal Hospital, Sidhartha Children and Women’s Hospital, Butwal Hospitalm and Sidhartha Ayurbedic Hospital), one Nursing Home (Lumbini Nursing Home) and 21 policlinics with a total number of 460 beds.
35. The common diseases reported are gastroenteritis and diarrhea which may be due to poor water quality, lack of proper surface drainage systems and solid waste management.
36. The flooding and inundation problem are less in Butwal municipality as compared to other municipalities located in the Terai. It is mainly due to presence of natural streams flowing
through the city core and comparatively favorable topography. At present there are 42.7 km of drains built in brick/stone in cement mortar. Around 300 m to 500 m of drains are built annually in Butwal. In some areas like Sukanagar there is need of storm water drain. Though black water is rarely discharged into the storm water drain, the grey water coming into the drain is discharged into irrigation canals and Tinau river without any treatment. Since the people living in the downstream areas are using water from these canal and river for different purposes such as washing clothes and utensils, bathing and animal feeding, it may lead to health hazard.
37. There is no centralized sewerage system in Butwal. The present system of the sewage disposal is the on-site sanitation with septic tank and soak pits. The Municipality Law requires each household to construct a toilet and a septic tank. About 88.24% of the households in the municipality have toilets. But most of them are either pour-lush (40.35%) type or ventilated improved pit latrines (34.22%). Only 16.86% have modern toilets with cistern flushing system. The remaining 8.57% have just pit latrines. Out of total families without having toilets, 58.27% of them go to river banks for defecation and 25.75% use forest. Others either use public toilets or farmlands. Since the soil in Butwal is highly permeable, soaking away the effluent of the septic tank is not a big problem. The collection and disposal of the septic tank solids are generally done by the private operators and it is disposed in the vacant land as well as agricultural fields.
38. Estimated volume of solid waste generation in Butwal municipality is 28-30 tons per day. As per one estimate, organic waste comprises about 70% and the remaining 30% is inorganic. About 84 municipal staffs are involved in solid waste collection using 2 trucks, 4 tractors and 11 rickshaws. There is one compositing plant in the municipality. Households and shops are charged NRs25 per month and NRs 50 for hotels for the provision of waste collection services by the municipality. Currently, solid wastes are dumped in open area near Tinau river. The municipality still does not have permanent landfill.
d. Industries
39. As per the municipality profile, there are a total of 188 industries in the municipality. Among them, 56 are located within Butwal Industrial District and the remaining 132 are located in different places outside the Industrial District. The main products from these industries include food stuff, furniture, plastic, metal sheet etc.
e. Agricultural Development
40. Agriculture is still the major source of family income of majority of people living outside the city core. Paddy, wheat, maize, sugarcane, potato are the major crops grown in this area. Lentils and peas are also grown. The fruits commonly grown are mango, leechee, pineapple, banana and lemon. Similarly, vegetables like cauliflower, cabbage, lady finger are also grown.
f. Mineral Development
41. No mineral deposit has yet been reported from Butwal area. However, there is extensive extraction of stone and gravel from the Tinau river. There is increasing use of mechanical equipment for this. Currently, three dozen excavators are extracting hundreds of truckloads of stone from the rivers 12 km length. The Water Resource Act of 1992 prohibits the
17 use of any equipment while extracting materials from a river. Many residents of the squatter settlements alongside the river work extracting stone and gravel. There is concern that the extraction of stone could lead to bank collapse and the collapse of the East-West Highway bridge.
g. Infrastructure facilities
42. Water supply. Water is supplied to Butwal Municipality from different surface and groundwater sources. Among the surface sources, Chidiya Khola and Tinau River are the major ones. With regard to groundwater, there are five tube-wells in operation. They are Milan Well 1 and 2, Devinagar Well, TCN Well and Belbase Well. About 72.2% of the population has direct access to water through their private taps followed by public stand post (17.8%), community tap (6.49%), neighbors (1.7%), tube-well (1.7%), dug-well (0.16%) and river (0.03%).
43. Communication. Butwal municipality has good communication system. Nepal Telecommunication Company has a separate office in Butwal. It has distributed 10,356 lines through 34 cabinets. However, the demand for telephone line, prepaid and post paid mobiles is much higher than the capacity to supply. The demand for public telephone booth is also high. FM radio and internet facilities are also available.
44. Transportation. Butwal is quite accessible. It is linked with different places via Sidhartha and East-West highways. There is more than 170 km of road length within the municipality in which 96.06 km is black topped, 63.08 km is graveled, 11.22 km is earthen and 0.20 km is brick paved. There are 3 suspension bridges; 2 over Tinau River with a span of 82 m and 132 m and one over Danav River with a span of 136 m. Besides, there are seven concrete bridges across Rajapur Khola, Satgadhi Khola, Narasimha Khola, Tinau Khola, 36 no. Kulo (canal) and Sukhaura Kholsi. Many short and long distance heavy and light vehicles pass through Butwal. Rickshaws are the common means of local transportation. About 3500-4000 rickshaws are in operation in the municipality.
45. Electricity. Electricity in Butwal is supplied from the national grid system through 52 km of 11 KVA line and 116.15 km of Low Tension lines. Nepal Electricity Authority, Butwal Division is authorized organization for the distribution of electricity. It has altogether 22,700 consumers to date. The increment in every year is about 4 to 6%. Electricity is mainly used by the majorities for lighting purpose. The most common fuel in cooking is gas (56.76%) followed by firewood (35.79%). People also use other fuel for cooking like kerosene (3.79%), husk stove (2.61%), cow dung (0.86%), electricity (0.06%) and others (0.12%). It shows the higher possibility of infection from the indoor pollutions.
46. Educational Institutions. There are more than thirty two primary schools, twelve lower secondary, forty seven secondary, five campuses and five technical institutes/schools within this municipality. Besides, over thirty-two NGOs and CBOs are working in the municipality.
47. Items of significance. Jalbinayak and Krishneswor temples located in ward no 1, Padma Chaitya Bihar in ward no 2, Jitgadhi Fort, Theke Bhairav and mosque in ward no 3, Manimukunda Sen Palace in ward no 4, Sidhababa temple and Sahasra Dhara in ward no 5 and Radhakrishna temple in ward no 7 are the historically and religiously important sites in the municipality. Butwal is a historical place well known for a battle with British troops. In this battle
18 British troops were defeated by comparatively a smaller group of committed Nepalese soldiers commanded by Col. Ujer Singh Thapa in 1929 AD. The remains of Jitgadhi (Jit - Win and Gadhi - Fortress in Nepali) fortress are still there and are well preserved to demonstrate the braveness of Gurkha soldiers. Jitgadhi Fortress now is the landmark of Butwal. The subproject components will not affect these areas.
4. Quality of life values
48. The proposed sub-projects are not expected to adversely affect any cultural or recreational resources but will increase the existing quality of life values due to the improvement in hygiene and health. Several mitigation measures have been proposed in order to reduce adverse environmental impacts wherever it is necessary.
B. Major Environmental Issues
1. Storm water, river flooding, landslides, and debris flow
49. Butwal is located in the foothills of the Chure range. The Chure hills in the surrounding northern area of the town composed of fine to medium grained, hard, light-grey sandstone alternating with colorful mud stone, silt and shale. The thickness is approximately 2100 m. So, these hills often experiences mass movement during monsoon increasing threat of life and properties living at the base of the hillslope.11 Tinau is the major river draining in the middle part of the town. This river is flashy during summer monsoon rain. The inundation during and immediately after rain is one of the major environmental problems in Butwal.
50. Disasters associated with flooding, river bank cutting and debris flow have been reported. In 1970 the Tinau river upstream from Butwal was dammed and the dam outburst flood swept away 92 people from Butwal area. Another flood after breaching embankment constructed along the river swept away 41 people, 120 houses and one bridge from Butwal in 1981.12 In Sept 5, 1998, after a heavy rain and consequent reactivation of old landslide in Chure hill resulted huge debris flow. One person was buried and 98 houses were damaged amounting to NRs 58.13 million in Jyotinagar.13 Fifty seven families affected from this event were resettled in Tamnagar by Butwal municipality.
51. Recently, the flood in Tinau overtopped gabion wall constructed for river training and eroded its bank near the office of NFIC in Butwal. The bed of Tinau river has been deepening due to mining of gravels using excavator. Currently, three dozen excavators are extracting hundreds of truckloads of stone from the river’s 12 km length. The haphazard extraction of stones has increased the river’s depth by 10 m over the past 10 years. The banks of the Tinau river are collapsing threatening infrastructures such as building and cultivated land along the bank and bridges over the river. Though, the Water Resource Act (1992) prohibits the use of
11 Sakya, A. R and Dangol, V. 2005, Engineering Geological Study and Stability Analysis of Shrawandanda, Jyotinagar Landslide Ward no. 5, Butwal Municipality, Rupandehi District, Western Nepal, DWIDP Bulletin. Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Water Resources, Kathmandu. 12 Khanal, N. R. 1996. Assessment of Natural Hazards in Nepal. An unpublished report submitted to Research Division, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. 13 Khanal, N. R. 1996. Assessment of Natural Hazards in Nepal. An unpublished report submitted to Research Division, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
19 any equipment while extracting materials from a river, the District Development Committee who handed over the contract to extract the stone has disregarded the legal provision made by this act.
52. Though black water 14 is not directly discharged into the existing drain. Since, the pPresent system of the sewage disposal system is the on-site sanitation using with septic tanks and soak pits thus black water is rarely discharged into open drains and rivers. However; the grey water15 is discharged directly to the drain and rivers. The water from those rivers is used for washing utensils, cloths and vegetables and for bathing and animal feeding. So, the discharging of grey water without further treatment has increased the risk of health hazard.
2. Air pollution
53. Information on air quality is scanty. The only available data is 8-hour survey conducted in 2000 (Table 6). It shows a very high concentration of particulate matters less than 10 microgram and total suspended particulates in the air in all these three municipalities as compared to the standard fixed by WHO. Butwal had comparatively very high concentration of sulfur dioxide.
Table 5: PM10, TSP, SO2, NO2, CO and Pb Measurements Site Altitude Date Time Parameters (masl) PM10 TSP SO2 NO2 CO Pb (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Pokhara 827 26/11/2000 10:00- 90.20 118.5 74.00 9.10 NA 0.11 18:00 Birgunj 091 30/11/2000 10:00- 482.90 567.80 63.00 23.00 378.00 0.27 18:00 Biratnagar 125 04/12/2000 08:00- 961.40 1,024.3 68.70 24.50 1,145.4 0.24 16:00 0 8 Butwal 205 19/12/2000 07:00- 1,076.6 1150.20 140.50 21.38 229.09 0.09 15:00 0 Nepalgunj 144 26/12/2000 07:00- 2,104.8 2,222.5 68.66 17.78 1,445.4 0.23 15:00 0 0 8 National standard 120 230 70 80 WHO guideline 70 120-230 125 150 0.5-1.0* Note: Data were collected using high volume air sampler. Source: Nepal Health Research Council and Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services(P) Ltd.(Transport Sector Air Pollution Survey, at Nine Major Urban Cities of Nepal, the World Conservation Union, Sept. 2001), Nepal Gazette B.S. 2060/4/19(4 August, 2003).
54. Many families are using fuel-wood for cooking. Indoor air pollution has been noticed.
3. Solid Waste Management
55. Solid waste management is another major problem. There is no organized door-to-door collection system. The waste segregation system at the source has not yet been strictly adapted by majorities of people. There is no permanent sanitary landfill site. Collected wastes are dumped haphazardly along river banks, ponds, by-pass roads and open spaces. Nearby areas of those places are prone to serious health hazard.
14 Wastewater containing fecal matter and urine. It is also known as brown water, foul water, or sewage. 15 Wastewater generated from domestic activities such as laundry, dishwashing, and bathing.
20 56. Selection, development and operation of sanitary landfill site have become a major challenge not only in Butwal municipalities but also in other municipalities in the country. It is mainly due to improper management of the already existed landfill sites. People do not easily accept solid waste to be dumped in their localities. It is mainly due to the bad odor coming from solid waste as a result of improper handling and management during collection, transportation and processing.
57. Butwal municipality had proposed two sites. One was near Sukhaura khola in the east and another in Tamnagar in the west. But due to strong opposition from local residents the site near Sukhaura khola has been cancelled.
58. The proposed Tamnagar sanitary landfill site is the part of Charpala Community Forest and it requires approval from community forest user’s group and the Department of Forest and special cabinet decision to be utilized as landfill site. Strong political commitment from all the political parties is also necessary for the sustained operation of sanitary landfill. Consultations with the forest user's group, both informally during field visits to the site and formally through consultation meetings, 16 were conducted in which they expressed their no objection to the project proposal. An application has already been submitted to the cabinet and is pending approval.
4. Deforestation and degradation of forest
59. Butwal municipality is located in the Bhabar zone at the foothill of the Chure. The Bhabar and the Chure in the past were covered with dense forest and the Bhabar zone is the main recharge area for ground water in the Terai. Migration of people from the hills and mountain as well as from the southern Terai took place in very high rate after the eradication of malariya in 1950s and later construction of East West Highway through Bhabar region. The forest in many places of Bhabar area was cleared for cultivation and housing. Though felling of trees for cultivation and housing has been controlled in these days, the forests particularly owned by the government in many parts are degrading as the fuel wood and fodder are collected by the local people from these forests. Though information on the rate of deforestation within Butwal municipality is not available, the district level survey shows a very rate of deforestation in the district. According to the study by the Department of Forest in 2005, the forest area has been declining by 0.29% per year between 1990/91 and 2000/01 in Rupandehi district.17
60. However, the forests which are handed over to community for the management are intact in terms of its area and its quality in terms of tree density has improved. Charpala Community Forest User Group in Tamnagar (ward no. 14 of Butwal Municipality) is one of the biggest in Nepal both in terms of forest area (1,624.5 ha) and the number of users coverage
16 Consultation meetings were held on 5 March at the Butwal Municipality Hall. A total of 57 participants from different sectors of the society participated in the workshop/seminar. The district representatives of all political parties (NC, UML, CPN-Maoist , RPP and others ) respected citizens of the municipality, Chairmen from Forestry User groups (Charpala FUG and others), academics and businessmen participated in the workshop/seminar . The seminar was chaired by the Acting Chief District Officer of Rupandehi Dsitrict Mr. Durga Prasad Pokhrel. The overall seminar /workshop was coordinated by the Executive Officer of Butwal of Municipality (Mr.N.P. Bidari). Participants agreed to go ahead with the Tamanagar forest as the landfill site and expressed interest in ongoing consultations. 17 Department of Forest, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal, 2005. Forest Cover Change Analysis of the Terai Districts (1990/91 – 2000/01). Kathmandu.
21 (10000 households).18 The forest was formally handed over in 1997. It has a multi-tier/council based system to elect its executive committee. There are 12 sub-committees in its 7 VDCs and 7 sub-committees in Butwal Municipality. It has been rated as one of the good CFUG in Nepal.19
61. Forest protection is carried out by local patrols. Patrolling is done in a group of 8-10 members depending on the forest area to be covered. Forest management operation (thinning and pruning) are carried out using paid labor. Firewood, poles and timber are stored at a central depot and sold to users. The forest is opened twice a year (Dec-Jan/May-June) for 10 days so those who cannot afford to pay for firewood or timber can collect their share. Firewood (fallen dry and dead tree) is collected free of cost under the supervision of FUGC member. Users who cannot afford to buy firewood can also collect 7 bhari of firewood (one bhari=40 kg) for religious and ceremonial purposes. It has established its own nursery and constructed fire lines. The project will only impact 0.7% of the Tamnagar Forest area and utilize an existing access road.
5. Water Quality
62. Groundwater. The quality of ground water in many parts of the county, including Kathmandu, Butwal, Birgunj and Dhanusha, has been found to have a level of arsenic concentration that is unsafe for drinking. Arsenic concentration in the ground water is said to be much higher than the level prescribed by the World Health Organization. Besides arsenic concentration, there are other chemicals such as fluoride, manganese, iron, nitrate, chlorine and ammonium in the ground water.
IV. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
63. This section of the IEE reviews possible subproject-related impacts, in order to identify issues requiring further attention and screen out issues of no relevance. ADB SPS require that impacts and risks will be analyzed in the context of the project’s area of influence. This area of influence encompasses (i) the primary subproject sites and related facilities that will be developed or controlled, i.e, SWM facilities, and the auto-village, and construction camps; (ii) associated facilities that are not funded as part of the subproject and whose viability and existence depend exclusively on the project and whose goods or services are essential for successful operation of the subproject; (iii) areas and communities potentially affected by cumulative impacts from further planned development of the subproject, other sources of similar impacts in the geographical area, any existing project or condition, and other subproject-related developments that are realistically defined at the time the assessment is undertaken; and (iv) areas and communities potentially affected by impacts from unplanned but predictable developments caused by the subproject that may occur later or at a different location. The area of influence does not include potential impacts that might occur without the subproject or independently of the subproject. Environmental impacts and risks are analyzed for all relevant stages of the project cycle, including preconstruction, construction, operations, decommissioning, and postclosure activities such as rehabilitation or restoration.
18 Overseas Development Group and Natural and Organizational Management Services, 2003. Social Structure, Livelihoods and the Management of Common Pool Resources in Nepal. Final Report NRSP Project R7975. 19 Jamarkattel, B.; Dhungana, S.; Baral, S.; and Rana, S., 2009. Democratizing Terai Forestry Governance: Emerging Innovations in the Western Terai Region of Nepal. Forest Action Discussion Paper. Pp 1-23.
22 A. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
64. As mentioned in Section II, the main subproject components for Butwal municipality are (i) solid waste management (SWM), (ii) auto-village environment improvement; and (iii) community development programs. The SWM and auto-village environment improvement component will bring substantial environmental, community, and workers health and safety benefits to the Butwal and the surrounding communities by providing an adequate and affordable municipal solid waste management, including a new sanitary landfill. The subproject will also generate employment opportunities to the local people thus will improve local economic and livelihood conditions.
65. However, construction and operation of the SWM facilities, sanitary landfill, and auto- village infrastructure may be associated with a number of adverse environmental, social, community and workers health and safety impacts. The anticipated adverse environmental impacts and risks, duration, and magnitude related to the subproject proposed mitigation measures and institutions responsible for implementation are given in Table 7.
Table 6: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Butwal Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts A. Location and Design 1. Solid Waste Risk of rejection of Temporary at Project is only Butwal Municipality (BM)/ Resource location by cabinet the initial phase impacting 0.6% of total District Forest Office Processing and forest users and significant forest area. (DFO)/ Department of Facilities and group since the Cabinet decision shall Forest (DoF)/ Ministry of Landfill area is under forest be obtained for the site to Forest Charpala and utilized and be used as sanitary landfill. Community Forest User’s managed by the Application already Group/ Ministry of Local Charpala submitted. Development community users Consent already (MoLD)/PIU/PCO group with granted by Community members of 10,000 forest user’s group. Ongoing families consultations required including with neighboring community. Consent of Charpala Community Users Forest Group (CUFG) and District Forest Office for use of the site and clearance of trees shall be obtained Alternatives assessment was conducted considering (i) proximity to residential, recreation, agricultural, natural protected areas, or wildlife habitat and areas prone to scavenging wildlife, as well as other potentially incompatible land uses; (ii) proximity and use of groundwater and surface water resources; (iii) site
23 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts geology and hydrogeology; and (iv) potential threats to landfill site integrity from natural hazards such as floods, landslides, and earthquakes, and Tamnagar determined most feasible. Site meets government requirements for distance to fault lines and can be similarly sited 500m from KOIKA. Risk of rejecting Temporary at Consent granted by BM/ Design and land for access the initial stage Charpala CFUG and District Supervision consultant/ road (about 1 km) and significant Forest Office PIU/PCO Ongoing consultation to be done Risk of rejecting Temporary at Ongoing public BM/ Design and site from the local the initial stage consultation at all stages to Supervision consultant/ people and and significant enhance transparency and PIU/PCO technical institute accountability and fostering located nearby good governance. The area because of consultation process as set nuisance from forth in the IEE sets out how odor, flies and the project discloses rodents information and consults with its stakeholders so as to promote better awareness and understanding of its strategies, policies and operations. The technical institute and local people living at nearby areas shall be consulted and consent shall be obtained Pre-identification and inclusion in the design document of at least 500-m buffer zone between the site of proposed technical institute and settlement and 100 m from the river. Risk of not Temporary at Pre-identification and BM/ Design and following the legal the initial phase inclusion in the design Supervision consultant/ provision as per and significant document of the plantation PIU/PCO Forest Act area; Inclusion in the design document of 5 years running cost to care plantation (1 cut tree=25 sapling plantation; currently about 500 trees/ha). Inclusion in the Bid Document: The Contractor must provide a full-time watch man on-site during
24 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts this period. As an alternative, the contract for replanting and maintaining the trees or vegetation can be awarded to local people or an NGO. Risk of further Permanent and Inclusion in the design BM/Charpala CFUG/DFO/ deforestation and significant document the strict control PIU/PCO/Design and degradation of and enforcement on the Supervision Consultant nearby forest from llegal use of forest area and the workers and forest products. conflicts between Inclusion in the design CGUG and and tender documents: The workers Contractor shall (i) recruit, to the maximum possible extent local persons for the labor force, and shall provide training where necessary; (ii) not cut trees without approval of Project Engineer and removal of vegetation shall be minimized; (iii) not locate working camps near settlements or near drinking water supply intakes; (iv) provide water and sanitation facilities for workers; (v) provide alternate fuel for cooking; (vi) prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting trees; and (vii) be responsible for the action of their workers. Monitoring and supervision of sites to ensure specific technical and environmental clauses of the contract are satisfactorily implement Degradation of Permanent and Inclusion in the design BM/ Design and aesthetic and significant and tender documents: Supervision consultant/ property value loss plantation and landscaping PIU/PCO Nuisance to Permanent and around the disposal site BM/ Design and neighbor areas due significant Inclusion in the design Supervision consultant/ to foul odor and and tender documents: PIU/PCO influx of insects, provision for lining and rodents, etc. compacting; Inclusion in the design and tender documents: provision of at least 500 m buffer zone between settlement and the site Rupture and Permanent and Siting 500m away from BM/ Design Supervision liquefaction of land significant fault line to comply with Consultant
25 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts due to Nepal National Building earthquake20 since Code. the site is located Further detailed geo- near the Main tectonic/ lithological/ Frontal Thrust and geohydrological fault lines. investigation to ascertain the risk at detailed design stage Identification of technology after thorough assessment of different alternatives Landfills should be sited outside of a floodplain subject to 10-year floods and, if within areas subject to a 100-year flood, amenable to an economic design which would eliminate the potential for washout There should be no significant seismic risk within the region of the landfill which could cause destruction of berms, drains or other civil works, or require unnecessarily costly engineering measures; otherwise, side slopes should be adjusted accordingly to prevent failure in the event of seismic activity No fault lines or significantly fractured
20 The proposed site is located nearby area of the Main Frontal Thrust which is more susceptible for earthquake hazard. The draft National EIA Guidelines for Solid Waste Management instructed to avoid major tectonic lines while selecting landfill site though it does not objectively define the required distance between landfill site and the tectonic line Karsts and areas with soil conditions (e.g. gravel/sandy soil) allowing a fast penetration/permeation of water/ possible leachate to the next aquifer has also been considered as one of the evaluation criteria for selecting landfill site (ERMC Pvt Ltd., C-CON P Ltd., and Masina Continental Associates Ltd., 2004. National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for Solid Waste Management Project in the Municiplalities of Nepal, A Final Draft Report submitted to Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre, Ministry of Local Development, Government of Nepal.). Towards this, further clarification on safe distances from fault lines is provided by Nepal National Building Code, 1994 which has considered the potential of fault rupture (ground displacement) and liquefaction (fissuring, subsidence and spread of ground particularly during wet season) due to earthquake shock and instructed not to construct a building within 500 m from the tectonic line (Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Ministry of Physical Planning and Work, Government of Nepal, 1994. Nepal National Building Code: Site Consideration of Seismic Hazard. Kathmandu.). Another manual for designers and builders also instructed not to construct a building within 500 meter from the tectonic line (Bothara, J. K.; Guragain, R. and Dixit, A., 2002. Protection of Educational Buildings Against Earthquakes: A Manual for Designers and Builders. National Society for Earthquake Technology – Nepal (NSET-Nepal). Kathmandu). Previous study in nearby areas shows a relatively low value of CEC. Lining with soil, collection and treatment of leachate, construction of structure with due consideration of earthquake hazards are proposed mitigation measures to reduce such risks. These risks and mitigation measures are to be further confirmed during detailed design stage.
26 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts geologic structure should be present within 500 meters of the perimeter of the proposed landfill cell development which would allow unpredictable movement of gas or leachate. There should be no underlying limestone, carbonate, fissured or other porous rock formations which would be incompetent as barriers to leachate and gas migration, where the formations are more than 1.5 meter in thickness and present as the uppermost geologic unit above sensitive groundwaters. Disruption of Pre-determination and Design and Supervision natural land inclusion in the design consultants/PIU/PCO contours and documents of quarry site vegetation resulting and/or borrow/open pits in accelerated locations. It will be the erosion, landslides, Contractor’s responsibility to disturbance in verify suitability of all natural drainage material sources, and to patterns, siltation of obtain approval of the surface waters, Project engineer and and water pollution. environmental specialist of DSC and PIU. Use of siting criteria such as location away from population centers, drinking water intakes and streams, cultivable lands, and natural drainage systems. General scouring Extraction of rocks Design and Supervision of river beds gravel and sand from small Consultant/Contractor/PIU resulting in rivers or streams shall be endangerment of discouraged. bridges and If extraction is continuous necessary, then the degradation of river extraction points shall be regime. spread out along the length of the river to minimize disruption in river flow and to prevent instability to embankments. Extraction points shall not be near bridges or river training structures. The depth of material removal at any one location shall be limited, and extraction areas shall be selected ehere there is little fine material to
27 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts be carried downstream. Local residents and water users shall be consulted to ensure that irrigation intakes, bunds, and local fishing are not adversely impacted. Risk to community Permanent and Double impermeable BM/ design and health and safety significant clay and geo-membrane supervision due to pollution of liner to prevent leachate consultant/PIU surface and ground migration. water as a result of Detailed study of soil leakage of and ground water quality leachate from land before or during full disposal system government EIA process. Depth is estimated between 9-15 m. Inclusion in the design documents regular monitoring of surface and ground water Private or public drinking, irrigation, or livestock water supply wells located downgradient of the landfill boundaries should be further than 500 meters from the site perimeter, unless alternative water supply sources are readily and economically available and their development is acceptable to regulatory authorities and local communities Areas within the landfill boundaries should be located outside of the 10- year groundwater recharge area for existing or pending water supply development. Perennial stream should not be located within 300 meters downgradient of the proposed landfill cell development, unless diversion, culverting or channeling is economically and environmentally feasible to protect the stream from potential contamination. Temporary silt Temporary and The first priority shall be BM/ Design and runoff due to moderate to re-use excess material in Supervision consultant mismanagement of the construction works. PIU spoils from Stockpiling of earth fill excavation and shall in most cases not be uncontrolled runoff permitted during the rainy
28 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts from storage piles season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets. Stripped material shall not be stored where natural drainage will be disrupted. Protection of materials from erosion prior to rainy season. Storage on private property will be allowed only if written permission is obtained from the owner or authorized lessee. Pre-determination of disposal sites that will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation irrigation, and drinking water supply systems. Extreme care shall be taken to avoid disposal near wetlands or in areas that will inconvenience or deprive local residents of their livelihood. Acidic and saline spoil shall not be spread onto agricultural land. If feasible, spoils may be disposed of in an abandoned quarry or borrow pity as means to help retrore original contours. Risk of loss of flora Permanent and No sensitive species or BM/ Design Supervision and fauna with high significant critical habitat are located at Consultant/ PIU/PCO biodiversity value the site. The area is a due to clearance of regenerated forest common forest throughout Nepal. Discussion with Forest Ranger21 confirmed no sensitive species. Risk to Permanent and Inclusion in the design BM/ Design and occupational and significant documents provision for Supervision consultant community health strengthening the capacity and safety due to of municipality in the inadequate management of landfill site, management of collection, and land fill transportation of the wastes Health and safety Permanent and Inclusion in the design BM/ Design and hazards to people significant and bid documents: The Supervision consultant involved in solid Contractor shall be required waste to (i) develop and implement management a Health and Safety Program (H&S) documenting procedures to
21 Discussion with Dept of Forest, Rupandehi district ranger in September 2009.
29 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts be followed for all site activities. All site personnel shall undergo H&S Training; (ii) provide basic facilities, quarters, drinking water, sanitation, electricity and safety equipment for the workers; (iii) monitor and record effectiveness of prevention and control of exposure to occupational hazards, and (iv) maintain accident and incident investigation reports on file. Nuisance to local Permanent and Inclusion in the design BM/ Design and community significant and bid documents Supervision consultant associated with provision for the use of transport of wastes special vehicle with cover to the disposal site facility in transporting solid or treatment facility waste 2. Auto-village Risk of nuisance to Permanent and Design for the provision BM/ Design and environment neighbors and not moderate of water supply for cleaning; Supervision consultant improvement functioning of toilet Toilet cleaners shall be due to lack or trained and certified to inadequate supply perform the task well. of water Supervisors shall also be trained with the right knowledge and skills to effectively supervise the cleaners. Risk of health Permanent and Provision of treatment BM/ Design and hazard due to moderate plant such as septic tank Supervision consultant pollution of surface and oil-water separator. and ground water All used lubricants and from drain water oils shall be collected and with full of oils/ recycled or disposed off- grease, diesels site. discharged from Plastic sheeting shall auto-village be placed under hazardous material storage areas to collect and retain leaks and spills. Contaminated runoff from storage areas shall be captured in ditches or ponds with an oil trap at the outlet. Contaminated and worn plastic sheeting shall be packed into drums and disposed off-site. Risk of health Permanent and Provision of awareness BM/ Design and hazard to workers moderate programme to drivers and Supervision consultant from high noise other technicians on noise level pollution B. Construction impacts Solid Waste Quarrying and Permanent and Necessary permits DESIGN AND Resource borrow/open pits moderate must be obtained from the SUPERVISION Processing excavation may competent authorities by the CONSULTANT/
30 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts Facility and cause land Contractor for any quarries/ Construction Contractor Auto-village disputes, soil borrow/open pits Infrastructure erosion, loss of The clearing of trees potential cropland, and other desirable loss of vegetation, vegetation shall be landscape discouraged; degradation, and Stripped material shall damage to road be stored so at to not embankments disrupt natural drainage and shall be protected to prevent erosion and surface water siltation; Temporary ditches and/or settling basins shall be dug to collect runoff water and to prevent erosion and contamination of surface water. The undesirable ponding of water shall be prevented through temporary drains discharging to natural drainage channels. The site is to be restored after construction activities have ceased. The site shall be left in a stable condition, without steep slops. Stripped material shall be spread to stable contours in order to promote percolation and re-growth of natural vegetation and natural drainage. The site shall be drained, and no standing water shall remain. Land utilized for river bed extraction and quarry site access roads shall also be restored. Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation at the earliest opportunity. Site restoration work shall be conducted before spreading equipment is allowed to leave the site. The Project Engineer and environmental specialist of DSC and PIU shall report in writing that the necessary environmental restoration work has been adequately performed before acceptance of works. If trees or vegetation has to be removed, then the
31 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts cost of replanting and maintenance for a 12-month period shall be included in the Bill of Quantities. The Contractor must provide a full-time watch man on-site during this period. As an alternative, the contract for replanting and maintaining the trees or vegetation can be awarded to local people or an NGO. Extraction of rocks gravel and sand from small rivers or streams shall be discouraged. If extraction is necessary, then the extraction points shall be spread out along the length of the river to minimize disruption in river flow and to prevent instability to embankments. Extraction points shall not be near bridges or river training structures. The depth of material removal at any one location shall be limited, and extraction areas shall be selected ehere there is little fine material to be carried downstream. Local residents and water users shall be consulted to ensure that irrigation intakes, bunds, and local fishing are not adversely impacted. Clearing of Permanent and If trees or vegetation has to Design and Supervision vegetation moderate be removed, then the cost Consultant/ Construction of replanting and Contractor maintenance for a 12-month period shall be included in the Bill of Quantities. The Contractor must provide a full-time watch man on-site during this period. As an alternative, the contract for replanting and maintaining the trees or vegetation can be awarded to local people or an NGO. Conflict between Permanent and The camp shall be BM/ Construction local community significant operated within a self- Contractor workers and sufficient infrastructure. construction To prevent local workers from other inflation and the use of local areas firewood supplies critical food items and alternate fuel for cooking shall be
32 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts provided by the Contractor. The Contractor shall prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting trees. The Contractor will be responsible for the action of their workers. All temporary structures, including sleeping quarters, cooking and food storage structures, and sanitation facilities shall be removed to prevent encroachment within the road right-of-way. The site shall be restored to near natural or stable condition. Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation. The Project Engineer shall report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Cultural Assets, There is no Historical, and cultural/historical/ Archaeological archaeological place in the Places.. vicinity of the subproject right-of-way Degradation of Temporary and Stockpiling of earth fill BM/ Construction land due to significant shall in most cases not be Contractor increased sediment permitted during the rainy loads in the gullies season unless covered by and rivers and tarpaulins or plastic sheets. siltation in fertile Stripped material shall cultivated land not be stored where natural downstream and drainage will be disrupted. air pollution as a Protection of materials result of from erosion prior to rainy inappropriate season. management of Storage on private spoils from property will be allowed only excavation in the if written permission is site obtained from the owner or authorized lessee. Surface treating or sprinkling water on stockpiled materials during dry season. Immediate removal of spoils to the designated site with proper management after disposal Impacts on Temporary and Full inventory of public BM/ Design and public/private moderate utilities existing in Supervision utilities, access to construction sites by field consultant/PIU them or damages surveys and coordination
33 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts due to vibration with service providers to depending on the obtain layout plans; methods of If required, preparation construction used of relocation plans with service providers to be completed during construction; Plans for immediate attendance by the service providers to any damages to utilities during construction; Provision of satisfactory access to buildings, dwellings, or other activity areas if construction works and new facilities disrupt the existing access; Replacement of (or compensation payments to) public and private physical structures damaged due to construction or vibration; Use of machines which adhere to standards for vibration; Keeping the site free from all unnecessary obstructions and storing or disposing of any contractor’s equipment or surplus material; and clearing away and removing from the site any wreckage rubbish and temporary works which are no longer required; Reinstate roads and lanes. BM shall report in writing that the roads and lanes have been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Inconvenience to Temporary and (Plan transportation DESIGN AND travelers/vehicle moderate routes so that heavy SUPERVISION due to road vehicles do not enter the CONSULTANT/ blockages urban area; Construction Contractor Scheduling transport of spoils to avoid peak traffic periods and other important times; Do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; Do not block public roads; Do not deposit
34 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts excavated soils/mud; on public roads; Drive vehicles are in a considerate manner. Coordinate with Municipal Traffic Office for temporary road diversions; (viii) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; Minimization of the period of construction by increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools. Increased waste Temporary and Containment of DESIGN AND generation at significant wastewater effluent from SUPERVISION contractors work contractor’s workshop and CONSULTANT/ camp resulting to equipment washing yards; Construction Contractor unhygienic Training of working conditions, health force in the storage and risk to work force handling of materials and and general public chemicals that can potentially cause soil contamination; Solid waste generated during construction will be safely disposed in demarcated waste disposal sites and the contractor will provide a proper waste management plan; Sanitary wastes generated from labour camps must be disposed off in environment friendly manner, i.e. provision of septic tank etc. for toilet wastes Indigenous The Subproject will not Peoples affect any ethnic minority that qualifies under ADB’s definition of indigenous peoples. Nuisance to public Temporary and Avoid noise-generating DESIGN AND due to increased moderate activities at night; SUPERVISION noise levels during Consult with the local CONSULTANT/ construction community to inform them of Construction Contractor/ the nature, duration and Design and Supervision likely effects of the Consultant/PIU construction work, and to identify any local concerns
35 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts so that these can be addressed; Minimization of the period of construction. Using noise buffering equipment on equipment Risk not to adopt Permanent and Supervision and BM/ Construction design standards significant immediate action Contractor/ Design and and use of accordingly; Supervision recommended ADB is promoting the Consultant/PIU quality of materials concept of environmentally during construction responsible procurement (ERP)22 through the Bank’s new SPS (ADB 2009). Typically, suppliers are required to demonstrate compliance with an environmental quality- assurance standard such as the ISO 14000 series 23 . ERP is an admirable concept, but rigorous application of ERP to this relatively small subproject would necessitate a considerable administrative overhead and is not considered to be practical for all the Project’s procurement activities. Apart from obvious requirements such as avoiding asbestos and CFCs, it is recommended that ERP is limited to aspects of international procurements such as the pumps, and possibly to wood 24 .Intensive supervision and monitoring of the construction work and immediate action as necessary Risk of health and Temporary and The Contractor shall be DESIGN AND safety hazards to significant required to develop and SUPERVISION workers from dust implement a Health and CONSULTANT/ and other Safety Program (H&E) Construction Contractor/ accidents documenting procedures to Design and Supervision be followed for all site Consultant activities. All site personnel shall undergo H&S Training.
22 ERP would cover, for example, the use of asbestos in subproject activities, or the use of CFCs and other chemicals banned under the Montreal Protocol in air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. 23 Especially ISO 14001 concerning Environmental Management Systems (EMS), or the more rigorous European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). 24 Wood should be sourced from sustainable sources, if feasible; the most rigorous system is that of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC).
36 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts Hazardous materials shall not be stored near surface waters. Workers shall be trained of operators on release prevention, including drills specific to hazardous materials as part of emergency preparedness response training. Locations of hazardous materials and associated activities shall be identified on an emergency plan site map. Suitable personal protection equipment (PPE) (footwear, masks, protective clothing and goggles) shall be provided. Monitoring and record- keeping activities, including audit procedures designed to verify and record the effectiveness of prevention and control of exposure to occupational hazards, and maintaining accident and incident investigation reports on file. All used lubricants and oils shall be collected and recycled or disposed off- site. Plastic sheeting shall be placed under hazardous material storage areas to collect and retain leaks and spills. Contaminated runoff from storage areas shall be captured in ditches or ponds with an oil trap at the outlet. Contaminated and worn plastic sheeting shall be packed into drums and disposed off-site. Risk of non- Permanent and Good rapporting and DESIGN AND cooperation of local significant involvement of local SUPERVISION people in people/user groups CONSULTANT/PIU/BM/ construction works Design and Supervision Consultant Selection for Work Temporary and No trees shall be cut DESIGN AND Camps.. significant and removal of vegetation SUPERVISION shall be minimized. CONSULTANT/ Water and sanitation Construction Contractor/ facilities shall be provided Design and Supervision for employees and workers. Consultant
37 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts Used oil and lubricants shall be recovered and reused or removed from the site by Contractor. Solid wastes shall be managed according to the following preference hierarchy: reduce, reuse, recycling, burial, or burning. When feasible, local residents shall be encouraged to scavenger non-hazardous solid wastes that are no longer usable to the project. At conclusion of the project, all wreckage, rubbish or temporary works that are no longer required shall be removed or given to local residents. All temporary structures, including office buildings, shelters, and sanitation facilities shall be removed to prevent encroachment within the road right-of-way. The site shall be restored to near natural or stable condition. Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation. The Project Engineer shall report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Surface water Temporary and Surface and Construction Contractor/ might get moderate groundwater reserves must Design and Supervision contaminated due be protected from any Consultant/PIU to the disposal of source of contamination construction waste such as the construction generated and oily waste that will degrade its potable quality; Solid waste will be disposed off in designated landfill sites to sustain the water quality for domestic requirements; Regular water quality monitoring according to determined sampling schedule; Contractor to ensure that construction debris do not find their way into the drainage or irrigation canals
38 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts which may get clogged; Work on irrigation canal areas will be kept to a minimum, protective walls be (reconstructed); Prohibit washing of machinery and vehicles in surface waters, provide sealed washing basins and collect wastewater in sedimentation/retention pond; Construction work close to the streams or other water bodies will be avoided, especially during monsoon period; Construct temporary or permanent devices to prevent water pollution; and Wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approved disposal site. Temporary silt Temporary and Development and BM/ Construction runoff due to significant approval of a sediment and Contractor/ Design and construction erosion control plan prior to Supervision activities land disturbance; Consultant/PIU Removal of spoils as soon as it is excavated; Disposal of spoils in BM- approved sitesAvoidance of construction work during monsoon season C. Operations Solid Waste Risk of Permanent and Use of special vehicle with BM Resource disturbances by significant cover facility in order to Processing local people in avoid nuisance due to foul transportation of odor wastes to the sanitary landfill site Involvement of local BM community with provision for the use of waste disposal facility and priority in employment Risk to community Permanent and Lining and compaction BM health and safety significant immediately after disposal from odor and diseases transmitted by flies, insects, birds and rats Risk to health and Permanent and Construction of boundary BM safety of workers significant wall, quarters and provision and landfill site of lighting and fire extinguishers, safety equipments such as gloves, boots etc. and first aid
39 Potential Adverse Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility impacts Magnitude of Impacts Risk of conflict Permanent and Regular monitoring of the BM/ CFUG between CFUG significant use of forest and its product, and workers due to provision of enough space illegal use of forest and alternative energy for products – the workers fuelwood and fodder and construction houses Risk of nuisance to Permanent and Provision of adequate water BM neighbors and not moderate supply and sanitary functioning of toilet equipments and powders due to lack or inadequate supply of water Auto-village Risk of health Permanent and Monitoring of water quality BM environment hazard due to moderate and immediate action as improvement pollution of surface required and ground water from drain water with full of oils/ grease, diesels discharged from auto village Risk of health Temporary and Awareness creation training/ BM hazard to workers moderate discussion activities from high noise level Increase Temporary and Mixed waste BM generation of solid moderate (packaging: paper/card, and hazardous plastic, glass, food wastes, wastes floor sweepings and cleaning wastes, scrap metal (machinery) shall be separated further for re-use, recycle and compost. All hazardous wastes (oil, lubricants, solvents, abrasive cleaning materials, solvents) have to be treated to reduce volume/hazardousness. Solids can then still go on to hazardous waste landfill. Ideally should be recovered, recycled or incinerated with energy recovery.
66. The environmental mitigation measures are to be integrated into the project design and tender documents. Using this approach, the mitigation measures will automatically become part of the project construction and operation phase. By including environmental mitigation measures in the contract or in specific items in the Bill of Quantities, monitoring and supervision of mitigation measures will be covered under the normal engineering supervision provisions of the contract.
40 67. Project Design. To the extent possible, environmental mitigation measures shall be integrated in the design specifications and plan drawings. Quarry sites and borrow/open areas shall be tentatively identified during the feasibility stage, confirmed in the final design, and then located on the final design drawings and maps. To reduce the requirement for stone and aggregate, locally produced construction materials shall be used where feasible. During design, the amount of excess and waste materials shall be estimated, and tipping areas for the safe disposal of spoil materials shall be designated on project drawings. The siting criteria mentioned in Table 10 shall be used when identifying quarries, borrow/open pits, and spoil disposal areas.
68. Location. The proposed sanitary landfill site requiring 10 ha land is located in the 1625 ha forest managed by Charpala Community Forest Users Group at Tamnagar. The project's footprint is only 0.6% of the total area of the forest. The site is located in the bhabar zone which is considered as the recharge zone of ground water for the Terai region and nearby the Main Frontal Thrust. Survey of sub-surface geologic/soil condition was carried out by a team of geologists in 2000 in connection with the development of sanitary landfill in this area. They concluded that the area surveyed is suitable for landfill development despite relatively low values of CEC. The presently proposed site is located about 500 m further north from the previously surveyed site in 2000. Further soil investigation at detailed design will confirm soil characteristics, however, the project is designed to avoid leachate through the provision of impermeable membranes (double clay and geomembrane liner). Presently proposed site is covered with regenerated mixed forest dominated by sal (Shorea robusta). No sensitive species or critical habitat exist in the area. Ongoing consultations will be done with the local forest user group members. Moreover, the landfill will be sited at least 500 m away from the fault line as advised by the Nepal National Building Code (footnote 20) and at least 500m away from sensitive receptors. The surrounding forest acts as a natural buffer to odor nuisance to surrounding community. All risks concerning the location are therefore readily mitigated and are to be confirmed during the detailed design stage.
69. Construction. In the case of this project (i) most of the individual elements are relatively small and involve straightforward construction and operation, so impacts will be mainly localized and not greatly significant; (ii) most of the predicted impacts are associated with the construction process, and are produced because the process is invasive, such as involving excavation or other earthworks. However the routine nature of the impacts means that most can be easily mitigated and the impacts are clearly a result of the construction process rather than the subproject design or location, as they would not occur if this did not involve excavation or other ground disturbance. As the potential negative environmental impacts are associated with the activities of the construction contractor(s), the potential for adverse impacts can be significantly reduced by including environmental management clauses in the individual contract documents. All safety provisions equally apply for subcontractors.
70. One of the concerns is health and safety risk to the workers.25 Workers involved during the construction period of all the infrastructures are likely to expose to environment pollution such as dust and noise, hazardous materials and to potential accidents. Such health and safety risk can be minimized through controlling hazardous waste at the source; designing of safe work systems; provision of appropriate personal protective equipments such as gloves, safety glass, plastic hamlets, safety shoes, gowns, face mask and first aids in conjunction with training on the use and maintenance of equipments; training on safe work procedures; and emergency
25 World Bank Group, 2008. Environmental Health and Safety General Guidelines. The World Bank, Washington D.C.
41 preparedness response such as warning and evacuation. All safety provisions equally apply for subcontractors.
71. Contract Language. The Construction Contractor shall be bound by the environmental conditions contained in the contract, and final acceptance of the completed works shall not occur until environmental clauses have been satisfactorily implemented. Contract language shall also be included to cover significant environmental problems that may occur during construction activities. If environmental monitoring or supervision activities reveals a serious existing or imminent environmental hazard, remedial actions will be implemented and contract amended accordingly as necessary and found appropriate by project management team (provided that the environmental problem was not caused due to negligence or non-compliance by the Contractor).
72. Bill of Quantities. Contractors are to include the cost for implementing environmental management plans and procedures in their rates. To overcome the tendency of Contractors’ unwillingness to reflect environmental costs in their labor or material charges, a line item may presented in the Bill of Quantities explicitly describing the environmental management and restoration work to be performed. This strategy makes environmental mitigation more visible and accountable and will further ensure that environmental management is not lost in material supply or labor rates that do not adequately reflect realistic environmental compliance costs. To implement this strategy, the Project Engineer (PCO Environment Specialist) will be required to prepare detailed technical specifications for the implementation of the environmental management requirements. The Contractor will have to prepare a cost estimate for each item using the technical specifications prepared by the Project Engineer (PCO Environment Specialist). The Project Engineer will also list in the Bill of Quantities the following items for which the prospective bidder would have to include a rate: (i) disposal of xx cubic meters of spoil and excess material in accordance with the Project’s EMP; and (ii) (if applicable) planting and maintenance of xx sq. m. of specified vegetation or trees in accordance with the Project’s EMP.
B. Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures
73. Enhancement measures are measures not at present incorporated in the proposed Project but which, for a small additional cost, would give significant social and/or environmental benefits. For the proposed subproject, potential enhancement measures identified by the PPTA team include:
(i) Hard and soft landscaping to improve the appearance and attractiveness of the all sites, including visual screening by urban trees.
(ii) Training of trainers in construction health, safety and environmental management practices: informal observation of construction activities in Nepal indicates a significant need for upgrading all aspects of H&S in the construction sector.
(iii) Pilot project to explore the feasibility of energy recovery (heat) from sludge digestion: sustainability factors require that system planning take every opportunity to lower net energy usage. Heat pump technology is advancing rapidly, and it may be possible to recover energy from the wastewater stream,
42 although this would have to be converted to electricity to power the pumps; alternatively, the study could investigate on-site gas generation from sewage, which could obviate the need for backup power (standby generators).
74. Involvement of key stakeholders in different stages - planning, design, construction and operation is necessary for successful implementation proposed activities and improving environment, health and hygiene of the people in sustained way. In order to achieve inclusive, active and meaningful participation, it is also necessary to create/promote public awareness on environmental pollution and sanitation and its linkage with health and hygiene on the one hand and appropriate methods and technologies effective for the improvement of environment and sanitation. For this the Butwal municipality should work closely with the community organization and carry out awareness programmes.
75. Solid waste resource processing. Mutual cooperation among municipalities located in nearby areas in the region should be enhanced in order to develop and manage regional sanitary landfill. Biratnagar with the support from SEAM-N has already adopted regional concept. Three municipalities – Butwal, Bhairahawa, and Ramgram and other small towns and Village Development Committees located along the roads can easily participate in the development and management of proposed regional sanitary landfill sites. This may open the new opportunity for the development of CDM and contribute to mitigate climate change in the future. The possibility of waste resource processing through public-private partnership should be explored.
76. Community mobilization and people’s participation in health and sanitation program is also necessary. Training and awareness programs focusing on the 3 R – reduction, reuse and recycling including the needs and methods of separation of solid waste at source will be carried out under the community participation component.
77. Technical staffs in the municipality should be trained on solid waste management and landfill site management.
V. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
A. Project Sites
78. Keeping in view the opportunities of developing Solid waste processing centre using model developed by SEAM-N in Biratnagar, teams of consultant visited two other municipalities - Bhairahawa and Ramgram for the discussion about the possibility of developing Solid waste processing centre and identify the potential site for it. Neither the other two municipalities proposed a concrete plan identifying potential site nor the Butwal municipality was willing to propose site other than Tamnagar for alternative analysis. Butwal municipality strongly supported Tamnagar site, with consent from local forest user group granted and confirmed during consultations (5 March stakeholder meeting at Butwal Municipal Hall) in preparation of this IEE. Ongoing consultations are planned throughout the project to ensure community awareness and support of the project.
43 B. Project Design, Technology Selection and Operation
79. Different strategies and approaches have been adopted in designing project activities, selecting the technologies and operational procedures after reviewing best practices, guidelines and standards. While designing the project activities, emphasis was given to urban environment improvement with due consideration on integration among project components and concentration of investment in few localities; inclusiveness and equity in participation with focus to urban poor and disadvantaged groups; public-private partnership; and demand from the proponent i.e. municipality. Priorities have been given to labour intensive technologies and community led basic sanitation for all with gender consideration. The working procedures proposed are participatory one. Awareness creation and skill development activities for the improvement of environment, health and hygiene have also been integrated with the development of basic infrastructure facilities. The project will use local materials as far as possible.
C. No Project Options
80. The increasing incidence of health hazard due to lack of proper management of solid waste and lack of safe drinking water facilities is one of the main environmental problems in Butwal. Such problems are likely to be intensified in the future. Implementation of the proposed project will improve the environmental condition of the city and health and safety of the community by reducing environmental pollution on the one hand and awareness creation on the other. It will also help to improve economic condition and livelihood of the poor communities by providing employment opportunities in the project activities. Ultimately, it will help to improve the quality of life of the people living in the municipality. The implementation of the proposed project will have more positive impacts. However, adverse impacts should be minimized through implementation of proposed mitigation measures, monitoring and capacity building.
VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION
81. For this subproject, consultations were carried out at two levels: (i) municipality level with participation of representatives of political parties and administrative and technical staffs in the municipality; and ii) local level at the site where major infrastructures such as waste water treatment plants have been proposed.
82. During the IEE/EIA process two consultation meetings one between 19-12 September and another between 21-24 September were organized in order to identify appropriate sites and discuss possible environmental risks. The authorities of the municipality as well as officials from DUDBC, counter part of this project, not only visited the locations of various project components, but also discussed with consultants about the viability of components and environmental risk. The name of the persons consulted and discussed during field visits is given in Appendix A.
83. A consultation meeting was organized in the office of Butwal municipality on March 5, 2010. The meeting was attended by representatives from many political parties, district level officers including Chief District Officer, four Chairmen from different areas of Charpala Community Forest Users Group Committee and other key stakeholders. Mr. G. P. Gorkhali, Joint Secretary, Mr. Rabindra Bohora and Mr. Dwarika Shrestha from DUDBC were also present in the meeting. A total of 57 participants attended the meeting. This meeting was
44 chaired by the Acting Chief District Officer of Rupandehi district. The meeting was coordinated by the Executive Officer of Butwal Municipality.
84. Along with brief remarks about the objective of the meeting by the Executive Officer, three presentations were made before the participants – (i) situation and challenges of solid waste management in Butwal Municipality by Er. Suman Shrestha, and (ii) solid waste management and design by Mr. Nahendra Pradhan, and environmental concerns of Tamnagar landfill site: issue and mitigation measures by Dr. Dilli Ram Daha (this paper was prepared by the environment safeguard specialist of the PPTA). The presentation and discussion continued for almost five hours (11AM - 4 PM). Following the presentation and discussion during the meeting, it was informed that solid waste management is top priority. Tamnagar is an appropriate site for solid waste processing centre. The Chairmen of the Community Forestry Users Group Committee requested to carry out such type of consultation meetings in front of all users of the forest products of the Tamnagar at local level. Eventually two conclusions were drawn from this meeting – (i) to go ahead for Tamnagar as the landfill site for the ADB funding and (ii) all necessary mitigation measures will be adopted for any kind of negative impacts of the proposed landfill sites during implementation of the project.
85. As requested by the Chairmen of the Community Forest Users Group Committee, local level consultation will continue throughout the project implementation.
86. Finalization of EMP. This outline EMP will be disclosed in Butwal as part of the public consultation process necessary for completion of the subproject’s main IEE. Comments received will form an input to EMP finalization following subproject start-up. Further public consultation may be undertaken if required by the MoE as part of its project approval conditions.
87. Implementation – Construction. During construction the primary stakeholders affected will be local residents at and near construction sites, and the traveling public. Local residents will be informed about planned activities prior to construction by DESIGN AND SUPERVISION CONSULTANT. The Project will establish a grievance redress mechanism and ensure that this is adequately budgeted.
88. Commercial enterprises in areas to be affected by civil works will be informed in advance, together with full details of the compensation entitlements and application procedures.
89. Implementation - Operation and Maintenance. The key component of the subproject’s public consultation mechanism during operation and maintenance will be DESIGN AND SUPERVISION CONSULTANT PIU which will be set up under the Project. Amongst other tasks, the unit will receive, record, track and respond to complaints from customers and the general public.
VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
90. Government Grievance Mechanism and Redress Process. The EPR 1997 has given authority to the Chief District Officer for grievance and compensation processes. According to this regulation, in case anyone wishes to realize compensation from any individual, institution or proponent, he may submit an application to the Chief District Officer of the concerned district
45 mentioning the type of action taken by the concerned individual, institution or proponent, the type of loss suffered by him as a result thereof, and the amount of compensation sought by him. The Chief District Officer shall conduct investigations into it, as well as into the actual situation prevailing at the concerned place, as required, and also seek the opinions and suggestions of the concerned office in the district, as well as of the Inspector, if any, deputed to the district, and thus evaluate the actual loss suffered by the applicant. If, for any reason, the loss cannot be evaluated, the Chief District Officer shall forward the application to the concerned body for its suggestion on the matter within 30 days from the date of receipt of the application. The concerned body shall conduct necessary investigations in that connection, study the actual situation prevailing at the concerned place as required, and send back the application to the concerned Chief District Officer along with its opinion and suggestion. In case the loss has been evaluated, the Chief District Officer shall determine the amount of compensation accordingly, and in case the suggestion of the concerned body has been sought, the Chief District Officer shall do so after receiving the suggestion.
91. In case an application for compensation has been forwarded to the concerned body, the Chief District Officer shall take a decision in respect to payment of compensation within 15 days from the date of receipt of suggestion from the concerned body, and in case the application for compensation has not been so forwarded to the concerned body, the Chief District Officer shall do so within 60 days from the date of receipt of the application for compensation. In connection with the determination of the amount of compensation, the Chief District Officer shall have the powers to summon the concerned individual, institution or proponent, record his/its statement, order the submission of any document, equipment, machinery, etc., and enter into and investigate the place from where pollution, noise, heat or waste has been created or emitted. The amount of compensation determined by the Chief District Officer under this Rule shall be appropriate and reasonable.
92. Within 30 days from the date of determination of the amount of compensation, the concerned individual, institution or proponent will be required to pay the amount to the concerned individual or institution. In case the concerned individual, institution or proponent submits an application for an extension of the time-limit prescribed explaining appropriate reasons for his/its failure to pay the amount of compensation within that time-limit, and in case the reason mentioned in the application is found to be appropriate, the Chief District Officer may extend the time-limit by not more than 30 days for one time. In case the concerned individual, institution or proponent fails to pay the amount of compensation within the time-limit prescribed later the individual or institution which is to receive compensation may submit an application to the Chief District Officer within three months from the date of expire of the said time-limit with a request to have the amount of compensation realized, identifying the property belonging to such individual, institution or proponent. In case an application is received, the Chief District Officer shall auction the property of the individual, institution or proponent who is to pay the amount of compensation in accordance with the existing laws, cause to pay the amount of compensation, and handover the balance to the concerned individual, institution or proponent if he/it approaches him for the
93. As per the Local Governance Act 1998, the municipal council is responsible to evaluate the development and construction works within the municipality and give necessary direction. The municipality is empowered to hear and settle at first instance for complaints relating to compensation for damage of crops, forced labour and wages, water bank (ghat) and security of public properties, hidden and unclaimed properties, forcefully entering and staying into others
46 house, pasture, fodder and fuelwood. It can form arbitration board to hear and settle the case filled in the municipality for the complaints mentioned above. The Municipality shall form an arbitration board to hear and settle the cases filed in the Municipality appoint three persons as agreed upon between the parties to a case from amongst the persons enlisted in the list of arbitrators. For the purpose of hearing and settling the cases filed under this Act at first instance, the Municipality shall, immediately after the constitution of the Municipality, prepare a list of arbitrators, setting out their names, surnames and addresses as well, comprising such persons from among the local persons, social workers and legal experts, as are deemed appropriate, with the consent of such persons, and shall publish it in the Municipality Office for public information. The three arbitrators shall collectively exercise the jurisdiction of arbitrators and the opinion of majority shall be deemed the decision of the arbitrators. The arbitrators shall, to the extent possible, cause the concerned parties to negotiate with each other on the case submitted to them and have the case compromised. In case the arbitrators fail to have compromise, they shall exercise their powers and decide the case. Any party not satisfied with a decision made may appeal to the concerned District Court within thirty-five days of the hearing or knowledge of the decision.
94. Project Formulated Grievance Mechanism. The project formulated grievance mechanism will be split into three phases: In the first phase, a GRC chaired by EO will come up with remedial measures. Only if the complainant is not satisfied with this decision, the issue will be brought up to the municipal board, as the second phase. If the person is still not satisfied, then he/she can go to either the court or MPPW, as a third phase. This is illustrated in the figure below.
95. The project manager of the PIU is to activate the project GRC. This process is not to supersede or impeded on the country's formal grievance processes. The GRC will meet as needed to determine the merit of each grievance, and resolve grievances within a month of receiving the complaint. The GRC with a minimum of three members will be headed by the Executive Officer. Members of the committee may also include local government representative (VDC, DDC), representatives of APs with one male and one female, a representative of vulnerable people’s organisations active in the area concerned, social safeguards consultant, the NGO, and a representative from the Project. The Committee thus appointed should be sanctioned by the municipal board. The time bound GRC process is illustrated in the figure below.
96. Complaints should be addressed to the PIU or municipality. The PIU will keep records of all grievances received including: contact details of complainant, date the complaint was received, nature of grievance, agreed corrective actions and the date these were effected, and final outcome. The GRC should provide the concerns of the complainants on issues relating to negative and physical impacts that they conceive would occur by the implementation of the particular project sub-component. All complaints should be signed with complete information on name, contact address, phone number if any so that the person can be contacted when required. An acknowledgement to the effect that the complaint has been received by the coordinator’s office should be promptly sent to the complaints. All complaints received should be first registered, categorized and prioritized. They should be analyzed and assessed the concerns raised by the affected parties and have discussion and consultation with them. Records of all such proceedings should be maintained, for future reference, and the attendance of all participants with their signature, in particular the complaints and affected groups should be
47 recorded. If grievances cannot be addressed, the matters are brought to higher authorities (which could be the municipal board, court or central government).
48 Flow Diagram for Conflict Resolution and Grievance Redress Mechanism D A Y Affected Party/Group S
Complaint 0 (0 Days)
Phase 1 7 Initial Assessment by GRC chaired by EO (7 Days)
14 Discussion with AP and AG (7 Days)
Finalize the Initial Inform the AP/AG 21 Assessment Ineligible about Ineligibility (7 Days) (7 Days)
Eligible Complaint
28 Formulating Remedial Cases beyond Jurisdiction Measures (7 Days) of Municipality (7 Days)
31 Discussion with APs to Inform Decisions (3 Days)
38
Municipal Board Consideration (7 Days)
Phase 2
Cases beyond Jurisdiction
Remedial Refer the Case Refer the Case Action to Higher to Higher Phase 3 40 & Authorities Authorities Monitoring (2 Days) (2 Days) (2 Days)
------Keep Municipal Board Informed49 VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
A. Mitigation
97. Summary of the anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures for the SWM and Auto-Village Environment Improvement components are presented in Table 8. The table also shows how the mitigation will be implemented, who will be responsible for the monitoring, evaluation, and reporting (estimated cost of implementation to be specified at detailed design stage).
Table 7: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) A. Location and Design Risk of rejection of location Submission for cabinet approval made Butwal Municipality (BM)/ by cabinet and forest users and pending approval. Cabinet decision District Forest Office group since the area is shall be obtained for the site to be used as (DFO)/ Department of under forest and utilized sanitary landfill Forest (DoF)/ Ministry of and managed by the Community forest user’s group and Forest/ Charpala Charpala community users neighboring community granted approval of Community Forest User’s group with members of the site however ongoing consultations to Group/ Ministry of Local 10,000 families occur through all stages. Development (MoLD)/ Consent of Charpala Community Forest PIU/PCO Users Group (CFUG) and District Forest Office for use of the site and clearance of trees shall be obtained Risks, mitigations, and alternatives will be confirmed at detailed design including: (i) proximity to residential, recreation, agricultural, natural protected areas, or wildlife habitat and areas prone to scavenging wildlife, as well as other potentially incompatible land uses; (ii) proximity and use of groundwater and surface water resources; (iii) site geology and hydrogeology; and (iv) potential threats to landfill site integrity from natural hazards such as floods, landslides, and earthquakes. Risk of rejecting land for Charpala CFUG and District Forest BM/ Design and access road (about 1 km) Office shall be consulted and consent shall Supervision be obtained consultant/PIU Risk of rejecting site from Conduct ongoing consultations to BM/ Design and the local people and enhance transparency and accountability Supervision technical institute located and fostering good governance. The consultant/PIU nearby area because of consultations will disclose information and nuisance from odor, flies consults with its stakeholders so as to and rodents promote better awareness and understanding of its strategies, policies and operations. The technical institute and local people living at nearby areas shall be consulted and consent shall be obtained Pre-identification and inclusion in the design document of at least 500-m buffer zone between the site of proposed technical institute and settlement and 100 m from the
50 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) river. Risk of not following the Pre-identification and inclusion in the BM/ Design and legal provision as per design document of the plantation area; Supervision Forest Act Inclusion in the design document of 5 consultant/PIU years running cost to care plantation (1 cut tree=25 sapling plantation; currently about 500 trees/ha). Contractor should provide a full-time watch man on-site during this period. As an alternative, the contract for replanting and maintaining the trees or vegetation can be awarded to local people or an NGO. Risk of further deforestation Inclusion in the design document the BM/Charpala and degradation of nearby strict control and enforcement on the llegal CFUG/DFO/PIU/DSC/PIU forest from the workers and use of forest area and forest products. conflicts between CGUG Inclusion in the design and tender and workers documents: The Contractor shall (i) recruit, to the maximum possible extent local persons for the labor force, and shall provide training where necessary; (ii) not cut trees without approval of Project Engineer and removal of vegetation shall be minimized; (iii) not locate working camps near settlements or near drinking water supply intakes; (iv) provide water and sanitation facilities for workers; (v) provide alternate fuel for cooking; (vi) prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting trees; and (vii) be responsible for the action of their workers. Inclusion in the PCO ToR: supervision of sites to ensure specific technical and environmental clauses of the contract are satisfactorily implement Nuisance to neighbor areas Rat traps BM/ Design and due to foul odor and influx Odor controlled by inherent forest Supervision consultant of insects, rodents, etc. surrounding which acts as buffer and 500m distance from receptors (e.g., school) Rupture and liquefaction of Confirmation of geo-tectonic/ BM/ Design and land due to earthquake lithological/ geohydrological assessment to Supervision since the site is located further ascertain the risk Consultants/PIU near the Main Frontal Identification of technology after Thrust and fault lines. thorough assessment of different alternatives Landfills should be sited outside of a floodplain subject to 10-year floods and, if within areas subject to a 100-year flood, amenable to an economic design which would eliminate the potential for washout There should be no significant seismic risk within the region of the landfill which could cause destruction of berms, drains or other civil works, or require unnecessarily costly engineering measures; otherwise, side slopes should be adjusted accordingly to prevent failure in the event of seismic
51 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) activity No fault lines or significantly fractured geologic structure should be present within 500 meters of the perimeter of the proposed landfill cell development which would allow unpredictable movement of gas or leachate There should be no underlying limestone, carbonate, fissured or other porous rock formations which would be incompetent as barriers to leachate and gas migration, where the formations are more than 1.5 meter in thickness and present as the uppermost geologic unit above sensitive groundwaters. Disruption of natural land Pre-determination and inclusion in the BM/ Design and contours and vegetation design documents of quarry site and/or Supervision resulting in accelerated borrow/open pits locations. It will be the Consultants/PIU erosion, landslides, Contractor’s responsibility to verify suitability disturbance in natural of all material sources, and to obtain drainage patterns, siltation approval of the Project Engineer and PIU of surface waters, and environmental specialist water pollution. Use of siting criteria such as location away from population centers, drinking water intakes and streams, cultivable lands, and natural drainage systems. General scouring of river Extraction of rocks gravel and sand BM/ Design and beds resulting in from small rivers or streams shall be Supervision endangerment of bridges discouraged. Consultants/PIU and continuous degradation If extraction is necessary, then the of river regime. extraction points shall be spread out along the length of the river to minimize disruption in river flow and to prevent instability to embankments. Extraction points shall not be near bridges or river training structures. The depth of material removal at any one location shall be limited, and extraction areas shall be selected ehere there is little fine material to be carried downstream. Local residents and water users shall be consulted to ensure that irrigation intakes, bunds, and local fishing are not adversely impacted. Risk to community health Detailed study of soil and ground water BM/ Design and and safety due to pollution quality during detailed design stage Supervision of surface and ground Inclusion in the design documents Consultant/PIU water as a result of leakage regular monitoring of surface and ground of leachate from land water disposal system Private or public drinking, irrigation, or livestock water supply wells located downgradient of the landfill boundaries should be further than 500 meters from the site perimeter, unless alternative water supply sources are readily and economically available and their development is acceptable to regulatory authorities and local communities
52 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) Areas within the landfill boundaries should be located outside of the 10-year groundwater recharge area for existing or pending water supply development. Perennial stream should not be located within 300 meters downgradient of the proposed landfill cell development, unless diversion, culverting or channeling is economically and environmentally feasible to protect the stream from potential contamination. Temporary silt runoff due to The first priority shall be to re-use BM/ Design and mismanagement of spoils excess material in the construction works. Supervision from excavation and Stockpiling of earth fill shall in most consultant/PIU uncontrolled runoff from cases not be permitted during the rainy storage piles season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets. Stripped material shall not be stored where natural drainage will be disrupted. Protection of materials from erosion prior to rainy season. Storage on private property will be allowed only if written permission is obtained from the owner or authorized lessee. Pre-determination of disposal sites that will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation irrigation, and drinking water supply systems. Extreme care shall be taken to avoid disposal near wetlands or in areas that will inconvenience or deprive local residents of their livelihood. Acidic and saline spoil shall not be spread onto agricultural land. If feasible, spoils may be disposed of in an abandoned quarry or borrow pity as means to help retrore original contours. Risk of loss of flora and Inclusion in the design documents Design and Supervision fauna with high biodiversity Detailed inventory study of flora and fauna Consultant/PIU value due to clearance of forest Risk to occupational and Inclusion in the design documents Design and Supervision community health and provision for strengthening the capacity of consultant safety due to inadequate municipality in the management of landfill management of land fill site, collection, and transportation of the wastes Health and safety hazards Inclusion in the design and bid Design and Supervision to people involved in solid documents: The Contractor shall be required consultant waste management to (i) develop and implement a Health and Safety Program (H&S) documenting procedures to be followed for all site activities. All site personnel shall undergo H&S Training; (ii) provide basic facilities, quarters, drinking water, sanitation, electricity and safety equipment for the workers; (iii) monitor and record effectiveness of prevention and control of exposure to occupational hazards, and (iv)
53 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) maintain accident and incident investigation reports on file. Nuisance to local Inclusion in the design and bid BM/ Design and community associated with documents provision for the use of special Supervision transport of wastes to the vehicle with cover facility in transporting consultant/PIU disposal site or treatment solid waste facility Risk of nuisance to Design for the provision of water supply BM/ Design and neighbors and not for cleaning; Supervision functioning of toilet due to Toilet cleaners shall be trained and consultant/PIU/ lack or inadequate supply certified to perform the task well. Construction Contractor of water Supervisors shall also be trained with the right knowledge and skills to effectively supervise the cleaners. Risk of health hazard due Provision of treatment plant such as BM/ Design and to pollution of surface and septic tank and oil-water separator. Supervision ground water from drain All used lubricants and oils shall be consultant/PIU/ water with full of oils/ collected and recycled or disposed off-site. Construction Contractor grease, diesels discharged Plastic sheeting shall be placed under from auto-village hazardous material storage areas to collect and retain leaks and spills. Contaminated runoff from storage areas shall be captured in ditches or ponds with an oil trap at the outlet. Contaminated and worn plastic sheeting shall be packed into drums and disposed off-site. Risk of health hazard to Provision of awareness programme to BM/ Design and workers from high noise drivers and other technicians on noise Supervision level pollution consultant/PIU B. Construction Quarrying and borrow/open Necessary permits must be obtained DSC/ Construction pits excavation may cause from the competent authorities by the Contractor/PIU land disputes, soil erosion, Contractor for any quarries/ borrow/open loss of potential cropland, pits loss of vegetation, The clearing of trees and other landscape degradation, and desirable vegetation shall be discouraged; damage to road Stripped material shall be stored so at embankments to not disrupt natural drainage and shall be protected to prevent erosion and surface water siltation; Temporary ditches and/or settling basins shall be dug to collect runoff water and to prevent erosion and contamination of surface water. The undesirable ponding of water shall be prevented through temporary drains discharging to natural drainage channels. The site is to be restored after construction activities have ceased. The site shall be left in a stable condition, without steep slops. Stripped material shall be spread to stable contours in order to promote percolation and re-growth of natural vegetation and natural drainage. The site shall be drained, and no standing water shall remain.
54 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) Land utilized for river bed extraction and quarry site access roads shall also be restored. Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation at the earliest opportunity. Site restoration work shall be conducted before spreading equipment is allowed to leave the site. The Project Engineer and PIUs project management specialist, shall report in writing that the necessary environmental restoration work has been adequately performed before acceptance of works. If trees or vegetation has to be removed, then the cost of replanting and maintenance shall be included in the Bill of Quantities or outsourced to NGO. The Contractor should provide a full-time watch man on-site during this period. As an alternative, the contract for replanting and maintaining the trees or vegetation can be awarded to local people or an NGO. Extraction of rocks gravel and sand from small rivers or streams shall be discouraged. If extraction is necessary, then the extraction points shall be spread out along the length of the river to minimize disruption in river flow and to prevent instability to embankments. Extraction points shall not be near bridges or river training structures. The depth of material removal at any one location shall be limited, and extraction areas shall be selected ehere there is little fine material to be carried downstream. Local residents and water users shall be consulted to ensure that irrigation intakes, bunds, and local fishing are not adversely impacted. Clearing of vegetation If trees or vegetation has to be DS/ Construction removed, then the cost of replanting and Contractor maintenance shall be included in the Bill of Quantities or outsourced to NGO. The Contractor should provide a full-time watch man on-site during this period. As an alternative, the contract for replanting and maintaining the trees or vegetation can be awarded to local people or an NGO.
Conflict between local The camp shall be operated within a BM/ Construction community workers and self-sufficient infrastructure. Contractor construction workers from To prevent local inflation and the use of other areas local firewood supplies critical food items and alternate fuel for cooking shall be provided by the Contractor. The Contractor shall prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting trees. The Contractor will be responsible for the action of their workers.
55 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) All temporary structures, including sleeping quarters, cooking and food storage structures, and sanitation facilities shall be removed to prevent encroachment within the road right-of-way. The site shall be restored to near natural or stable condition. Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation. The Project Engineer shall report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Cultural Assets, Historical, There is no cultural/historical/ archaeological BM/ Design and and Archaeological Places.. place in the vicinity of the subproject right-of- Supervision way Consultants/PIU/ Construction Contractor Degradation of land due to Stockpiling of earth fill shall in most BM/ Design and increased sediment loads in cases not be permitted during the rainy Supervision the gullies and rivers and season unless covered by tarpaulins or Consultants/PIU/ siltation in fertile cultivated plastic sheets. Construction Contractor land downstream and air Stripped material shall not be stored pollution as a result of where natural drainage will be disrupted. inappropriate management Protection of materials from erosion of spoils from excavation in prior to rainy season. the site Storage on private property will be allowed only if written permission is obtained from the owner or authorized lessee. Surface treating or sprinkling water on stockpiled materials during dry season. Immediate removal of spoils to the designated site with proper management after disposal Impacts on public/private Full inventory of public utilities existing BM/ Design and utilities, access to them or in construction sites by field surveys and Supervision damages due to vibration coordination with service providers to obtain Consultants/PIU/ depending on the methods layout plans; Construction Contractor of construction used If required, preparation of relocation plans with service providers to be completed during construction; Plans for immediate attendance by the service providers to any damages to utilities during construction; Provision of satisfactory access to buildings, dwellings, or other activity areas if construction works and new facilities disrupt the existing access; Replacement of (or compensation payments to) public and private physical structures damaged due to construction or vibration; Use of machines which adhere to standards for vibration; Keeping the site free from all unnecessary obstructions and storing or disposing of any contractor’s equipment or surplus material; and clearing away and removing from the site any wreckage
56 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) rubbish and temporary works which are no longer required; Reinstate roads and lanes. BM shall report in writing that the roads and lanes have been vacated and restored to pre- project conditions before acceptance of the works. Inconvenience to (Plan transportation routes so that DESIGN AND travelers/vehicle due to heavy vehicles do not enter the urban area; SUPERVISION road blockages Scheduling transport of spoils to avoid CONSULTANT/ peak traffic periods and other important Construction Contractor times; Do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; Do not block public roads; Do not deposit excavated soils/mud; on public roads; Drive vehicles are in a considerate manner. Coordinate with Municipal Traffic Office for temporary road diversions; (viii) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; Minimization of the period of construction by increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools. Increased waste generation Containment of wastewater effluent DESIGN AND at contractors work camp from contractor’s workshop and equipment SUPERVISION resulting to unhygienic washing yards; CONSULTANT/ conditions, health risk to Training of working force in the storage Construction Contractor work force and general and handling of materials and chemicals that public can potentially cause soil contamination; Solid waste generated during construction will be safely disposed in demarcated waste disposal sites and the contractor will provide a proper waste management plan; Sanitary wastes generated from labour camps must be disposed off in environment friendly manner, i.e. provision of septic tank etc. for toilet wastes Indigenous Peoples The Subproject will not affect any ethnic BM/ Design and minority that qualifies under ADB’s definition Supervision of indigenous peoples. Consultants/PIU/ Construction Contractor Loss of livelihood for Leave spaces for access between mounds BM/ Design and businesses due to of soil; (iii) Provision of walkways and metal Supervision excavation works sheets where required to maintain access Consultants/PIU/ across trenches for people and vehicles; (iv) Construction Contractor Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (v) Consult businesses and
57 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules, (vi) ) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; compensation for lost income for duration of impact. Nuisance to public due to Avoid noise-generating activities at DESIGN AND increased noise levels night; SUPERVISION during construction Consult with the local community to CONSULTANT/ inform them of the nature, duration and likely Construction Contractor effects of the construction work, and to identify any local concerns so that these can be addressed; Minimization of the period of construction. Risk not to adopt design Supervision and immediate action BM/ PCU standards and use of accordingly; recommended quality of ADB is promoting the concept of materials during environmentally responsible procurement construction (ERP)26 through the Bank’s new SPS (ADB 2009). Typically, suppliers are required to demonstrate compliance with an environmental quality-assurance standard such as the ISO 14000 series27. ERP is an admirable concept, but rigorous application of ERP to this relatively small subproject would necessitate a considerable administrative overhead and is not considered to be practical for all the Project’s procurement activities. Apart from obvious requirements such as avoiding asbestos and CFCs, it is recommended that ERP is limited to aspects of international procurements such as the pumps, and possibly to wood28.Intensive supervision and monitoring of the construction work and immediate action as necessary Risk of health and safety The Contractor shall be required to DESIGN AND hazards to workers from develop and implement a Health and Safety SUPERVISION dust and other accidents Program (H&E) documenting procedures to CONSULTANT/ be followed for all site activities. All site Construction Contractor personnel shall undergo H&S Training. Hazardous materials shall not be stored near surface waters. Workers shall be trained of operators on release prevention, including drills specific to hazardous materials as part of emergency preparedness response training. Locations of hazardous materials and
26 ERP would cover, for example, the use of asbestos in subproject activities, or the use of CFCs and other chemicals banned under the Montreal Protocol in air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. 27 Especially ISO 14001 concerning Environmental Management Systems (EMS), or the more rigorous European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). 28 Wood should be sourced from sustainable sources, if feasible; the most rigorous system is that of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC).
58 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) associated activities shall be identified on an emergency plan site map. Suitable personal protection equipment (PPE) (footwear, masks, protective clothing and goggles) shall be provided. Monitoring and record-keeping activities, including audit procedures designed to verify and record the effectiveness of prevention and control of exposure to occupational hazards, and maintaining accident and incident investigation reports on file. All used lubricants and oils shall be collected and recycled or disposed off-site. Plastic sheeting shall be placed under hazardous material storage areas to collect and retain leaks and spills. Contaminated runoff from storage areas shall be captured in ditches or ponds with an oil trap at the outlet. Contaminated and worn plastic sheeting shall be packed into drums and disposed off-site. Risk of non-cooperation of Good rapporting and involvement of DESIGN AND local people in construction local people/user groups SUPERVISION works CONSULTANT Selection for Work Camps.. No trees shall be cut and removal of DESIGN AND vegetation shall be minimized. SUPERVISION Water and sanitation facilities shall be CONSULTANT/ provided for employees and workers. Construction Contractor Used oil and lubricants shall be recovered and reused or removed from the site by Contractor. Solid wastes shall be managed according to the following preference hierarchy: reduce, reuse, recycling, burial, or burning. When feasible, local residents shall be encouraged to scavenger non-hazardous solid wastes that are no longer usable to the project. At conclusion of the project, all wreckage, rubbish or temporary works that are no longer required shall be removed or given to local residents. All temporary structures, including office buildings, shelters, and sanitation facilities shall be removed to prevent encroachment within the road right-of-way. The site shall be restored to near natural or stable condition. Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation. The Project Engineer shall report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Surface water might get Surface and groundwater reserves must BM/ Design and contaminated due to the be protected from any source of Supervision disposal of construction contamination such as the construction and Consultants/PIU/
59 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) waste generated oily waste that will degrade its potable Construction Contractor quality; Solid waste will be disposed off in designated landfill sites to sustain the water quality for domestic requirements; Regular water quality monitoring according to determined sampling schedule; Contractor to ensure that construction debris do not find their way into the drainage or irrigation canals which may get clogged; Work on irrigation canal areas will be kept to a minimum, protective walls be (reconstructed); Prohibit washing of machinery and vehicles in surface waters, provide sealed washing basins and collect wastewater in sedimentation/retention pond; Construction work close to the streams or other water bodies will be avoided, especially during monsoon period; Construct temporary or permanent devices to prevent water pollution; and Wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approved disposal site. Temporary silt runoff due to Development and approval of a BM/ Design and construction activities sediment and erosion control plan prior to Supervision land disturbance; Consultants/PIU/ Removal of spoils as soon as it is Construction Contractor excavated; Disposal of spoils in BM-approved sitesAvoidance of construction work during monsoon season C. Operations Risk of disturbances by Use of special vehicle with cover facility in BM/ Contractor local people in order to avoid nuisance due to foul odor transportation of wastes to the sanitary landfill site Involvement of local community with BM/ Contractor provision for the use of waste disposal facility and priority in employment Risk to community health Lining and compaction immediately after BM/ Contractor and safety from odor and disposal diseases transmitted by flies, insects, birds and rats Risk to health and safety of Construction of boundary wall, quarters and BM/ Contractor workers and landfill site provision of lighting and fire extinguishers, safety equipments such as gloves, boots etc. and first aid Risk of conflict between Regular monitoring of the use of forest and BM/ Contractor CFUG and workers due to its product, provision of enough space and illegal use of forest alternative energy for the workers products – fuelwood and fodder and construction houses Risk of nuisance to Provision of adequate water supply and BM/ Contractor neighbors and not sanitary equipments and powders functioning of toilet due to lack or inadequate supply
60 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) of water Risk of health hazard due Monitoring of water quality and immediate BM/ Contractor to pollution of surface and action as required ground water from drain water with full of oils/ grease, diesels discharged from auto village Risk of health hazard to Awareness creation training/ discussion BM/ Contractor workers from high noise activities level Increase generation of solid Mixed waste (packaging: paper/card, BM/ Contractor and hazardous wastes plastic, glass, food wastes, floor sweepings and cleaning wastes, scrap metal (machinery) shall be separated further for re-use, recycle and compost. All hazardous wastes (oil, lubricants, solvents, abrasive cleaning materials, solvents) have to be treated to reduce volume/hazardousness. Solids can then still go on to hazardous waste landfill. Ideally should be recovered, recycled or incinerated with energy recovery.
98. Table 8 shows that most mitigation activities are the responsibility of the Construction Contractors (CC) employed to build the infrastructure during the construction stage, or the O&M Contractors employed to conduct maintenance or repair work when the system is operating. Responsibility for the relevant measures will be assigned to the Contractors via the contracts through which they are appointed (prepared by the PIU during the detailed design stage), so they will be legally required to take the necessary action.
B. Monitoring
99. Table 8 show that most of the mitigation measures are fairly standard methods of minimizing disturbance from constructing in urban areas (maintaining access, planning work to avoid sensitive times, finding uses for waste material, etc), and experienced Contractors should be familiar with most of the requirements. Monitoring of such measures normally involves making observations in the course of site visits, although some require more formal checking of records and other aspects. There will also be some surveys of residents, as most of the measures are aimed at preventing impacts on people and the human environment.
100. A program of monitoring will be conducted to ensure that all parties take the specified action to provide the required mitigation, to assess whether the action has adequately protected the environment, and to determine whether any additional measures may be necessary. This will be conducted by a qualified Environmental Specialist/Project Engineer from the PIU assisted by the DSC environmental specialist. The Environment Specialist will be responsible for all monitoring activities and reporting the results and conclusions to the DUDBC PIU, and will recommend remedial action if measures are not being provided or are not protecting the environment effectively. The Environment Specialist may be assisted by environmental specialists in particular technical fields, and junior or medium-level engineers who can make many of the routine observations on site. Post-construction monitoring will be conducted by the
61 Butwal municipality to whom responsibility for the infrastructure will pass once it begins to operate.29
101. Table 9 shows the proposed Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) for this subproject, which specifies the various monitoring activities and performance indicators to be conducted during all phases. Environmental monitoring will be done during construction in three levels; namely monitoring development of project performance indicators done by the Environmental Specialist of the Design Management and Supervision Consultants, monitoring implementation of mitigation measures done by the Contractor; and overall regulatory monitoring of the environmental issues done by Environmental Specialist of the PMU. The EMoP describes: (i) mitigation measures, (ii) location, (iii) measurement method, (iv) frequency of monitoring, and (v) responsibility (for both mitigation and monitoring). It does not show specific parameters to be measured because as indicated above, most measures will be checked by simple observation, by checking of records, or by interviews with residents or workers. The purpose of the environmental monitoring (physical, chemical and biological) will be (i) compliance monitoring – to check compliance with discharge and ambient standards (discharge to sewers, discharge to outfalls, inland surface water quality, coastal waters quality), i.e., and (ii) effects monitoring - to check system performance.
1. Compliance Monitoring
102. Environmental compliance monitoring will be carried out at four levels:
(i) The financing agency (ADB) will monitor the compliance of the EA with the environmental provisions in the loan agreement by (i) reviewing regular progress reports, and (ii) by periodic supervision missions;
(ii) the MoE as principal environmental regulator30 will monitor implementation by the Project of any conditions imposed on construction through the Nepali environmental approvals system;
(iii) the PIU, through the supervision consultants, will monitor the work of the contractors responsible for the physical works, which will include enhanced health, safety and environment (HSE) provisions; and
(iv) the contractors’ senior staff will undertake (i) internal quality control procedures, (ii) frequent site inspections, and (iii) the direct supervision of workers, in order to implement appropriate HSE practices on site.
29 In the operational period some infrastructure will be the responsibility of the Municipal Boards/Councils, whilst others will be the responsibility of the appropriate branch of the State government. 30 Rule 14 of the EPR, 1997 requires MoE to undertake an environmental audit of a project subjected to EIA after two years of the commencement of service. As per Rule, MOE is responsible for carrying out environmental auditing and maintain the updated records thereof. In addition, Schedule 6 of the EPR, 1997 requires the project proponent to develop auditing format in the EIA report. The National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 1993 has mentioned 6 types of audits. Those are decision point (effectiveness of EIA), implementation (consented condition), performance (effectiveness of project implementation and management), project impact (environmental change), predictive technique (accuracy and utility of prediction) and EIA procedure (method and approaches). Preparing auditing format should be part of the detail EIA processes.
62 2. Impact/Effects Monitoring
103. The selection of indicators and the design of monitoring programs require careful consideration to (i) minimize the effort and resources required whilst ensuring that potentially significant issues are covered; (ii) utilize and support the most appropriate institutions; and (iii) ensure that the sampling and analysis exercises are linked directly to a management mechanism for evaluation of the findings.
104. Water quality monitoring. Associated with the flow measurements system will be a program of water quality monitoring. This program will be specifically linked to wastewater management and will have both regulatory (compliance) and performance (effects and planning) aspects. It is therefore seen as the responsibility of the DUDBC rather than the regulator (MoE). Three categories of water quality monitoring will be the program’s focus: wastewater (discharges), groundwater, and inland waters. Costs of water quality monitoring are to be part of contractor's BoQ.
(i) Wastewater monitoring will start during the baseline study and eventually would involve regular grab sampling during construction and operational stages. In addition to pollutants (COD and BOD) concentration, it will also reflect hydrological events such as heavy rainfall or the connection of a new area to the system. The frequency of sampling and range of determinants would be greater at the beginning of the program to establish a formal baseline, and could be reduced once the normal variability has been determined.
(ii) Groundwater monitoring will involve existing tube wells and water supply sources. Similarly to establish a baseline, and subsequently at a lower frequency.
(iii) The inland waters sampling would involve regular grab sampling, again initially to establish a baseline, and subsequently at a lower frequency.
105. All analyses will be carried out by a quality-controlled lab, with results forwarded to the MoE on regular basis (at least every six months). Purpose-designed software packages are available for water quality analysis.31
106. Occupational health, public health and gender issues will be monitored as part of the Project’s overall monitoring system. DUDBC will maintain a database of standard operating parameters, occupational health and safety, and incidents such as overflows. Public health will be monitored through the usual system of public health statistical surveys and the reporting of notifiable diseases. The Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Unit will ensure that gender issues are incorporated in the program and surveys.
107. Public involvement in the monitoring system will be obtained through input of local information through DUDBC and associated surveys.
31 For example, the AARDVARK package from the UK’s Water Research Center.
63 Table 8: Environmental Monitoring Plan and Performance Indicators
Indicators Parameters to be Monitored Targets Frequency Responsibility Remedial action Construction Stage Ambient air quality RPM, SPM, SO2, NOx, CO Government standards Once in a season (except Contractor Stricter implementation of emission monsoons) for the entire norms construction period Dust suppression No. of tankers for water No dust rising from Random checks PIU through DSC Increase in frequency of water sprinkling, Timing of sprinkling, construction site, No dust sprinkling Location of sprinkling rising from haul roads, Twice daily sprinkling Surface and ground pH, BOD, Faecal Coli form, Designated best use Twice a year (pre monsoon Contractor Identify source of contamination and water quality Free Ammonia, EC, SAR, parameters and/or and post monsoon) for the treat effluent before discharge into Boron government standards entire period of receiving waters. Instruct contractor construction against violation and in case of Silt runoff in water location of silt fencing Locate while working Throughout construction PIU through DSC continued non compliance invoke bodies close to water bodies period penalty clauses Working condition Maintain the geo textile Throughout construction PIU through DSC free from clogging period
Effluent discharge TDS, TSS, pH, Hardness, Discharge standards of Twice a year (pre monsoon Contractor through from construction BOD, Faecal Coli form, Free government and post monsoon) for the approved Monitoring camps Ammonia, EC, SAR, Boron entire period of Agency construction Ambient noise Equivalent Day & Night Time Government standards Once in a season during Contractor Identify noise source and strictly Noise Levels construction stage regulate noise emissions. In case of continued non-compliance invoke penalty clauses against contractor Machinery noise Noise dB(A) <75 dB(A) at 1m free Once in a season during Contractor field from M/C construction stage Noise from Timings of construction Only day time at Continuous PIU through DSC construction settlements activities OHS Management Plan covers all activities Compliance with Continuous Contractor Identify non-compliance and modify Plan applicable labour laws plan Supply of PPE provision of PPE on site, Compliance with OHS Continuous Contractor Ensure adequacy as per plan and adequacy of equipment instruct contractor to comply. In case of continued non-compliance, invoke penalty clauses Training in H&S No. of sessions conducted, Compliance with OHS Continuous Percent attendance Establishing Installation of equipment Compliance with OHS Start of construction camp Medical facilities specified in OHS Plan Safety plan Reporting compliance Compliance with OHS Continuous Contractor Ensure compliance as per plan and implementation instruct contractor to comply. In case OHS Site maintenance, Medical Compliance with OHS of continued non-compliance, invoke Implementation facilities maintenance, Training penalty clauses record sessions
Accident record No. of fatal accidents, No. of Compliance with OHS injuries, No. of disabilities
Community Health Reporting compliance Compliance with OHS Continuous Contractor Ensure compliance as per plan and and Safety plan instruct contractor to comply. In case of continued non-compliance, invoke penalty clauses Dissemination of No of community health Compliance with OHS Community health dissemination sessions, issues dissemination mechanisms
Health records No. of recorded cases of Compliance with OHS community health as respiratory illness, HIV/STD,
Operation stage Physico-chemical pH, BOD, Faecal Coli form, Designated best use Continuous Municipality Identify source of contamination and characteristics Free Ammonia, EC, SAR, parameters treat effluent before discharge into Boron receiving waters Effluent discharge TDS, TSS, pH, Hardness, Discharge standards of Twice a year (pre monsoon Municipality BOD, Faecal Coli form, Free government and post monsoon) for the Ammonia, EC, SAR, Boron entire period of construction Water quality Ca, Mg, Hardness, TDS, TSS, Government standards Three times a year (peak Municipality Identify source of contamination and pH, Hardness, BOD, Faecal of summer, winter and treat effluent before discharge into Coli form, Hg, Cd, Se, Ar, Cr monsoon) receiving waters
Drainage Time required for draining Within 30m of rainfall Thrice a year, before, Municipality Assess need for drainage effectiveness stopping during and after the improvements, and if required provide
65 Water logging / No of locations, extent of No waterlogging / monsoons addl facilities as per design flooding retention flooding recommendations.
Economic Income levels, livelihood Equivalent to baseline Once a year, for five years Municipality Initiate detailed socio-economic indicators options conditions from the completion of the studies. Identify reasons for economic project decline and correlation with study interventions. Solid waste Visual inspection of Visual inspection Twice a year (pre monsoon Municipality Ensure waste management is management municipality and SWM site and post monsoon) for the effective. Provide training and entire period of resources towards improving SWM. construction
66
C. Implementation Arrangement
1. Institutional Arrangement
108. The Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) will be the Executing Agency (EA), working through its Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC), which will establish a project coordination office (PCO) for the Project headed by project director. Butwal, Birgunj and Butwal municipalities will be the Implementing Agencies (IAs) for the subprojects, each with a project implementation unit (PIU) headed by project manager. Another PIU will be established for the Kavre valley water supply subproject, comprising representatives from Banepa, Dhulikhel and Panauti municipalities. At the central level, a project steering committee (PSC) will be set up with the secretary of MPPW as the chair, and the director general of the DUDBC, the executive director of TDF, a senior representative from the National Planning Commission, joint secretaries of the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Local Development (MLD), and the Ministry of Environment (MOE), and the executive officers of relevant municipalities as members, and the project director as member secretary. The PSC will review overall progress and recommend key policy decisions. In each municipality, a municipal project management committee (MPMC) will be established in order to discuss project implementation issues, enhance collaboration among relevant departments and organizations, and expedite decision-making processes with an aim at achieving intended project output and outcome. MPMC will be chaired by the executive officer, and comprise relevant department heads of the respective municipality, chief of the divisional office of DUDBC, DWSS and other relevant government departments, a representative from district development committee, four members representing the local disadvantaged communities, NGOs, women's groups and the private sector, and the respective project manager working as secretariat .
109. The implementation arrangements are summarized in Table 10 and described in detail in the PAM.
110. Environmental Safeguards Implementation Arrangements. Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) were prepared for each municipality (Biratnagar, Birgunj, and Butwal) and for Kavre Valley subproject as part of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) reports, and an Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) was prepared to guide environmental assessment and reporting for subprojects to be defined after Board approval (e.g., public toilets in Biratnagar, Birgunj, and Butwal; and Butwal water supply). The following are institutional roles and responsibilities to ensure EMPs are implemented during design and construction stages:
111. Project Coordination Office. The PCO, with assistance from the project management support consultant is to (i) confirm IEEs/EMPs are updated based on detailed designs; (ii) confirm whether EMPs are included in bidding documents and civil works contracts; (iii) provide oversight on environmental management aspects of the Project and ensure EMPs are implemented by PIU, DSC consultants, and contractors; (iv) establish a system to monitor environmental safeguards of the project including monitoring the indicators set out in the monitoring plan of the EMP; (v) facilitate and confirm overall compliance with all Government rules and regulations regarding forest and environmental permits and clearances as well as any other approved environmental guidelines, as relevant; (vi) supervise and provide guidance to
the DSCs to properly carry out the environmental assessments as per the EARF; (vii) review, monitor and evaluate the effectiveness with which the EMPs are implemented, and recommend necessary corrective actions to be taken as necessary; (viii) consolidate quarterly environmental monitoring reports from PIU and submit annual monitoring report to ADB; and (ix) ensure timely disclosure of final IEEs/EMPs in locations and form accessible to the public.
112. Project Implementation Units. The four PIUs in Biratnagar, Birgunj, Butwal, and Kavre Valley, with the assistance of design supervision consultants, are to: (i) ensure IEEs and EMPs are updated by DSC during detailed design stage; (ii) ensure EMPs are included in bidding documents and civil works contracts; (iii) ensure compliance with all Government rules and regulations regarding forest and environmental permits and clearances; (iv) oversee implementation of EMPs including environmental monitoring by contractors; (v) take corrective actions when necessary to ensure no environmental impacts; and (vi) submit quarterly environmental monitoring reports to the PCO.
2. Responsibilities for Mitigation and Monitoring
a. Mitigation
113. Institutional responsibilities for mitigation are noted in Table 8.
114. During project design, the primary responsibility for mitigation will lie with the PCO, which must ensure that all identified and agreed mitigation measures are incorporated in the Project design and, importantly, in the tender documents for construction and for construction supervision.
115. During construction, primary responsibility for mitigation will lie with the contractor(s) who must implement the provisions in the contracts. Supervision and enforcement (compliance) will be undertaken by respective PIUs.
116. During operation, primary responsibility for mitigation will lie with the operators, DUDBC and respective municipalities under the terms of their performance agreements.
b. Monitoring
117. Institutional responsibilities for monitoring are noted in Table 9.
118. During project design, the primary responsibility for monitoring will lie with the PCO.
119. During construction, monitoring will be carried out at several different levels, by the contractor(s), by PIU, and by ADB.
120. During operation, the operators (DUDCB and respective municipalities) will undertake environmental monitoring of flows, overflows, other environmental pollution incidents, disposal of grit, pest control, and occupational hygiene topics (accidents, injuries, diseases). DUDBC will
68 retain overall responsibility for environmental monitoring, and will have direct responsibility for some aspects of monitoring especially water quality and social and public health impacts.
3. Skills Needs and Institutional Strengthening
121. Mitigation skills needs will be included, by design, in the contractors’ and supervision consultant’s teams.
122. The Project’s water quality monitoring program will be specifically linked to wastewater management and will have both regulatory (compliance) and performance (effects and planning) aspects. It is therefore seen as the responsibility of DUDBC rather than the regulator (MoE). Some outsourcing may be possible, which is responsible for research in the field of water quality. The will require:
(i) Full time staff specialized in monitoring and evaluation (M&E);
(ii) Inputs from Environmental Specialists/Project Engineer to draft the final, detailed version of the environmental provisions for the International Competitive Bidding (ICB) and local tender documents, assist in bid evaluation and ensure the agreed HSE provisions are incorporated in the contract documents, train local staff in environmental construction supervision, and finalize the environmental monitoring system; and
(iii) Inputs from Social Specialists and Public Health Specialists to finalize the social impact monitoring system, establish the health baseline, and implement social impact monitoring.
123. These management and monitoring areas (M&E; environment, social, and health) will require support by international and local technical assistance. These inputs are considered a minimum in order to ensure that environmentally-related monitoring is carried out in a timely and effective manner. Terms of Reference for the recommended environmental consulting services are attached as Appendix 5.
4. Cost Estimates
124. Cost estimates for the mitigation measures identified in this IEE are given in Table 11. Note that most of the measures are designed into the Project and therefore already included in Project cost estimates.
125. The cost of upgrading the standards of health, safety and environmental management on site during construction is difficult to estimate. These could be considered standard items consistent with best practice, and therefore included in the unit rates for other items (i.e. a contractor’s overhead). In practice, unless there are both financial incentives for implementing best practice (pay items in the Bills of Quantities) and financial penalties for inadequate performance, and adequate professional resources for supervision, HSE can fail to receive
69 adequate attention. The costs are unlikely to exceed 0.5% of total project costs, and may be much less, depending how the contracts are structured.
126. With respect to environmental monitoring, costs will depend on the ability of DUDBC to provide logistical support to the program from existing resources. The major costs will be (i) transport, (ii) sampling equipment, (iii) any required lab upgrades, (iv) analyses, (v) quality assurance, and (vi) staff training (upgrades and continuing professional development). Provision will be made on a contingency basis for some equipment and supplies, with details to be confirmed following more detailed investigation by the Environment Specialist. The government Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) for the Road Resufacing along Drainage Lines and Improved Access component is estimated to cost Rs 1 million; the government Environmental Impact Assessment for Landfill site is estimated to cost Rs 3 million; and the government Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) for the Auto-Village Environment Improvement is estimated to cost Rs 1 million. These costs are included in the overall project costs for the subprojects.
Table 9: Cost Estimates Measure Additional Cost ($) Responsibility/Source of (excluding consulting Funds services) Project Location Land acquisition for 2 WTP sites Nil PCO responsibility Consultation on detailed alignment of Nil PCO responsibility sewers Consultation on existing utilities Nil PCO responsibility Project Design Source control program Nil Project will establish pre- conditions for source control, for later implementation Control of all discharges Nil PCO responsibility Use of corrosion-resistant materials Nil PCO responsibility through tender documentation Construction Limit and control working hours, noise, dust, Nil PCO responsibility through vibration, construction traffic, flooding tender documentation through contract provisions Control of construction materials and Nil PCO responsibility through sources through contract provisions tender documentation Implement best practice waste Nil Standard best practice management during construction through contract provisions Implement best practice health and safety Nil Standard best practice measures on site, through contract provisions Ensure adequate health, safety & Hil Specific supervision task, environmental supervision requires resourcing Schedule consultation planelaying in areas Nil PCO responsibility, with prone to flooding for dry season contractor Limit length of trench open at any one time Nil PCO responsibility through & control contractor’s consultation plane tender documentation laying activities & methods Provide compensation for loss of income to TBD PIU/DSC/Contractor to ensure commercial enterprises affected by loss of continued access to access during construction businesses. In the event income loss occurs, compensation for lost income by Municipality overseen by PIU.
70 Measure Additional Cost ($) Responsibility/Source of (excluding consulting Funds services) Provide incentives & disincentives to Nil PCO responsibility through encourage fast consultation planelaying & tender documentation penalize delays Control contractor’s potentially polluting Nil PCO responsibility through activities through contract provisions tender documentation Develop and implement safe working Nil Designed into Project practices for sewer cleaning, provide and use safety equipment Apply ERP to some aspects of ICB Nil PCO responsibility packages Operation Monitor noise and odor through complaints Nil Designed into Project system Develop and implement safe working Nil Designed into Project practices for system operation, provide & use safety equipment, develop emergency response procedures Prioritize non-lethal pest & vermin control Nil Standard best practice Water quality monitoring program See para 126 Major environmental monitoring program
5. Reporting and Review
127. The DSC is to submit monthly reports to PIU, and PIU is to take corrective actions where necessary. PIU is to submit quarterly reports to PCO. PCO to consolidate quarterly reports and submit to ADB annually. ADB will perform annual or biannual environmental reviews where environmental aspects of the Project will be reviewed together with project implementation.
6. Feedback and Adjustment
128. The feedback and adjustment process will take place following the reporting and review process. Therefore those charged with receiving and reviewing monitoring reports will be responsible for giving back their feedback to senders of the reports regarding appropriateness of monitoring methods, effectiveness of impact mitigation measures, etc. Adjustments will be made if both the monitoring institution and the reviewing institution concur in the change.
129. During implementation, the EMP will be revised once construction and operational activities are well defined. Additional information will be provided on (i) the responsibilities for reporting, (ii) the work plan, (iii) the procurement plan, (iv) detailed cost estimates, and (v) mechanisms for taking corrective action.
IX. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
130. The screening process carried out in the IEE has not identified any significant negative environmental impacts likely to be caused by the subproject. Environmental issues were considered throughout development of the subproject and necessary changes were made to the
71 designs to reduce or avoid these impacts. Potential negative environmental impacts associated with construction activities are (i) mostly of the individual elements that are relatively small and involve straightforward construction and operation, so impacts will be mainly localized and not greatly significant; and (ii) mostly predicted impacts associated with the construction process which can be mitigated by the application of standard health, safety, and environmental clauses in contract documents, close supervision, and close attention to transparency in tendering, and to quality control and supervision on site. Mitigation measures for other impacts are provided in detail in the IEE.
131. One of the concerns is health and safety risk to the workers. Health and safety risk will be minimized through controlling hazardous waste at the source; designing of safe work systems; provision of appropriate personal protective equipments such as gloves, safety glass, plastic hamlets, safety shoes, gowns, face mask and first aids in conjunction with training on the use and maintenance of equipments; training on safe work procedures; and emergency preparedness response such as warning and evacuation.
132. Another concern is the health and safety risk to the communities living in the nearby areas. Exposure of the communities will minimized by provision of buffer zones and structural safety such as fencing and gates.
133. No sensitive species or critical habitat exist in the area. Ongoing consultations will be done with the local forest user group members. Moreover, the landfill will be sited at least 500 m away from the fault line as advised by the Nepal National Building Code (footnote 20) and at least 500m away from sensitive receptors. The surrounding forest acts as a natural buffer to odor nuisance to surrounding community. All risks concerning the location are therefore readily mitigated and are to be confirmed during the detailed design stage.
134. The subproject components it will operate without major environmental impacts, providing DUDBC and the contractors follow the Operations Manual procedures prepared during the design stage. STIUEIP will provide DUDBC with training, and budgets to enable them to fulfill these responsibilities.
135. If budgetary resources permit, a number of activities which would give a high developmental return for a low investment could be added to the Project. These potential enhancement measures include: landscaping at pumping stations; investigation of best use of redundant pumping station buildings; training in construction health, safety and environmental management practices; pilot project to explore the feasibility of energy recovery from sewage (heat) and/or screenings (combustion or gasification) for sewage pumping.
X. CONCLUSIONS
A. Results of ADB Environmental Assessment
136. The project is not expected to give rise to any significant negative environmental impacts, and therefore does not require an ADB Environmental Impact Assessment.
72 137. The subproject will significantly improve inland surface water quality, lower risks to public health from waterborne diseases, and improve quality of life. Therefore it will have significant positive environmental impacts.
138. Mitigation of minor adverse impacts can be carried out as an integral part of the subproject, during both the detailed design and implementation stages. Mitigation measures will be included in the tender documents for the civil works.
B. Nepali Environmental Clearance
139. Although primarily a Category B subproject under ADB Environmental categorization, the subproject’s sanitation component trigger a requirement for an environmental impact assessment (EIA) under EPR 1997. Prior to commencement of detailed design this IEE together with the scope and ToR will be formally submitted to the principal regulatory authority (the MoE), by the proponent (the DUDBC) as the “proposal” required under the regulations to initiate the approval process.
73 Appendix 1: Features of Identified Waste Water Treatment Plants
Features Description Topography Gently rolling depositional basin (1-50 slope) Geological consideration The Main Frontal Thrust and Faults are located in near by areas Soil Loamy to sandy and cobly Drainage Climate Subtropical monsoon – mean monthly temperature: 250C and annual rainfall: 2500mm Water table Not measured, 15-20 m Land use/land cover Pole size forest with tree density about 500/ha Number of land owner Government of Nepal but handed over to Charpala Community Forest User’s group of 10,000 families Settlement/houses Houses about 500 m far Access road About 500 m far from the road, Major infrastructure No Flood recorded No Environmentally sensitive areas adjacent or within the No, Chitwan National Park about 46 km far and site (cultural heritage, protected areas, wetland, buffer Lumbini Cultural Heritage about 30 km far zone of protected areas, special areas for protecting
Geographical biodiversity) Impacts due to transport of wastes to the disposal No adverse impact if properly handled site or treatment facility Impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas no and loss/damage to these site Degradation of aesthetic and property value of loss no Nuisance to neighboring areas due to foul order and Insignificant, located 500 m far from the settlement influx of insects, rodents etc. Dislocation or involuntary resettlement no Public health hazard from order, smoke from fire and Insignificant, no settlement within 500 buffer diseases transmitted by flies, insect, bird and rats Deterioration of water quality as a result of Less likely because leach ate treatment facility will be contamination of receiving waters by leach ate from provided, but needs further investigation of soil and its land disposal system infiltration capacity Contamination of ground and/or surface water by Less likely because leach ate treatment facility will be leach ate from land disposal system provided, but needs further investigation of soil and its infiltration capacity Land use conflict Likely, but needs to convince forest user’s group and people living in nearby areas Pollution of surface and ground water from leach ate Less likely because leach ate treatment facility will be coming from the site provided, but needs further investigation of soil and its infiltration capacity Inadequate buffer zone around land fill site to Adequate, 500 m alleviate nuisance Social conflicts between construction workers from No, labor is locally available other areas Road blocking and/or increased traffic during Insignificant, currently traffic flow is not high
construction facilities Noise and dust from construction activities Insignificant, no blasting is needed Temporary silt runoff due to construction Insignificant, spoils will be used in road improvement and local demand for soil is high to fill low-lying areas Hazard to public health due to inadequate Less likely, but the capacity of the municipality should management of landfill site caused by inadequate be enhanced institutional and financial capabilities Emission of potentially toxic volatile organic from land Less likely, hazardous waste will be treated separately disposal site with special provision Surface and ground water pollution from leach ate Less likely because the land is used for flooded paddy and methane gas migration indicating very low infiltration and leach ate treatment facility will be provided, but needs further investigation
Potential environmental impacts environmental Potential of soil and its infiltration capacity
74 Features Description Topography Gently rolling depositional basin (1-50 slope) Geological consideration The Main Frontal Thrust and Faults are located in near by areas Soil Loamy to sandy and cobly Drainage Climate Subtropical monsoon – mean monthly temperature: 250C and annual rainfall: 2500mm Water table Not measured, 15-20 m Land use/land cover Pole size forest with tree density about 500/ha Number of land owner Government of Nepal but handed over to Charpala Community Forest User’s group of 10,000 families Settlement/houses Houses about 500 m far Access road About 500 m far from the road, Major infrastructure No Flood recorded No Environmentally sensitive areas adjacent or within the No, Chitwan National Park about 46 km far and site (cultural heritage, protected areas, wetland, buffer Lumbini Cultural Heritage about 30 km far zone of protected areas, special areas for protecting
Geographical biodiversity) Loss of deep rooted vegetation from landfill gas Less likely Explosion of toxic response from accumulated landfill No, buildings are located 500 km far gas in buildings Contamination of air quality from incineration No, no provision for incineration Public health hazards from order, smokes from fire and diseases transmitted by flies, rodents, insects and birds etc. Health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and hazardous materials in the site
75 Appendix 2: List of Resource Persons Consulted During Field Visits between 9-12 September and 21-24 September in Butwal, Sidharthanagar and Ramgram Municipalities Municipality Name Designation Issues Discussed Butwal 1.Mr. Narayan Prasad Bidari Chief Executive, Butwal Identification and prioritization of Municipality, Municipality project components and its Rupandehi locations; site specific environmental issues particularly landfill site 2. Mr. Bishnu Prasad Khanal Senior Officer , Butwal “ municipality 3.Mr. Gautam Rauniyar Engineer Identification and prioritization of project components and its locations; site visit, site specific environmental issues particularly landfill site 4. Mr. khageswor Pokhrel, Environment Officer Identification and prioritization of project components and its locations; site specific environmental issues particularly landfill site 5.Rukmagad Basyal Sub-Engineer “ 6. Mr. Gyan Prasad Aryal “ “ 7. Mr.. Madhav Prasad Poudyal Non-Gazetted first Land price in Butwal municipality class Officer area , rag pickers and their location 8. Mr. Situ Prasad Shrestha Accountant “ 9.Mr. Prem Bhagat Ranger, Dept of Forest, Provision of forest act and Rupandehi district regulation, issues of Tamnagar land fill site, forest species, biodiversity and density of tree 10.Mr. Durga Prasad Subedi Chairman, Chaprpala Use and management of Forest user committee , community forest in Tamnagar, Butwal 14 Opinion of the CFUGs for using proposed Tamnagar site for Landfill Sidhartha 1.Mr.Bhogendra Kumar Chhetry Chief Executive, Probable site for a regional landfill Nagar Sidharnagar and their participation cooperation Municipality, Municipality Rupandehi 2. Mr. Ganesh Bahadur Chhety Chief Accountant “ 3.Mr. Yam Lal Panday Engineer “ 4.Mr. Sekhar Nath Panthi Section Chief , solid “ waste management 5. Mr. Santosh Gurung Accountant “ Ram Gram 1.Mr. Durga Nath Gautam Executive Chief, Ram Probable site for a regional landfill municipality, Gram municipality and their participation cooperation Nawal Parasi 2. Mr. Kundan Kumar Chodhary Accountant “ Mr. Pradip Jyoti Shrestha Jailer ,Department of “ Prison, Nawal Parasi
76 Appendix 3: National Standards and Codes
Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents Discharged into Inland Surface Water Characteristics Land Surface Water Public Inland Surface Water Sewerage Total Suspended solids, mg/l, Max 30-200 600 50 Shall pass 850-micron Particle size of total suspended particles Shall pass 850-micron sieve Sieve pH value 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 Temperature, 0C, Max Shall not exceed 40 degree C 45 Shall not exceed 40 in any section of the stream degree C in any section of within 15 meters downstream the stream within 15 from the effluent outlet meters downstream from the effluent outlet Total Chromium, mg/l, Max - 2 Sulphates (So4), mg/l, Max 500 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l, Max - 2100 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) for 5 50 400 50 days at 20 degree C, mg/l, Max Oils and grease, mg/l, Max 10 50 10 Phenolic compounds, mg/l, Max 1 10 1 Cynides (as CN), mg/, Max 0.2 2 0.2 Sulphides (as S), mg/l, Max 2 2 2 Radiocative materials Alpha emitters, c/ml, max 10-7 10-7 Beta emitters, c/ml, max 10-8 10-8 Insecticides Absent Absent Absent Total residual chlorine, mg/l 1 1 Fluorides (as F), mg/l, Max 2 10 2 Arsenic (as AS), mg/l, Max 0.2 1 0.2 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, Max 2 2 2 Hexavalent chromium (as Cr,) mg/l, Max 0.1 0.1 Copper (as Cu), mg/l, Max 3 3 3 Lead (as pb), mg/l, max 0.1 0.1 0.1 Nickel (as Ni), mg/l, Max 3 3 3 Selenium (as Se), mg/l, Max 0.05 0.05 0.05 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, Max 5 5 5 TDS, mg/l, max Chloride (Cl), Mg/l, max Solphate (So4), mg/l, max Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max 0.01 0.01 0.01 Mineral oils, mg/l, max 10 Inhibition of nitrification test at 2000 ml/l <50% Sodium, % max Ammonical nitrogen, mg/l, max 50 50 50 Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/l, max 250 1000 250 Silver, mg/l, max 0.1 0.1 0.1 Source: Nepal Gazette, 2058/01/17 (30 April 2001) and 2060/03/09 (23 June 2003).
77 Generic Standard/Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents Discharged into Inland Surface Water Characteristi Environmental Standard and Norms, 1/6/1999 cs Tannin Wool Ferment Paper Dairy Sugar Cotton Soap Brick Kiln Industry g processi at & Indust indust and indust Suspend Height industr ng industry pump ry ry textile ry ed s of y industry indust indust particulat Chimn ry ry e matter ey (Max. (Max. Limit) Limit) TSS mg/l 100 100 100 100 150 100 100 200 Particle size of TSS pH Value 5.5- 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5- 5.5- 5.5- 5.5- 6.0- 5.5-9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.5 9.0 9.0 Temperature 40 0C TDS, mg/l, 2100 max Color and Absen odor t* BOD for 5 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 days at 200 0C, mg/l, max Oils and 10 10 10 10 grease, mg/l, max Cyanides (as (as C6. 101 CN), mg/l, h5, OH) max Sulphides (as 2 2 S), mg/l, max Radioactive 5.5-10 materials Total residual 61 Chlorine, mg/l Nickel (as 3 Ni), mg/l, max Chlorides (as 600 CI), mg/l, max Sodium, % 60 max Chemical 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 oxygen demand mg/l, max Total 2 2 Chromium (as Cr), mg/l, max Bull’s Trench 600mg/N 17 Kiln forced m3 Meter Draught (Mixed Chimney) Bull’s Trench 600mg/N 30 Kiln natural m3 Meter Draught (Fixed Chimney)
78 Characteristi Environmental Standard and Norms, 1/6/1999 cs Tannin Wool Ferment Paper Dairy Sugar Cotton Soap Brick Kiln Industry g processi at & Indust indust and indust Suspend Height industr ng industry pump ry ry textile ry ed s of y industry indust indust particulat Chimn ry ry e matter ey (Max. (Max. Limit) Limit) Vertical shaft 600mg/N 15 Brick Kiln m3 Meter (VSBK) Hexavalent 0.1 chromium (as Cr), mg/l, max Phenolic 5 Compunds (as C6. C5, OH), mg/l Temperature 40 0C Source: Nepal Gazette (2058/01/17 (30 April, 2001) and 2060/03/09 (23 June 2003)).
Nepal’s Drinking Water Quality Standards Group Parameter Unit Maximum Concentration Limits Turbidity NTU 5 (10)** pH 6.5-8.5* Color TCU 5 (15)** Taste & Odor Would not be objectionable Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 1000 Electrical Conductivity µg/l 1500 Iron mg/l 03 (3)* Manganese mg/l 0.2 Physical Arsenic mg/l 0.05 Cadmium mg/l 0.003 Chromium mg/l 0.05 Cyanide mg/l 0.07 Fluoride mg/l 0.5-1.5 Lead mg/l 0.01 Ammonia mg/l 1.5 Chloride mg/l 250 Sulphate mg/l 250 Nitrate mg/l 50 Copper mg/l 1 Total Hardness mg/l 500 Chemical Calcium mg/l 200 Zinc mg/l 3 Mercury mg/l 0.001 Aluminum mg/l 0.2 Residual Chlorine mg/l 0.1-0.2* Micro Germs E-Coli MPN/100ml 0 Total Coli form MPN/100ml 95% in sample Note: *These standards ndicate the maximum and minimum limits. ** Figures in parenthesis are upper range of the standard recommended. Source: Ministry of Physical Planning (Nepal Gazette (B.S. 2063/03/12)).
79 Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Irrigation Water
Microbiological Constituents: SN Parameter Name Target Water Quality Range Remarks 1 Coli forms (faecal) < 1 count/100 ml 1-1000 count/100ml could be used for plants for which edible parts are not wetted
Physical constituents SN Parameter Name Target Water Quality Range Remarks 1 pH 6.5-8.5 Adverse effect on plants outside this range 2 Suspended Solids < 50 mg/l Above the limit problem with sedimentation and irrigation system 3 Electrical Conductivity < 40 mS/m Upto 450 mS/m depending upon sensitivity of crops
Chemical Constituents: SN Parameter Name Target Water Quality Range Remarks 1 Aluminium < 5 mg/l Upto 20 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 2 Arsenic <0.1 mg/l > 2 mg/l creates severe problem 3 Berylium < 0.1 mg/l 0.1-0.5 mg/l max acceptable conc. 4 Boron < 0.5 mg/l Upto 15 mg/l depending upon species 5 Cadmium < 0.01 mg/l 0.01-0.05 mg/l max acceptable conc. 6 Chloride < 100 mg/l Upto 700 mg/l depending upon species 7 Chromium < 0.1 mg/l Upto 1.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 8 Cobalt < 0.05 mg/l Upto 5.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 9 Copper < 0.2 mg/l Upto 5.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 10 Fluoride < 2.0 mg/l Upto 15 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 11 Iron < 5.0 mg/l (no- toxic) > 1.5 mg/l creates problem in drip irrigation system 12 Lead < 0.2 mg/l Upto 2.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 13 Lithium < 2.5 mg/l For citrus < 0.75 mg/l 14 Maganese < 0.02 mg/l Upto 10 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 15 Molybdenum < 0.01 mg/l Upto 0.05 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 16 Nickel < 0.2 mg/l Upto 2.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 17 Nitrogen (inorganic) < 5 mg/l Higher concentration may affect sensitive plants and may contaminate ground water 18 Selenium < 0.02 mg/l Upto 0.05 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 19 Sodium Adsorption Ratio < 2.0 Upto 10 depending upon sensitivity of crops (SAR) 20 Sodium < 70 mg/l Upto 460 depending upon sensitivity of crops 21 Total Dissolved Solids (as < 40 mS/m Upto 540 mS/m depending upon sensitivity of EC) crops 22 Uranium < 0.01 mg/l Upto 0.1 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 23 Vanadium < 0.1 mg/l Upto 1.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 24 Zinc < 1.0 mg/l Upto 5.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. Source: Department of Irrigation: Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, BS, 2065-03-02).
80 Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Aquaculture SN Constituents Target Water Quality Range Remarks 1 Algae No criteria 2 Alkalinity 20-100 mg/l as CaCO3 High alkalinity reduces natural food production in ponds below optimal production 3 Aluminium < 30µg/L (pH > 6.5) Highly toxic to trouts (1.5 30µg/l < 10µg/L (pH < 6.5) is fatal to brown trout) 4 Ammonia (for cold 0-25 µg/L water fish) 5 Ammonia (for warm 0-30 µg/L water fish) 6 Arsenic 0-0.05 mg/L 7 Bacteria (E. Coli) < 10 counts of E. coli/g of fish flesh 8 BODs < 15 mg/l 9 Cadmium Hardness: 0-60 mg/l < 0.2 mg/l Cadmium toxicity depends Hardness: 60-120 mg/l < 08 mg/l upon hardness of water Hardness: 120-180 mg/l < 1.3 mg/l Hardness: >180 mg/l < 1.8 mg/l 10 Carbon dioxide < 12 mg/l, upto 75 mg/l for warm water fish 11 Chloride Value not recommended (fish can survive at < 600 mg/l Chloride but the production is not optimum) 12 Chlorine <2µg HOCI/L for cold water fish <10µg HOCI/L for warm water fish 13 Chromium (VI) <20µg/L 14 COD <40µg/L 15 Colour <100 Pt-Co Unit 16 Copper <5µg/L 0.006 and 0.03µg/L are upper limits for hard and soft water 17 Cyanides <20µg/L as HCN LC50 starts from 100 µg/L upwards 18 Dissolved oxygen 6-9 mg/l for cold water species 5-8 for intermediate water species 5-8 for warm water species 19 Fluoride <20µg/l 20 Iron <10µg/l 0.2-1.75 general lethal threshold for fish 21 Lead <10µg/l 30 µg/L max. conc. Limit for brook trout 22 Magnesium < 15 mg/l 23 Manganese <100 µg/l Above 500 µg/L increasing risk of lethal effect 24 Mercury <1 µg/l Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications occurs 25 Nickel <100 µg/l 26 Nitrate-N <300 µg/l 100 mg/l is below the 96-hour LC50 values for most fish 27 Nitrite-N g/l for cold water fish > 7 mg/L is LC50 for many fish species 0.06-0.25 mg/l for warm water fish 28 Nuisance Plant Less than 10% of the fish pond should be covered by aquatic plants 29 Oil and Greese < 300 µg/L (including petrochemicals) 30 PCBs No quantitative guidelines, should not be detected in fish 31 pH 6.5 – 9.0 Outside this range the health of fish is adversely affected 32 Phenols < 1 mg/l > 7.5 mg/l 24 hr. LC50 starts for most fish
81 SN Constituents Target Water Quality Range Remarks 33 Phosphorus < 0.6 mg/l as orthophosphate > 12.5 mg/l 96 hr. LC50 starts 34 Selenium (VI) < 0.3 mg/l for most fish 35 Sulphide as H2S < 0.001 mg/l > 0.002 mg/l long term health hazard for fish 36 Temperature 4-18 for cold water fish 16-32 for intermediate species 24-30 for warm water fish Mortality increases with 37 Total Dissolved Gases < 100 % for cold water fish increasing TGP as Total Gas Pressure (TGP) < 105 % for warm water fish 38 Total Dissolved Solids < 2000 mg/l 39 Total Harness as 20-100 mg/l In > 175 mg/l osmoregulation of CaCO3 fish is affected 40 Total Suspended Matter < 20,000 mg/l for turbid water species < 25 NTU for clear water species 41 Zinc, depends upon Hardness Cold water Warm water water hardness: mg/l 10 mg/l 0.03 0.3 dissolved Zn 50 mg/l 0.2 0.7 Warm water fish are more 100 mg/l 0.3 1 tolerant 500 mg/l 0.5 2 Pesticides: No guideline values provided. Source: Source: Department of Irrigation: Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, BS, 2065-03-02).
82 Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Livestock Watering SN Constituent Proposed concentration 1 Algae No visible blue-green scum 2 Aluminium < 5 mg/l 3 Arsenic < 0.2 mg/l 4 Berylium < 0.1 mg/l 5 Boron < 5 mg/l 6 Cadmium < 0.01 mg/l 7 Calcium < 1000 mg/l 8 Chloride 9 Chromium (VI) < 1 mg/l 10 Cobalt < 1 mg/l 11 Copper < 0.5 mg/l 12 Electrical conductivity < 1.5 mg/l 13 Fluoride < 2 mg/l 14 pH 6.5-8.5 15 Iron Not toxic 16 Lead < 0.1 mg/l 17 Magnesium < 500 mg/l 18 Maganese < 10 mg/l 19 Mercury < 10 µg/l 20 Molybdenum < 0.01 mg/l 21 Nickel < 1 mg/l 22 Nitrate/Nitrite < 100 mg/l as nitrate 23 Nitrite-N < 10 mg/l 24 Selenium < 0.05 mg/l 25 Sodium < 2000 mg/l 26 Sulphate < 1000 mg/l 27 Total Dissolved Solids Dairy Cattle < 7100 mg/l Sheep < 12800 mg/l Horse < 6400 mg/l Pigs < 4300 mg/l Poultry <2800 mg/l 28 Vanadium < 0.1 mg/l (FAO) 29 Zinc < 24 mg/l (FAO) Pathogens: 1 Faecal coliform count < 200 count/100 ml < 100 count for < 20 % of the samples Pesticides: Guidelines applicable for human beings Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Guidelines for human beings apply Source: Source: Department of Irrigation: Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, BS, 2065-03-02).
83 Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Recreation
Biological Parameters: SN Parameter Name Full Contact Partial Contact Non Contact 1 Algae, macrophytes, Should not be present in excessive amount phytoplankton scum, etc Indicator Organism Total Coil form Bacteria Faecal coliform < 130 count/100ml < 1000 count/100ml No target value Escherichia coli < 130 count/100ml No target value No target value Entero cocci Faecal Streptococci < 30 count/100ml 0-230 count/100ml No target value Coliphase < 20 count/100ml No target value No target value Schistosoma/Bilharzia No snails capable of acting No snails capable of acting No target value as the intermediate host of as the intermediate host of the bilharzias parasite the bilharzias parasite Nuisance Plants Swimmer should not be Boats should not be entangled entangled Chemical Irritant The Criteria are qualitative and no specific irritant and quantitative measures are given Chemical Parameters pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 No target value Physical Parameters Clarity > 1.6 (Sechchi disc depth No target value No target value Metres) Colour 100 Pt-Co units 100 Pt-Co units No target value Floating Matter and refuse Free of floating or No target value No target value submerged debris Odour No objectionable or No objectionable or No unpleasant odour unpleasant odour objectionable or unpleasant odour Residual Chlorine 0.1 mg/l No target value No target value Surface films Should not be noticeable Should not be noticeable Should not be noticeable Turbidity 0.5 NTU Source: Source: Department of Irrigation: Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, BS, 2065-03-02).
Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Industries SN Parameter Name Recommended Value Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 < 50 mg/l < 120 mg/l < 300 mg/l < 1200 mg/l 2 COD < 10 mg/l < 15 mg/l < 30 mg/l < 75 mg/l 3 Chloride < 20 mg/l < 40 mg/l < 100 mg/l < 500 mg/l 4 Iron < 0.1 mg/l < 0.2 mg/l < 0.3 mg/l < 10 mg/l 5 Manganese < 0.01 mg/l < 0.1 mg/l < 0.2 mg/l < 10 mg/l 6 pH 7.0-8.0 6.5-8.0 6.5-8.0 5.0-10.0 7 Silica < 5 mg/l 0-10 mg/l < 20 mg/l < 150 mg/l 8 Sulphate < 30 mg/l < 80 mg/l < 200 mg/l < 500 mg/l 9 Suspended solids < 3 mg/l < 5 mg/l < 5 mg/l < 25 mg/l 10 Total Dissolved Solids TDS: < 100 mg/l TDS: < 200 mg/l TDS: < 450 mg/l TDS: < 1600 mg/l EC: < 15 mS/m EC: < 30 mS/m EC: < 70 mS/m EC: < 250 mS/m 11 Total Hardness < 50 mg/l as CaCO3 < 100 mg/l as CaCO3 < 250 mg/l as < 100 mg/l as CaCO3 CaCO3 Source: Source: Department of Irrigation: Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, BS, 2065-03-02).
84 Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem SN Parameter name Target Water Quality Range Chronic Effect Value Acute Effect Value 1 Aluminium (mg/l) At pH <6.5:5 10 100 At pH <6.5:10 20 150 2 Ammonia (µg/l) <7 < 15 < 100 3 Arsenic (µg/l) <10 < 20 < 130 4 Atrazine (µg/l) <10 < 19 < 100 5 Cadmium Soft water (60 mg/l <0.15 0.3 3 CaCO3) Medium water 60-119 mg/l <0.25 0.5 6 Hard water 120-180 <0.35 0.7 10 mg/l Very hard > 180 mg/l <0.40 0.8 13 6 Chlorine (Residual) µg/L <0.2 0.35 5 7 Chromium (VI) µg/L 7 10 200 8 Chromium (III) µg/L <12 24 340 9 Copper µg/L Soft water (60 mg/l < 0.3 0.53 1.6 CaCO3) Medium water (60-119 mg/l) < 0.8 1.5 4.6 Hard water 120-180 mg/l < 1.20 2.4 7.5 Very hard > 180 mg/l <1.40 2.8 12 10 Cyanide µg/L 1 4 110 11 Dissolved Oxygen (% 80-120 > 60 > 40 saturation) 12 Endosulphan (µg/L) < 0.01 0.02 0.2 13 Fluoride (µg/L) < 750 1500 2540 14 Iron The iron concentration should not be allowed to vary by more than 10% of the background dissolved iron concentration for a particular site or case, at a specific time. 15 Lead µg/L Soft water (60 mg/l < 0.2 0.5 4 CaCO3) Medium water (60-119 mg/l) <0.5 1.0 7 Hard water 120-180 mg/l < 1.0 2.0 13 Very hard > 180 mg/l < 1.2 2.4 16 16 Manganese (µg/L) < 180 370 1300 17 Mercury (µg/L) < 0.04 0.08 1.7 18 Nitrogen (inorganic) Inorganic nitrogen concentrations should not be changed by more than 15% from that of the water body under local unimpacted condition at any time of the year; The trophic status of the water body should not increase above its present level, though a decrease in trophic status is permissible (see effect): The amplitude and frequency of natural cycles in inorganic nitrogen concentrations should not be changed 19 pH All aquatic ecosystems pH values hould not be allowed to vary from the range of the background pH values for a specific site and time of day, by > 0.5 of a pH unit, orby > 5% and should be assessed by whichever estimate is more conservative 20 Phenols (µg/L) < 30 60 500 21 Phosphorus (inorganic) Inorganic phosphorus concentration should not be changed by > 15% from All surface waters that of the water body under local, unimpacted conditions at any time of the year The trophic status of the water body should not increased above its present level, though a decrease in trophic status is permissible (see effect) The amplitude and frequency of natural cycle in inorganic phosphorus concentration should not be changed 22 Selenium (µg/L) < 2 5 30 23 Temperature Water temperature should not be allowed to vary from the background (All aquatic ecosystem) average daily water temperature considered to be normal for that specific site
85 SN Parameter name Target Water Quality Range Chronic Effect Value Acute Effect Value and time of day, by > 2 0C or by 10% whichever estimate is the more conservative 24 Total Dissolved Solids TDS concentrations should not be changed by > 15% from the normal cycle of (All inland water) the water body under unimpacted conditions at any time of the year The amplitude and frequency of natural cycles in TDS concentration should not be changed 25 Total Suspended Solids Any increase in TSS concentrations must be limited to < 10 % of the (All inland waters) background TSS concentrations at a specific site and time 26 Zinc (µg/L) < 2 3.6 36 Source: Department of Irrigation: Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, BS, 2065-03-02).
Emission Guidelines for “Hospital/Medical/Infectious Water” by Incinerator Pollutant Small Medium Large Particular matter (<= 91kg/h) (> 91-227kg/h) (> 227kg/h) 115 mg m3 69 mg m3 Carbon monoxide (Co) 40 ppmv 40 ppmv Dioxins/furans 125 mg/m3 125 mg/m3 125 mg/m3 Total CCD/CCF or Total CCD/CCF or Total CCD/CCF or 2.3 mg/ m3 TEQ 2.3 mg/ m3 TEQ 2.3 mg/ m3 TEQ Hydrogen Chloride (HCI) 100 ppmv or 100 ppmv or 100 ppmv or 93 % reduction 93 % reduction 93 % reduction Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 55 ppmv 55 ppmv 55 ppmv Nitrogen oxides 250 ppmv 250 ppmv 250 ppmv Lead 1.2 mg/m3 1.2 mg/m3 or 1.2 mg/mg/m3 or 70 % reduction 70 % reduction 70 % reduction Cadmium 0.16 mg/mg/m3 0.16 mg/mg/m3 0.16 mg/mg/m3 65 % reduction 65 % reduction 65 % reduction Mercury 0.55 mg/mg/m3 0.55 mg/mg/m3 0.55 mg/mg/m3 85 % reduction 85 % reduction 85 % reduction Source: World Health Organization (Safe Management of Wastes from Health Care Activities and National Health Care Waste Management Guidelines, 2002)
Generic Standards, Tolerance Limits for Wastewater Discharged into Inland Surface Water from Combined Waste Water Treatment Plant SN Parameters Tolerance Limit 1 Temperature, 0C < 40 2 pH 5.5 - 9.0 3 Total Suspended Solids, (mg/l) 50, max 4 BOD5 at 20 0C, (mg/l) 50, max 5 Oils and Grease, (mg/l) 10, max 6 Phenolic Compounds, (mg/l) 1, max 7 Cyanides as CN, (mg/l) 0.2, max 8 Total Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) 1 9 Sulfides as S, (mg/l) 2, max 10 Fluorides as F, (mg/l) 2, max 11 Arsenic as As, (mg/l) 0.2, max 12 Cadmium as Cd, (mg/l) 2, max 13 Hexavalent Chromium as Cr, (mg/l) 0.1, max 14 Copper as Cu, (mg/l) 3, max 15 Leas as Pb, (mg/l) 0.1, max 16 Mercury as Hg, (mg/l) 0.01, max 17 Nickel as Ni, (mg/l) 3, max 18 Zinc as Zn, (mg/l) 5, max 19 Selenium as Se, (mg/l) 0.05, max 20 Ammoniacal Nitrogen, (mg/l) 50, max 21 Chemical Oxygen Demand, (mg/l) 250, max 22 Silver, (mg/l) 0.1, max Source: Nepal Gazette, 2060/3/9 Bs (2003), Country Environmental Analysis for Nepal, ADB 2004.
86 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nepal 2003 Parameters Units Averaging Time WHO Concentration in Test Method Guideline Ambient Air, Maximum TSP (Total µg/m3 Annual 120-230 - HVS 24 hour sampling (one Suspended weak sample on 2 road side Particulates) 24-hours* 230 station
3 PM10 µg/m Annual 70 - Light Volume Sampling 24-hours* 120 Sulphur Dioxide µg/m3 Annual 125 50 Diffusive sampling based on 24-hours** 70 weekly average Nitrogen Dioxide µg/m3 Annual 150 40 Diffusive sampling based on 24-hours** 80 weekly average Carbon Monoxide µg/m3 8 hours** 100000 10,000 To be determined before 2005 15 minute 100,000 Indicative Sampler Lead µg/m3 Annual 0.5-1.0* 0.5 Atomic absorption 24-hours - spectrometry analysis of PM10 samples Benzene µg/m3 Annual - 20**** Diffusive sampling based on 24-hours - weekly average Note: *24 hourly values shall be met 95% of the time in a year. 18 days per calendar year the standard may be exceeded but not on two consecutive days. **24 hourly standards for NO2 and SO2 and 8 hours standard for CO are not to be controlled before MOPE has recommended appropriate test methodologies. This will be done before 2005. *** if representativeness can be proven, yearly averages can be calculated from PM10 samples from selected weekdays from each month of the year. **** To be re-evaluated by 2005. Source: Nepal Gazette B.S. 2060/4/19 (4 August, 2003).
National Indoor Air Quality Standards, 2009 Pollutant Maximum Concentration Level Averaging Time Particulate Matter, PM10 120µgm3 24 – Hours 200µgm3 1 – Hours Particulate Matter, PM2.5 60µgm3 24 – Hours 100µgm3 1 – Hours Carbon Monoxide, CO 9ppm (10mg/m3) 8 – Hours 35ppm (40mg/m3) 1 – Hours Carbon Monoxide, CO2 1000ppm (1800mg/m3) 8 – Hours Source: National Indoor Air Quality Standards and Implementation Guideline, 2009; GoN, Ministry of Environment, Kathmandu Nepal
Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard for Gasoline and Diesel Operated Vehicles Fuel Vehicle Type Model Year CO% HC, ppm HSU,% Test Four wheeler Up to 1980 4.5 1000 - Idle After 1981 3.0 Petrol Three wheeler Up to 1990 4.5 7800 Idle After 1991 3.0 Two wheeler All 4.5 7800 Idle LPG/CNG All categories - 3.0 1000 Idle Dissel Four wheeler Up to 1994 75 (Ka=3.22per meter) Free After 1995 65 (Ka=2.44per meter) Acceleration K = Coefficient of light absorptions for managing emissions from motor vehicles. Source: Urban Transportation and the Environment in Kathmand Valley, Nepal Shobhakar Dahal, 2006.
87 WHO Guideline Value on Noise Pollution (Sound level in dBA) Description Level of Hearing Threshold of hearing 0-10 Very peace sound 20-30 Peace Sound 50-60 Medium Sound 70-80 Very high sound 90-100 Uncomfortable sound 120-130 (Threshold of feeling) Source: World Health Organization cited in Batu Krishna Upreti, Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development, 2001.
General Noise Level Standard for different land use/activities zone Noise Area Land Use Activity Day Time Night Time Average Day Classification Noise Level Noise Level and Night (Ld) dB (A) (Ln) dB (A) (Ldn) dB (A) 1 Sensitive area (School, Hospital) 55 45 50 2 Residential areas 60 50 50 3 Commercial and tourist areas (residential 65 55 53 hotels, cultural activities and nature exhibitions, resorts and group camps, cultural activities and recreational activities 4 Industrial areas 75 70 60 5 High traffic areas 65 55 56 Source: Draft of the Urban Environment Management Directives-2009.
Nepal National Building Code, 2060 SN Building code Contents Remarks 1 NBC 000 Requirements for State of the Art Design: An Building for Foreign Donor Introduction Organization 2 NBC 001 Materials Specifications 3 NBC 002 Unit Weight of Materials 4 NBC 003 Occupancy Load (Imposed Load) 5 NBC 004 Wind Load 6 NBC 005 Seismic Design of Building > 1000 Sq. Ft Plinth Area and 7 NBC 006 Snow Load more than 3 Flats. Building 8 NBC 007 Provisional recommendation on first safety Designer and Monitoring by 9 NBC 008 Site consideration for seismic hazards Architecture Engineer 10 NBC 009 Masonry: Unreinforced 11 NBC 010 Plain and reinforced concrete 12 NBC 011 Steel 13 NBC 012 Timber 14 NBC 013 Aluminum 15 NBC 014 Construction safety 16 NBC 201 Mandatory rule of timber: Reinforced concrete buildings with masonry infill < 1000 Sq. Ft Plinth Area and 17 NBC 202 Mandatory rule of timber: Load bearing masonry less than 3 Flats. Building 18 NBC 203 Guidelines for earthquake resident building Designer and Monitoring by construction: Low strength masonry Architecture Sub-Engineer 19 NBC 204 Guidelines for earthquake resident building construction: Earthen Building (EB) 20 NBC 205 Mandatory rule of timber: Reinforced concrete buildings without masonry infill 21 NBC 206 Architectural Design Requirements > 1000 Sq. Ft Plinth Area and 22 NBC 207 Electrical Design Requirements for (Public Building) more than 3 Flats. Building 23 NBC 208 Sanitary and Plumbing Design Requirements Designer and Monitoring by Architecture Engineer Source: Department of Housing and Urban Development.
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