Retrogression of Eclogites to Blueschists: a Record of Fluid

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Retrogression of Eclogites to Blueschists: a Record of Fluid Retrogression of eclogites to blueschists: a record of fluid infiltration during uplift in subduction zones Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Christian–Albrechts–Universit¨at zu Kiel vorgelegt von Fran¸cois van der Straaten Kiel, 2008 Eklogit-Blauschiefer Umwandlung: Hinweise auf Fluidinfiltrierung w¨ahrend des Aufstiegs in Subduktionszonen Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Christian–Albrechts–Universit¨at zu Kiel vorgelegt von Fran¸cois van der Straaten Wappen der Familie van der Straaten Kiel, 2008 Referent: Prof. Dr. Volker Schenk Korreferent/in: Prof. Dr. Astrid Holzheid. Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: 04. November 2008 Zum Druck genehmigt: Kiel, . Der Dekan Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine monographische Dissertation und beinhaltet drei von einan- der getrennte Kapitel mit einer vorangestellten Einleitung. Die Gesamtheit aller Kapitel spiegelt das Thema der Dissertation wieder. Jedes Kapitel f¨ursich kann oder wurde bereits in Fachzeitschriften publiziert. Daher sei f¨urden Leser angemerkt, dass jedes Kapitel eine Zusammenfassung, Einleitung, Diskussion und Literaturangabe enth¨alt. M¨ogliche thema- tische Uberschneidungen¨ oder Wiederholungen sind daher zu ber¨ucksichtigen. Kiel, September 2008 vi Man setzt der Finsternis ein Ende und durchforscht bis zur ¨außerstenGrenze das Gestein der Dunkelheit und Finsternis. Buch Hiob: 28,3 Und er ¨offneteden Schlund des Abgrundes; und ein Rauch stieg auf aus dem Schlund. und die Luft wurden von dem Rauch des Schlundes verfinstert. Offenbarung: 9,2 Der tiefe Fluss ist ruhig – der wis- sende Mensch ist bescheiden. aus der Mongolei In Wirklichkeit erkennen wir nichts; denn die Wahrheit liegt in der Tiefe. Demokrit Contents Zusammenfassung xi Abstract xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The slab-mantle interface and subduction channel .............. 1 1.2 Aim of study .................................. 2 1.3 Study approach and analytical techniques .................. 3 1.4 Outline of the thesis .............................. 4 References ....................................... 6 2 Fluid-rock interaction in the subduction channel 7 2.1 Introduction ................................... 8 2.2 Geology ..................................... 9 2.3 Analytical methods ............................... 11 2.4 Field area .................................... 12 2.5 Petrology .................................... 12 2.5.1 Mineral chemistry ............................ 16 2.5.2 Metamorphic reaction history ..................... 26 2.5.3 P-T evolution .............................. 27 2.6 Bulk rock geochemistry ............................. 30 2.6.1 Eclogite domain ............................. 30 2.6.2 Blueschist domains ........................... 30 2.7 Discussion .................................... 35 2.7.1 Evidence for pre-metamorphic seafloor alteration? .......... 35 2.7.2 Mass-balance calculation ........................ 36 2.7.3 Mineral reactions and element mobility ................ 38 2.7.4 Characteristics of the infiltrating fluid ................. 41 2.7.5 Fluid infiltration & eclogite-blueschist transformation ........ 44 2.7.6 Influence of the eclogite-blueschist transformation on fluid-rock in- teraction in the subduction channel .................. 45 2.8 Summary and conclusion ............................ 46 2.9 Acknowledgement ................................ 47 viii Contents References ....................................... 48 3 Chemical and petrophysical changes during exhumation 53 3.1 Abstract ..................................... 53 3.2 Introduction ................................... 53 3.3 Geological and petrological description .................... 55 3.3.1 Tian Shan ................................ 55 3.3.2 Sifnos .................................. 56 3.4 Analytical methods ............................... 60 3.5 Geochemistry .................................. 62 3.5.1 Whole rock major and trace elements ................. 64 3.6 Mineral chemistry ................................ 66 3.6.1 Garnet .................................. 66 3.6.2 Clinopyroxene .............................. 68 3.6.3 Amphibole ................................ 70 3.6.4 White mica ............................... 73 3.6.5 Epidote mineral ............................. 74 3.6.6 Other minerals ............................. 75 3.7 Discussion .................................... 76 3.7.1 Nature of the eclogite protholiths ................... 76 3.7.2 P-T path and metamorphic evolution ................. 77 3.7.3 Element mobility, mass-balance and metasomatism during the eclogite-blueschist transformation ................... 85 3.7.4 Exhumation processes in the subduction channel ........... 88 3.7.5 Conclusions ............................... 90 3.8 Acknowledgement ................................ 91 References ....................................... 92 4 Isotope variations: constraints on fluid source 97 4.1 Abstract ..................................... 97 4.2 Introduction ................................... 98 4.3 Eclogite-blueschist transformation on Sifnos (Greece) ............ 99 4.4 Blueschist-facies overprint of eclogites in Tian Shan (China) ........ 103 4.5 Analytical methods ............................... 105 4.6 Isotope geochemistry results .......................... 105 4.7 Discussion .................................... 109 4.7.1 Stable oxygen isotopes: constraints on metamorphic equilibrium and metamorphic temperatures ....................... 109 4.7.2 Evidence for inherited seawater alteration? .............. 114 4.7.3 Evidence for serpentinite-derived fluids ................ 117 4.7.4 Fluid-rock interaction and isotope constraints on fluid source .... 119 4.7.5 Implications for element budget of subduction zones ......... 121 4.8 Conclusions ................................... 121 Contents ix 4.9 Acknowledgements ............................... 122 References ....................................... 123 List of Figures 130 List of Tables 131 A Appendix related to Chapter 2 and 3 133 Addendum 139 x Contents Zusammenfassung W¨ahrend der Subduktion ozeanischer Platten in den Erdmantel entstehen durch metamor- phe Entw¨asserungsprozesse Fluide, die in den dar¨uber liegenden Mantelkeil gelangen und den dort vorliegenden Peridotit teilweise serpentinisieren. Der direkt ¨uber der subduzierten ozeanischen Lithosph¨are liegende partiell serpentinisierte Teil des Mantelkeiles wird Sub- duktionskanal (englisch: subduction channel) genannt. Er ist wegen der ge¨anderten rhe- ologischen Eigenschaften gegen¨uber dem nicht hydratisierten Mantelperidotit mobil. So ist der Serpentinit im subduction channel, aufgrund des großen Dichteunterschiedes zwi- schen diesen beiden Gesteinstypen in der Lage, Bruchst¨ucke der eklogitisierten ozeanis- chen Kruste nach oben in oberfl¨achennahe Tiefen zu transportieren. Dabei werden die aufsteigenden, weitgehend entw¨assertenHochdruckgesteine partiell wieder hydratisiert. Diese Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag ¨uber die Zusammensetzung und Wirkungsweise der Fluide, die auf Eklogite einwirken, wenn sie retrograd in Blauschiefer umgewandelt werden. Dabei wird untersucht, wie die Fluidinfiltrierung sich auf die petrophysikalischen Eigen- schaften der Eklogite auswirkt und wie aus den chemischen Daten R¨uckschl¨usseauf die Zusammensetzung und die Herkunft des Fluids gezogen werden k¨onnen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden partiell zu Blauschiefer umgewandelte Eklogite von Sifnos in Griechenland und aus dem chinesischen Teil des s¨udlichen Tian Shan gesammelt. Drei repr¨asentative Proben-Sequenzen mit lateralem Eklogit-Blauschiefer-Ubergang¨ im dm- bis m-Bereich wurden petrografisch, gesteins- und mineralchemisch untersucht. Die petro- grafischen Gesteins-D¨unnschliffe liefern Informationen ¨uber die Mineralreaktionen w¨ahrend der Eklogit-Blauschiefer-Uberpr¨agung.¨ Die Gesamtgesteinsanalyse zur Bestimmung der Haupt- und Spurenelemente erfolgte mit der RFA, ICP-MS oder ICP-OES. Die Analyse der gleichen Elementgruppen wurden in situ an Mineralen durch die Kombination von Mikrosonde und LA-ICP-MS durchgef¨uhrt.Von jedem Gestein wurde zudem die Gesamt- gesteinsdichte mit Pyknometern nach dem Prinzip der Verdr¨angung bestimmt. Der pro- grade und retrograde Druck- und Temperaturpfad der blauschiefer¨uberpr¨agten Eklogite wurde mit Hilfe dieser Daten und dem thermodynamischen Kalkulationsprogramm Per- ple X rekonstruiert. Aus den chemischen Daten der reliktisch erhaltenen Eklogite und den assoziierten Blauschiefern l¨asstsich durch Massenbilanzierung auf die Zusammenset- zung der eindringenden Fluide schließen. Strontium- und Neodymisotopie der Eklogit- und Blauschiefer-Gesamtgesteinszusammensetzung dienen als Tracer, um die m¨ogliche Quelle der Fluide zu bestimmen oder diese unter den potentiellen lithologischen Einheiten einzu- grenzen. xii Zusammenfassung Alle drei untersuchten Sequenzen zeigen einen Ubergang¨ von Eklogit zu Blauschiefer. Blauschieferfazieller Glaukophan, Hellglimmer und das Karbonat wachsen auf Kosten der eklogitfaziellen Paragenese Granat und Omphazit. Der retrograde P-T Pfad ist durch Abk¨uhlungbei gleichzeitigem Druckabfall gekennzeichnet. Diese Konstellation l¨asst auf den Aufstieg dieser Gesteine im subduction channel schließen. Dabei k¨onnen sowohl Ser- pentinite als auch subduzierte Marmore oder Metapelite die Rolle des Transportmediums im subduction channel ¨ubernehmen. Die Sauerstoffisotopie der Minerale zeigen ein isoto- pisches Gleichgewicht der eklogitfaziellen
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