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Subject and Taxonomic Indices Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 3): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 1 401 Subject Index A Arthropod hosts, 4, 5, 8, 9, 29, 30, 32-41, 42-46, 48, Abiotic factors, 192 51-55, 57, 59- 61, 140-146, 158, 159, 161, 162, Abundances, 98, 100, 124, 128, 192, 193, 194 176, 181, 314, 315, 317-320, 323, 324, 326, ACFOR designations or classifi cations, 98, 106, 124, 328, 334, 347, 348, 350, 364-368, 376-381, 125, 126 383, 384, 393, 394 Acidity, 192 Damage to hosts, 42-44, 48, 49, 54-59, 145, Adaptations 271, 273 dietary, 43, 52, 143, 194 Plant hosts, see chapters 3 (plant feeding for aquatic life, 284 mites) and 12 (aphids) for tables of host for arid conditions, 10, 22, 325 plants for burrowing, 250 Bird hosts, see chapter 5 for tables of bird hosts for dispersal, 4, 44-45, 49, 52, 58-60, 206, 347, of feather mites and lice 372, 390 Asexual 364, 366 for ornithophily, 376 Aspen Parkland, see Ecoregions for overwintering, 42, 52, 54, 192, 233, 240, Autogenous 374, 375, 380, 383 243, 246, 347, 350, 365-367, 378-380, 382, 390-393 B for pesticides and host plant defences, 52, 53, 60 Bar-code or DNA identifi cation, 4, 7, 43, 192, 236, for predator defence, 191 288, 319, 320, 334 for saline habitats, 46, 236, 240, 243, 244, 259, Barriers, see Dispersal 284, 285, 290, 364 Beringia (see also Ecoregions; Endemic species; for seasonality or temperature (see also Life Refugia), 1, 4-8, 11, 13, 16, 206, 207, 209, 210, cycles and life Histories), 4, 127, 140, 212, 276, 278, 283, 284, 290, 291, 294, 295, 193,204, 205, 237, 241, 250, 323, 324, 297, 314-316, 322, 323, 328, 330-332 373, 378, 393 connections and corridors, 5, 207 for specifi c habitats, 55, 192, 202, 205, 243, distributions, 7, 13, 278, 284, 290, 291, 295, 250, 273, 284, 323, 330, 382, 391 297, 316 for warm or temporary waters, 202,205,236, 243 elements, 11, 13 for terrestrial life, 22 endemics, 311, 322, 323, 328 Adventive species, 60, 75, 79, 81, 98, 105, 347, 350, grasslands, 311 364, 367 habitats and vegetation, 4, 7, 16, 206, 311, 314, Aestivating, 42 332 Agriculture and agricultural, 30, 40, 42, 52,59, 48, origins of the fauna, 209, 210, 212 49, 52, 53, 60, 61, 125, 132, 140, 192, 205, refugia 1, 5-7, 11, 206, 209, 210, 328 211, 238, 240, 248, 251, 273, 286, 288, 289, remnants, 7 312, 347, 365, 367, 368, 373, 383 species, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 209, 210, 330 agricultural and quarantine issues, 61 Biodiversity, 4, 8, 22, 23, 26, 61, 78, 128, 130, 140, agricultural contaminants, 211 192, 290, 312, 320, 332 agricultural habitats, 248, 273 Biodiversity loss, 197 agricultural impacts, 251, 347, 373 Biodiversity studies, 22, 23, 75, 76, 80, 98, 100-103, agricultural pests, see Pests 105, 106, 124, 126, 127, 129, 132, 133, 233, 234 agricultural runoff, 205, 211, 235, 373, 374 Biogeoclimatic zone, 238, 239, 272 agricultural soil, 40 Biogeography, 4, 5, 7, 60, 131, 194, 241, 276, 290, alternative pest management, 132, and see 312, 315, 322, 368, and see Chapter 1 Biological control biogeographical suture zones, 1, 6, 11-13, 288 Alpine and subalpine, see Habitats east-west break at 100th meridian, 1, 12, 261, Alvars, 240, 311, 317, 324-328, 332-334, 370 284, 190 Aquatic habitats, see Habitats Quaternary 1, 2, 5, 7, 344 Appalachians 206 Zoogeographical 12, 284 Arctic, see Habitats Biogeographical elements, 1, 3, 5-8, 10-13, 130, 241, Aridity, Arid habitats, 2-5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 22, 23, 260-262, 283, 290, 324, 347, 350, 365, 366 52, 101, 102, 104, 125, 126, 129, 130, 205, Beringian elements, 11 236, 238, 239, 248, 251, 257, 258, 271, 273, Boreal elements, 130 276, 278, 290, 322, 324, 326, 328, 329, 332, Grassland elements, 7-11 334, 367, 368, 372, 373, 391, 392 Biogeographical regions 312, and see Chapter 1 Arrhenotokous, Arrhenotoky, 42, 53, 60 Biogeographical test for grassland endemics 322 402 H. A. Cárcamo and D. J. Giberson Bioindicators 76,197 for spiders (Araneae), 80, 125, 126, 128, 130, Biological control 30, 44, 48, 49, 61, 71, 126, 132, and see details in family accounts on pp. 379 95-105 Biological indicators 234 for springtails (Collembola), 192-194 Biological oxygen demand, 205 for stonefl ies (Plecoptera), 203 Birds, hosts to chewing lice, 146-157 for true bugs (Heteroptera), 283-284, 286, 306 Birds, hosts to feather mites, 162-175 needs for, defi ciencies of, or importance of Bogs, see Habitats adequate collecting programs, 26, 29, Boreal, see Ecozones 43, 61, 101,161, 191, 192, 203, 221, 233, 234, 313, 314, 318, 320, 321 C Colonization, post-glacial colonization, or Checklists of species recolonization, 5, 22, 59, 75, 78, 206, 207, 209, Aphids (Aphidoidea), 350-363 210, 243-245, 285, 290, 328, 373 biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), 395-396 post-glacial, 3, 4, 5, 203, 205, 206, 207, 209, black fl ies (Simuliidae), 375 210, 328, 249, 316, 320, 325, 326, 327, dragonfl ies and damselfi es (Odonata), 262-264 328, 330, 332 grasshoppers (Orthoptera), 274-275 in specifi c habitats, 57, 59, 75, 243, 245, 290, horsefl ies (Tabanidae), 396 373 leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), 335-341 in specifi c habitats or hosts, 57, 59, 75, 243, lice, chewing (Phthiraptera), 176-180 245, 290, 373 mites, feather (Acari), 181-185 of ponds, 243, 245, 285 mites, plant feeding (Acari), 32-41 of man-made habitats, 245, 290 mosquitoes (Culicidae), 395 of streams, 206, 207, 373 myriopods (Myriopoda), 24, 25 Commensal 59, 145 spiders (Araneae), 81-97 Composition of the fauna, see Checklists springtails (Collembola), 195-196 Conservation issues, strategies, or status, 26, 66, 98, stonefl ies (Plecoptera), 212-225 130,133, 140, 161, 208, 211, 235, 236, 252, true bugs (Heteroptera), 299-305 272, 278, 290, 311, 312, 317, 328, 331, 332, Cleptoparasites, 40, 44 334 Climate conditions or regimes, 2, 4, 59, 373 Continental ice-sheet, see Ice-sheets Climate change 1, 2, 3, 13, 17, 42, 59, 161, 211, 236, Control of biting fl ies, 379, 380 250, 256, 290, 322 Cordillera, see Ecozones Climate effects on distributions, 2, 3, 13, 59, 161, Corridors, see Dispersal 245, 256, 290, 330 Corticolous, 32 Climate models 13 Cosmopolitan, see Distribution Coastal, see Distributions Cypress hills upland, see Ecoregions Collecting coverage 318 Collecting effort 29, 161, 368 D Collections or sources examined for checklists Declines in for aphids (Aphidoidea), 347-348, 365, 368 dissolved oxygen, 205, 273 for biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), 390, 392 diversity, 204, 205 for black fl ies (Simuliidae), 374 populations and diversity, 140, 161, 204, 205, for dragonfl ies and damselfl ies (Odonata), 233- 211 235, 252 Rainfall, 12 for grasshoppers (Orthoptera), 271-273 Decomposers and decomposition, 21, 22, 57, 76, for horsefl ies (Tabanidae), 390, 393 192,194, 205, and see Feeding habitats for isopods (Isopoda), 23 Depauperate 23, 315, 326 for leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), 313-320, 322, 334 Deutogyne 42 for lice, chewing (Phthiraptera), 140-142, 160, Diapause 205, 233, 243, 391, 398 161 Disease agents or carriers, 29, 31, 32, 42, 44, 43, for mites, feather (Acari), 140-141, 161 48-51, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 140, 372, 377, 378, for mites, plant feeding (Acari), 32, 42, and 384, 390-394 see details in mite group accounts on pp. Disjunct 7, 131, 259, 330, 323 44-60 Dispersal, abilities or lack of ability for 4, 5, 11, 13, for mosquitoes (Culicidae), 390 42, 44, 49, 52, 58-60, 141, 202, 205, 206, 208, for myriopods (Myriopoda), 23, 26 210, 211, 312, 316, 320, 326, 244, 250, 259, 260, 320, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 347, 367, 372, 374, 390 Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 3): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 1 403 barriers to, 2, 22, 202, 206, 326, 347, 374 boreal forest 79, 100, 124, 131, 208, 210, ice-sheets, 1, 3, 5, 7, 206 240, 246, 251, 253, 255, 261, 257, mountains, 2, 5, 12, 13, 326, 330, 374 322, 334 by phoresy, 44-45, 51, 58-60 boreal streams 205, 209, 210 by wind, 52, 59, 60, 390 circumpolar, 222 climate change effects on, 13, 256, 260 coastal, 1, 5, 16, 27, 231, 239, 240, 245, 249, corridors, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 206, 207, 209, 210, 253, 260, 261, 262, 328, 330 249, 325 Arctic or Yukon, 2 river systems as, 206, 207, 210 Gulf, 5, 315, 316, 328 of aphids, 347, 367 Pacifi c, 1, 5, 49, 231, 239, 240, 245, 249, of black fl ies, 372, 374 253, 256, 257, 260, 261, 262, 318, of ceratopogonids, 390 320, 329, 330 of dragonfl ies and damselfl ies, 239, 240, 244, Atlantic or eastern, 318, 324 250, 259 Cordilleran, 8, 129, 201, 208, 209, 213, 217, of horsefl ies, 390 222, 223, 231, 237-239, 245, 249, 254, of isopods, 22 256, 257, 260-264, 276, 284, 290, 294, of leafhoppers, 4, 316, 320, 326, 328-30 297, 313, 324, 374, 379, 382 of lice, chewing, 141, 161 Cosmopolitan, 43, 58, 60, 242, 245, 284, 286, of mites, 42, 44, 49, 52, 58-60, 141, 161 290, 298, 367 of mosquitoes, 390 Eastern, 6, 8, 12, 13, 49, 51, 106, 124, 128, of spiders, 98, 102 130, 187, 202, 205, 206, 208-210, 212, of stonefl ies, 202, 205, 206, 208, 210, 211, 213, 213, 216, 218, 220, 223, 225, 231, 234, 217, 222 236, 237, 239-246, 248-251, 253- 264, post-glacial, 2-4, 11,203, 205-207, 209, 210, 284, 286-288, 290, 296, 312, 249, 316, 320, 325-328, 330, 332 Great Plains/Great Basin, 1, 3-10, 13, 132, 205, to or from Beringia, 5, 7, 11, 13, 206, 207, 209, 206, 209, 210, 212, 215, 217, 222, 223, 210, 290, 314, 316, 323 231, 234, 235, 237-239, 241, 244-246, to or from southern refugia, 2, 7, 10, 12, 206, 249, 251, 253, 254, 256, 258, 260-263, 210, 328-330 278, 283, 284, 290, 324, 328-330, 347, Distribution of grasslands, 1 348, 368, 372, 373, 374, 382, 383, 397 Distribution or distributional categories, elements Holarctic, 78, 216, 225, 243, 244, 249, 255, or patterns, see annotated lists for individual 260,
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