M Machadorythidae Macleay (Sir) William John A family of mayflies (order Ephemeroptera). GeorGe HanGay Mayflies Carrabeen, NSW, Australia William John Macleay was born on June 13, 1820, Machaerotidae in Wick, Scotland. His parents died early and he had to discontinue his medical studies at Edinburgh University, and in 1839 he migrated to Australia. A family of bugs (order Hemiptera, suborder He accompanied his cousin, William Sharp Cicadomorpha). Macleay (a son of Alexander Macleay, the founder Bugs of the greatest Australian natural history collec- tion at the time, which later became known as the Macleay Collection and consequently the Macleay Machilidae Museum). For about 16 years he lived in the rural Murrumbidge area of New South Wales, chiefly as A family of bristletails (order Archeognatha). a pastoralist and woolgrower. His interest in natu- Bristletails ral history was evident from an early age and he collected insects, many of which he described later on as new species. He also assisted his cousin in Mackenzie Globular Springtails various curatorial tasks at the Macleay Collection, then housed in Elizabeth Bay House, in Sydney’s Elizabeth Bay. When William Sharp Macleay died A family of springtails (Mackenziellidae) in the in 1865, the collection was entrusted to the care of order Collembola. William John, who left the Murrumbidge property Springtails and moved into Elizabeth Bay House. By then he took a very active part in politics, eventually serv- ing seven successive parliaments over a period of Mackenziellidae 20 years. However, his main interest was natural history and within that entomology with coleopter- A family of springtails in the order Collembola. ology the focus. He became the main patron and They also are known as Mackenzie globular benefactor of science of his time, amounting to springtails. about 100,000 pounds (a very large sum at that Springtails time), mainly spent on expanding and curating 2256 M Macquart, Pierre Justin Marie the collections, which contained more than a Reference million specimens. In 1874 he and his friends laid the foundations of the Linnean Society of New Papavero N (1971, 1973) Essays on the history of Neotropical South Wales. Several collectors hired by him worked Dipterology with special reference to collectors (1750–1905). Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São the field, channeling a constant stream of specimens Paulo, São Paulo to the collections. George Masters was appointed as Curator, although Macleay himself described most species new to science. In 1875, he purchased the barque “Chevert” and organized a major expedition Macrofauna to New Guinea. In 1889 he was knighted, and two years later, on December 7, 1891 he passed away. A term used to describe the larger of the soil invertebrates, usually in the body width size range of 2–20 mm. (contrast with microfauna and References megafauna) Fletcher JJ (1893) The Macleay memorial volume. Linnean Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp 7–51 Macropsyllidae Musgrave A (1930) The history of Australian entomological research. Aust Zool 6:189–203 A family of fleas (order Siphonaptera). Fleas Macquart, Pierre Justin Marie Macropterous P. J. M. Macquart was born at Hazebrouck, France, in 1776. Much of the family was inter- Having long wings. (contrast with brachypterous) ested in natural history, so it is not surprising that Macquart became interested in insects. He served in the military starting at the age of 21, Macroveliidae visiting Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, which provided an opportunity to collect speci- A family of bugs (order Hemiptera). mens and books. Upon his return home in 1798 Bugs he devoted himself to his studies, and came to know the great French entomologist Latreille. He came to specialize in Diptera, publishing Maculate “Diptères du nord de la France” (1828–1833). He then was invited by Latreille to participate in a This describes an object that is marked with irreg- group effort, with Macquart handling the Dip- ular spots. tera, which became known as “Histoire naturelle des Insectes Diptères.” (1834, 1935). Macquart acquired the holdings of Meigen, and tackled the Maggot job of describing all the new species acquired by French naturalists from around the globe. In this An elongate, legless larva that lacks a well-developed monumental effort, he described 1,800 new spe- head. This term usually is reserved for larvae of flies cies. He continued to publish updates of his work (Diptera). until his death in 1855. Flies Maggot Therapy M 2257 Maggot Therapy troublesome, they expedited the healing of the wounds by shortening the work of nature, and SuSan V. Gruner causing the sloughs to fall off.” During the Ameri- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA can Civil War, military surgeon W. W. Keen noted that “maggots were very common in summer – the Maggot therapy, or maggot debridement therapy, resulting maggots were certainly disgusting but is the medicinal use (biotherapy) of live fly larvae so far as I ever observed they did no harm.” J. F. (maggots) for cleaning non-healing wounds and Zacharias of Cumberland, Maryland, USAMD, a osteomyelitis (bone infection). Maggots debride, surgeon for the Confederate Army, wrote, “I first or clean, wounds by eating necrotic (dead) tissue. used maggots to remove the decayed tissue in hos- They secrete therapeutic chemicals such as ammo- pital gangrene and with eminent satisfaction. In a nia and calcium carbonate, which disinfect wounds single day they would clean a wound much better and promote healing. Only larvae that eat dead tis- than any agents we had at our command”. sue (usually calliphorids from the genus Lucilia) During World War I, soldiers with compound can be used for medicinal purposes (Table 1). femur fractures and abdominal wounds, with the Obviously they must display no invasive behavior best of medical care, had only a 75% chance of to living tissue. survival. Those that had maggots in their wounds For centuries, maggots have been used to help were more likely to survive. William Baer, an heal wounds. Historically, it has been military sur- orthopedic surgeon at Johns Hopkins University, geons who noticed the benefits of maggot-infested was the first physician in the USA to promote wounds. One of Napoleon’s surgeons noticed that maggot therapy. His research and results were maggots consumed only putrefying tissue and that published posthumously by his colleagues in the they seemed to promote wound healing. The sur- Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery in 1931. By 1932, geon, Baron Dominic Larrey, stated that “during approximately 300 hospitals in Canada and the US the progress of suppuration, the patients were were using maggot therapy to heal deep tissue only troubled by worms or larvae of the blue flies wounds. Hospitals stopped using maggots in the common in Syria although these insects were 1940s as better antibiotics became available. Though still useful, maggot therapy has been marginalized by the medical community, as has Maggot Therapy, Table 1 The species of flies used use of leaches and some other medical procedures, in maggot therapy (adapted from Sherman et al. but occasionally these approaches remain very 2000) useful. Renewed interest in maggot therapy has Family Species been generated in response to an increase of chronic wound infections that are resistant to anti- Calliphoridae Calliphora vicina biotics. Chronic wound infection is a problem that Chrysomya rufifacies costs billions of dollars worldwide. Wound tissue Lucilia caesar provides a perfect environment for proliferation Lucilia cuprina of bacteria. Wound infection is compounded by Lucilia illustris the widespread occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Lucilia sericata “superbugs.” Maggots secrete antibacterial activ- Phormia regina ity against a range of these superbugs which Protophormia terraenovae include Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcophagidae Wohlfahrtia nuba both methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), and S. pyo- Muscidae Musca domestica genes. Additionally, larval secretory products can 2258 M Mahogany Pests and Their Management withstand lyophilization (freeze drying) and long- drainage from the wound. Sterile maggots, at a term storage. These secretions may be a potential density of approximately 5–8 per cm2, are placed source of antibiotic-like compounds for treatment on the wound for one 48 h cycle per week. of MRSA. According the BioTherapeutics Education Before use, medicinal maggots are sterilized and Research Foundation, current use of maggots internally and externally. Eggs from adult flies are for wound therapy involves approximately 3,000 sterilized in solutions containing formalin or mer- doctors, clinics and hospitals in over 20 countries, curic chloride, alcohol, hydrochloric acid, dilute including Germany, Britain, Israel, Australia and sodium hypochlorite or prolonged immersion in Japan. In 2004, “medical maggots” were approved hydrogen peroxide. Hatched larvae are placed on a by the FDA as a medical device; however, only a sterile food source and are ready to be used medic- single laboratory in California has been approved inally after two days of growth. Sterile maggots are for production and distribution of medicinal mag- placed on wounds within a cage-like structure or a gots in the USA. sealed pouch for 2–4 days. The maggots are removed and new ones are applied as needed. Most patients, after an initial period of adjustment References (as would be expected), adapt well to the presence