Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Hemlock Woolly Adelgid FOURTH SYMPO S IUM ON HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID IN THE Eas TERN UNITED ST A TE S HA RT F ORD , CONNECTICUT FEBRU A RY 12-14, 2008 Brad Onken and Richard Reardon, Compilers Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia FHTET-2008-01 U.S. Department Forest Service June 2008 of Agriculture Most of the abstracts were submitted in an electronic form, and were edited to achieve a uniform format and typeface. Each contributor is responsible for the accuracy and content of his or her own paper. Statements of the contributors from outside of the U.S. Department of Agriculture may not necessarily reflect the policy of the Department. Some participants did not submit abstracts, and so their presentations are not represented here. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. 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FOURTH SYMPO S IUM ON HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID IN THE Eas TERN UNITED ST A TE S February 12-14, 2008 Hartford Hilton Hotel Hartford, Connecticut Compiled by: Brad Onken1 and Richard Reardon2 1USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Morgantown, West Virginia 2USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia For additional copies, contact Brad Onken at (304) 285-1546 (e-mail: [email protected]) or Richard Reardon at (304) 285-1566 (e-mail: [email protected]). The entire publication is available online at http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa. _____________________________________________________________________________________ ACKNO W LEDGMENT S We thank Don Smith, Connecticut State Forester, for sharing his ideas on forest management issues and concerns about hemlock woolly adelgid in his opening remarks. Special thanks to Dennis Souto, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry; Katherine McManus, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station; and Victoria Smith, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, for their leadership in organizing and hosting the symposium. Thanks to Jen Weimer, New Hampshire Division of Forest Lands, and Matsuye Mairs, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, for coordinating and managing the audiovisual and registration needs of the symposium. Thanks to the program committee members Brad Onken and Dennis Souto, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area, State and Private For- estry; Richard Reardon, USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team; Melody Keena and Katherine McManus, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station; and Victoria Smith, Connecticut Agricultural Research Station. A special thanks to Karen Felton, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry, for allowing us to use her artwork of the first predator beetle released for control of hemlock woolly adelgid, Sasajiscymnus tsugae (formerly Pseudoscymnus tsugae) as a logo for the symposium. We are also grateful to everyone that contributed manuscripts and posters and to Mark Riffe, ITX International, for design and layout of these proceedings. We thank Rob Mangold, the Di- rector of USDA Forest Service Forest Health Protection for his continued program support III and sharing his thoughts on the future program direction in his closing remarks at the sym- posium. Finally, we are grateful to staff of the USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area, R8, Northeastern Research Station, Southern Research Station, and the Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team for leadership in addressing the hemlock woolly adelgid issue and providing support for much of the research and technology development activities presented in these proceedings. Funding for conducting the symposium and the publication of these proceed- ings was provided by the USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection-Washington Office, Northeastern Area, the Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, and the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. SYMPO S IUM PROGR A M COMMITTEE Brad Onken Dennis Souto USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area Morgantown, West Virginia Morgantown, West Virginia Richard Reardon Melody Keena USDA Forest Service USDA Forest Service Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Northern Research Station Morgantown, West Virginia Hamden, Connecticut Katherine McManus Victoria Smith USDA Forest Service Connecticut Agricultural Research Station Northern Research Station New Haven, Connecticut Hamden, Connecticut Fourth Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States _____________________________________________________________________________________ FORE W ORD At the request of the National Association of State Foresters and the National Plant Board, the USDA Forest Service initiated a program that would accelerate development and imple- mentation of management options to reduce the spread and impact of hemlock woolly adelgid. From 2003-2007, the USDA Forest Service implemented the “Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Ini- tiative,” which involved scientists and resource managers from four federal agencies, 20 state agencies, 24 universities, seven institutions in China and Japan, and more than nine private companies. Accelerated research and technology development during this five-year period resulted in a significant increase in our knowledge of hemlock woolly adelgid, its impact on hemlock resources, and the development of new management strategies. The manuscripts and posters presented at the Fourth Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid reflect much of this collective knowledge. There were a tremendous number of accomplishments in the past five years, but the job is not done. Two general areas that require further effort are: 1) effective and efficient landscape-level treatments to minimize hemlock woolly adelgid damage; and 2) strategies for rehabilitation of damaged areas. As we move forward with the Initiative, continued cooperation and the sharing of ideas and information among the research and management communities will be essential if we hope to address these areas successfully in the shortest term possible. IV The progress thus far brings us much closer to a solution. There have been three previous symposia addressing all aspects of hemlock woolly adelgid: in 1995, First Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Review, Charlottesville, Virginia; in 2002, Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States Symposium, East Brunswick, New Jersey; and in 2005, Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States, Asheville, North Carolina. Proceedings from these and the Fourth Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid held in Hartford, Connecticut, February 12-14, 2008 is now avail- able on a single CD ROM or separately on the web at: http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa. Fourth Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States _____________________________________________________________________________________ WELCOMING ADDRE ss Donald Smith Connecticut State Forester Connecticut is honored to host the Fourth Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Symposium and to be, at least for a short while, the focal point of the hemlock woolly adelgid research world. After all, this state has over 370 years of experience with non-native invasives. For the forests of Connecticut, it all began in the year 1636, when English settlers (the first non-native invasive species) arrived and settled the plantations of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield alongside the Connecticut River. As has been the case with many invasive species, it has taken many, many years for the forest environment to adapt to the new presence and establish an uneasy balance. In this case, it took about 200 years for the two-legged invaders to drive the forest out of about 85% of the state for