Index

ABCD staging system, 201 Adenosis Ambiguous genitalia, 25-24, 303, 304 Abdominal pain, 44, 119 fallopian tube, 470 causes of, 30-31 seminal vesicle cysts and, 191 intrauterine, tuberculous disease and, clinical evaluation of, 29 Abdominoperineal resection 533 defined, 25 motor paralytic bladder and, 89, 96 peritubal, fallopian tube catheteriza• embryology of, 25-29 Abscess tion and, 504 imaging of, 31-34 epididymal, 256-258, 328 vaginal, 424-425 laboratory studies of, 30 formation after cryosurgical ablation, Adrenal cortical hyperplasia, 302 magnetic resonance imaging in pa- 487 Adrenal neoplasm, 33 tients with, 419 pelvic, 66 Adrenal rests, magnetic resonance im• Amenorrhea, 461, 474 periurethral gland, 380 aging of, 326 American Cancer Association, 197 prostatic, 185-186 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), American Fertility Society, 505 scrotal, 259-260, 282, 305 326 American Joint Committee for Cancer seminal vesicle, 192 adrenogenital syndrome and, 304-305 Staging and End Result Report• testicular, 256-258, 269 Adrenogenital syndrome, 326 ing (AJC), 130 tuboovarian, 474 Advanced Surgical Intervention titan American Joint Committee on Cancer, urethral, 380, 383 stent, 370 staging system for testicular can• Absent testes, see undescended Aedes aegypti, 537 cer developed by, 311-312 Acetylcholine, erection and, 510-511 Aerobater aerogenes, 59 American Medical Systems Ambicor pe• Acoustic intensity of ultrasound, 6 Age and radiosensitivity, 9 nile prostheses, 398 Acute scrotum, 262, 264, 266, 273 Agenesis American Medical Systems 600 malle• Adenocarcinoma anterior meatal, 345 able prostheses, 391-392 of bladder, 42, 129 bladder, 41 American Medical Systems 800 implant• of bladder diverticulum, 46 renal, 191,345 able prosthetic, III of colon, 442 urethral, 345 American Medical Systems Ultrex penile cribriform, of , 216 vaginal,418 prostheses, 393 of distal urethral, 387 Alcohol, infertility and, 439 American Medical Systems Ultrex Plus Littre's gland and, 383 Alcoholism, Fournier's gangrene and, penile prostheses, 394 mucinous prostatic, 232 258 American Medical Systems Urolume, of prostate, 130, 195,213,216,223- Aldosterone, 30 370 248 Alfuzosin, 370 American Urological Association, 197 of rete testes, 305-306 Allergic respiratory disorder, 547; see also Amyloidosis, 50, 192-193 of seminal vesicle, 193 Contrast media; Iodine allergy, seminal vesicle tumor invasion and, urachal,44 severe reaction to contrast media 192-193 urethral, 383 and Anal atresia (high) with anourethral fis• of urinary bladder, 138 Allopurinol, 439 tula, 348 Adenomatoid tumor, 314 Alpha-Adrenergic overactivity, causing Anaphylactoid reactions, contrast agents magnetic resonance imaging of, 326 narrow bladder neck, 362 and, 547 Adenomatous hypertrophy, see Benign Alpha-Blocker(s),368-370 Anatomic capsule of prostate, 226- prostatic hyperplasia autonomic dysreflexia and, 364 227 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), sperma• Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP), as marker for Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS), testic• togenesis and, 331 , 294 ular tumors of, 304-305

555 556 Index

Androgen ablation therapy (AAT), as Arterial obstruction, posttraumatic, 515 digital rectal exam for, 368 treatment option for prostate can• Arterial vasodilation, penile, 407-408 etiology and pathogenesis of, 177 cer, 479, 481 Arteriographic technique, for evaluating incidence of, 177 Androgen blockage, 198, 203 arteriogenic impotence, 513 laser treatment of, 372, 498-500 Androgen receptors, male pseudoher• Artificial sweeteners, bladder cancer narrowing of prostatic urethra and, maphrodite and impaired, 31 and, 129 368-370 Androgens, testicular descent and, 240 Artificial urinary sphincter (AUS), 111- nodules, 232 Anemia, metastasis of prostate carci- 113,367-368 radiologic evaluation of, 178-180 noma and, 197 Arteriosclerosis, and, 279 stromal, 227 Aneurysm clips, cerebral, 23 , 438; see also Female infertility, treatment options for, 370-372 Aneurysms, bilateral iliac artery, 66 Infertility, ultrasonography of, 180-182 Angina pectoris, as response to contrast Asthenospermia, defined, 441 Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), 107 media, 549 Asthma Benign stricture, narrowing of prostatic Angioedema, as reaction to contrast ma• bronchial, 50 urethra and, 368 terial, 548 severe reaction to contrast media and, Benign vaginal neoplasms, 424 Angiographic evaluation 547 Bergonie and Tribondeau, law of, 9 of arteriogenic impotence, 513-515 Atherosclerosis, 515-519 Bethanechol supersensitivity test, 89 of venogenic impotence, 515-519 of internal pudendal and penile arter• Bilharzial prostatoseminovesiculitis, 542 Angiography, penile, 508-523 ies, 514 Bilharziasis, 541 Angioplasty Atherosclerotic risk factors, arteriogenic Bilobar enlargement, 368 percutaneous transluminal, 519-520 impotence and, 514 Biofeedback, spastic periurethral striated percutaneous transluminal, as alterna• Atrophic testes, 243, 258, 296, 312, 328, sphincter syndrome causing stress tive to surgical revascularization, 403 incontinence and, 387 520 Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, 227 Bioinjectables, 11 0 stenosis of common iliac and internal Autonomic dysreflexia, 97-98 Biomarkers; see also Tumor markers iliac artery and, 519 as response to contrast media, 549, 552 alpha-fetoprotein as marker for testicu• Anopheles funes/us, 537 Autonomous neurogenic bladder, 88 lar cancer, 294 Anopheles gambia, 537 Autosomal recessive traits, deficiencies in carcinoembryonic antigen, 298, 314 Anorchia, see Undescended testes steroid formation and, 31 testicular neoplasms and, 313-314 Anosmia, infertility and, 439 , 188,246,438-439,455- Bladder; see also Bladder calculi, Bladder Anterior displacement of bladder, 71-73 457; see also Infertility cancer, Bladder diverticuli, Blad• causes of, 73 defined, 441 der neck, Bladder outlet obstruc• Anterior meatal agenesis Azotemia, 340 tion, Bladder position abnormali• megalourethra differentiated from, Azzopardi scars, 308 ties, Bladder size abnormalities, 345 Bladder trauma, Bladder wall, Anterior urethral injuries, 120-122 Congenital abnormalities of blad• Anterior urethral valves, 340-344 Bacterial epididymoorchitis, 258 der, Intramural filling defects in classification of, 341 Balloon dilation, urethral stricture treat• bladder, Neurogenic bladder dys• clinical presentation of, 341 ment with, 378 function diagnosis of, 341-342 Bandwidth, magnetic resonance imaging air in, 35, 57-61 embryology of, 341 and,22 anatomic definitions of, 81 management of, 342-344 Barium; see also Contrast media anterior displacement of, 73 Anticholinergics, 110 enema, 63 biopsy, invasive transitional cell carci• Antiestrogen therapy, 196 enema, fistula demonstration with, 61 noma monitoring with, 135 Anus, imperforated, 248 reactions to, 546 Christmas tree, 94 Anxiety reaction, as response to contrast Barrington's area, 84 computed tomography of, 39-41, 159- media, 549, 552 Bartholin's gland cysts, 419-420 174 Aortoiliac lesions, Bathine test for detrusor hyperreflexia, congenital abnormalities of, 41-47 and,514 86 contracted, 168 Aortoiliac occlusive disease, 403 Bell clapper deformity, 262-264, 327- contractions, precipitous, 374 impotence due to, 514 329 contusion, 117 Aortoiliac reconstructive surgery, erectile Benign hypoechoic lesions, 216; see also dwarf,41 dysfunction and, 514 Benign prostatic hyperplasia dysfunction, 87-89,107,119 Appendicular torsion, 273-274 (BPH) dysfunction, classification of, 87-89 Appendicitis, and, 273 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), echogenic densities of the bladder, 49 Arterial bypass, 390 177-193,196-197,206,212,216, encroachment, from iliopsoas muscles, Arterial bypass surgery, indications for 221,226 66 microvascular, 520 bladder outlet obstruction and, 177- enlargement, 68 Arterial disease, penile arteriography 178 extrophy of, 48, 56 and, 512 clinical manifestations of, 177-178 fibrotic, 172 Index 557

flaccid, 93 chronic bladder infection and, 129 Bladder position abnormalities, 70-74 gas forming in, 35, 57-61 computed tomography findings of, anterior displacement of, 71-73 herniation, 70, 282-283 166-173 hernia of, 70 hourglass, 41 depth evaluation of with magnetic res- inferior displacement of, 73-74 hypermobility, stress urinary inconti• onance imaging, 51-52 lateral displacement of, 70-71 nence confirmed by, 100-104 diagnosis of, 130-131 posterior displacement of, 74 hypertrophied neck of and posterior enterovesical fistula caused by, 61 upward displacement of, 71-72 urethral valves, 335 epidemiology of, 129 Bladder prolapse, see Cystocele hypoplastic, 41 etiology of, 164 Bladder shape abnormalities, 65-70; see infection, chronic, 129 follow-up treatment and, 134 also Bladder, Bladder position ab• inflammation, bladder cancer and, genetic propensity to develop, 164 normalities 129 invasive transitional cell, 132-134 pear-shaped bladder, 65-67 intravenous urography of schistosomi• pathology of, 129, 164 postsurgical changes and, 66-70 asis infected, 540-541 posttreatment evaluation for, 172 teardrop bladder, 65 large, associated with Eagle-Barret presentation of, 130 Bladder stones, see Bladder calculi syndrome, 43 presenting features of, 164 Bladder trauma, 115-119 large capacity, 75 squamous cell, 46, 129, 138 findings and management of, 117-119 large hypotonic, 107 staging of, 151-154, 165-173 imaging modalities for, 116-117 large, neuromuscular dysfunctional, staging systems for, 130 Bladder tumor(s); see also Bladder cancer, 75 treatment options for, 164 Carcinoma large with persistent urachus, 43 treatment of superficial transitional accuracy of computed tomography in metastases to, 159 cell,131-132 staging of primary, 171 miscellaneous conditions of, 75 Bladder diverticula, 44-47,149,162, benign tumors of, 75 motor paralytic, 96 179 bladder wall calcification and, 57 mural defects, 47 calculogenesis and, 56 bowel-augmented, 68 musculature of, 80 causing narrowing of prostatic ure- histopathologic subtypes of, 129 pear shaped, 117 thra, 368 laser treatment for, 492-494 pine tree, 94 cystectomy and, 132 leiomyoma, 75 postsurgical changes of, 66-70 formation, 88, 94 other, 173-174 preservation, bladder cancer and, 134 formation, posterior urethral valves prognostic factors, 129-130 ruptures, 115-120 and, 336 prophylactic treatment following resec- saving treatment, 151 megalourethra and, 345 tion of, 494 sensory paralytic, 94 neoplasms of, 47 seminal vesicle tumors presented as, 193 size abnormalities of, 74-75 paraplegic patients and, 47 transitional cell, 50-51,129-135,138- small capacity, 74-75, 115 Bladder neck 139, 493 spastic, 93 absence of, 366-368, 370 Bladder wall; see also Bladder tapping, 93 anatomy of, 352 beehive sign of, 62 teardrop, 65 diameter of normal, 362 calcification, causing intramural filling thimble, 528-529 dyssynergia, 362-364, 367 defects, 54 trabeculation, 336 etiology of posterior ledge at, 369 diverticulum, 149 trauma, 115-119 hypertrophied, and posterior urethral etiologies of dystrophic calcification of, tuberculosis of the, 528-530 valves, 335 57 uninhibited, 93-94 infertility and operative correction of, hypertrophy, 94, 140 unstable, 93 437 ring-down shadowing of, 60 Bladder calculi, 97, 129, 178; see also Cal- laser incision of, 495-496, 499 tenting, 62 culi ledge, 365-366, 369 tethering, 62 causing intramural filling defects, 54 narrow, 362-366 thickened with hydronephrosis associ• children with, 56 obstruction, 374 ated with posterior urethral differentiated from blood clots, 48 posterior ledge at, 374 valves, 335 jack-stone configuration and, 55-56 widening of, 366 thickening, 94, 172 -1 73 Middle or Far East children and, 55- Bladder outlet obstruction, 56, 74, 94, thickening, isoechoic, 49 56 105-107, 179 Bleeding migrant, 55-56 benign prostatic hyperplasia and, 177- embolization of lower genitourinary primary, 55-56 178 tract and, 523 secondary, 55 causes of male, 178 after hysterosalpingography, 469 Bladder cancer, 163-166, 193; see also classification of, 107 Blood clots, 48 Bladder tumors, Carcinoma gas in bladder and, 59 differentiated from bladder calculi, 57 bladder hernia suggesting, 282 laser treatment and, 498-500 Blood flow acceleration bladder inflammation and, 129 prostate carcinoma and, 197 for evaluating arteriogenic impotence, chemotherapy and, 133-134, 172 urethral polyps and, 347 408 558 Index

Blood flow acceleration (cont.) focal testicular, 305 Cardiopulmonary disease, laser prosta• intratesticular, 125 foreign body, 57 tectomy and, 499 penile, 404-406, 408 forming urethral diverticuli, 386, 387 Cardiovascular collapse, emboli and, Blood in ejaculate, 219 ipsilateral renal, 54 468 Blood pressure, measurement of penile, of large cell Sertoli cell tumors, 302 Carney's syndrome, large cell calcifying 403-404 laser lithotripsy of, 497-498 Sertoli cell tumors and, 302 Boari flap, 69-70 nonopaque, 347 Carrageenan, reaction to, 546 Body weight, infertility and extremes of, and, 328 Cataracts, 10 462 prostatic, 1 77 Cauda equina syndrome, 362 Boltzmann's distribution law, 14 psammomatous, 44 Cavernosography, 515-519 Bone marrow metastases, 143 schistosomiasis and, 540 Cavernous artery systolic occlusion pres• staging prostatic carcinoma and, 228 scrotal, 291 sure, 404 Bone pain, metastasis of prostate carci• seminal vesicle, 193 Central nervous system, lesions of, unin• noma and, 197 serpentine-shaped, 96-97 hibited bladder resulting from, 94 Bone scans, 200 spaghetti-like, 96 Central nervous system syndrome, 10 Borden and Gibb staging system for tes- testicular, 297,305, 307 Cerebral vascular accidents (CVA), 104 ticular cancer, 311 tuberculosis and, 528, 531-533 uninhibited neurogenic bladder result• Bors ice water test, 86-87 urethral, 377, 381, 385-386 ing from, 94 Bourne test, 62-63 uric acid, 58 Cervical carcinoma, 54, 431 Bowel-augmented bladder, 68 urinary tract, 96, 193, 291 vesicovaginal fistula formation and, 63 Bowel obstruction, inflatable penile pros• Caloric restriction, infertility and, 462 Cervix theses and, 395 Canadian Task Force on Periodic Health assessment of, in female infertility, Bradycardia Examination, 198 464-465 due to narrow bladder neck, 364 Cancer induction, 9, 10 Chemical insults, small capacity bladder with vasovagal reaction to iodine, 546 Candida albicans, .254 caused by, 75 Brain tumor, uninhibited neurogenic gas formation in bladder and, 59-60 Chemotherapy, 201, 431-433 bladder resulting from, 94 vaginitis and, 424 bladder cancer and, 133-134, 172 Breast cancer, 173-174 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), 314 causing bladder wall dystrophic calcifi• Bremmstrahlung, 1 as yolk sac tumor markers, 298 cation, 57 Bronchial asthma, 50 Carcinoid syndrome, 305 infertility and, 437-438 Bronchiectasis, infertility and, 438 Carcinoid of testis, 305 multiagent systemic for bladder can• Bronchospasm Carcinoma, see Adenocarcinoma, Adeno• cer, 173 as response to contrast material, 548 matoid tumor, Carcinoma in situ, vs. photodynamic therapy for bladder Brucellosis, 253 Carcinosarcoma, Clear cell carci• tumors, 494 Brugia malayi, 536, 538 noma, Embryonal cell carcinoma, testicular neoplasms and, 313 Brugia timori, 536 Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, Chest pain, emboli and, 468 Buba, Yaws Gonadoblastoma, Granulosa cell Chlamydia Buck's fascia, 122 tumor, Leiomyoma, Liposar• acute and, 253 Bulbocavernosal reflex, 88, 106 coma, Mixed germ cell tumors, hysterosalpingography and, 456 clinical evaluation of impotence and, Neuroblastoma, Nonsemino• Chlamydia trachomatis, 439, 543 512 matous germ cell tumors, Ovar• acute epididymitis and, 253 Bulbospongiosus muscle, 34 ian cancer, Papillary tumors, nonbacterial and, 186 Bullous edema Rhabdomyosarcoma, Schwann• Choriocarcinoma, 298-301, 308 suggestive of fistula, 65 oma, Seminoma, Squamous cell Chromosomal pattern, mosaic, 33 Burkitt's lymphoma, 306 carcinoma, Testicular neoplasms, Chromosomes, absence of X, 31 Buschke-Loewenstein tumors, 385 Transitional cell carcinoma, and Chronic bladder infection, bladder can- specific site cer and, 129 Carcinoma in situ (CIS) Chronic bladder inflammation, 129 Cachexia of bladder, 129-133, 135 Chronic epididymitis metastasis of prostate carcinoma and, magnetic resonance imaging of testicu• adenocarcinoma of rete testis and, 305 197 lar, 326 tubular ectasia and, 285 Calcium channel blockers, 374 Carcinosarcoma, 129 Chronic inflammatory disease, 227 infertility and, 439 Cardiac arrest, as response to contrast Chronic lymphadenitis, 234 Calculi, 91, 94; see also Bladder calculi media, 550 Chronic renal failure, 193 bladder, 54-56, 97,129,178 Cardiac arrhythmias, 22 Chronic urethritis bladder wall, 54, 57 Cardiac pacemakers, 23 causing urethral diverticula, 386 corporal body, 405 Cardiac septal defects, oil soluble mate• in women, 387 dystrophic, 533 rial usage and, 546 Cigarette smoking, sec Smoking eggshell crust, 96 Cardiac valvular disease, 218 Cimetidine, infertility and, 439 ejaculatory duct, 455 Cardiopathy, congenital, 43 Classic scattering, of X-rays, 2 Index 559

Clear cell carcinoma numbers, 4 incidence and background of reactions congenital cysts and, 184 pelvic organ displacement and, 66 to, 546-547 vaginal, 428-429 penile prostheses and, 390, 392, 396 incidence of death as result of radio- Cleidocranial dysostosis, 42 pixels of, 4 graphic, 547 Clitoral hypertrophy, 34 posttreatment evaluation of bladder indications for use oflow-osmolar, 547 Cloacal anomalies, 36 cancer with, 172-173 loculated spillage, 534 Clomiphene citrate, 474 principles of operation, 4 oil based, 467-468, 546 Cocaine, infertility and, 439 retroperitoneal tumor spread evalua- oil or water based with hysterosalpin• Cochlear implants, 23 tion with, 312-313 gography, 467-468 Colchicine, infertility and, 439 of , 188 oral, optimization of magnetic reso• Coliform bacteria, acute epididymitis spatial resolution of, 5 nance and, 145-146 and, 253 spiral (helical), 162, 163, 170 premedication for reactions to, 550, Collagen, 110-111 staging prostatic carcinoma with, 200 552 Collecting system, duplication of, 470 of tuberculous bladder, 529 pulmonary edema as response to, 548, Collimation, 11 of undescended testicles, 244 552 Colon carcinoma, enterovesical fistula video imaging and, 2 reactions to, 546-552 and, 61 window control, 4-5 recognition and treatment of reactions Colonic haustrations, 283 Computed tomography of prostate carci• to, 547-551 Color Doppler ultrasonography, 9-10; noma, 230-235 three magnetic resonance imaging, ap• see also Duplex ultrasonography, criteria for abnormal lymph nodes, 234 proved for intravenous adminis• Sonography, Sonography of pros• evaluation of lymph node metastases tration, 547 tate carcinoma, Ultrasonography with, 232-235 types of reactions to, 546-550 evaluating vasculogenic impotence radiotherapy planning and posttreat• vasovagal reactions, 546-547, 549 with, 404-406 ment evaluation with, 235 water based, 467-468, 546 of prepubertal testes, 267 Condyloma acuminatum, 384-385 Contrast/noise ratio, of magnetic reso• spermatoceles differentiated from hy• laser surgery for, 494 nance imaging, 21 droceles, 288 Condyloma(s), urethral, laser treatment Contusion of testicular torsion, 262, 264-268 of, 494 bladder; 117 Combined injection and stimulation Confusion, emboli and, 468 testicular, 125 (CIS) test, 403 Congenital abnormalities of the bladder, Corpora amylacea, prostatic calcification Compton effect, 2 41-47 of, 187,212 Computed tomography (CT), 36; see also bladder agenesis and hypoplasia, 41 Corporal venoocclusive dysfunction, 517 Computed tomography of pros• bladder diverticula, 44-47 Cortisol, 30 tate carcinoma, Imaging duplication anomalies, 41 Corynebacterium genitalium, 543 abdominal hydrocele and, 276-278 exstrophy and epispadias, 41-43 Coughing, emboli and, 468 anatomy of bladder, 159-162 persistent urachus, 43-44 Cowper's glands, 342 assessing bladder carcinoma depth prune-belly syndrome, 43 adenocarcinoma arising from, 383 with, 51-52 Congenital absence of vas deferens urethral intravasion, 384 of benign and malignant conditions of (CAVD),457 Crede maneuver, 96 vagina, 413-433 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), Cremasteric muscle of benign prostatic hyperplasia, 182 30,438 testicular torsion and, 262 of bladder, 159-174 Congenital anorchia, 273; see also Unde- undescended testes and, 238, 240 bladder carcinoma findings of, 166-173 scended testes Crepitus, 258 bladder hemangiomas and, 58 Congenital cysts, 183 Crohn's disease, 50, 61, 63, 380 bladder herniation and, 282 Congenital fibroelastosis, 365 abscess due to, 383 bladder imaging and, 39-41, 159-174 Congenital vaginal anomalies, 417-419 rectovaginal fistula development with, bladder rupture imaging and, 119 Contigen, 110, 111 421 blunt abdominal trauma and, 116-117 Continence mechanism watering can urethra due to, 382 contrast resolution of, 5 female, 82-83 Cryosurgery, 201 digital images of, 3-4 male, 80-82 Cryosurgical ablation of prostate, 479- enterovesial fistula demonstration Continuous-wave Doppler stethoscope 488 with, 63 to measure penile blood pressure, 404 complications and postoperative man- examination technique for bladder car• Contracted bladders, 68 agement of, 485-487 cinoma, 162-163 Contralateral torsion, tubular ecstasia equipment for, 481 identifying diverticular neoplasms and, 285 follow-up studies of, 487 with, 47 Contrast extravasation, as response to intraoperative complications, 486-487 inguinal hernias and, 276, 284 contrast reactions, 550 patient selection and preoperative eval- invasive transitional cell carcinoma Contrast media; see also Barium uation for, 480-481 monitoring with, 135 extraluminal, 375-377,380, 382, 386 planning map and cryoprobe place• level of brightness, 4-5 gadolinium containing, 147-155 ment for, 482-483 560 Index

Cryosurgical ablation of prostate (cont.) bladder injury and, 116, 118 simple testicular, 276, 285, 325 preoperative and postoperative man- bladder protrusion delineation and, 70 testicular, 305 agement of, 487 contrast media for, 35-36 tubular ectasia of rete testes and, 285- procedure, 479, 483-485 double contrast, 36 287 prostatic apex and, 481-482 external genitalia and, 31 tunica albuginea, 276, 289, 326-327 rectal anatomy pertinent to, 481 extraperitoneal rupture and, 117 utricular, 33, 455 thermosensors for, 483 fistula demonstration with, 61 wolffian duct, 419 Cryotherapy, 199 imaging of benign conditions of the Cytokeratin, 298 Cryptomenorrhea, 418 bladder with, 35-38 Cytology, invasive transitional cell carci• Cryptorchidism, see Undescended testes indications, 36 noma monitoring with, 135 Culex quinquefasciatus, 537 nuclear, 36 Cytomegalovirus, 254, 328 Curettage technique, 36-37 emboli and, 468 of tuberculous bladder, 528 infertility and, 465 vesical detection with, 54 Dacomed mechanical penile prostheses, Cutis laxa, 45 vesicovaginal fistula formation demon- 393 Cyclophosphamide, bladder cancer and, stration with, 63, 65 Denervation sensitivity test, 86 129 Cystometrogram (CMG), 85 Deoxycorticosterone, 30 Cyclops, 542 Cystometry Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Cystadenomas, 193 filling, 85 damage, 9, 10 seminal vesicle, 193 identifying uninhibited contractions ploidy content, 196 Cystectomy, 42 with, 113 testicular neoplasms and, 294 bladder cancer and, 132, 133 neurogenic bladder and, 85-86 ploidy pattern, of carcinoid of testes, pathological understaging and, 132 nonobstructive bladder dysfunction 305 transitional cell carcinoma and, 132-133 evaluation with, 107 Dermatoid tumors, 50 Cystic dysplasia of testis, tubular of rete voiding, 85 Dermoid cysts, 193 testes and, 285 Cystoplasty, augmented, 529 Detrusor arreflexia, 94 , 246 Cystoprostatectomy Detrusor bladder neck dyssynergia, 362- infertility and, 438 bladder cancer and, 130 364, 367 Cystitis transitional cell carcinoma and, 133 Detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia, acute, 74 Cystoscopy 88,91,94 alkaline encrusting, 57 bladder carcinoma diagnosis and, 51 spinal cord lesions and, 94 bullous, 48-50 bladder outlet obstruction evaluated Detrusor hyperflexia, 109 causing mural defects, 47-50 by, 105 bathine test for, 86 chemical, 68 early detection of urinary bladder car• with impaired contractility (DHIC), chemotherapy induced, 49 cinoma and, 151 109-110 chronic, 74 invasive transitional cell carcinoma urge urinary incontinence and, 104 cystica, 48-50 monitoring with, 135 Detrusor hypertrophy emphysematous, 35, 57-61 Cystourethrogram, voiding, 33 posterior urethral valves and, 336 eosinophilic, 49-50 Cystourethrography, 75 Detrusor instability, 93 glandularis, 48 patients with suprasacral spinal cord bladder outlet obstruction and, 107 granulomatous, 50 lesions and, 97 urinary incontinence caused by, 104- hemorrhagic cyclophosphamide, 74 Cystourethroscopy, 130, 193 105 imaging of, 47-50 Cyst(s) Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, 373-375 infectious, 57 Bartholin's gland, 419-420 difference between stricture and, 376 interstitial, 50 congenital, 183 extraluminal contrast material and, intestinal, 74 dermoid, 193 377 polypoid, 48 ej aculatory duct, 212 laser treatment of, 498 pseudotumoral cystitis, 50 endometriotic, 474 narrowing of prostatic urethra and, tuberculous, 528 epidermoid, 307-308, 325 368 Cystocele(s), 73-74 epididymal, 276, 287-288 pathologic ledges and, 365-366 large, 56 Gartner's duct, 419 Diabetes, 104; see also Diabetes mellitus scrotal, 70 hemorrhagic ovarian, 474 calcification of seminal vesicle and, Cystodiathermy, treatment for bladder intraprostatic, infertility and, 455 193 cancer by, 164 miillerian duct, 53, 183 hematocele and, 279 Cystogram, stress for evaluating inconti• ovarian, 476 seminal vesicle abscesses and, 192 nence, 102-104 paravaginal, 419-420 sensory paralytic bladder and, 94 Cystography; see also Imaging, Voiding perivesical, 53 Diabetes mellitus; see also Diabetes cystourethrogram prostatic, 177, 183-186 arteriogenic impotence and, 514 bladder, 47 rete testes, 286 Fournier's gangrene and, 258, 259 bladder contusion and, 117 seminal vesical, 53, 191-193 gas formation in bladder and, 59-61 Index 561

infertility and, 438 detecting venous leakage with, 409 Electrocautery resection, 131 sensory paralytic bladder and, 89 venogenic impotence diagnosis with, laser treatment results like, 492 Dibromochloropropane (DBep), infertil- 409 Electrons, 1 ity and, 439 Dura-II mechanical penile prostheses, Elephantiasis, filarial, 538-539 Diet, prostate carcinoma and, 196 392-393 Elfin-facies syndrome, 45 Dietary deficiencies, vesical aluli and, 56 Dwarf bladder, 41 Embolization Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, infer- Dynamic infusion cavernosometry and hysterosalpingography and, 468 tility and, 465, 469, 476 cavernosography (DICC), 409, oflower genitourinary tract, 523 Diffuse disease of bladder mucosa, photo• 516-517 pulmonary, after hysterosalpingogra- dynamic therapy for, 494 Dynamic retrograde urethrogram; see also phy performed with oil based ma• Digital rectal exam (DRE), 197,200, Retrograde urethrogram terial, 546 206-208, 212, 213 urethral strictures studied by, 378 symptoms of oil, 546 prostate carcinoma and, 196-197 Dysgenic gonadal development, 31,33, Embryology of ambiguous genitalia, 25- Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 27 247-248,303,419 29 undescended testicles and, 240 Dyspnea, emboli and, 468 female development and, 27-29 Disseminated disease, 308 Dysreflexia, autonomic, 97-98 indifferent stage of, 25-27 Distal ureteral obstruction, 65 as response to contrast media, 549, male development and, 26-29 Distance, of radiation exposure, 11 552 Embryonal cell carcinoma (ECC) Diverticula; see also Bladder diverticula Dystrophic calcification, 533 cryptorchid testis and, 245 bladder wall, 149 Dysuria testicular, 297-301 calyceal, laser incision of, 497 nonbacterial prostatitis and, 186 Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, vaginal, double-density sign of, 380 prostatic abscess and, 185 429 Hutch, 47 seminal vesicle disease and, 188 EMG monitoring, urodynamic studies isthmic, 534 urethral polyps and, 347 and, 93 urethral, 380, 386 Emotional stress, infertility and, 462 vasal, 192 Emphysema of scrotum, 259 Diverticular disease, 63 Eagle-Barrett syndrome, 43 Emphysematous cystitis, 35, 57-61 Diverticular prostatitis, 185 large bladders associated with, 75 differential diagnosis of, 57, 59 Diverticulectomy, 342 Eating disorders, anovulation and, 474 Emphysematous pyelitis, 57 Diverticulitis, 385-386 Ecchymosis Emphysematous pyelonephritis, 57 sigmoid, 61, 63 penile, 279 Emphysematous vaginitis, 57 vaginal fistulas due to, 421 scrotal, 279 End-organ androgen insensitivity, 438 Donovanosis, see Granuloma inguinal Echinococcosis, 543 Endocrinologic dysfunction, 438 Doppler stethoscope, to measure penile Echo time (ET), 19 Endocrinopathy, impotence and, 403 blood pressure, 404 Ectopic pregnancy rate, following cathe• Endodermal sinus tumor, see Yolk sac Doppler ultrasonography; see also Color ter recanalization, 503-504, 506 tumor Doppler ultrasonography, Ultra• Ectopic testes, see Undescended testes Endoluminal transurethral sonogram, diag• sonography Edema nosing urethral diverticula with, color, 9 idiopathic stromal, scrotal pain and, 386 continuous, 8-9 273 Endometrial carcinoma, congenital cysts duplex, 9 laryngeal, 548 and, 184 power, 10 lower extremity, 66 Endometrial tuberculosis, 535 pulsed, 8 pelvic, 66 ulcerations, 535 Dotarem,547 pulmonary, 548, 552 Endometriosis, laser treatment of trans• Double-density sign, 380 scrotal, 48, 273 mural bladder lesions from, 493 Doxepin,370 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 45 Endometriosis, 50, 418, 424, 431, 470, Dracunculiasis, 542 Eiffel tower sign, 21 474 Dracunculus medinensis, 542 Ejaculate, blood in, 219 ovarian, 475 Drash syndrome, see Wilms' tumor Ejaculatory duct Endopyelotomy, performed with laser, DRE, 197,200,206-208,212,213 asymmetry, 188 497 Drooping lily sign, 53 calcification, infertility and, 455 Endoscopic lobe of prostate, 180 Drug abuse, Fournier's gangrene and, cysts, 212, 455 sunset sign of, 180 258 dilation, infertility and, 455 Endoscopy, bladder tumor diagnosing Drug exposure, infertility and, 439 intravenous urography of schistosomi- with, 130 Duplex ultrasonography; see also Color asis disease of, 541 Endoureterotomy, 497 Doppler ultrasonography, Sonog• obstruction, 192, 193,455 Enterobacter, 186 raphy, Sonography of prostate Ejaculatory pain, seminal vesicle disease Enterovesical fistula, 61-63 carcinoma, Ultrasonography and, 188 Enuresis, in children, 93 evaluating penile blood flow with, Electrocardiogram (ECG) waveform, Environmental toxins, infertility and, 403-406, 408 22 439 562 Index

Epidermoid cyst, 307 Erection False-positive diagnosis, computed to- concentric ring pattern of, 307 physiology of, 510-511 mography and, 233 differentiated from simple testicular preserving, 223 Fast Fourier transform, 20 cysts, 285 six phases of, 510-511 Female continence mechanism, 82-83 lamellar swirling configuration of, 307 Erythema, as reaction to contrast mate• Female development, of ambiguous geni- magnetic resonance imaging of testicu- rial, 548 talia,27-29 1ar, 325, 327 Escherichia coli, 192 Female incontinence, 99-104 Epididymal abscess, 328 acute epididymitis and, 253 bladder outlet obstruction and, 105- Epididymal cyst, 276, 282, 287-288 Fournier's gangrene and, 258 106 magnetic resonance imaging of, 330 gas formation in bladder and, 59 diagnosis of, 106 Epididymal flow, 255 prostatic abscess and, 185 overflow, 105 Epididymal hemorrhage, 327 Eunuchoid patients, prostate carcinoma physical examination evaluating, 106- Epididymal obstruction, infertility and, and, 196 107 438 Excess population, of Boltzmann's distri• radiographic evaluation of, 100-104 Epididymal orchitis, testicular torsion bution law, 14, 15 stress urinary, 100 differentiated from, 263 Exercise, infertility and excessive, 462, urge urinary, 104-105 , 31, 252-253; sualso Inflam• 474 urinary, 99-104 matory conditions of epididymis Exposure Female infertility, 461-477 and testis to magnetic fields, 22 assisted reproductive technologies and, adenomatoid tumors arising in, 314 radiofrequency, 22-23 476-477 anatomy of, 250-251 Exstrophy, 36 causes of, 462 anomalies of associated with unde- Exstrophy-episadias complex, 41 cervix assessment in, 464-465 scended testes, 242, 245-246 External beam radiation, endometrium assessment in, 474 clinical presentation of, 253 and, 223 etiology of, 462 enlarged, 328 External genital lesions, laser treatment evaluation of, 463-474 enlarged hypoechoic, 254 of, 494-495 organizing and planning the evalua- etiology of, 253-254 External iliac steal syndrome, 514 tion of, 462-463 sonographic appearance of complica• External vacuum devices, impotence ovulation assessment in, 463-464 tions associated with, 255-258 and, 390 physical examination for, 463 testicular cancer misdiagnosed as, Extracapsular disease, 230 prevalence and epidemiology of, 462- 295 Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 463 testicular torsion and, 262-263, 265, (ESWL),54 transport improvement and, 268-269, 271 Extraluminal contrast material, 375-377 476 thickened, 329 outside of urethra, 380, 382, 386 treatment of, 474-477 torsion of, 273-274 Extraluminal disease, 421 treatment of fallopian tube disease tuberculosis of, 530-531 Extraperitoneal rupture, 117-118 and, 476 tubular ectasia and, 285 Extravaginal torsion, 271,328 Female prostate, 72-73 ultrasonography offor fertility evalua- Extrophy of the bladder Female pseudohermaphrodite (FPH), tion,444 vesical calculi in children and, 56 30-34 Epididymitis, 124 miillerian structures in, 31 complications of, 328 sonography and, 31 distinguished from testicular torsion, Fallopian tube(s) Female stress incontinence, implantable 327 adhesions, 470 prosthetic devises and, 111-112 magnetic resonance imaging of, 327- assessment of in female infertility, Femoral ring, 70 328 465-473 Fetus recurrent, 33 convoluted or corkscrew, 534 exposure to endogenous androgens, 30 tuberculous, 530-531 disease, 468, 476 magnetic field effects on, 22 Epididymoorchitis, 252-253, 538 distal obstruction of, 470 undervirilization of male, 30-31, 33 acquired immune deficiency and, 531 fixation, 534 virilization offemale, 30 differentiated from testicular torsion, ipsilateral, 31 Fibroadipose tissue in pelvis, 65 271 ligation, surgical reversal of, 504 Fibroids, uterine, 473 Epididymovasotomy,456 microsurgery, 504 Fibromas, 234, 304 Episadias, 349 obstruction, 468 fallopian tube, 470 Erectile dysfunction; see also Impotence perforation, complications of fallopian retroperitoneal, 66 aortoiliac occlusive disease, 514 tube recanalization causing, 503, seminal vesicle, 193 cryosurgical ablation and, 487 506 Fibrotic lesions, vasoactive drugs and, defined, 401 proximal occlusion of, 470 390 Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and, tuberculosis of, 533-534 Field strength, magnetic resonance im• 518 False channel development, after cryo• aging optimization and, 143 , 521-523 surgical ablation, 487 Filariasis, 536-539 Index 563

Filling defects Gartner's duct cysts, 419 Hematocele, 276, 279-282 anterior urethral, 382-386 Gas pyelogram, 42 adenocarcinoma of rete testis and, 305 posterior urethral, 377 Gastric neoplasms, 295 magnetic resonance imaging of, 330 prostatic urethral, 378 Gastrointestinal studies, for demonstrat- Hematocolpos, 418 uterine, 469-470 ing enterovaginal fistulas, 421 Hematologic syndrome, 10 Film images, 2, 5 Gastrointestinal syndrome, 10 Hematoma(s) Finasteride, 221,368 Gender assignment, 25 fascial scrotal, 330 Fistula(s) Gene defects, producing enzyme defi• intratesticular, 330 colovesical, 62-63 ciencies in steroid formation, 30- perivesical, 65 enterovesical, 61-63 31 prevesical, 71 injury and formation of, 116 Genital adrenal hyperplasia, 301 scrotal, 125-127, 279 urethral, 380, 383 Genital ambiguity, 304 trauma and, 116, 117 urethrorectal, development after cryo• Genital wart, see Condyloma acuminatum vasoactive drugs and, 390 surgical ablation, 487 Genitography, external genitalia and, 31 Hematometrocolpos, 418 vaginal, 419-423 Genitourinary infections Hematoporphyrin, 493 vesicovaginal, 63-65 calcification of seminal vesicles and, , 181, 193 Flaccid bladders, 93 193 seminal vesicle disease and, 188 Flank pain, seminal vesicle cysts and, Germ cell tumors (GCTs), 294 Hematoxyphilic bodies, 308 191 differentiated from nongerm-cell tu• Hematuria, 44,115,122,130,178,193, Fluoroquinolone,218 mors,294 219, 383 Fluoroscopy, 36 torsion in undescended testis and, 247 cryosurgical ablation therapy causing, automatic brightness control, 3 Glandular hyperplasia, see Benign pros- 486 image intensifier, 2, 3 tatic hyperplasia urethral polyps and, 347 magnification mode, 3 Gleason scoring, 200 Hemophilus vaginalis, vaginitis and, 424 radiation dose rates, 3 Glycosuria, 59 Hemorrhage Flutamide, 203 Gonadal blastoma, benign, 31 cerebral, 97 undescended testicles and prenatal Gonadal development, 25 retinal, 97 time-specific, 240 dysgenic, 31 of seminal vesicle cysts, 192 Focal necrosis, 232 Gonadal differentiation disorders, 31 Hemorrhagic cyclophosphamide cystitis, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), in• Gonadal dysgenesis, 33, 303; see also small bladder capacity and, 74 fertility and evaluation of, 440 Turner syndrome Hemostasis, 131 Foreign bodies, urethral polyps differen• Gonadal dysgenesis syndrome, 31 Henoch-Schonlein purpura, 328 tiated from, 347 Gonadoblastoma, 304-305 Hepatocellular disease, 295 Foreign body irritation, 129 Gonadotoxins, infertility and, 439 Hernia(s) Fourier-transformation, of free induction Gonadotropic secretion, testicular de- bladder, 70 decay signal, 20 scent and abnormal, 240 scrotal, 320 Fournier's gangrene, 258-260 Gonadal blastoma, benign, 31 undescended testes and, 246-247 computed tomography diagnosis of, Gonococcal urethritis, 382 Herniated disks, motor paralytic bladder 259-260 Gonorrhea, urethral fistulas and, 380 and, 89, 96 sonographic findings of, 259 Granuloma formation and inflammation, Herniography, 285 Free induction decay (FID), 20 hysterosalpingography and, 468 Herniorrhaphy, 246, 281 Free radicals, 9 Granuloma inguinale, 542-543 Hinman syndrome, 375 Frequency effects, of ultrasound, 7 Granulomatous orchitis, 258 Histological patterns high beam, 7-8 Granulomatous prostatitis, 227 of prostate carcinoma, 216 low beam, 7-8 Granulosa cell tumor, 303-304 HIV, testicular neoplasms and, 294 Frequency encoding gradient, 21 testicular, 324 Hives, as reaction to contrast media, 548 Fundus, with two cavities, 470 Gubernaculum, 238-240 Hockey stick configuration of distal ure- Fungus balls, 60 Gynecomastia, 302,439 ters, 42 Future prospects of magnetic resonance Leydig cell tumor and, 300 Hodgkin's lymphoma, 306 imaging techniques, 154 obesity with, 247 Hormonal ablation, 198 Gyromagnetic ratio, 13 Hormonal manipulation, 203 Hormone(s), role in testicular descent, 240 Gadolinium-containing contrast agents, Hourglass bladder, 41 147-152 Hahn spin echo formation, 17-19 Human papillomavirus, causing urethral future applications for, 154-155 hCG,476-477 tumors, 494 Gadopentetate dimeglumine, 192 as marker for testicular cancer, 294 Hutch diverticulum, 47 Galactorrhea, infertility and, 439 Hemangiomas Hydatid disease of scrotum, 543 Gamete intrafallopian transfer, 476-477 bladder, 58 Hydrocele(s), 273-274,282,291,327 Gardnerella vaginalis, 543 pelvic, 424 abdominoscrotal,277-278 vaginitis and, 424 urethral, 193 adenocarcinoma of rete testis and, 305 564 Index

Hydrocele(s) (cont,) Hypotension Imaging benign conditions of the blad• congenital,277-278 as response to contrast media, 546, 549 der; see also Bladder imaging, differentiated from testicular torsion, with vasovagal reaction to iodine, 546 Bladder mural defects, Computed 271 Hypothalamic defect, 247 tomography, Cystitis, Cystogra• filarial disease and, 538 Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) phy, Ultrasound, Urography magnetic resonance imaging of, 330 axis, 441 Imaging studies, prostatitis and, 186-187 scrotal, 276-278 H ypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis Immotile-cilia syndrome, 438 secondary, 277-278 testicular descent and, 240 Immunotherapy, versus photodynamic spermatic cord, 277 Hysterectomy therapy for bladder tumors, 494 tuberculous, 531-532 invasive transitional cell carcinoma Impaired visual fields, infertility and, 439 Hydrocephalus, uninhibited neurogenic after, 146 Imperforate anus, 43 bladder resulting from, 94 motor paralytic bladder and, 89, 96 megalourethra and, 345 Hydronephrosis, 179, 347 recurrent cancer in vagina after, 431 Impotence, 124; see also Erectile dysfunc• Hydrosalpinx vesicovaginal fistula formation and, 63 tion, and Penile erection fallopian tube catheterization and, 504 Hysterosalpingography (HSG), 465-473, arteriogenic, 404-410, 512-515, 519- tuberculous and, 534 476 520 Hydroureter, urethral polyps and, 347 abnormalities detectable by, 465 background of, 403 H ydroureteronephrosis, 74 bleeding after, 469 cavernosal, 402-403, 511-512 megalourethra and, 345 complications of, 467-469 clinical evaluation of, 512 Hydroxylase deficiency, 304 contrast media used with, 467-468 conclusions of ultrasonography's use- 11-Hydroxylase deficiency, 30 as extension of fallopian tube catheter• fulness in evaluating, 410 21-Hydroxylase deficiency, 30 ization, 501, 502, 506 criteria for normative study of, 406- 3/3-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase defi- failed procedures of, 469 408 ciency,30 genital tuberculosis diagnosis with, defined, 508 H ypercalciuria, immobilization, 57, 96 533, 535 endocrinologic, 512 Hypercholesterolemia, arteriogenetic im- indications and contraindications for, etiology of, 511-512 potence and, 514 466 functional classification of, 511 H yperechoic cancer, 216 selective, 470-471 history and physical examination of, Hyperechoic foci, 216 technique of, 466-467 403 Hyperplasia uterine pathology displayed by, 469- indications for ultrasonography in adrenal cortical, 302 470 evaluating, 403 benign prostatic, 368-370 neurogenic, 403, 406, 410, 511-512 fibromuscular, 182 organic, 390, 403 genital adrenal, 301 Idiopathic scrotal edema, scrotal pain penile prostheses and, 390, 399 glandular, 182 and,273 pharmacologic, 512 periurethral gland, 365, 368 Ileal conduit and continent, complica- posttraumatic, 514-515 Hypersensitive crisis, as response to con• tions of, 133 psychogenic, 403, 406, 410, 511-512 trast media, 548-549, 552 Ileocecocystoplasty, 68 sonographic techniques for evaluation Hyperstimulation syndrome, 475 Iliac-hypogastric bypass surgery, 520 of,403 Hypertension Iliopsoas muscles, bladder encroachment ultrasonography for evaluation of, androgenital syndrome and, 304 from, 66 401-410 arteriogenic impotence and, 514 Imaging vascular disease associated with, 403 uncontrollable, 97 of benign conditions of prostate, 177- vasculogenic, 401-404, 407, 409-410, Hypertonic neurogenic bladders, 68 193 512,515-520 H ypoechogenicity, 296 of benign conditions of seminal vesi- vasculogenic, invasive evaluation of, Hypoechoic mass, of prostate, 216 c1es, 177-193 512-519 'Hypogastric endarterectomy, 520 dracunculiasis, 542 vasculogenic, therapy for, 519-521 Hypoglycemia, as response to contrast filariasis, 536-539 In vitro fertilization (IVF), 476-477, 504 media, 549-550, 552 rare tropical conditions known to af• Incontinence; see also Female inconti• Hypogonadism, 247 fect lower genitourinary tract, nence, Male voiding dysfunction, hypogonadotropic, 439 542-543 Voiding disorders impotence and, 403 schistosomiasis, 539-542 affecting female urethra, 386 Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 439 tropical diseases oflower genitouri• cryosurgical ablation and, 487 Hypoperistalsis, 179 nary tract, 527-543 implantable prosthetic devices and, Hypoplasia of lungs, 43 tuberculosis offemale genital tract, 111-112 Hypoplastic bladder, 41 533-535 overflow, 94 Hypoplastic uterus, 469-470 tuberculosis oflower urinary tract, prostatectomy resulting in, 367-368 Hypospadias, 31,33,349 528-530 stress, 94 megalourethra and, 345 tuberculosis of male genital tract, 530- treatment options for postprostatec• Hypospadiology, 349 533 tomy, 367-368 Index 565

Infarction Infrequent voiders, sensory paralytic Intravenous gadolinium-containing con• prostatic, 227 bladder in, 94 trast agents, 147-152 scrotal, 320 Inguinal adenopathy, 327 future applications for, 154 testicular, 328 Inguinal area pain, seminal vesiculitis Intravenous urography (IVU), 38, 94, Inferior displacement of bladder, 73 and, 192 178-180 Inferior vena cava obstruction, causes of, Inguinal canal of schistosomiasis, 540-541 66 anatomy of, 281 trauma and, 116-117 Infertile male( s) enlargement, 330 Intravesical sonography, staging urinary endocrine evaluation of, 440-441 Inguinal hernias, 276, 281-285; see also bladder carcinoma and, 151-152 evaluation of, 436-442, 458 scrotal hernia Intravesical therapy, 131-132 imaging the, 442-458 direct, 281, 285 indications for, 132 physical examination of, 439-440 hyposadias and, 349 side effects of, 131 of, 441-442 indirect, 281-282, 285 Intrinsic sinusoidal disease, 405 transrectal ultrasonography diagnosis Inguinal lymphadenitis, 543 Intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD), of, 453-458 Inguinal ring, 70, 239-241 100-103 varicocele occlusion and, 448-453 Internal fissures, development after cryo• implantable prosthetic devises and, venography of internal spermatic vein surgical ablation, 487 111 in, 445-452 Internal urethrotomy, performed with la• Invaginated extraprostatic space (IES), Infertility, 181, 308 ser, 495-496 211,215 adrenogenital syndrome and, 304 International Continence Society Stan• Invasive squamous cell carcinoma, vagi• defined, 436, 461 dardization Committee, 99 nal, 425-426 history, 436-439 International Reflux Study in Children, Iodine allergy Leydig cell tumor and, 300 38 hysterosalpingography and, 468 prevalence and epidemiology of, 461- International Union Against Cancer, vasovagal reaction with hypotension 462 165 and bradycardia to, 546 undescended testes and, 241-242, Intestinal pouch, 70 Ionization of water, 9 245-246 Intraabdominal testes, see undescended Ipsilateral nephrectomy, tubular ectasia Inflammation testes, 238 and, 285 hematocele and, 279 Intracavernosal injection (ICI), of vasod• Ipsilateral , 325 transrectal ultrasonography indicated ialating agent in impotent male, Irradiation by, 181 403, 407 causing bladder wall dystrophic calcifi• vaginal, 424 Intracavernosal papaverine therapy, 520 cation, 57 Inflammatory bowel disease Intracytoplasmic lipids, 303 testicular neoplasms and, 313 infertility caused by medication for, 439 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), Ischemia, 264, 329 vaginal fistulas due to, 421 476 calcification within corporal bodies Inflammatory cell infiltrate, 48 Intramural filling defects in bladder, 50- representing, 405 Inflammatory conditions of epididymis 70 Isoechoic infiltrating cancers, 219 and testis, 250-260, 327-331 bladder masses causing, 50 Isosexual precocious puberty, Leydig cell acute epididymitis and, 252-253 bladder tumors and, 50-52 tumor and, 300 epididymoorchitis, 252-253 causes of, 51 Isosexual precocity, 302 examination technique of, 250 Intraperitoneal bladder rupture, 118, Isthmic diverticula, 534 granulomatous orchitis, 258 119 sarcoidosis orchitis, 258 Intraprostatic cysts, infertility and, 455 viral orchitis, 258-260 Intrascrotal mass, rhabdomyosarcoma Jewett-Strong staging system, 139 Inflammatory polypoid lesions, urethral and, 314 J ewett-Whitmore staging of prostate can• polyps differentiated from, 347 Intratesticular blood flow assessment, cer, 228 Inflatable penile prostheses, 393-399 125 cylinder dilation and buckling of, 396 Intratesticular neoplasms, 321-324 erosions of, 395-396 lymphoma and leukemia, 325 Kallmann syndrome, 438 four types of, 393-399 nonseminomatous germ cell tumor, Kartagener syndrome, 438 kinking and separation of connecting 323-324 Keratin, 314 tubing in, 397 other, 325-326 Keratin deposits, 285 leaks in, 394-395 seminoma, 322-334 Kidney(s) malfunctioning of, 393-397 stromal tumors, 324-325 absent, 191 miscellaneous complications of, 397 tumor like conditions, 325 congenital anomalies of, 191 pump malfunction and migration of, Intrauterine spermatic cord torsion of pelvic, 470 396 newborn, 271-273 position, anomalies of, 349 resipump,397-398 Intravaginal torsion, 328 solitary, 470 self-contained, 398-399 Intravascular contrast media, see contrast solitary, laser surgery and, 494 standard multicomponent, 393-395 reactions third, 470 566 Index

Kinky-hair syndrome, 45 Ledge of bladder neck Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone Klebsiella, 186 etiology of, 369 (LHRH), androgen ablation ther• Klinefelter syndrome, 247-248, 301 pathologic, 365-366 apy and, 481 Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, 58, 75 Leiomyoma( s) Lymph node(s), 169, 223 erectile dysfunction with, 518 bladder, 75 accuracy of computed tomography in seminal vesicle, 193 staging, 171-173 uterine, 473 bladder cancer involvement of, 169-171 Labia minora, adhesions of the, 29 Leiomyosarcoma, vaginal, 429 chains, pelvic, 161 Lactobacillus, 414 Leprosy, 542 criteria for considering enlarged, 143 Lamina propia stroma, fibrosis of, 48 Lesion(s) dissection, pelvic, 66 Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome, aortoiliac, erectile dysfunction and, 514 false-positive computed tomography motor paralytic bladder and, 89 aterial inflow, 390 of,233 Laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissec• average size calculation for prostate, 479 metastases, 200 tion, 235 external genital, laser treatment of, metastases from prostatic carcinoma, Laparoscopy, of undescended testicles, 494-495 232 244 penile, 405 metastases, staging prostate carcinoma Laparotomy, 276 Sertoli cell tumors and spotty pig• and, 228 Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumors, mented,302 metastatic retroperitoneal, 313 302 transmural bladder from endometrio• prostate carcinoma involvement with, Larmor frequency, 13-15, 17, 19,20,21 sis treated with laser therapy, 493 201 Laryngeal edema, as response to contrast ulcerated papillomatous genital and prostatic carcinoma and histologic ex- material, 548 yaws, 543 amination of, 234 Laryngospasm, contrast agents and, 547 urethral acquired nontraumatic, 352- Lymph scrotum, 538 Laser 387 Lymphadenectomy, pelvic, 200 argon, 491 vaginal, 424 Lymphadenopathy, 170 bladder and urethral tumors treated Lethal effects, of acute radiation expo• pelvic, 66 by, 492-494 sure, 10 Lymphangiography (LAG), 233-235 carbon dioxide, 491, 494, 495 Leukemia, 66, 325 testicular carcinoma and, 313 external genital lesions treated by, testicular, 306 Lymphangiovarices, 538 494 Leydig cell function, undescended testes filarial disease and, 538 holmium:YAG, 491-492, 494-498 and, 242-243 Lymphatic drainage of testes, 308-310 instrumentation, 491-492 Leydig cell hypoplasia, male pseudoher• Lymphatic system, as primary route of light production, 489 maphrodite development and, 31 dissemination of germ cell tu• lithotripsy, 497 -498 Leydig cell tumor, 300-302, 304-305, mors, 308-310 neodymium:YAG,491-500 308, 324, 326 Lymphocysts, bilateral, 66 other upper tract incisions, 497 Libido, decrease in, 439 Lymphogranuloma venereum, 543 photodynamic therapy, 493 Lightheadness, emboli and, 468 Lymphography, 169 potassium-titanyl-phosphate, 491-492, Lipofuscin, 191 Lymphoma, 66, 129 494-495, 500 Lipoma, 314, 315 testicular, 306 prostatectomy, 498-500 magnetic resonance imaging of sperm• testicular involvement with, 325 soft tissue applications of, 497 atic cord, 327 vaginal, 429 sphincterotomy, 498 Lipomatosis, pelvic, 48, 65-66 surgery of genitourinary tract, 489- Liposarcoma 500 paratesticular, 315 Macrogenitosomia, Leydig cell tumor tissue interaction, 490 of spermatic cord, 315 and, 300 tissue welding and anastomosis, 495 Littre's gland, adenocarcinoma arising Macroplastique, 110 treatment of benign prostatic hyperpla- from, 383 Magnetic field sia, 372 Long-term effects of acute radiation ex• biological effects of, 22-23 upper urinary tract tumors treated by, posure, 10 exposure to, 22 494 Lower abdominal pain, seminal vesiculi• gradient, 20, 21 urethral stricture incision with, 496- tis and, 192 hazards of, 23 497 Lower back pain radiofrequency exposure and, 22 urethral strictures and bladder neck in• nonbacterial prostatitis and, 186 used for magnetic resonance imaging, cision with, 495-496 seminal vesiculitis and, 192 22 wavelengths commonly used for geni• Lubricants, infertility and, 436-437 Magnetic imaging of prostate carcinoma, tourinary surgery, 491 Lumbar disk rupture, 104 223-230 Laser internal urethrotomy, urethral Luteinizing hormone (LH) anatomy of, 224-230 stricture treatment with, 378 depression of, and Leydig cell tumor, practical considerations for, 230 Lateral displacement of bladder, 70-71 302 staging with, 227-230 causes of, 71 infertility and evaluation of, 440 technique of, 223-224 Index 567

Magnetic moment, 12-15 Maternal drug exposure Metastatic disease Magnetic relaxation, 15-17 androgen production interference and, distal, 130 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 12 31 regional, 130 biological effects of magnetic field and, development of external genitalia and, testicular, 325 22-23 29, 31 Michaelis-Gutmann bodies, 50 formation, 19-20 Maternal human chorionic gonadotropin Microcephaly, 43 formation of spin echo and, 17-21 (hCG), undescended testicles and Micropenis, impotence and, 403 magnetic field gradient and, 20 238, 240, 243 Microvascular arterial bypass surgery, magnetic field used for, 22 Maturity and radiosensitivity, 9 indications for, 520 of male urethra, 362 Maximum permissible dose, of radiation Microwave thermotherapy, as surgical parameter optimization of, 21-22 exposure, 11 treatment for benign prostatic hy• patient questionnaire used for, 23 Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syn• perplasia,370-371 ofretroperitoneum,313 drome, 26, 418 MIS function, and male pseudohermaph- of scrotum with torsion, 267-269 Mechanical penile prostheses, 392-393 rodite, 31 selective excitation and, 20-21 Dura-II, 392-393 Mitrofanoff procedure, 69 signal, 13-15 malfunctioning of, 393 Mixed germ cell tumors, 300, 304 spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation, Omniphase (Dacomed), 393 Mixed gonadal dysgenesis, 303 15-17 Meconium deposits, differentiated from Monoclonal antibody test, 441 spin-warp pulse sequence, 21 testicular torsion, 271 Monophosphoester, 331 of undescended testicles, 242-244 Median lobe hyperplasia, see Periurethral spermatogenesis and, 331 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, testic• gland hyperplasia, 365 Motor paralytic bladder, 96 ular,331 Medical Epidemiologic and Social As• MRI, 143; see also Optimization of mag• Magnetization, 15-17 pects of Aging (MESA) survey, netic resonance image spin-lattice, 15-17 102 ambiguous genitalia and, 31, 34 transverse, 15-17 Megacystis syndrome, large bladders as• anteroposterior resection for rectal car• Magnevist,547 sociated with, 75 cinoma and, 219 Maier staging system for testicular can- Megalourethra, 344-346 appearance of normal scrotum, 321- cer,311 clinical presentation of, 345 322 Malacoplakia, bladder, 50 diagnosis of, 345 assessing bladder carcinoma depth Male continence mechanism, 80-82 embryology of, 344-345 with, 51-52 Male development, of external genitalia, fusiform, 345 of benign conditions of testis, 276-278, 26-29 management of, 345 280, 285 Male pseudohermaphrodite (MPH), 30- Melanoma, 173 of benign and malignant conditions of 34 vaginal, 73, 429 vagina, 413-433 impaired androgen receptors and, 31 Meningitis, 10 benign prostatic hyperplasia and, 182 Leydig cell hypoplasia causing, 31 Menkes syndrome, 45 conclusions of testicular and scrotal, sonography and, 31 Menopause, vaginal epithelium lining 331 Male voiding dysfunction, 107-113 and, 414 diagnosing urethral diverticula with, bladder outflow obstruction resulting Mentor acuform penile prostheses, 386 in, 107 391 evaluation of spine and neural struc• urinary incontinence and, 108 Mentor GFS Mark II resipump penile tures with, 33 urodynamic evaluation of, 107-108 prostheses, 397, 398 of extratesticular fluid collections, vari• Malignant lymph node enlargement, 234 Mentor malleable penile prostheses, cocele, and scrotal hernia, 330- Malignant melanoma, 384 391-392 331 Mansonia, 537 Mesalamine, 439 of extratesticular neoplasms and tu- Marijuana, infertility and, 439 Mesenchymal tumors, 50, 314 mor-like conditions, 326-327 Marion's disease, see Congenital fibroe- Mesonephric duct, congenital anomalies fast dynamic, 148-149 lastosis resulting from improper develop• female pelvic evaluation with, 473 Marshall-Marchetti bladder suspension, ment of, 191 future prospects with, 154-156 72 Mesonephric hamartomas, 193 gadolinium-enhanced, 147-152, 154- Martinez universal perineal interstitial Metabolic insults, impaired testicular 155 template (MUPIT), 433 function caused by, 439 guided biopsy, 155-156 Mass(es) Metabolic activity and radiosensitivity, 9 hematocele distinguished from hydro• extratesticular hypoechoic, 539 Metastases cele with, 280 inguinoscrotal,315 bladder cancer, 170, 174 indications for scrotal, 320 intratesticular, 314 prostate, 196 of inflammatory conditions of testis large abdominal, 179 of prostate carcinoma, 197 and epididymis, 327 -331 noninflammatory benign bladder, caus- testicular, 306-307 inguinal hernias and, 285 ing intramural filling defects, 50 routes of, 308-310 of intratesticular neoplasms, 321-324 uterine, 473 Metastatic bone disease, 224 limitation of pelvic, 145 568 Index

MRI (cont.) Neoplasm Nodule(s) locating gonadal tissue with, 31 hematocele and, 279 BHP,232 optimizing image of urinary bladder involving proximal urethra in women, heterogeneous well defined, 181 with, 143-151 386-387 hypoechoic prostate, 181 pelvic organ displacement and, 66 pelvic, 66 prostate, 177, 181-182, 197 penile prostheses and, 390, 392-393 seminal vesicle, 193 Non-Burkitt's lymphoma, 306 of seminal vesicles, 189-190 of testes and epididymis, 294-316 Nongonococcal urethritis, 543 of spermatic cord torsion, 328 urethral, 377 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 66, 159, 173, spermatoceles and, 288 Neoplastic conditions of undescended tes• 543 staging prostate cancer with, 200 tis, 245 Nonlethal effects, of acute radiation expo• staging urinary bladder carcinoma Neoplastic disease, differentiated from sure, 10 with, 152-154 testicular torsion, 271 Nonopaque stones, 347 staging with, 152-154 Neovagina, 429-430 Nonpapillary benign mesothelioma, see technique of scrotal and testicular ab- Nerve supply, to bladder and male ure- adenomatoid tumor, 315 normalities, 320-326 thra, 354-357 Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of testicular prostheses, 331 Neuroblastoma, pelvic, 73 (NSGCTs), 299, 300, 309, 312, of testicular trauma, 329-330 Neurofibroma, 424 323-324 of testis and scrotum, 320-331 Neurogenic bladder dysfunction, 45 Noonan syndrome, 247-248 tubular estasia distinguished from neo• autonomous, 88 Nuclear magnetic moments, 12-15 plasm with, 287 Banthine test for detrusor hyperre- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), see urinary bladder carcinoma diagnosis flexia and, 86 Magnetic resonance imaging with, 138-143 Bors ice water test and, 86 Nuclear moments, 14 vs. sonography for prostate carci- calculogenesis and, 56 Nuclear scintigraphy noma, 221 classification of, 87-89 doughnut sign of, 269 Mucinous cyst adenomas, 474 denervation sensitivity test and, 86 testicular torsion evaluated with, 268- Mucosal plaques, 50 evaluation of patient with, 84-87 269,271 Mucous plug, 470 external sphincter denervation and, Mullerian duct anomalies, 470 89 Mullerian duct cysts, 183-184 female continence mechanism, 82-83 Occult and nonpalpable testicular neo- causing narrowing of prostatic ure• gas formation in bladder and, 59 plasms,308 thra,368 innervation of, 83-84 Ocular implants, 23 infertility caused by, 455 laser treatment of, 498 Oligoasthenoteratospermia, 439 Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF), 238 male continence mechanism and, 80- Oligomenorrhea, 461 testicular descent and, 240 82 , 457 Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS), motor paralytic bladder and, 89 defined, 441 26, 27,29,30 physiology of micturition of, 84 Omni-Phase mechanical penile prosthe- Mullerian structures, sonography and, reflex, 87-88 ses, 393 31 sensory paralytic bladder and, 89 Omniscan,547 Multiple sclerosis, 104 uninhibited, 88, 93-94 Open suprapubic prostatectomy, 372 bladder dysfunction and, 119 Neurogenic detrusor areflexia, 88 Optimization of magnetic resonance Mumps orchitis, 258-258 Neurologic deficits, urge urinary inconti• image Mycelial masses, 60 nence and, 104 field strength and, 143 Mycetomas, 60 Neuromuscular abnormalities, MRI intravenous gadolinium-containing Mycobacterium, 192 evaluation and, 33 contrast agents, 147-151 orchitis, 328 Neuromuscular dysfunction, large blad- oral contrast agents and, 145- tuberculosis, 530 ders resulting from, 75 146 Myelodysplasia, 100 Neuron-specific enolase, 298 patient-related factors, 143 Myelomeningocele, 36 Neurovascular bundle, 226 pulse sequences and, 143 Myxoma Nifedipine, 98 sequence protocol, 151 cardiac, 302 Nitrofurantoin, infertility and, 439 surface coils and, 145 cutaneous, 302 Nocardia, 254 technique related factors, 143-151 Nocturnal penile tumescence testing, Oral contrast agents, optimization of 512 magnetic resonance imaging and, Necrosis, 63 Nodes 145-146 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 439 echelon, 309 Orchidometers, 439 acute epididymitis and, 253 retroperitoneal, 309 Orchiectomy, 198,297,308 vaginitis and, 424 Nodular hyperplasia, see benign prostatic liposarcoma and, 316 Nelson syndrome, Leydig cell tumor hyperplasia simple testicular cysts and, 285 and, 300 Nodular infiltrating pattern of prostate Orchiopexy, 241-242, 246, 294 Neobladder, 70 carcinoma, 216 contralateral, 273 Index 569

Orchitis, 255-257 Pelvic hematoma, 115, 117 physiology of erection of, 510 complications of, 328 Pelvic infection, hysterosalpingography tuberculosis of, 533 leprosy and, 542 and, 466, 468 vascular anatomy of, 401-403 magnetic resonance imaging and, Pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility venous drainage of, 401-402 327-328 and,465 Percutaneous venoablation, 520-522 mycobacterium, 328 Pelvic irradiation, bladder cancer and, Perineal pain suppurative, 328 129 seminal vesicle cysts and, 191 testicular cancer misdiagnosed as, 295 Pelvic kidney, 470 seminal vesicle disease and, 188 tuberculous, 328, 531-532 Pelvic lipomatosis, 65-66 seminal vesiculitis and, 192 Oriectomy, 325 Pelvic mass, 71, 73 Perinei muscle, posteriorly loated trans• granulosa cell tumor treatment and, Pelvic neoplasm, 66 versus, 33 303 Pelvic osseous structures, 223 Perineum, watering can, 529-530 as treatment for yolk sac tumor, 298 Pelvic pain, 181 Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) test, semi- Ovarian cancer, recurrent cancer in va- inflatable penile protheses and, 395 noma and, 297 gina and, 431 nonbacterial prostatitis and, 186 Peristalsis, 283 Ovarian cysts, 73 seminal vesicle cysts and, 191 Peritubal halo, tuberculosis and, 534 Ovarian teratomas, 474 Pelvic steal syndrome, 514 Periurethral gland hyperplasia, 365, Overflow incontinence, 105 Pelvic surgery, motor paralytic bladder 368 Overstaging errors, 168-169 and, 89 Periurethral injections for postprostatec• Ovotestes, 31 Pelvic trauma, motor paralytic bladder tomy incontinence, 367 Ovulation and, 89 Perivesical disease, understaging of, 169 assessment of in female infertility, Penetration, of ultrasound, 7-8 Perkash laser sphincterotomy, ledge 463-464 Penile arterial anatomy, variation in, treatment with, 366 dysfunction, 505 408 Peyronie's disease, 518 induction, 474-476 Penile arterial insufficiency, 405 impotence and, 403 Penile blood flow, 405 penile prostheses and, 390 duplex sonography to evaluate, 404- Peyronie's plaque, 405 Pain 406, 408 clinical evaluation of impotence and, hysterosalpingography and, 468 velocity, 406-407 512 Painful scrotum, 262-263, 327; see also Penile brachial index, 403-404, 512 Phallic size, 29-30 Testicular torsion Penile brachial pressure index, 514 Pharmacoangiography, penile, 513 Painful , 263; see also Testicular Penile deformity, penile prostheses caus- Pharmacocavernosography, 515-519 torsion ing, 397 Pharmacologic maintenance erection Pancreatic neoplasms, 295 Penile erection, anatomy and physiology flow (PMEF) method, 517 Papanicolaou smear, abnormal, 476 of,401-403 Phase encoding gradient, 21 Papavarine, 390, 403, 405, 407 Penile injuries, 122 Pheochromocytoma, 50, 75, 129, 159, Papillary tumors, 129 Penile mass, anterior urethral valves 173 Paravaginal cysts, 419-420 and,342 Photodynamic therapy, 493-494 Parameter optimization of magnetic im- Penile plethysmography, 512 complications of, 494 aging resonance, 21 Penile prostheses treatment of diffuse disease of bladder bandwidth of, 22 conclusions of, 399 mucosa, 494 contrast of, 21-22 four basic types of, 391-399 treatment for transitional cell carci- spatial resolution with, 22 general principles of, 391-399 noma of bladder, 493 Parangi, see Yaws inflatable, 393-399 Photoelectric effect, 2 Paraplegia mechanical, 392-393 Photons, 1, 2 bladder diverticulum and, 47 models currently available, 391-399 Physics metastasis of prostate carcinoma and, new developments in, 399 of computed tomography, 3-4 197 radiology of, 390-399 of magnetic resonance imaging, 12-23 radiobiology of neurogenic bladder semirigid malleable rod, 391 of radiation, 1-2 and,94 semirigid non malleable rod, 391 of ultrasound, 5-9 Parasympathetic nervous system, ofblad• Penile pulse determinations, 404 Pian, see Yaws der, 83 Penile venous ligation, 390 Piezoelectric effect, ultrasonography Paratesticular structures, ultrasonogra• Penile vessels disease, 519 and,5-6 phy of, for evaluating infertility, Penis Pituitary adenoma, large cell calcifying 442 angiography of, 508-523 Sertoli cell tumors and, 302 Parkinson's disease arterial and venous anatomy of, 508- Pituitary tumor, 439 uninhibited neurogenic bladder result• 510 Pituitary tumor after adrenalectomy, see ing from, 94 minute, 247 Nelson syndrome Paru, see Yaws multiple collateral pathways within, Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), Pelvic edema, 66 508-510 298 570 Index

Placental insufficiency, male pseudoher- Proscar, 221, 368 open suprapubic, 372 maphrodite development and, 31 Prostaglandin E, impotence and, 390 transurethral after cryosurgical abla• Plaques, penile shaft, 439 Prostaglandin El, 403 tion, 487 Plasma cell granuloma, 50 Prostate Prostatic abscess, 185-186 Pleomorphic adenoma, vaginal, 424 anatomic capsule of, 226-227 anechoic masses of, 185-186 Pleural effusion, metastasis of prostate anatomy of, 210-213 focal hypoechoic appearance of, 185- carcinoma and, 197 asymmetry of, 197· 186 Pneumaturia, 59 average size by age group of, 232 Prostatic apex, cryosurgical ablation Pneumocystography,36 hypertrophy of median lobe, 53 therapy and, 481 Pneumothorax, 43 small, prostatotomy vs. prostatectomy Prostatic calcifications, 178, 187-188 Poliomyelitis, motor paralytic bladder for, 500 Prostatic carcinoma, 182 and, 89 swiss cheese, 185 Prostatic cysts, 177, 183-186 Polyarteritis nodosa, 328 true capsule of, 226-227 benign prostatic hyperplasia with, 185 Polycystic kidney disease, 191 tuberculosis of, 532 cavitary prostatitis and, 185 Polydypsia, 335 Prostate adenocarcinoma, 213 congenital, 183-184 Polyp(s) bladder cancer coexisting with, 130 defect from transurethral resection of fibroepithelial, 424 Prostate biopsies, 199 prostate gland mistaken for, 186 papillary fibrous, 48 as follow up to cryosurgical ablation, differential diagnosis of, 186 stromal, 424 487 ejaculatory duct, 185 Polytef, 110 Prostate calcification, 193 miillerian duct, 183-184 Polytetrafluoroethylene, 110 Prostate carcinoma, 193, 195-203,206- prostatic abscess and, 185-186 Polythelia, 294 220,223-248; see also Magnetic prostatic retention, 185 Polyuria, 335 imaging of prostate carcinoma, prostatic utricle, 183-184 Pontine micturition center (PMC), 84 Sonography of prostate carci• Prostatic hyperplasia, 178 Posterior displacement of bladder, 74 noma Prostatic hypertrophy, 56, 253 Posterior urethral valves clinical presentation of, 196-197 Prostatic infarcts, 177 classification of, 334 cryosurgical ablation treatment of, 479 Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), clinical diagnosis of, 334-335 diagnosis of, 197 220-221,227 diagnosis of, 335-336 differentiated from urethral carci- Prostatic lesions, 199-200 embryology of, 334 noma, 384 Prostatic stones, 177 management of, 336-340 epidemiology of, 195 Prostatic utricle cysts, 183-184 megalourethra differentiated from, etiology of, 196 Prostatism, 181 345 histologic examination of lymph nodes Prostatitis, 186-187,193 prenatal diagnosis of, 334 to determine extension of, 234 acute bacterial, 186 Postpartum dilation, infertility and, 465 histological patterns of, 216 cavitary, 185 Postprostatectomy incontinence treat• pathology of, 196 chronic bacterial, 186 ment options, 367-368 pelvic lipomatosis diagnosis and, 66 imaging studies and, 186-187 Postraton, 371 screening of, 197-200 nonbacterial, 186 Postvoid dribbling, 343 seminal vesicle invasion of, 228 tuberculosis of, 533 anterior urethral diverticula and, 343 staging of, 200-202, 479 Prostatotomy, 498-500 megalourethra and, 345 transcapsular extension of, 228 Prosthetic devices, implantable, 110-112 Postvoid residual volume (PVR), 106 treatment of, 201-203 Protection from radiation, 10-12 Prader-Willi syndrome, 247-248 treatment options for, 479 Proteus, 96 Prazosin, 370 varied appearance of, 213-216 Fournier's gangrene and, 258 Precocious sexual puberty, 438 Prostate disease, evaluation with trans• infection, vesical calculi in children Pregnancy, 29 rectal ultrasonography, 453 and, 56 ectopic, 465 Prostate, enlarged, intravesical growth of Proteus mirabilis, 373 radiation effects during, 10 differentiated from bladder calculi, Protons, 14 Presacral tumors, 71-72 57 Prune belly syndrome, 43, 45 Priapism, 521-523 Prostate gland, enlargement, 107 large bladders associated with, 75 arterial (high flow), 522-523 Prostate gland malignancy, 195-203 megalourethra and, 345 venoocclusive (low-flow), 523 Prostate hypertrophy, benign, 168 posterior urethral valves associated Primary genital tuberculosis, 192 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 197-199 with, 335 Primary valve ablation (PVA), 337 marker, 199 widening of prostatic urethra and, 375 Procardia, 98 prostate biopsy and abnormal, 199 PSA, 197,200,206-209,212,215,218- Processus vaginalis, 246 Prostatectomy, 198-201,203,219,223 221,235 ProHance,547 complications of absence of bladder incidence of prostate cancer and, 479 Prolactin neck due to, 366-368 screening protocol for adenocarcinoma impotence evaluation and level of, 512 incontinence and, 109-110,367-368 of prostate using, 223 infertility and evaluation of, 440 laser, 498-500 PSAD,207 Index 571

Psammomatous calcifications, 44 Radical prostatectomy, 234-235 Renal function Pseudohermaphroditism as treatment option for prostate can• limited global, laser surgery and, 494 female, 419 cer,479 Repetitive pregnancy loss, 465 male, 419 Radiobiology, 9-10 Repetition time (RT), 19 undescended testicles and, 240 effects during pregnancy, 10 Reproductive rate, radiosensitivity and, 9 Pseudomonas, 186 lethal effects of, 10 Resolution, of ultrasound, 6-7 acute epididymitis and, 253 long-term effects and, 10 Resonance absorption, 14, 15 Pseudotumor of tunica albuginea, of neurogenic bladder, 91-98 Respiratory disease, oil soluble material magnetic resonance imaging of, nonlethal effects of, 10 usage and, 546 326 protection, 10-12 Rete testes Pseudounicornuate uterus, 536 radiolysis, and, 10 androcarcinoma of, 305-306 Pseudoureteroceles, 53 short-term effects of, 9-10 tubular ectasia of, 285-287 Psoas bladder hitch, 69-70 time of exposure, 10-11 Retractile testis, see Undescended testes Psoas muscle hypertrophy, 66-67 Radiodensities, 35 , 212, 438 Psychogenic retention, 375 Radiofrequencyenergy, 17 Retrograde urethrogram (RUG), 180, Psychological problems, causing narrow• Radiography 348 ing of prostatic urethra, 368 pelvic, 35 diagnosing urethral diverticula with, Psychotherapy, spastic periurethral stri• penile protheses detection with, 392 386 ated sphincter syndrome causing skeletal, 200 examination of male urethra with, stress incontinence and, 387 vesical stone detection with, 54 360, 362 Public diastasis, 42 Radiologic embolization therapy, for var- posterior urethral valves and, 336 Puboprostatic ligaments, 226 icoceles, 448-449 Retrograde urethrography, 120-122 Pudendal arteriography, for evaluating Radiolucency of pelvis, increased, 66 dynamic, 120 ateriogenic impotence, 404, 408 Radiolucent calculi, 48 urethral duplication and, 346 Puetz-Jaegher syndrome, 303 Radiolysis, 9 Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor Radionuclide cystogram, detecting and (RPLND), 313, 315 and, 302 characterizing reflux with, 38 infertility and, 437-438 Pulmonary edema, as response to con• Radiopaque stones, 35 Retroperitoneal nodal groups, 309 trast material, 548, 552 Radiosensitivity, 9 RF pulses, 17-22 Pulmonary embolization, after hystero• Radiotherapy treatment Rhabdomyoma, 424 salpingography performed with infertility and, 437-438 Rhabdomyosarcoma oil based material, 546 planning for bladder cancer, 171-172 bladder, 53 Pulmonary neoplasms, 295 Ranacidin, 60 invasive, 49 Pulse sequences Rectal bleeding, 219 paratesticular, 314-315 gradient-recalled, 21 Rectal carcinoma, anteroposterior resec• pelvic, 73 inverse-recovery, 21 tion for, 219 prostate, 53 magnetic resonance imaging optimiza• Rectal pouch, direct percutaneous punc• Rheumatoid arthritis, 328 tion and, 143-144 ture of, 348 Roentgen, Wilhelm, 1 partial saturation, 21 Rectal stenosis, 219 Royal Marsden Hospital staging system RF pulse activity, 21 Recto-urethral fistula, megalourethra for testicular cancer, 311 Pulse volume recordings, 512 and, 345 RUG, urethral duplication evaluation Pyelonephritis, 38 Rectosigmoid, gas in, 57 with, 346 Pyoceles, 279-280 Rectovaginal fistulas, 421 Rupture, testicular, 125-126 Pyocytis, 49 5a-Reductase inhibitors, 368, 370 Ruptured appendix, 465 Reflection, of ultrasound imaging, 6-8 Reflex bladder, 373 Radiation neurogenic, 87-88 Sacrum, sickle-shape, 71 defined, 1 Reflux, into seminal vesicles, 378 Salmonellosis, 253 dose and fluoroscopy, 36 Reinke crystals, 326 Salpingitis, infertility and, 465 electromagnetic, 1 androgenital syndrome and, 305 Salpingitis isthmica nodosa (SIN), 470, exposure and hysterosal pingography, Leydig cell tumors with absent, 303 534 468-469 Reiter syndrome, 543 fallopian tube catheterization and, 504 exposure and infertility, 439 Relaxation times of biological tissues, 19 Sarcoidosis orchitis, 258 physics of, 1-2 Renal agenesis, 191 Sarcoma(s), 44, 129 Radiation therapy megalourethra and, 345 of prostate, 196 as treatment option for prostate can- Renal carcinoma, 66 Sarcoma botryoides, 49, 73 cer,479 Renal dysgenesis, 191 Scan time, and magnetic resonance im• liposarcoma and, 316 Renal ectopia, 418 aging, 22 prostate cancer and, 200-201,203 Renal failure, 91, 97 Schistosoma haematobium, 539-540 urethral stricture and, 203 chronic, 193 Schistosoma Japonicum, 539 572 Index

Schistosoma mansoni, 539 Seizures Sex cord tumors, 300-305, 308; see also Schistosomal prostatitis, elevation of contrast agents and, 546-547 Nonseminatous germ cell tumors, bladder base due to, 541 as response to contrast media, 549, Stromal tumors Schistosomiasis, 129, 193, 539-542 552 granulosa cell tumor, 303-304 carcinoma resulting from infection Selective excitation and imaging, 20-21 Leydig cell tumor, 300-302, 304-305, 308 with, 540 Semen analysis, 441-442, 463 Sertoli cell tumor, 300, 302-304 four patterns of calcification of, 540 Seminal vesicle(s) Sex differentiation disorders, 419 urethral fistulas and, 380 abscess of, 192 Sexual precocity, adrenogenital syn• Schwannoma, 424 absent, 191 drome and, 304 Scintigraphy, 328-329 amyloidosis of, 192 Shielding, from radiation exposure, 11 Scoliosis, 43 anatomy of, 210-213 in the walls, 11 Scrotal calcification of, 193 Shrapnel, 23 hematoma, 279 carcinoma of, 193 Sickle-shaped sacrum, 71 hydrocele, 276-280 computed tomography of, 188-192 Sigmoid diverticulitis, 63 Scrotal abnormalities, ultrasonography congenital anomalies of, 190-191 enterovesical fistula and, 61 of, for evaluating infertility, 442 cysts of, 191, 193 Sigmoidovaginal fistulas, 421 Scrotal abscess, 282 dilation and infertility, 455 Signal/noise ratio, of magnetic resonance adrenocarcinoma of rete testis and, hematospermia and, 193 imaging, 21-22 305 hypoplastic, 191 Silent prostatism, 179 Scrotal calculi, 291 imaging of, 188-190 Silicone, see Macroplastique Scrotal cystocele, 70 infertility and, 456-457 Simple testicular cyst, magnetic reso• Scrotal edema, 273 inflammatory disorders of, 192 nance imaging of, 325 Scrotal hematoma, 125-127 intravenous urography of schistosomi- Sion procedure, evaluating tuberculosis differentiated from testicular torsion, asis disease of, 541 of female genital tract with, 534 271 magnetic resonance imaging of, 189- Sion test, evaluating tuberculosis of fe- Scrotal hernia 193,226-230 male genital tract with, 534 differentiated from primary scrotal pa• neoplasms of, 193 Skeletal plain films, 31 thology, 285 primary malignant tumors of, 193 Skene's glands, 387 magnetic resonance imaging of, 330 prostate carcinoma involvement with, Slice select-gradient, 20-21 Scrotal mass, painful 201 Small bowel bladder hernia and, 282-283 radiologic techniques for, 188-190 obstruction, inguinal hernias pre• hematocele and, 279 stones, 193 sented as, 284-285 Scrotal pain, 250, 260, 291 tuberculosis of, 192-193,532 tuberculous involvement of, 533 Fournier's gangrene and, 258 ultrasonography of, 188, 191-193 Small bowel valvulae conniventes, 283 seminal vesiculitis and, 192 Seminal vesiculitis stenosis, 192 Small capacity dysfunctional bladder, in• Scrotal skin thickening, 327 Seminal vesiculography, 192 jury and, 115 Scrotal swelling, 250, 260, 291 Seminiferous tubular ectasia of rete tes- Small-vessel arterial disease, 407 Fournier's gangrene and, 258 tis, 325-326 Smoking Scrotal wall Seminiferous tubules, compression of, arteriogenic impotence and, 514 Filarial disease and thickened, 539 304 infertility and, 462 thickening, tuberculous epididymitis Seminoma, 295-297, 322-324 Somatic motor nerve supply, of bladder, associated with, 531 arising in atrophic testis, 296 83-84 Scrotoliths, 276, 291 cryptorchid testis and, 245 Sonography Scrotum Seminomatous tumors, 285, 287 of acute epididymitis, 254-258 acute, 262, 264, 266, 273 testicular microlithiasis and, 289- assessment of internal genitalia and, appearance of normal, 321-322 290 31-32 filarial elephantiasis, 539 Semirigid malleable rod prostheses, of scrotum, 250-252 filariasis involvement in, 537 391-392 techniques for evaluation of impo• hydatid disease of, 543 Semirigid nonmalleable rod prostheses, tence,403 hypoplastic, 247 391 transducer designs available, 206 indications for magnetic resonance im- Senile amyloidosis, 192 vesical stone detection with, 54 aging of, 320 Sensory paralytic bladder, 89, 94 Sonography of prostate carcinoma, 206- ipsilateral empty, 247 Sepsis, inflatable penile prostheses and, 220 lymph, 538 395 advantages of, 221 magnetic resonance imaging of pain• Serratia, 186 biopsy techniques and complications ful,267-269 Sertoli cell tumor, 300, 302-304 with, 218-221 other benign conditions of, 276-291 large cell calcifying, 302 color Doppler, 216-218 painful, 320, 267-269 Serum acid phosphatase (PAP), 200 examination technique with, 206-209 Secondary neoplasms of vagina, 427- Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), limitations of, 221 428 197 power doppler technique of, 218 Index 573

Sonohysterography, of tuberculosis, 535 limitation of all procedures, 154 Surgical capsule, 181 Sonourethrography, assessing extent of magnetic resonance imaging com• Surgical obturator node, 233 periurethrography with, 530 pared to computed tomography Surgical revascularization Spastic bladders, 93 in, 152-154 percutaneous transluminal angioplasty Spastic periurethral striated sphincter of prostate carcinoma, 200 as alternative to, 520 syndrome, 387 prostate carcinoma with MRI, 227- procedures, 520 Spatial resolution, of magnetic resonance 2308 Swiss cheese prostate, 185 imaging, 21-22 superiority of magnetic resonance im• Sympathetic nerve supply, of bladder, 83 Sperm transport improvement, 476 aging in, 152 Syringomyelia, 89 Spermatic artery, testicular descent and systems, for testicular neoplasms, 311- sensory paralytic bladder and, 94 length of, 240 312 Spermatic cord testicular cancer with MRI, 325 decreased vascularity of, 327 ultrasonographic, for prostate cancer, Tabes dorsalis, sensory paralytic bladder enlargement, 328, 330 479 and, 89, 94 length and testicular descent, 240 of urinary bladder carcinoma, 151-154 Tachycardia, as response to contrast me• twisted stalk appearance of, 271 Stamey procedure for postprostatectomy dia, 549 Spermatocele, 276, 285, 287-288 incontinence, 367-368 Tamsulosin, 370 magnetic resonance imaging of, 330 Staphylococcus epidermidis, painful penile TCC Spermatogenesis prostheses and, 397 deep muscle invasion of, 142 Leydig cell tumor and depressed, 302 Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 543 infiltrative with nodal metastases, magnetic resonance spectroscopy of, Stenosis 141-142 331 atherosclerotic, 514 invading gluteal muscle, 149 undescended testes and, 241-242, common iliac artery, angioplasty and, invasive, 150 245-246 519 invasive after hysterectomy, 146 Spheroid sign, of urogenital diaphragm, infundibular, laser incision of, 497 invasive of entire bladder wall, 145 377 internal iliac artery, angioplasty and, invasive with large metastatic nodes, Sphincterotomy, posterior ledge ofblad- 519 150 der neck before and after, 369 Stents, see Urethral stents multifocal, 148 Spin-echo, formation of, 17-21 Steroid formation, 30 neural and perineural metastases of, 155 Spin-lattice and spin-relaxation, 15-17 Sting procedure, 110 papillary superficial, 144 Spin-warp pulse sequence, 21 Stone formation, 91, 94 of prostate, 196 Spinal cord lesions, suprasacral, 104 Stones, seminal vesicle, 193 squamous degenerate, 141 cystourethrography performed on pa• Strangulation of inguinal hernia, differ- Teflon, see Polytef, Polytetrafluoroethy• tients with, 97 entiated from testicular torsion, lene detrusor-external sphincter dyssyner• 271 Teratomas, 323 gia and, 94 Streak gonad, 31 pelvic, 71, 73 Spinal injury, pathologic ledges and, 356 Stress incontinence, spastic periurethral Teratospermia, defined, 441 Spinal stenosis striated sphincter syndrome, 387 Testicle, see also Undescended testes motor paralytic bladder and, 89 Stress urinary incontinence, 100 abscessed, 269 Spironolactone, infertility and, 439 Strictures absent, 241 Spleen, supernumerary, 248 anterior urethral, 377-380 atrophic, 258, 312, 328, 403 Squamous cell carcinoma, 44, 385 calculi in urethral, 381 color Doppler sonography of prepuber- anterior urethral, 383, 385 treatment of urethral, 378 tal, 267 of bladder, 129 tuberculosis and puckering fallopian hardened, 302 bladder diverticular, 46 tube, 534 hypoechoic, 265 congenital cysts and, 184 Stromal edema, 48 impotence and small atrophic, 403 of prostate, 196 Stromal hyperplasia, see Benign prostatic infarcted, 269, 271 of urinary bladder, 138 hyperplasia simple cysts of, 276, 285 Squamous metaplasia Stromal tumors, 300-305, 308, 324-325; small, 271, 328 bladder, 549 see also Nonseminomatous germ Testicular Staging cell tumors, Sex cord tumors atrophy, 258, 321, 328, 403 accuracy of computed tomography for Subacute bacterial endocarditis heart displacement by rhabdomyosarcoma, bladder carcinoma, 171-173 valve disease, 199 315 accuracy of techniques, 153 Sulfasalazine, infertility and, 439 Testicular biopsy, tubular ecstasia and, of bladder cancer, 166-173 Supernumerary nipples, 294 285 computed tomography and, 151 Suprapubic mass, 44 Testicular calcification, 307 computed tomography technique for, Suprapubic pain, nonbacterial prostatitis Testicular carcinoma, 285 162 and, 186 Testicular contusion, 125 Jewett-Strong system, 139 Surface coils, optimization of magnetic Testicular descent, 239; see also Unde• Jewett-Strong-Marshal system of, 165 resonance imaging and, 145 scended testes 574 Index

Testicular enlargement, 295, 296 magnetic resonance imaging of, 267- Transition cell carcinoma (TCC), 44 bilateral, 304 269 bladder, 50-51,129-135 Testicular hypoperfusion, 256 management of, 264 diverticular, 46 Testicular infarction, 256-258 nuclear scanning of, 268-269 exophytic tumor of, 51 Testicular intraepithelial neoplasms progression of, 266 laser therapy treatment for, 493 (TINs), 294 testicular cancer misdiagnosed as, 295 photodynamic therapy for, 493 Testicular ischemia, 262 torsion knot with, 267-267 stipple sign of, 50 Testicular lymphatic drainage, pattern Testicular trauma, 124-127 causing narrowing of prostate urethra, of, 308-310 findings and management of, 125 368 Testicular mass, 295, 304, 307 imaging modalities for, 124-125 follow up care for invasive, 135 cysts and tubular ectasia of rete testes magnetic resonance imaging of, 329- follow up care for superficial bladder, and, 286 330 134-135 hyperechoic, 301 Testicular tumor markers, 294-295 posterior urethral, 383 hypoechoic, 301, 303 Testicular tumors, 124 proximal urethral, 386 swiss cheese pattern of, 303 Testis treatment of superficial bladder, 131- Sertoli cell tumor and, 302 atrophic, 295, 440 132 Testicular microlithiasis, 276, 289-290 biopsy of contralateral, 294 of urinary bladder, 138-139 conditions reported with, 289-290 dysgenic, 31 Transperitoneal radioactive seed implan• magnetic resonance imaging and, enlarged, 327 tation, 235 326 other benign conditions of, 276-291 Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), Testicular neoplasms tuberculosis of, 531-532 198 adrenocarcinoma of rete testis, 305- ultrasonography of, for evaluating in- infertile male evaluation with, 453- 306 fertili ty, 442 458 carcinoid of testis, 305 undescended, 33, 294 infertile male indications for, 456 choriocarcinoma, 298-301 Testis determining factor (TDF), 26 prostate disease evaluation with, 453 classification of, 295-297 Testis; see also Inflammatory conditions replacing vasography for evaluating clinical features of, 295 of epididymis and testis ejaculatory duct pathology, 455 embryonal cell carcinoma, 297-301 anatomy of, 250-251 Transurethral incision of prostate endodermal sinus tumor, 298-301 Testosterone, 30 (TUIP), 372; see also Prostateto• epidermoid cyst, 307-308 deficient biosynthesis of, 31 tomy gonadoblastoma, 304-305 depression of with Leydig cell tumor, Transurethral needle ablation of prostate incidence of, 294 301-302 (TUNA), with radiofrequency hy• leukemia, 306 impotence evaluation and plasma level perthermia,371 lymphoma, 306 of, 512 Transurethral prostatectomies (TYRPs), metastases, 306-307 infertility and evaluation of, 440-441 107,487 mixed germ cell tumors, 300, 304 undescended testes and, 238, 240, 242 Transurethral resection (TUR), 129- occult and non palpable testicular neo- Tetrazosin, 370 133,140,151,153,212 plasms,308 Theca tumors of testes, 324 treatment for bladder cancer by, 164 routes of metastatic spread, 308-310 Time, of radiation exposure, 10-11 Transvaginal sonography, 534 Sertoli cell tumor, 302 Titan expandable stent, 370 diagnosing urethral diverticula with, sex cord tumors, 300-303 TNM classification system, 138-139, 386 staging systems for, 311-312 165, 201 Trauma; see also Bladder trauma, U re- stromal tumors, 300-303 for staging prostate carcinoma, 201 thral trauma, Testicular trauma teratoma, 299 for staging testicular cancer, 311-312 adenocarcinoma of rete testis and, 305 testicular tumors of adrenogenital syn• Tobacco, infertility and, 439 oflower genitourinary tract, 115-127 drome,304-305 Torsion pelvic, 65 tumor markers for, 294-295 appendicular, 273-274 penile prosthesis and, 390 yolk sac tumor, 295, 298-301 of epididymis, 273-274 simple testicular cysts and, 285 Testicular rupture, 125,330 extravaginal, 271, 328 testicular, 329-330 Testicular teratoma, 299 intravaginal, 328 tubular ectasia of rete testes and, 285 three histologic subtypes of, 299 scrotal, 320 Treatment, of prostate carcinoma, 201 Testicular torsion, 124,262-274; see also spermatic cord, 327, 329 Treponema pertenue, 543 Intrauterine spermatic cord tor• spermatocele, 273 Triad syndrome, 43 sion of newborn, Torsion of ap• testicular, 327 Trichomonas vaginalis, 424, 543 pendix, Torsion of epididymis of testicular appendix, 329 vaginitis and, 424 clinical presentation of, 263 undescended testes and, 247 Trilobar enlargement, 368 color Doppler sonography of, 262, Tortuous external iliac vessels, 161 True capsule of prostate, 226-227 264-268 Toxoplasma gondii, 254 True hermaphroditism, 31, 33, 419 etiology of, 262 Trabeculation, 88, 94 True retention of testes, see Undescended hematocele and, 279 Tranilast, 50 testes Index 575

TRUS, 181-182, 186, 187-188, 192- benign prostatic hyperplasia and, 180- embryonal cell carcinoma and, 245 193,206-208,213, 215-216, 182 etiology of, 240 220-221 bladder imaging and, 40-41 hernia and, 246-247 assessing shape of prostate with, 481 bladder ru pture and, 116 hypospadias and, 349 incidence of prostate cancer and, 479 conventional transabdominal, 180-181 incidence of, 241 Tuberculosis cysts of rete testes and, 286 infertility and, 241-242, 245-246 epidemiology of, 527-535 Doppler, 8-9 laparoscopy of, 244 female genital tract, 533-535 of epididymis, for fertility evaluation, location of, 241 genitourinary spread of, 253 444-445 magnetic resonance imaging of, 242- imaging lower urinary tract, 528-530 for evaluation of impotence, 401-410 244 infertility and, 438 fallopian tube evaluation with, 471- megalourethra and, 345 male genital tract, 539-533 473 neoplastic conditions of, 245 pathogenesis, 527-528 frequency effects and, 7 other anomalies, 247-248 small bladder capacity and, 74-75 hematocele and, 280 posterior urethral valves associated testicular involvement of, 328 inguinal hernias and, 282 with,335 urethral, 529-530 male infertility and testicular, 442 potential complications of, 245-247 urethral fistula and, 380 of male urethra, 360-362 spermatogenesis in, 241-242 watering can urethra due to, 383 of neoplasms of testes and epididymis, torsion and, 247 Tuberculosis schistosomiasis, 57 294-316 ultrasonography of, 242-243 Tuberculous orchitis, 328 of paratesticular structures, 442-445 Undifferentiated malignant teratoma, Tuberculous seminal vesiculitis, 192-193 penetration of, 7-8 297 Tuberous sclerosis, large cell calcifying piezoelectric effect and, 5-6 Uninhibited neurogenic bladder, 88, 93- Sertoli cell tumors and, 302 pitfalls for evaluating vasculogenic im- 94 Tubular ectasia, of rete testis, 276, 285- potence with, 410 resulting from central nervous system 287 reflection and, 6-8 lesions, 94 Tumor marker(s), 199-200,308 resolution and, 6-7 Union International Contre Ie Cancer AFP,294-295 of retroperitoneum, 313 (UICC), 138 hCG,294 schistosomiasis monitoring with, 541- Upper respiratory tract infection, infertil• prostate-specific an tigen as, 199 542 ity and, 438 serum acid phosphatase as, 200 scrotal abnormalities evaluated by, Upper urinary tract tumors, laser treat- testicular, 294-295 442-452 ment of, 494 testicular microlithiasis and, 290 of seminal vesicles, 188-189 Upward displacement of bladder, 71-72 Tumor necrosis of testes, 305 spermatoceles and, 288 Urachal carcinomas, 43, 44 Tumor(s) testicular microlithiasis monitoring Urachus, persistent, 43-44 adenomastoid, 314 with, 290 Ureaplasma urealyticum, 543 mesenchymal, 314 testicular torsion evaluated with, 268- Ureteral duplication, 54 papillary, 129 269 Ureteral obstruction, 94 sessile, 129 testicular varicoceles diagnosis with, Ureteral tortuosity, 179 of spermatic cord and papatesticular 448 Ureter, ectopi, 192 tissues, 314-316 uterine evaluation with, 471-473 Ureteral Tunica albuginea cyst, magnetic reso• of tuberculous bladder, 529 atrophy, 191 nance imaging of, 326-327 of undescended testes, 242-243, 247 duplication, 191 Tunica vaginalis, 246 of varicoceles, 442-444 lengthening, 69-70 Turner syndrome, 31, 419 Ultrasound, surgical treatment for be• obstruction, 203 male, 247-248 nign prostatic hyperplasia with Ureteric bud, developmental failure of, TURP, 185-186, 197, 199,201,215,228 high intensity focused, 371-372 191 benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment Umbilicus discharge, 44 Ureteroceles,52-54 with,370-372 Understaging errors, 169 adult type, 52 defect mistaken for prostatic cysts, 186 Undervirilization of the male fetus, 30- air in bladder, 57-61 vs. laser treatment for bladder outlet 31,33 bladder calculi and, 54-57 obstruction, 499 Undescended testes, 29, 238-248, 294, bladder wall calcification and, 54-57 Type 111 stress incontinence, 100 296, 299 cobra-head configuration of, 52-54 adenocarcinoma of rete testis and, ectopic, 52-54 305 enterovesical fistula, 61-63 VICC,151 classification of, 240-241 gas in bladder, 57-61 Ultrasonography, 36; see also Transrectal computed tomography of, 244 orthotopic, 52 ultrasonography development of malignancy in, 245- simple, 52 acoustic intensity and, 6 247 sonographic differential diagnosis of of benign conditions of testis, 276-277, diagnosis of, 242 ectopic, 53 280 embryology of, 238-240 spring onion of, 52 576 Index

U reteroceles (cont.) Urethral duplication, 346-348 Urinary incontinence, 64,72,99-104, ureteroceles and, 52-54 classification of, 346 108-113 urethral polyps differentiated from, clinical presentation of, 346 Urinary infections, recurrent, 74 347 diagnosis of, 346-347 Urinary retention, 342 vesicovaginal fistula, 63-65 embryology of, 346 Urinary stasis, 56, 96 Ureteroenteric strictures, laser incision management of, 347 calculogenesis and, 57 for, 497, 499 Urethral hypermobility, 104 Urinary stone disease, neurogenic blad• Ureteropelvic junction obstruction, Urethral injuries, 203 der dysfunction and, 96 349 complications from, 124 Urinary tract calculi, 193 Ureterosigmoidostomy (U-SIC), 42 female, 124 Urinary tract infection, 94 Ureterovesical junction (UV]), 38 posterior, 122-124 acute epididymitis and, 252 Ureters Urethral obstruction, 203 anterior urethral diverticula and, 343 congenital anomalies of, 191 male congenital, 342 anterior urethral valves and, 342 fish hooking of, 58 Urethral polyps, 347-348 bladder cancer and, 164 large hypotonic tortuous, 43 clinical presentation, 347 chronic bacterial prostatitis and, 186 medial deviation of pelvic, 66 diagnosis of, 347 gas in bladder and, 59 Urethra embryology of, 347 inflatable penile prostheses and, 395 abnormal male, 362-386 management of, 347-348 prostate carcinoma and, 197 abnormalities of anterior, 377 -386 Urethral stents, 378 seminal vesicle abscesses and, 192 abnormalities of posterior, 368- as surgical treatment for benign pros- seminal vesicle disease and, 188 377 tatic hyperplasia, 370 sensory paralytic bladder and, 89 acquired non traumatic lesions of, Urethral stones, two types of, 385-386 terminology standardization of, 100 352-387 Urethral stricture disease, 107 unstable bladder causing, 93 anatomy of male anterior, 354 Urethral strictures, 253 Urinary tract disease, 191 anatomy of normal male, 352-356 complication to radiation therapy or Urinary tract obstruction, anterior ure• anatomy of posterior male, 352-354 prostatectomy, 203 thral valves and, 340 anterior valves of, 340-344 infertility and, 438 Urinary tract seeding, 192 carcinoma, 383-384 laser incision of, 495 Urination frequency, prostate carcinoma congenital anomalies of, 333-349 Urethral syndrome, 387 and, 197 congenital saccular diverticulum of an- Urethral trauma, 119-124 Urine cytology, bladder tumor diagnos• terior, 342 findings and management of, 120-124 ing with, 130 duplication of, 346-348 imaging modalities for, 120-122 Urinomas, bilateral, 66 embryogenesis of, 333 Urethral tumors, laser surgery for, 492- Urodynamic studies, 91-93 examination of male, 356-362 494 examination of male urethra using, female, 386-387 Urethrectomy 356-358 filling defects in posterior, 377 multifocal bladder carcinoma in situ Urogenital sinus, three distinguishable intravenous urography of schistosomi- and, 132-133 sections of, 333 asis disease of, 541 tumor in prostatic urethra and, 132 Urogenital tract, anomalies of, see Ure• model of prostatic, 354 Urethritis, 529 thra, congenital anomalies of muscles surrounding male, 354 polypoid,379 Urogram, deformity of, 178 narrowing of prostatic, 368-375 Urethroperineal fistula, 346 Urography, 35, 47 neural control of, 354-357 Urethroplasty, 342 seminal vesicle cysts and, 191 normal male, 352-362 Urethrorectal fistula vesical stone detection with, 54 polyps of male, 347 cryosurgical ablation and, 487 Urolume self-expanding stent, 370 posterior valves of, 334-340 development after cryosurgical abla• Urosepsis, 335, 337, 343 watering can, 380, 382-383 tion, 487 US, scrotal imaging with, 124, 126 widening of prostatic, 375-376 megalourethra differentiated from, Uterine Urethral 345 bleeding, 465 bleeding after cryosurgical ablation, Urge urinary incontinence, 104-105 cavity, assessment of in female infertil- 487 Urinary ascites, 335 ity, 465-473 discharge after cryosurgical ablation, Urinary bladder carcinoma fibroids, 73, 473 487 epidemiology of, 138 heterogeneous mass, 473 sloughing after cryosurgical ablation, future imaging prospects of, 154-156 hypoechoic mass, 473 487 magnetic resonance imaging of, 138- leiomyomas, 73 Urethral agenesis, megalourethra differ• 156 mass, 74, 473 entiated from, 345 staging of, 151-154 pathology, displayed by hysterosalpin• Urethral diverticula Urinary calculi, 291 gography, 469-470 in girls, 342 Urinary diversion, 203 Uterus megalourethra differentiated from, bladder cancer and, 133 anteflexion, 469 345 posterior urethral valves and, 338 diethylstilbestrol, 535 Index 577

hypoplastic, 469 occlusion, 188 Venoocclusive dysfunction, 402-403, pseudounicornuate, 536 tuberculosis of, 533 517-518 retroflexion, 469 tubular ectasia and, 285 Venous collaterals, in lower abdominal T-shaped, 535, 536 Vasal ampulla, transrectal ultrasonogra• wall, 66 Utricular cysts, infertility caused by, phy delineation of, 457 Venous disease, penile arteriography 455 Vasal diverticula, 192 and, 512 Vasal obstruction Venous leak syndrome, 523 infertility and, 438 Venous leakage Vagina inguinal, 457 causing impotence, 402-403 air in, 423, 431 pelvic, 457 impotence and, 403, 409 benign conditions of vagina, 417-425 Vascular congestion, 48 Vesical diverticula, bladder, 541 computed tomography and magnetic Vascular disease, associated with impo- Vesical stones, 54-57 resonance imaging of malignant tence, 403 Jack-stone configuration, 55, 56 conditions of, 413-433 Vascular injuries, 126-127 Vesicovaginal fistulas, 421-422 computed tomography of normal, Vascular invasion of testes, 305 Vesicopsoas hitch, 69-70 414-415 Vascular masses, 50 Vesicostomy, cutaneous, 66 magnetic resonance imaging of nor• Vascular patterns, recurring varicoceles Vesicoureteral reflux, 338, 343, 349 mal, 415-417 and, 448 megalourethra and, 345 malignant conditions of, 425-429 Vasculitis, 10 Vesicoureteral reflux and dysplasia miscellaneous primary malignant neo• magnetic resonance imaging of, (VURD),336 plasms of, 429 328 Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR), 38-39, 88, normal anatomy, histology, and em- Vasculogenic dysfunction, 390 91,93,94,541 bryology of, 413-414 Vasectomy Vesicourethral anastomosis, hypoechoic postradiation changes, 431-433 spermatoceles in, 288 mass surrounding, 367, 370 postsurgical changes, 429-431 tubular ecstasia and, 285 Vesicovaginal fistula, 63-65 secondary neoplasms of, 426-428 Vasoactive drugs, impotence and intra• Vesiostomy,338 Vaginal agenesis, 418 cavernosal injections of, 390 Vesiculitis, 193 Vaginal cuff neoplastic recurrences, 430 Vasodilators, impotence and, 403, 405, Video images, 2 magnetic resonance imaging guided 407 Vimentin, 298 treatment planning for, 432 Vasography, 455 Viral orchitis, 258-260 Vaginal repair, vesicovaginal fistula for• male infertility diagnosis with, 457- Virilization mation and, 63 458 androgenital syndrome and, 304 Vaginitis, 424 Vasoseminal vesiculography (VSV), of the female fetus, 30 Vaginography 188-189, 192 Visual laser ablation of prostate (VLAP), for demonstrating enterovaginal fistu• Vasovagal reactions, as response to con• 372 las, 421 trast agents, 546-547, 549 Voiding vesicovaginal fistula diagnosis with, 65 Vasovesiculography, 192 central control of, 356 Valproic acid, infertility and, 439 VCUG, 334-335, 341-347,349,374 irritational, after cryosurgical abla• Valvular prosthesis, 199 bladder neck pathology and, 352- tion,487 V aricocele( s) 353 after laser coagulation prostatectomy, bilateral, 440 carcinoma spread by, 384 499 diagnosis of testicular with venography diagnosing urethral diverticula with, normal, 357 of internal spermatic vein, 448- 386 Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), 91- 452 diagnosis of diverticula with, 380 93, 120, 180, 192, 253, 348; see embolization agents, 445 examination of male urethra and, 356, also Cystography five types of, 449 358-360 detecting and characterizing reflux left-side, 448-450 narrow bladder neck and, 362-367 with, 38 magnetic resonance imaging of, 330- Venereal disease, infertility and, 438 indications for, 36 331 Venereal warts, see Condylomata acumi• technique, 36-37 male infertility and, 442-444 nata urethral duplication and, 346 postembolization recurrent, 450-451 Venography of internal spermatic vein Voiding dysfunction, 44, 99-113; see recurring after surgical ligation, 448, (ISV), 445-452; see also Varico• also Female incontinence, 450-451 cele Incontinence, Male voiding dys• right-side, 451-452 anatomy, 448 function scrotal, 320, 440 left renal vein, 446-447 anterior urethral valves and, 340 technique for palpating, 440 postprocedure protocol for, 447- benign prostatic hyperplasia causing, Vas deferens 448 368 anomalies of associated with unde• procedure for, 445 female, 99-107 scended testes, 242, 245-246 right renal vein, 447 irritational, after cryosurgical abla• ipsilateral, 31 technique for, 445 tion,487 578 Index

Voiding dysfunction (cant.) Whitmore-Jewett system for staging, 201 X-rays after laser coagulation prostatectomy, prostate carcinoma and, 201 control of, 1-2 499 Williams syndrome, 45 damage resulting from, 9 prostatic abscess and, 185-186 Wilm's tumor, 31, 304 fan shaped beam, 4 urethral polyps and, 347 Window image formation, 2 Von Hippel-Lindau disease, 285 bone, 5 interactions, 2 VUR,75 control, 4-5 production of, 1 lung, 5 tube, 4 Wolffian duct cysts, 419 Wegener's granulomatosis, 328 World Health Organization, 300 Weight loss, metastasis of prostate carci• testicular teratoma classification de• Yaws, 543 noma and, 197 scription of, 299 Yolk sac tumor, 295, 298- White blood cell count, testicular torsion Wuchereria bancrojti, 536 301 and, 263 Wuchererian filariasis, 537 Young syndrome, 438