Are Sterile Buddleja Cultivars Really Sterile and “Environmentally Safe”?
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Protecting the Natural Endangered Heritage in Romania, Croatia, Poland and Slovenia
Available online at http://journals.usamvcluj.ro/index.php/promediu ProEnvironment ProEnvironment 11 (2018) 143-157 Review The Rights of Alive – Protecting the Natural Endangered Heritage in Romania, Croatia, Poland and Slovenia CIOANCĂ Lia-Maria1*, Luminița UJICĂ2, Marijana MIKULANDRA3, Ryszard SOŁTYSIK4, Maja ČERNE5 1Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, University Extension Bistrița, Andrei Mureşanu st., no. 3-5, Romania 2High Scool with Sportive Program Bistrița, Calea Moldovei no. 18. Romania 3OŠ Tina Ujevi Osnovna škola Tina Ujevića Koturaška cesta 75 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 4Zespół Szkół Nr1 w Humniskach, 36 – 206, Huminska 264, Poland 5OŠ Rogaška Slatina, Kidričeva ulica 24, 3250 Rogaška Slatina Slovenia Received 23 July 2018; received and revised form 18 September 2018; accepted 25 September 2018 Available online 30 September 2018 Abstract This article deals with the impact of destructive actions of human population on natural world. As a consequence of relying on non-renewable energy sources and reckless encroachment on natural habitats a lot of plant and animal species have become extinct and more and more species are getting endangered. Thus celebrating biodiversity and solidarity for all life forms, from the tiniest one to the most complex eco-systems, has been in the centre of our attention and operational activities. Keywords: durable development, ecology, endangered species. 1. Introduction Within the massive destruction of forests and forest climate, we witness significant changes, Just as the man has passed from the stage of sometimes radical of the environment. For the animal hunter and collector up to animal raiser and farmer, and plants which have survived through a long period the natural vegetation has increasingly been subject of adaptation, a new difficult era starts again. -
Butterfly Bush Buddleja Davidii Franch
Weed of the Week Butterfly Bush Buddleja davidii Franch. Common Names: butterfly bush, orange-eye butterfly bush, summer lilac Native Origin: China Description: A perennial woody shrub with a weeping form that can grow 3-12 feet in height and has a spread of 4-15 feet. Opposite, lance-shaped leaves (6- 10 inches) with margins finely toothed grow on long arching stems. Leaves are gray-green above with lower surface white-tomentose. Small fragrant flowers are borne in long, erect or nodding spikes that are 8-18 inch with cone-shaped clusters that droop in a profusion of color. The flower clusters can be so profuse that they cause the branches to arch even more. Flower colors may be purple, white, pink, or red, and they usually have an orange throat in the center. It spreads by seeds that are produced in abundance and dispersed by the wind. Habitat: Butterfly bush likes well drained, average soil. They thrive in fairly dry conditions once established. Roots may perish in wet soil. Distribution: In the United States, it is recorded in states shaded on the map. Ecological Impacts: It has been planted in landscapes to attract butterflies, bees, moths and birds. It can escape from plantings and become invasive in a variety of habitats such as surface mined lands, coastal forest edges, roadsides, abandoned railroads, rural dumps, stream and river banks to displace native plants. Control and Management: • Manual- Hand pick seedlings or dig out where possible. Big plants may be difficult to dig out. • Chemical- Cut plants and treat stumps with any of several readily available general use herbicides such as triclopyr or glyphosate . -
Butterfly Bush Memo
To: The City of Somerville, Public Space and Urban Forestry, DPW, Buildings and Grounds Cc: Somerville City Council, John Long, Peter Forcellese, Mayor Curtatone From: Urban Forestry Committee Subject: Butterfly bushes on Prospect Hill and discontinuing their use in plantings We, the Urban Forestry Committee, request that butterfly bush or any of its less invasive varieties (i.e., Buddleja spp., the entire Buddleja genus) not be planted in any of Somerville’s parks, open spaces, civic spaces etc. and that the newly planted butterfly bushes in Prospect Hill be removed. If they cannot be removed before spring, they should be cut back so that seeds do not sow and germinate. Here is the reasoning for our request. Butterfly Bush, Buddleja davidii, is a woody plant from Asia that was brought over because of its beauty and ability to attract butterflies. Because butterflies feast on it, most gardeners believe that it is a helpful plant to have. After all, how could a plant that butterflies seem to love be bad? Butterfly bushes are not inherently bad, no plant is, they are just misplaced. We are in a 6th mass extinction. Our local birds, wildlife, and pollinator populations are in steep decline. Our Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) whose caterpillars feed baby birds are particularly suffering. In order to increase their numbers we need to plant those plants that, in addition to feeding them, will host them so they can reproduce. Butterfly bush may feed a butterfly, but it will never serve to increase their numbers. This would not be a huge problem save for the invasiveness and pervasiveness of these plantsa,b. -
Evaluation of 14 Butterfly Bush Taxa Grown in Western and Southern Florida: II. Seed Production and Germination
VARIETY TRIALS Evaluation of 14 Butterfl y Bush Taxa Grown in Western and Southern Florida: II. Seed Production and Germination Sandra B. Wilson1, 3, Mack Thetford2, Laurie K. Mecca1, Josiah S. Raymer2, and Judith A. Gersony1 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. exotic plants, invasive, ornamentals, but- terfl y bush, Buddleja davidii, Buddleja japonica, Buddleja lindleyana, Buddleja ×weyeriana SUMMARY. Because of its weedy nature, extensive use in the landscape, numer- ous cultivars, and history as an inva- sive plant in other countries, butterfl y bush (Buddleja) was an appropriate candidate to evaluate for seed pro- duction and germination in Florida. Seed production was quantifi ed for 14 butterfl y bush taxa planted in western Florida (Milton) and central southern Florida (Fort Pierce). Each of the 14 taxa evaluated produced seed. In Fort Pierce, japanese butterfl y bush (B. japonica) had the greatest capsule weight and ‘Gloster’ butterfl y bush (B. lindleyana) had the second greatest capsule weight as compared to other taxa. In Milton, ‘Gloster’ had the greatest capsule weight and japanese butterfl y bush and ‘Nanho Alba’ butterfl y bush (B. davidii var. This project was funded by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the University of Florida–IFAS Invasive Plant Working Group. Authors gratefully thank Patricia Frey for technical support. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station journal series R-10029. 1University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Horticulture, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945. 2University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Horticulture, West Florida Research and Education Center, Milton, FL 32583. -
Redefining Phrymaceae: the Placement of Mimulus, Tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma1
American Journal of Botany 89(7): 1093±1102. 2002. REDEFINING PHRYMACEAE: THE PLACEMENT OF MIMULUS, TRIBE MIMULEAE, AND PHRYMA1 PAUL M. BEARDSLEY2 AND RICHARD G. OLMSTEAD Department of Botany, Box 355325, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA Chloroplast trnL/F and nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS sequence data were used to analyze phylogenetic relationships among members of tribe Mimuleae (Scrophulariaceae) and other closely related families in Lamiales. The results of these analyses led to the following conclusions. (1) The Australian genera Glossostigma and Peplidium and the taxonomically isolated Phryma join four genera of tribe Mimuleae to form a well-supported clade that is distinct from other families in the Lamiales. We refer to that clade as the subfamily Phrymoideae. (2) The genera Mazus and Lancea (tribe Mimuleae) together form a well-supported clade that we recognize as the subfamily Mazoideae. Mazoideae is weakly supported as sister to Phrymoideae. We assign Mazoideae and Phrymoideae to a rede®ned family Phrymaceae. (3) Mimulus is not monophyletic, because members of at least six other genera have been derived from within it. In light of the molecular evidence, it is clear that species of Phrymaceae (about 190 species) have undergone two geograph- ically distinct radiations; one in western North America (about 130 species) and another in Australia (about 30 species). Phylogenetic interpretations of morphological evolution and biogeographical patterns are discussed. Key words: ETS; ITS; Mimuleae; Mimulus; Phryma; Phrymaceae; Scrophulariaceae; trnL/F. Species in the genus Mimulus have become model systems Mimulus, though in subsequent works, Pennell placed Mimu- for the study of evolutionary processes in nature. -
A Taxonomic Conspectus of Phrymaceae: a Narrowed Circumscriptions for Mimulus , New and Resurrected Genera, and New Names and Combinations
Barker, W.R., G.L. Nesom, P.M. Beardsley, and N.S. Fraga. 2012. A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for Mimulus , new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations. Phytoneuron 2012-39: 1–60. Published 16 May 2012. ISSN 2153 733X A TAXONOMIC CONSPECTUS OF PHRYMACEAE: A NARROWED CIRCUMSCRIPTION FOR MIMULUS, NEW AND RESURRECTED GENERA, AND NEW NAMES AND COMBINATIONS W.R. (B ILL ) BARKER State Herbarium of South Australia, Kent Town SA 5071, AUSTRALIA; and Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5000, AUSTRALIA [email protected] GUY L. NESOM 2925 Hartwood Drive Fort Worth, Texas 76109, USA [email protected] PAUL M. BEARDSLEY Biological Sciences Department California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California 91768, USA [email protected] NAOMI S. FRAGA Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Claremont, California 91711-3157, USA [email protected] ABSTRACT A revised taxonomic classification of Phrymaceae down to species level is presented, based on molecular-phylogenetic and morpho-taxonomic studies, setting a framework for ongoing work. In the concept adopted, the family includes 188 species divided into 13 genera. All species as currently understood are listed and assigned to genera and sections which in several cases have new circumscriptions requiring many new combinations. Four main clades are recognized. Clade A. An Asian-African-Australasian-centered clade of 7 genera: Mimulus L. sensu stricto (7 species) of North America, Asia to Africa, and Australasia is sister to an Australian-centered group that comprises Elacholoma (2 species), Glossostigma (5 species), Microcarpaea (2 species), Peplidium (4 species), Uvedalia (2 species) and a new monotypic genus Thyridia , described here. -
The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae Are Further Lineages Distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales)
Research Paper 1 The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are further Lineages Distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales) R. Rahmanzadeh1, K. Müller2, E. Fischer3, D. Bartels1, and T. Borsch2 1 Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany 2 Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany 3 Institut für Integrierte Naturwissenschaften ± Biologie, Universität Koblenz-Landau, Universitätsstraûe 1, 56070 Koblenz, Germany Received: July 14, 2004; Accepted: September 22, 2004 Abstract: The Lamiales are one of the largest orders of angio- Traditionally, Craterostigma, Lindernia and their relatives have sperms, with about 22000 species. The Scrophulariaceae, as been treated as members of the family Scrophulariaceae in the one of their most important families, has recently been shown order Lamiales (e.g., Takhtajan,1997). Although it is well estab- to be polyphyletic. As a consequence, this family was re-classi- lished that the Plocospermataceae and Oleaceae are their first fied and several groups of former scrophulariaceous genera branching families (Bremer et al., 2002; Hilu et al., 2003; Soltis now belong to different families, such as the Calceolariaceae, et al., 2000), little is known about the evolutionary diversifica- Plantaginaceae, or Phrymaceae. In the present study, relation- tion of most of the orders diversity. The Lamiales branching ships of the genera Craterostigma, Lindernia and its allies, hith- above the Plocospermataceae and Oleaceae are called ªcore erto classified within the Scrophulariaceae, were analyzed. Se- Lamialesº in the following text. The most recent classification quences of the chloroplast trnK intron and the matK gene by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG2, 2003) recognizes (~ 2.5 kb) were generated for representatives of all major line- 20 families. -
Euphrasia Officinalis
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit EMEA/MRL/667/99-FINAL August 1999 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS SUMMARY REPORT 1. Euphrasia officinalis (synonym: eyebright) is an aggregate of several Euphrasia subspecies, which are plants of the family Scrophulariaceae. Euphrasia is a frequent hemiparasite in grassland populations in North and Middle Eurasia, growing either unattached or attached to various host plants. The homeopathic mother tincture is prepared by ethanolic extraction of the entire flowering plant according to homeopathic pharmacopoeias. Significant constituents of Euphrasia officinalis are iridoid glycosides. Aucubin, catapol, euphroside, eurostoside (10-p-cumaroylaucubin, 0.04%), geniposide, 7,8-dihydrogeniposid (adoxosid), ixoroside and mussaenoside in the dried herb of Euphrasia rostkoviana have been identified. Aucubin and ixoroside are found in Euphrasia stricta. The content of aucubin in the dried total plant of Euphrasia stricta was 0.94%. In above-ground parts of Euphrasia rostkoviana phenolic acids were found, such as caffeic acid (102 mg/kg), ferulic acid (traces), vanillic acid (6 mg/kg) and, following acid hydrolysis, chlorogenic acid (18.5 mg/kg), gallic acid (10.5 mg/kg), gentisinic acid, p-hydroxy phenylpyruvic acid, protocatechuic acid (together with gentisinic acid 48 mg/kg). Further constituents were phenylpropanoid glycosides, such as leucosecptoside A in herbs of Euphrasia rostkoviana, lignans (dehydro-coniferyl alcohol 4b- glycoside, 0.013% of the dry total plant) and mannit in the herbal parts. Additional constituents of Euphrasia are tertiary alkaloids, phytosterols (b-sitosterol, stigmasterol), flavones such as apigenin, chrysoeriol and luteolin, and galactosides as well as flavonolglycosides like quercetin- 3-glycoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-rutinoside. -
The Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae and the Biological Control of Buddleja Davidii
The disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae and the biological control of Buddleja davidii M.K. Kay,1 B. Gresham,1 R.L. Hill2 and X. Zhang3 Summary The woody shrub buddleia, Buddleja davidii Franchet, is an escalating weed problem for a number of resource managers in temperate regions. The plant’s taxonomic isolation within the Buddlejaceae was seen as beneficial for its biological control in both Europe and New Zealand. However, the re- cent revision of the Scrophulariaceae has returned Buddleja L. to the Scrophulariaceae sensu stricto. Although this proved of little consequence to the New Zealand situation, it may well compromise Eu- ropean biocontrol considerations. Host-specificity tests concluded that the biocontrol agent, Cleopus japonicus Wingelmüller (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), was safe to release in New Zealand. This leaf- feeding weevil proved capable of utilising a few non-target plants within the same clade as Buddleja but exhibited increased mortality and development times. The recent release of the weevil in New Zealand offers an opportunity to safely assess the risk of this agent to European species belonging to the Scrophulariaceae. Keywords: Cleopus, Buddleja, taxonomic revision, phylogeny. Introduction there is no significant soil seed bank. The seed germi- nates almost immediately, and the density and rapid There are approximately 90 species of Buddleja L. early growth of buddleia seedlings suppresses other indigenous to the Americas, Asia and Africa (Leeu- pioneer species (Smale, 1990). wenberg, 1979), and a number have become natural- As a naturalized species, buddleia is a shade-intolerant ized outside their native ranges (Holm et al., 1979). colonizer of urban wastelands, riparian margins and Buddleia, Buddleja davidii Franchet, in particular, is an other disturbed sites, where it may displace indigenous escalating problem for resource managers in temperate species, alter nutrient dynamics and impede access regions and has been identified as a target for classi- (Smale, 1990; Bellingham et al., 2005). -
Production and Invasion of Butterfly Bush (Buddleja Davidii) in Oregon
Production and Invasion of Butterfly Bush (Buddleja davidii) in Oregon by Julie Ream A PROJECT submitted to Oregon State University University Honors College and Bioresource Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Bioresource Research, Sustainable Ecosystems (Honors Scholar) Presented May 31, 2006 Commencement June 2006 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Julie Ream for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Bioresource Research, Sustainable Ecosystems presented on May 31, 2006. Title: Production and Invasion of Butterfly Bush (Buddleja davidii) in Oregon. Abstract approved: ________________________________________________ James Altland ________________________________________________ Mark Wilson Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), an ornamental native to China, is an invasive species in Oregon and many other areas. In Oregon, butterfly bush invades disturbed areas, particularly riparian areas. The Oregon nursery industry has the highest farm-gate value of all agricultural commodities and butterfly bush is a significant plant to them. However, the nursery industry does not appear to be a major source of invasion because of their pruning production practices. Butterfly bush is a unique plant because it does not release its seed until mid to late winter. The dispersal mechanisms of butterfly bush are not well documented, but wind is one possibility. Formulations of glyphosate effectively control butterfly bushes up to two years old. Both spraying a dilute herbicide on the -
An Illustrated Key to the Alberta Figworts & Allies
AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE ALBERTA FIGWORTS & ALLIES OROBANCHACEAE PHRYMACEAE PLANTAGINACEAE SCROPHULARIACEAE Compiled and writen by Lorna Allen & Linda Kershaw April 2019 © Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen Key to Figwort and Allies Families In the past few years, the families Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae and Scrophulariaceae have under- gone some major revision and reorganization. Most of the species in the Scrophulariaceae in the Flora of Alberta (1983) are now in the Orobanchaceae and Plantaginaceae. For this reason, we’ve grouped the Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae, Phrymaceae and Scrophulariaceae together in this fle. In addition, species previously placed in the Callitrichaceae and Hippuridaceae families are now included in the Plantaginaceae family. 01a Plants aquatic, with many or all leaves submersed and limp when taken from the 1a water; leaves paired or in rings (whorled) on the stem, all or mostly linear (foating leaves sometimes spatula- to egg-shaped); fowers tiny (1-2 mm), single or clustered in leaf axils; petals and sepals absent or sepals fused in a cylinder around the ovary; stamens 0-1 . Plantaginaceae (in part) . - Callitriche, Hippuris 01b Plants emergent wetland species (with upper stems and leaves held above water) or upland species with self-supporting stems and leaves; leaves not as above; fowers larger, single or in clusters; petals and sepals present; stamens 2-4 (Hippuris sometimes emergent, but leaves/ fowers distinctive) . .02 2a 02a Plants without green leaves . Orobanchaceae (in part) . - Aphyllon [Orobanche], Boschniakia 02b Plants with green leaves . 03 03a Leaves all basal (sometimes small, unstalked stem leaves present), undivided (simple), with edges ± smooth or blunt-toothed; fowers small (2-5 mm wide), corollas radially symmetrical, sometimes absent. -
FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Verbascum Thapsus Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2021. Species Profile Verbascum Thapsus. Available F
FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Verbascum thapsus Verbascum thapsus System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Common name common mullein (English), great mullein (English), Aaron's-rod (English), bouillon blanc (French), barbasco (Portuguese), flannel plant (English), hag taper (English), torches (English), gordolobo comun (Spanish), velvet plant (English), guardalobo (Spanish), mullein (English), big taper (English), woolly mullein (English), verbasco (Portuguese), velvet dock (English), flannelleaf (English), flannel mullein (English), molène (French) Synonym Similar species Summary Verbascum thapsus is an erect herb in the family Scrophulariaceae. It is found in neglected meadows and pasture lands, along fencerows and roadsides. It can produce 100,000-180,000 seeds per individual plant and seeds may remain viable for over 100 years. Verbascum thapsus threatens natural meadows and forest openings, where it adapts easily to a wide variety of site conditions and an established population can be extremely difficult to eradicate. Verbascum thapsus was once used as a herbal remedy for bronchitis, colds and congestion. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description Verbascum thapsus is described as an erect herb. During the first year V. thapsus are low- growing rosettes of bluish gray-green, with felt-like leaves that range from 10cm to 30cm in length and 2.5cm to 13cm in width. Mature flowering plants are produced the second year, and grow to 1.5 to 3.0 metres in height, including the conspicuous flowering stalk. The five-petaled yellow flowers are arranged in a leafy spike and bloom a few at a time from June-August. Leaves are alternate along the flowering stalks and are much larger toward the base of the plant.