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Great Salt Lake Brine Chemistry Databases and Reports – 1966-2006

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Great Salt Lake Brine Chemistry Databases and Reports – 1966-2006 GREAT SALT LAKE BRINE CHEMISTRY DATABASES AND REPORTS – 1966-2006 by J. Wallace Gwynn Walter Katzenberger (left), Utah Geological Survey, and Jay Christianson (right) State Parks and Recreation, taking brine samples on Great Salt Lake in about 1977. Photo from Utah Geological Survey photo archives. Cover photo: Reddish-brown brine shrimp eggs floating on Great Salt Lake. Photo by Bill Case. OPEN-FILE REPORT 485 UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY a division of Utah Department of Natural Resources 2007 STATE OF UTAH Jon Huntsman, Jr., Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Michael Styler, Executive Director UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Richard G. Allis, Director PUBLICATIONS contact Natural Resources Map/Bookstore 1594 W. North Temple Salt Lake City, Utah 84116 telephone: 801-537-3320 toll-free: 1-888-UTAH MAP Web site: http://mapstore.utah.gov email: [email protected] THE UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY contact 1594 W. North Temple, Suite 3110 Salt Lake City, Utah 84116 telephone: 801-537-3300 fax: 801-537-3400 Web site: http://geology.utah.gov Although this product represents the work of professional scientists, the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Utah Geological Survey, makes no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding its suitability for any particular use. The Utah Department of Natural Resources, Utah Geological Sur- vey, shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to claims by users of this product. The Utah Department of Natural Resources receives federal aid and prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, age, national origin, or disability. For information or complaints regarding discrimination, contact Executive Director, Utah Department of Natural Resources, 1594 West North Temple #3710, Box 145610, Salt Lake City, UT 84116-5610 or Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 1801 L. Street, NW, Washing- ton DC 20507. Great Salt Lake brine chemistry databases and reports iii CONTENTS ABSTRACT . .1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND . .1 LAKE-BRINE SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS . .2 Sampling Sites . .2 Sampling Procedure . .3 Brine Analyses . .3 LAKE-BRINE CHEMISTRY FILES . .3 LAKE-BREACH AND LAKE-BRINE DENSITY FILES . .3 OTHER SOURCES OF LAKE-BRINE CHEMISTRY . .3 LAKE-BRINE CHEMISTRY INTERPRETIVE REPORTS PUBLISHED BY UGS . .4 SOUTH AND NORTH ARM WATER ELEVATIONS . .4 FUTURE OF THE UGS LAKE-BRINE SAMPLING PROGRAM . .5 REFERENCES . .6 APPENDICES . .8 Appendix A – Pre-1966 Chemistry and Density Data, Great Salt Lake, Utah . .8 Appendix B – Annotated References for Pre-1966 Great Salt Lake Brine Chemistry listed in Appendix A . .11 Appendix C – Locations of Sampling Sites . .15 Appendix D – Details of Great Salt Lake Brine Databases . .16 Appendix E – USGS Great Salt Lake Datum Correction . .17 FIGURES Figure 1. UGS brine-sampling locations . .2 Figure 2. Brine density versus lake elevation . .4 GREAT SALT LAKE BRINE CHEMISTRY DATABASES AND REPORTS – 1966-2006 by J. Wallace Gwynn ABSTRACT was constructed across Great Salt Lake in 1904, because the central 13-mile portion of the cutoff was built as an open, Prior to the construction of the solid rock-fill railroad wooden trestle which permitted mixing to take place (see fig- causeway across the central part of Great Salt Lake in 1959, ure 1). the water was able to mix throughout the lake. Through this In the mid-1950s, the Southern Pacific Railroad deter- mixing, the salinity and chemistry were relatively constant mined that the wooden Lucin Cutoff trestle needed replace- both vertically and laterally. After the causeway’s comple- ment. In 1955, work began to replace the trestle with a rock- tion in 1959, the main body of the lake was physically divid- fill causeway located parallel to, and 1500 feet north of the ed into a north arm and a south arm. As a result of this divi- trestle, and by 1959, the work was completed. When the sion, the north arm of the lake became much more saline than UGS began to sample lake brines on a regular and systema- the south arm, and the south arm became density stratified. tic basis in 1966, two major changes were noted between the This report presents the post-1966 brine density and chem- north and south arms of the lake. First, the north arm became istry data that have been collected by the Utah Geological much saltier than the south arm, and second, the water col- Survey (UGS) through its Great Salt Lake brine collection umn in the south arm became stratified, developing a dense, and analysis program. Chemical and density analyses have brown-colored, fetid brine layer (6 to 10 feet thick) on the been run on Great Salt Lake brine since the early-to-mid bottom of the lake, overlain by a layer of clear, less-dense 1800s. These data, gleaned from the literature, are also pre- brine (20 to 25 feet thick). A transitional zone or interface sented. The UGS brine-sampling program began in 1966, separated the upper and lower brine layers. The stratification and has run continuously to the present time. The databases of the brine in the south arm makes it difficult to collect sam- resulting from this work contain several thousand chemical ples representative of the upper and lower brine types if the analyses and density values. Since 1963, over a dozen scien- depth of the interface is unknown. tific interpretive reports about the lake have been published This report presents and discusses Great Salt Lake brine by UGS. Copies of these reports, in PDF format, and a file chemistry and density for two time periods: first, that col- containing U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provisional lake- lected prior to the completion of the rock-fill causeway, and level data, are included as part of this CD. Lake-brine analy- second, that collected after the causeway’s completion. First, ses done by the USGS and the Utah Division of Water Qual- the data given in appendix A give pre-causeway chemical ity are noted, but not included in this report. and density data though some chemistry for the period 1959 to 1966 is included. Appendix A is followed by appendix B that gives annotated references for the citations in appendix INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND A. These references are separate from the main body of the report. Second, the remainder of the report addresses the Chemical and density analyses have been run on Great UGS sampling program and the databases that have been cre- Salt Lake brine since the early- to mid-1800s. Until 1959, ated, other sources of lake-brine chemistry, interpretative these analyses were made on brines that were taken periodi- reports, the USGS south- and north-arm provisional lake- cally at various places around the lake. These analyses are level records from 1847 to 2006. Appendix C gives the loca- considered fairly representative of the entire lake because the tion of the UGS’s sampling sites, appendix D gives details of brine was free to mix throughout the entire lake. This was the Great Salt Lake brine databases, and appendix E gives the true, even after the Southern Pacific Railroad’s Lucin Cutoff USGS’s Great Salt Lake datum correction. 2 Utah Geological Survey LAKE-BRINE SAMPLING AND both the frequency of sampling and the number of sampling CHEMICAL ANALYSIS sites decreased due to time and monetary constraints, and recognition of the lack of significant chemical variability Sampling Sites from site to site. Figure 1 shows the location and designation of the sites that have been sampled during the life of the pro- Initially, brine sampling by the UGS was done at rela- gram. These designations, such as AS2 and LVG4, are the tively frequent intervals and at numerous sites throughout the same as those used in appendices. Appendix C gives the lat- lake. This was done to ensure that the samples were repre- itude and longitude of each of the sampling sites and other sentative of the lake, both in space and time. Eventually, points of interest. Figure 1. UGS brine-sampling locations and their designations on both the north and south arms of Great Salt Lake, from 1966 to 2005. Sampling sites are keyed to sites listed in appendices C and D. Great Salt Lake brine chemistry databases and reports 3 Sampling Procedure sites in the north arm, respectively (figure 1). These sites have been sampled at least once each year from 1966 to At each site, samples are taken vertically from the sur- 2006. One exception to the LVG4, ECN & RD2 file is that face to the bottom of the lake at regular depth intervals, typ- the ECN site sampling is not continuous, but was substituted ically five feet. To collect the samples, a weighted plastic for the RD2 site when the RD2 site could not be reached for tube or hose, marked in feet and attached to a pump at the a short period of time due to bad weather. Appendix D gives surface (normally positioned in a boat), is lowered incremen- more detailed information on the above databases. tally to each sampling depth. When the end of the hose reaches a new sampling depth, sufficient brine is pumped through the hose to purge the old brine before a sample of LAKE-BREACH AND LAKE-BRINE new brine is pumped into a bottle. Sufficient brine (typical- DENSITY FILES ly 8 oz) is collected for chemical analysis. Initially, brine temperature and density were determined at the time of sam- On August 1, 1984, the State of Utah breached (created pling, but these measurements are not made now due to time constraints. an opening in) the Southern Pacific Railroad causeway near the west shore of the lake, approximately 0.25 miles east of Lakeside (figure 1).
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