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Download Download :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨdŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚdĂdžĂͮǁǁǁ͘ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚƚĂdžĂ͘ŽƌŐͮϮϲ&ĞďƌƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϰͮϲ;ϮͿ͗ϱϰϮϭʹϱϰϯϯ Z®«ÄÝÝÄÄîÝÃʥ㫥ÙÝ«óãÙ¥®Ý«ÝÊ¥Dø®Ê ÊÃÃçÄ®ã®ÊÄ dŽƉŝůƚnjŝŶŽŶƚƌĞƌĂƐͲDĂĐĞĂƚŚϭ͕DĂƌůĞŵƌŝƚŽZŽĚƌşŐƵĞnjϮ͕sĂůĞŶƟŶŽ^ŽƌĂŶŝϯ͕ ϰ ϱ ŚƌŝƐ'ŽůĚƐƉŝŶŬ Θ'ŽƌĚŽŶDĐ'ƌĞŐŽƌZĞŝĚ /^^E KŶůŝŶĞϬϵϳϰʹϳϵϬϳ 1 ĞŶƚƌŽĚĞ/ŶǀĞƐƟŐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐŝŽůſŐŝĐĂƐ͕hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚƵƚſŶŽŵĂĚĞůƐƚĂĚŽĚĞDŽƌĞůŽƐ͕DĠdžŝĐŽ WƌŝŶƚϬϵϳϰʹϳϴϵϯ 2 &ĂĐƵůƚĂĚĚĞŝĞŶĐŝĂƐŝŽůſŐŝĐĂƐ͕hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚƵƚſŶŽŵĂĚĞůƐƚĂĚŽĚĞDŽƌĞůŽƐ͕DĠdžŝĐŽ 3 ĞŶƚƌŽĚĞ/ŶǀĞƐƟŐĂĐŝſŶĞŶŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚLJŽŶƐĞƌǀĂĐŝſŶ͕>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝŽ/ŶƚĞƌĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌŝŽĚĞ^ŝƐƚĞŵĂƐĚĞ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ KWE^^ 'ĞŽŐƌĄĮĐĂ͕hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚƵƚſŶŽŵĂĚĞůƐƚĂĚŽĚĞDŽƌĞůŽƐ͕͘W͘ϲϮϮϲϬ͕DŽƌĞůŽƐ͕DĠdžŝĐŽ 4DĂŶĐŚĞƐƚĞƌDĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ůů^ĂŝŶƚƐƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ůů^ĂŝŶƚƐ͕DĂŶĐŚĞƐƚĞƌ͕Dϭϱϲ,͕h< ϱŚĞƐƚĞƌŽŽ͕hƉƚŽŶͲďLJͲŚĞƐƚĞƌ͕ŚĞƐƚĞƌ,Ϯϭ>,͕h< 1 ƚŽƉŝƐΛƵĂĞŵ͘ŵdž;ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƵƚŚŽƌͿ͕2 ŵĞƌůĂŵͺϭϰΛŚŽƚŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ͕3 ǀƐŽƌĂŶŝΛLJĂŚŽŽ͘ĐŽŵ͘ŵdž͕ 4 'ŽůĚƐƉŝŶŬΛĂŽů͘ĐŽŵ͕ϱŐŽƌĚŽŶƌΛĐŚĞƐƚĞƌnjŽŽ͘ŽƌŐ ďƐƚƌĂĐƚ͗ƐƚƵĚLJŽĨƌŝĐŚŶĞƐƐĂŶĚĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌĮƐŚĞƐŽĨDĞdžŝĐŽ͕ǁĂƐĐĂƌƌŝĞĚŽƵƚŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŚŽƚƐƉŽƚƐĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĞīŽƌƚƐ͘dŚŝƐǁĂƐĚŽŶĞďLJŵĂƉƉŝŶŐĂŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂLJŝŶŐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐďLJŵĞĂŶƐŽĨŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ŵƵƐĞƵŵ ĚĂƚĂ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ǁĂƐ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ ĐŽŶĮƌŵ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůLJ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ŽĨ ĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ ĮƐŚ ƌŝĐŚŶĞƐƐ ;^ŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚĞƌŶ DĞdžŝĐŽ͕ƚŚĞDĞƐĂĞŶƚƌĂů͕ƚŚĞƌĂǀŽͲŽŶĐŚŽƐƌŝǀĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂŶĚƚŚĞWĂŶƵĐŽĂŶĚdƵdžƉĂŶͲEĂƵƚůĂƌŝǀĞƌƐͿ͘^ĞǀĞŶĂƌĞĂƐǁŝƚŚŚŝŐŚ͚ŽƌƌĞĐƚĞĚ tĞŝŐŚƚĞĚŶĚĞŵŝƐŵ͛/ŶĚĞdžǀĂůƵĞƐǁĞƌĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞǀĂůůĞLJŽĨƵĂƚƌŽĐŝĠŶĞŐĂƐƌĞĐŽŐŶŝnjĞĚĂƐĂƚƌƵĞĐĞŶƚƌĞ͘ŶĂůĂƌŵŝŶŐƌĞƐƵůƚǁĂƐƚŚĞ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂ͞'ŚŽƐƚ͟ĐĞŶƚƌĞŽĨĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵ;>ůĂŶŽƐů^ĂůĂĚŽͿŝŶƐŽƵƚŚǁĞƐƚĞƌŶEƵĞǀŽ>ĞſŶ͕ǁŚĞƌĞƐŝdžĞŶĚĞŵŝĐĐLJƉƌŝŶŽĚŽŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞĂůů ͚ĞdžƟŶĐƚ͛Žƌ͚ĞdžƟŶĐƚŝŶƚŚĞǁŝůĚ͛͘&ŽƌƚLJͲŶŝŶĞƐŝŶŐůĞƐŝƚĞĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚĂůůŽǀĞƌDĞdžŝĐŽǁĞƌĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ͘dŚĞŚŝĐŚĂŶĐĂŶĂďůĂŐŽŽŶ ŝŶƚŚĞďŽƌĚĞƌďĞƚǁĞĞŶzƵĐĂƚĂŶĂŶĚYƵŝŶƚĂŶĂZŽŽ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂŇŽĐŬĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚŽĨƐŝdžĞŶĚĞŵŝĐĐLJƉƌŝŶŽĚŽŶƚƐŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŶĞĞĚƐƐƉĞĐŝĂůŵĞŶƟŽŶ͘ dŚƌĞĞŚŽƚƐƉŽƚƐŽĨƌŝĐŚŶĞƐƐƉůƵƐĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵǁĞƌĞĨŽƵŶĚŝŶDĞdžŝĐŽ͕ƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽĨǁŚŝĐŚŝƐƚŚĞDĞƐĂĞŶƚƌĂůǁŚĞƌĞŝŵƉĂĐƚƐďLJŚƵŵĂŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŚĂǀĞŚĂĚĂĚĞƚƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞīĞĐƚŽŶĮƐŚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘ <ĞLJǁŽƌĚƐ͗ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ŚŽƚƐƉŽƚƐ͕ŝĐŚƚŚLJŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕DĞƐŽͲŵĞƌŝĐĂ͕ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ ^ƉĂŶŝƐŚďƐƚƌĂĐƚZĞƐƵŵĞŶ͗^ĞƌĞĂůŝnjſƵŶĞƐƚƵĚŝŽĚĞůĂƌŝƋƵĞnjĂLJĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵŽĚĞůŽƐƉĞĐĞƐĚƵůĐĞĂĐƵşĐŽůĂƐĚĞDĠdžŝĐŽ͕ĐŽŶůĂĮŶĂůŝĚĂĚĚĞŝĚĞŶͲ ƟĮĐĂƌ͞ŚŽƚƐƉŽƚƐ͟LJĚŝƌŝŐŝƌĞƐĨƵĞƌnjŽƐĚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂĐŝſŶ͘>ŽĂŶƚĞƌŝŽƌƐĞůůĞǀſĂĐĂďŽŵĞĚŝĂŶƚĞĞůŵĂƉĞŽLJůĂƐƵƉĞƌƉŽƐŝĐŝſŶĚĞůĂƐĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĐŽŶĞůƵƐŽĚĞƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐĚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶŐĞŽŐƌĄĮĐĂLJďĂƐĞƐĚĞĚĂƚŽƐĚĞĐŽůĞĐĐŝŽŶĞƐĐŝĞŶơĮĐĂƐ͘>ŽƐƌĞƐƵůƚĂĚŽƐĐŽŶĮƌŵĂŶǀĂƌŝŽƐ ĐĞŶƚƌŽƐĚĞĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵŽƐƉƌŽƉƵĞƐƚŽƐƉƌĞǀŝĂŵĞŶƚĞ;^ƵĚĞƐƚĞŵĞdžŝĐĂŶŽ͕ůĂDĞƐĂĐĞŶƚƌĂů͕ĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƌĂǀŽͲŽŶĐŚŽƐ͕ĂƐşĐŽŵŽĞůĚĞůŽƐƌşŽƐWĂͲ ŶƵĐŽLJdƵdžƉĂŶͲEĂƵƚůĂͿ͘^ĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƌŽŶĂĚĞŵĄƐƐŝĞƚĞĄƌĞĂƐĐŽŶĂůƚŽƐǀĂůŽƌĞƐĞŶĞů1ŶĚŝĐĞĚĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵŽWŽŶĚĞƌĂĚŽ͕ƐŝĞŶĚŽĞůsĂůůĞĚĞƵĂƚƌŽ ŝĠŶĞŐĂƐƵŶǀĞƌĚĂĚĞƌŽĞŶƚƌŽ͘hŶƌĞƐƵůƚĂĚŽĂůĂƌŵĂŶƚĞĨƵĞĞůŚĂďĞƌĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂĚŽƵŶĐĞŶƚƌŽĚĞĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵŽ͞ĨĂŶƚĂƐŵĂ͟;>ůĂŶŽƐů^ĂůĂĚŽͿĂů ^ƵĚŽĞƐƚĞĚĞEƵĞǀŽ>ĞſŶ͕ĚŽŶĚĞƐĞŝƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĚĞLJƉƌŝŶŽĚſŶƟĚŽƐĞŶĚĠŵŝĐŽƐĞƐƚĄŶĂŚŽƌĂĞdžƟŶƚŽƐŽĞdžƟŶƚŽƐĞŶůĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjĂ͘^ĞĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƌŽŶ ĂĚĞŵĄƐĐƵĂƌĞŶƚĂLJŶƵĞǀĞĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĞŶĚĠŵŝĐĂƐĂƵŶĂƐŽůĂůŽĐĂůŝĚĂĚ͘ĞƐƚĂĐĂĞůĐĂƐŽĚĞůĂůĂŐƵŶĂĚĞŚŝĐŚĂŶĐĂŶĂďƵďŝĐĂĚĂĞŶůĂĨƌŽŶƚĞƌĂĚĞůŽƐ ĞƐƚĂĚŽƐĚĞzƵĐĂƚĄŶLJYƵŝŶƚĂƌĂZŽŽ͕ĚŽŶĚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞƵŶŐƌƵƉŽĐŽŵƉƵĞƐƚŽĚĞƐĞŝƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĚĞLJƉƌŝŶŽĚſŶƟĚŽƐ͘^ĞĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƌŽŶƚƌĞƐ͞ŚŽƚƐƉŽƚƐ͟ ĚĞƌŝƋƵĞnjĂLJĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵŽ͕ĚĞŶƚƌŽĚĞůŽƐƋƵĞĚĞƐƚĂĐĂůĂDĞƐĂĐĞŶƚƌĂů͕ĚŽŶĚĞůŽƐŝŵƉĂĐƚŽƐĚĞůĂƐĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐŚƵŵĂŶĂƐŚĂŶƚĞŶŝĚŽƵŶĨƵĞƌƚĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚŽƐŽďƌĞůĂƐƉŽďůĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞƉĞĐĞƐ͘ DOI͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĚdž͘ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϲϬϵͬ:Ždd͘Žϯϲϯϯ͘ϱϰϮϭͲϯϯͮŽŽĂŶŬ͗ƵƌŶ͗ůƐŝĚ͗njŽŽďĂŶŬ͘ŽƌŐ͗ƉƵď͗ϲϬϵϰϮͲϳϲϮϴͲϰ&ͲϵϮϳϯͲϰϴϴϯϮϰϳϬϬ ĚŝƚŽƌ͗ZĂũĞĞǀZĂŐŚĂǀĂŶ͕ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ'ƌŽƵƉ;Z'Ϳ͕^ƚ͘ůďĞƌƚ͛ƐŽůůĞŐĞ͕<ŽĐŚŝ͕/ŶĚŝĂ͘ ĂƚĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͗Ϯϲ&ĞďƌƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϰ;ŽŶůŝŶĞΘƉƌŝŶƚͿ DĂŶƵƐĐƌŝƉƚĚĞƚĂŝůƐ͗DƐηŽϯϲϯϯͮZĞĐĞŝǀĞĚϮϮDĂLJϮϬϭϯͮ&ŝŶĂůƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚϬϲ&ĞďƌƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϰͮ&ŝŶĂůůLJĂĐĐĞƉƚĞĚϬϴ&ĞďƌƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϰ ŝƚĂƟŽŶ͗ ŽŶƚƌĞƌĂƐͲDĂĐĞĂƚŚ͕d͕͘D͘͘ZŽĚƌşŐƵĞnj͕s͘^ŽƌĂŶŝ͕͘'ŽůĚƐƉŝŶŬΘ'͘D͘ZĞŝĚ ;ϮϬϭϰͿ͘ZŝĐŚŶĞƐƐĂŶĚĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌĮƐŚĞƐŽĨDĞdžŝĐŽ͘Journal of Threatened Taxaϲ;ϮͿ͗ϱϰϮϭʹϱϰϯϯ; ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĚdž͘ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϲϬϵͬ:Ždd͘Žϯϲϯϯ͘ϱϰϮϭͲϯϯ ŽƉLJƌŝŐŚƚ͗ © ŽŶƚƌĞƌĂƐͲDĂĐĞĂƚŚĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϰ͘ƌĞĂƟǀĞŽŵŵŽŶƐƩƌŝďƵƟŽŶϯ͘ϬhŶƉŽƌƚĞĚ>ŝĐĞŶƐĞ͘:ŽddĂůůŽǁƐƵŶƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĂƌƟĐůĞŝŶĂŶLJŵĞĚŝƵŵ͕ ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶďLJƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞĐƌĞĚŝƚƚŽƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘ &ƵŶĚŝŶŐ͗DĞdžŝĐĂŶĚƵĐĂƟŽŶDŝŶŝƐƚƌLJƚŚƌŽƵŐŚWZKDWĂŶĚƚŚĞEŽƚŚŶŐůĂŶĚŽŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ ŽŵƉĞƟŶŐ/ŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͗dŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐĚĞĐůĂƌĞŶŽĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ͘ ƵƚŚŽƌŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶΘƵƚŚŽƌĞƚĂŝůƐ͗ƐĞĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚŝƐĂƌƟĐůĞ͘ ĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͗ tĞǁŽƵůĚůŝŬĞƚŽƚŚĂŶŬKE/KĨŽƌƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞ'/&ĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĐŽƌĚƐ͘ ϱϰϮϭ Freshwater fishes of Mexico Contreras-MacBeath et al. INTRODUCTION freshwater ecosystems which could prove to be one of the most species-rich hotspots, certainly in terms Mexico is the southern most country of North of fish and one of the most severely threatened of all America, extending into the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. It hotspots”. Freshwater ecosystems therefore provide has a total area of 1,964,375km2 and is bounded by a ideal candidates for applying the biodiversity hotspot coastline of 7,828km to the west (Pacific) and 3,294km approach (Mittermeier et al. 2010). to the east, which includes parts of the Gulf of Mexico Thus, the main aim of the current study was to re- and the Caribbean (CNA 2008). The country has a wide evaluate the status of freshwater fishes in Mexico in range of terrestrial habitats and formations consisting terms of their species richness and degree of endemism, of volcanic mountain ranges and extensive arid deserts, and identify and map local ‘hotspots’ to further direct and is estimated to contain at least 10% of the known conservation planning and debate in the country. Large- world terrestrial biodiversity including plants, reptiles, scale studies of this kind on freshwater fish have largely amphibians and mammals (Espinosa et al. 2008). This been confined to Brazil and Africa (Nogueira et al. 2010; taxonomic diversity reflects the wide range of habitats Darwall et al. 2011). represented in Mexico, regional differences in climate and its position between the Nearctic and Neotropical biogeographical regions (Morrone 2005). METHODS Similarly, a wide range of aquatic systems occurs across the country with over 50 large rivers and 70 large The analysis used during this study was based on the lakes represented. The rivers Yaqui, Fuerte, Mezquital, geographical procedures employed by Aguilar-Aguilar et Lerma-Santiago, and Balsas drain into the Pacific, whilst al. (2008). This consisted of developing geo-referenced the Bravo, Pánuco, Papaloapan, Grijalva and Usumacinta distribution records for the freshwater fishes found in rivers drain into the Gulf of Mexico (Lara-Lara et al. 2008). Mexico. Empirical data were derived from the National There are over 70 lakes ranging in size from 10–100 Mexican Biodiversity Authority (CONABIO) and records km2. Lake Chapala in Jalisco is the largest lake, followed held by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility by Cuitzeo and Pátzcuaro in Michoacán, Catazajá in (GBIF). These sources yielded 36,174 countrywide Chiapas, del Corte in Campeche, Bavicora and Bustillos records and maps for 563 of the 650 known species in Chihuahua, and Catemaco in Veracruz. Though, there listed for the country. These data, which account for have been various studies on the distribution of plants ca. 86% of the total fish fauna, also included many of and animals across the country (Ramamoorthy et al. the introduced or exotic species (Contreras-MacBeath 1993, Flores-Villela & Gerez 1994, Koleff & Soberón 2014). 2008) there have been relatively few studies on aquatic For each species, spatial records were converted to a biota (Domínguez-Domínguez et al. 2006b; Huidobro et vector format using ArcGis 9.3 and superimposed onto al. 2006; Aguilar-Aguilar et al. 2008). The freshwater fish a 1:4,000,000 scale map of Mexico obtained from the fauna is particularly diverse with more than 616 species geo-information module of CONABIO. Each map was described of which 264 are endemic (examples of some then compared to previously published species accounts Mexican freswater fish species are shown in images (Miller et al. 2009) and those mentioned in Fishbase 1–7). A further 115 species are known to be exotics (Froese & Pauly 2010) to eliminate inconsistencies (Miller et al. 2009). In spite of this diversity there have and false positives (Fielding & Bell 1997). Of the total been very few attempts to formally describe regional records examined, 358 were rejected representing 1% differences in fish species assemblages to better inform of the total. A grid map of Mexico was then produced conservation action. consisting of 249 grid cells assigned 1–31 from west to In this study, we attempt to identify and define east and from A to M North to South. Each 1oX1o grid cell regional differences in biodiversity in terms of the equivalent to 12,345km2 was subsequently converted to ‘hotspot’ approach which has proved successful in raster format. This marker allowed a comparison of the identifying areas of conservation importance elsewhere geographical layers. Once the grid was obtained, each in the world (Myers 1988, 1990; Myers et al. 2000). grid-cell was assigned consecutive numbers from 1 to Both species number (richness) and endemism are used 249. in defining the ‘hotspot’ approach by combining two For evaluation, data of each species was transformed independent measures of biodiversity. Myers (2003) to raster format, obtaining a matrix in binary format, had stressed that “there is an urgent need to document with grid-cells with a value of “1” where the species was 5422 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2014 | 6(2): 5421–5433 Freshwater fishes of Mexico Contreras-MacBeath et al. present and “0” where it was not. This grid was then at the same positions in both maps and keeping track combined with the distributional ranges of each species
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