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The Archaeology of the Dead at Boundary Bay, British Columbia
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE DEAD AT EOtDi'DhRY BAY, BRITISH COLUmLA: A fflSTORY AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS Lesley Susan it-litchefl B.A., Universiry of Alberta 1992 THESIS SUBMITTED INPARTIAL FULFILMENT OF TNE REQUIREmNTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Archaeof ogy 8 Lesley Susan Mitcheif 1996 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY June 1996 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whofe or in part, by photocopy or nrher mas, without permission of the author. rCawi~itionsand Direstion des acquisitions et BiWiographilt; Services Branch cks serviGeS biMiographiques The author has granted an t'auteur a accorde une licence irrevocable non-exclusive licence irrbvocable et non exclusive allowing the National Library of permettant A fa Bibliotheque Canada to reproduce, taan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell copies of reproduire, prkter, distribuer ou - his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa these in any form or format, making de quelque maniere et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette thBse a la disposition des personnes intbressbes. The author refains ownership of L'auteur conserve ia propriete du I the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui prot6ge sa Neither the thesis nor substantial these. Ni la these ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent &re imprimes ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son - autorisation. ISBN 0-612-17019-5 f hereby grant to Simon Fraser Universi the right to lend my thesis, pro'ect or extended essay (the Me o'r which is shown below) to users of' the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. -
Design Basis for the Living Dike Concept Prepared by SNC-Lavalin Inc
West Coast Environmental Law Design Basis for the Living Dike Concept Prepared by SNC-Lavalin Inc. 31 July 2018 Document No.: 644868-1000-41EB-0001 Revision: 1 West Coast Environmental Law Design Basis for the Living Dike Concept West Coast Environmental Law Research Foundation and West Coast Environmental Law Association gratefully acknowledge the support of the funders who have made this work possible: © SNC-Lavalin Inc. 2018. All rights reserved. i West Coast Environmental Law Design Basis for the Living Dike Concept EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background West Coast Environmental Law (WCEL) is leading an initiative to explore the implementation of a coastal flood protection system that also protects and enhances existing and future coastal and aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this document is to summarize available experience and provide an initial technical basis to define how this objective might be realized. This “Living Dike” concept is intended as a best practice measure to meet this balanced objective in response to rising sea levels in a changing climate. It is well known that coastal wetlands and marshes provide considerable protection against storm surge and related wave effects when hurricanes or severe storms come ashore. Studies have also shown that salt marshes in front of coastal sea dikes can reduce the nearshore wave heights by as much as 40 percent. This reduction of the sea state in front of a dike reduces the required crest elevation and volumes of material in the dike, potentially lowering the total cost of a suitable dike by approximately 30 percent. In most cases, existing investigations and studies consider the relative merits of wetlands and marshes for a more or less static sea level, which may include an allowance for future sea level rise. -
108Th Congress of the United States WASHINGTON CANADA
108th Congress of the United States WASHINGTON CANADA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 333333 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Osoyoos Nooksack 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Lake Trust Land 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 r 3 e 3 3 v 3 3 i 3 R 3 Birch 3 ck 3 Ross Strait of Georgia 3 sa 3 3 Bay ok 3 o 3 N 3 3 Nooksack 3 Lake 3 3 3 3 Trust Land 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 North Cascades 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 National Park 3 WHATCOM 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 PEND 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Lummi Nooksack Res 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Res 3 3 3 OREILLE 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Bellingham 3 3 3 Bay 3 33 3 3 Pend Oreille River 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Bellingham 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Ross Lake 3 3 Cowlitz 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 NRA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Bay 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Okanogan River 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Samish 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 TDSA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Samish 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Rosario Strait Bay 3 3 FERRY 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Upper Skagit Res 3 SAN JUAN 3 Haro Strait 3 North Cascades 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 National Park 3 OKANOGAN Upper Skagit Res 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Skagit River 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Padilla 3 3 3 3 Griffin Bay 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Bay 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 US Coast Guard Station 3 3 3 SKAGIT 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Neah Bay 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 STEVENS 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 -
The Skagit-High Ross Controversy: Negotiation and Settlement
Volume 26 Issue 2 U.S. - Canada Transboundary Resource Issues Spring 1986 The Skagit-High Ross Controversy: Negotiation and Settlement Jackie Krolopp Kirn Marion E. Marts Recommended Citation Jackie K. Kirn & Marion E. Marts, The Skagit-High Ross Controversy: Negotiation and Settlement, 26 Nat. Resources J. 261 (1986). Available at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nrj/vol26/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Natural Resources Journal by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. JACKIE KROLOPP KIRN* and MARION E. MARTS** The Skagit-High Ross Controversy: Negotiation and Settlement SETTING AND BACKGROUND The Skagit River is a short but powerful stream which rises in the mountains of southwestern British Columbia, cuts through the northern Cascades in a spectacular and once-remote mountain gorge, and empties into Puget Sound approximately sixty miles north of Seattle. The beautiful mountain scenery of the heavily glaciated north Cascades was formally recognized in the United States by the creation of the North Cascades National Park and the Ross Lake National Recreation Area in 1968, and earlier in British Columbia by creation of the E.C. Manning Provincial Park. The Ross Lake Recreation Area covers the narrow valley of the upper Skagit River in Washington and portions of several tributary valleys. It was created as a political and, to environmentalists who wanted national park status for the entire area, controversial, compromise which accom- modated the city of Seattle's Skagit River Project and the then-planned North Cascades Highway. -
Soil Survey of North Cascades National Park Complex, Washington
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE SOIL SURVEY OF NORTH CASCADES Joins sheet 11, Mount Prophet NATIONAL PARK COMPLEX, WASHINGTON UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ROSS DAM QUADRANGLE NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE SHEET NUMBER 18 OF 34 121°7’30"W 121°5’0"W Joins sheet 12, Pumpkin Mountain 121°2’30"W 121°0’0"W Joins sheet 13, Jack Mountain 8006 6502 9001 9010 9003 9003 7502 9003 9012 7015 6015 9999 48°45’0"N Sourdough Mountain 48°45’0"N 9010 9016 TRAIL 9008 7502 6014 9001 9003 7501 TRAIL 8007 9003 9003 9010 SOURDOUGH 9010 7015 9016 6010 7502 9016 9997 TRAIL 6505 9010 9008 6014 BEAVER 7502 9003 BANK BIG 9008 MOUNTAIN Hidden Hand 9016 Pass TRAIL 6010 9012 7501 9999 9003 9012 7502 ROSS LAKE 9010 7003 EAST NATIONAL RECREATION AREA BOUNDARY 7501 LAKE ROSS MOUNTAIN ROSS 7015 NORTH CASCADES NATIONAL PARK BOUNDARY DAM 9997 9016 7502 7501 Ruby Arm 6015 9001 7502 7015 6015 6009 7003 7015 9016 7500 9003 Happy JACK 6009 9999 7003 7502 7501 NORTH CASCADES HIGHWAY ( closed mid-Nov to April ) 9999 7501 6015 6014 Creek Diablo Lake DIABLO 6014 7502 Resort 7501 9997 TRAIL 6014 7015 7501 7015 9997 LAKE 6014 7003 7003 20 9999 7015 6009 7015 7015 7003 9999 DIABLO LAKE 6010 20 7003 6014 9016 48°42’30"N 9003 48°42’30"N 20 6014 6015 7015 9016 7003 6015 9012 6014 9012 7015 7015 9012 9012 NORTH CASCADES HIGHWAY 9016 7015 9003 THUNDER 7502 9010 7015 7501 9016 Thunder 9010 6015 7003 Lake KNOB 7501 7015 9999 9012 Pyramid 7015 6014 Lake Ruby 7003 9998 Mountain TRAIL Thunder Arm 9012 8006 9003 9012 7502 6014 9010 7015 6014 9012 -
Skagit - Ferc Project #553
SKAGIT - FERC PROJECT #553 EROSION CONTROL PROGRAM 2005 COMPLETION REPORT North Cascades National Park and Seattle City Light March, 2006 1 INTRODUCTION As stipulated in the 1991 Erosion Control Settlement Agreement (SA) between the National Park Service (NPS) and Seattle City Light (SCL), erosion control activities in Ross Lake National Recreation Area (NRA) continued for a twelfth year (including pre-license work). NPS crews, funded by SCL, conducted work at several sites in 2005 (Figure 1). Activity this year focused on contingency cribbing site E70A-6B, twenty yards south of E70A-6 on Ross Lake. In addition, site D-11, Thunder Point Campground on Diablo Lake was undertaken and completed. Detailed accounting of expenditures is provided in other reports and is not duplicated here. The purpose of this report is to update the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on progress under the terms of the new operating license for the Skagit Project. PROGRESS REPORTS BY PROJECT SITE D-11, Diablo Lake: Thunder Point Campground Approximately 250 ft of shoreline fronting the campground had become severely eroded. NPS erosion control crews in coordination with Seattle City Light barge, tug and boat crew imported 23 dump truck loads of building rock and one hundred yards of gravel. As per settlement agreement erosion control design, dry lay rock wall was installed to a height of 5’ along the 250’ of shoreline. Upon completion of dry wall, armor rock placed along the toe for the entire span. On the southwest end of the site, an additional 60’ of eroded shoreline was protected by half burying stumps in the drawdown and locking in drift logs in between the buried stumps and the shoreline creating a wave energy break. -
Washington State's Scenic Byways & Road Trips
waShington State’S Scenic BywayS & Road tRipS inSide: Road Maps & Scenic drives planning tips points of interest 2 taBLe of contentS waShington State’S Scenic BywayS & Road tRipS introduction 3 Washington State’s Scenic Byways & Road Trips guide has been made possible State Map overview of Scenic Byways 4 through funding from the Federal Highway Administration’s National Scenic Byways Program, Washington State Department of Transportation and aLL aMeRican RoadS Washington State Tourism. waShington State depaRtMent of coMMeRce Chinook Pass Scenic Byway 9 director, Rogers Weed International Selkirk Loop 15 waShington State touRiSM executive director, Marsha Massey nationaL Scenic BywayS Marketing Manager, Betsy Gabel product development Manager, Michelle Campbell Coulee Corridor 21 waShington State depaRtMent of tRanSpoRtation Mountains to Sound Greenway 25 Secretary of transportation, Paula Hammond director, highways and Local programs, Kathleen Davis Stevens Pass Greenway 29 Scenic Byways coordinator, Ed Spilker Strait of Juan de Fuca - Highway 112 33 Byway leaders and an interagency advisory group with representatives from the White Pass Scenic Byway 37 Washington State Department of Transportation, Washington State Department of Agriculture, Washington State Department of Fish & Wildlife, Washington State Tourism, Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission and State Scenic BywayS Audubon Washington were also instrumental in the creation of this guide. Cape Flattery Tribal Scenic Byway 40 puBLiShing SeRviceS pRovided By deStination -
The Damnation of a Dam : the High Ross Dam Controversy
THE DAMYIATION OF A DAM: TIIE HIGH ROSS DAM CONTROVERSY TERRY ALLAN SIblMONS A. B., University of California, Santa Cruz, 1968 A THESIS SUBIUTTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Geography SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY May 1974 All rights reserved. This thesis may not b? reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Terry Allan Simmons Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: The Damnation of a Dam: The High Ross Dam Controversy Examining Committee: Chairman: F. F. Cunningham 4 E.. Gibson Seni Supervisor / /( L. J. Evendon / I. K. Fox ernal Examiner Professor School of Community and Regional Planning University of British Columbia PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University rhe righc to lcnd my thesis or dissertation (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed ' without my written permission. Title of' ~hesis /mqqmkm: The Damnation nf a nam. ~m -Author: / " (signature ) Terrv A. S.imrnonze (name ) July 22, 1974 (date) ABSTRACT In 1967, after nearly fifty years of preparation, inter- national negotiations concerning the construction of the High Ross Dan1 on the Skagit River were concluded between the Province of British Columbia and the City of Seattle. -
Water Quality in British Columbia
WATER and AIR MONITORING and REPORTING SECTION WATER, AIR and CLIMATE CHANGE BRANCH MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT Water Quality in British Columbia _______________ Objectives Attainment in 2004 Prepared by: Burke Phippen BWP Consulting Inc. November 2005 WATER QUALITY IN B.C. – OBJECTIVES ATTAINMENT IN 2004 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Water quality in British Columbia : Objectives attainment in ... -- 2004 -- Annual. Continues: The Attainment of ambient water quality objectives. ISNN 1194-515X ISNN 1195-6550 = Water quality in British Columbia 1. Water quality - Standards - British Columbia - Periodicals. I. B.C. Environment. Water Management Branch. TD227.B7W37 363.73’942’0218711 C93-092392-8 ii WATER, AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE BRANCH – MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT WATER QUALITY IN B.C. – OBJECTIVES ATTAINMENT IN 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................... III LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. VI LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................ VII SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. -
The Waterfowl of the Fraser Delta, British Columbia BARRY A
45 The waterfowl of the Fraser Delta, British Columbia BARRY A. LEACH Introduction average annual rainfall on the north An account has been given earlier mountainous side is 200 mm. (80 in.). In (Leach 1970) of the establishment of a the centre, at Steveston on Lulu Island, ‘Slimbridge on the Pacific’. This paper it is 100 mm. (39 in.) and on the south describes the surrounding area, its water side, at Boundary Bay it is 90 mm. fowl populations and the management (36 in.). Snowfall averages 36 mm. (14 in.) problems. but in some winters it remains only a day The Fraser delta is part of the lowland or two. The average annual temperature which extends from the Coast Mountains at Ladner in the centre of the delta is of British Columbia southward across the 9.5°C. The minimum frost-free period is alluvial plains of the Fraser River, the about 150 days per year and the average Skagit and other small rivers, to the annual period is some 200 days (Taylor southern extremity of Pugit Sound in the 1970). Due to the ‘puddling’ of cold air State of Washington. It may, however, be between the dykes, frosts tend to linger treated as a clearly defined sub-unit of on the delta farmlands. The growing this ecological area because recent en season begins in mid-March and lasts for vironmental changes in the Fraser Valley 250 to 265 days. have been more intensive than in the The main geographical features of the neighbouring area of Washington State lower valley and delta of the Fraser River immediately south of the international were formed during the retreat of the border. -
1968 Mountaineer Outings
The Mountaineer The Mountaineer 1969 Cover Photo: Mount Shuksan, near north boundary North Cascades National Park-Lee Mann Entered as second-class matter, April 8, 1922, at Post Office, Seattle, Wash., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Published monthly and semi-monthly during June by The Mountaineers, P.O. Box 122, Seattle, Washington 98111. Clubroom is at 7191h Pike Street, Seattle. Subscription price monthly Bulletin and Annual, $5.00 per year. EDITORIAL STAFF: Alice Thorn, editor; Loretta Slat er, Betty Manning. Material and photographs should be submitted to The Mountaineers, at above address, before Novem ber 1, 1969, for consideration. Photographs should be black and white glossy prints, 5x7, with caption and photographer's name on back. Manuscripts should be typed double-spaced and include writer's name, address and phone number. foreword Since the North Cascades National Park was indubi tably the event of this past year, this issue of The Mountaineer attempts to record aspects of that event. Many other magazines and groups have celebrated by now, of course, but hopefully we have managed to avoid total redundancy. Probably there will be few outward signs of the new management in the park this summer. A great deal of thinking and planning is in progress as the Park Serv ice shapes its policies and plans developments. The North Cross-State highway, while accessible by four wheel vehicle, is by no means fully open to the public yet. So, visitors and hikers are unlikely to "see" the changeover to park status right away. But the first articles in this annual reveal both the thinking and work which led to the park, and the think ing which must now be done about how the park is to be used. -
North Cascades and Skagit Watershed Eco-Facts
North Cascades and Skagit Watershed Eco-facts THE SKAGIT RIVER The Skagit River begins in southern British Columbia and flows 120 miles to Puget Sound, passing right by the Learning Center as Diablo Lake. In volume of water, it is the third largest river on the west coast of the contiguous United States. It is fed by over 3,000 streams and drains the largest watershed in the Puget Sound basin, an area roughly the size of Delaware. The Skagit is the only river system in Washington that supports all five species of salmon: Chinook, chum, Coho, pink and sockeye. It is home to six of the region’s 22 populations of threatened Chinook salmon and contains the largest listed bull trout, pink salmon and steelhead stocks in Washington. The Skagit Delta also supports huge concentrations of waterfowl, shorebirds and raptors, including trumpeter and tundra swans, snow geese, gray- bellied brant, rough-legged hawks, peregrine falcons and one of the nation’s largest gatherings of bald eagles. NORTH CASCADES MOUNTAINS Thrust up from the ocean floor in a tectonic collision millions of years ago, the North Cascades have been chiseled by glaciers into a jagged mountain realm full of sharp, stony peaks, deep valleys and long lakes. The North Cascades are part of the American Cordillera, the mountain chain that stretches more than 12,000 from Tierra del Fuego to the Alaskan Peninsula. Mile for mile, the North Cascades are steeper and wetter than nearly any other range in the conterminous U.S., and they are the most glaciated American mountains outside of Alaska.