JOURNAL OF RESEARCH of the National Bureau of Standards-A. Physics and Chemistry Vol. 64A, No. 1, January-February 1960 r >' Note on the Preparation of Sodium Amalgam in the Form of Pellets H. S. Isbell, H. L. Frush, and N. B. Holt

(Augu t 26, 1959) ;:;I

~\. procedure is described for the preparation of sodium amalgam in the form of pellets.

In connection with the development of m ethods in a hydrocarbon solvent, such as heptane or Loluene, for the synthesis of radioactive carbohydrates/ a quickly blotted dry, and dropped through the neck procedure and apparatus were previously described of the Hask into the mercUl'Y; the stopper is immedi­ ~ [1,2,3]2 for the I'cducLion of sClll.imicro qUUlltitics of ately replaced. The sodium reacts quicldy with the aldonic lactones to sugars. The method employs mercury and may be added fairly rapidly because of sodium amalgam together with a sligh tly soluble, the atomosphere of nitrogen. After the addition of acid salt (sodium binoxalate) as bufIer.3 The the sodium is completed , the Hask is heated with a ! amalgam is used in the form of pellets made by dropping the molten amalgam into a "sho t tower" of oil. Because other 'workers have had difficulty in ..l, making these pellets, the procedurc is now givcn in detail . The amalgam is preparrd in a 500-ml, rou nd­ bottomed, stainless-steel flask having a single neck, with a 24 /40 standard-taper joinL (o uLer),4 and a thermometer inlet. The joint is fiLted with a sLain­ - less-steel stopper , which has an inlet tube bent at .~ . right angles to the stopper and covered with asbestos for convenience in handling. The fl ask is held in a :;l sturdy, asbestos-covered clamp, which serves as a handle for th e vessel during th e heating step. An alundum (Soxhlet extraction) thimble 45 mm in diam, in the bottom of which six 1. 5-mm holes have ) been drilled, is held in a second asbestos-covered clamp. The oil bath is a thick-walled heat-resistant glass jar, 6 in. in cliam and 18 in. high, containing "' paraffin oil to within 3 in . of the top (see fig. 1). To prepare the amalgam, a weighed amount of mercury is placed in th e flask, into which a continu­ ous stream of dry nitrogen is passed by means of the inlet tube of the stapper. The required amount of sodium 5 is weighed under paraffin oil , and then cut into pieces just small enough to be readily slipped ~ through the neck of the flask . E ach piece is rinsed

I A project sponsored by the Division of Research of the Atomic Energy Com· mission. 2 Figures in brackets indicate the litcrature references at the end of this paper. 3 The reduction procedure has also been modified for use with macro quantities of lactones [41. • Scientific Glass Company, Bloomfield, )1.J. • For the reduction of aldonic lactones under tbe conditions employed in this F LaURE 1. Apparatus used in the prepm'ation of sodium laboratory a 5-percent amalgam bas been found to be satisfactory. amalgam pellets.

135 Meeker burner until the amalgam is entirely molten. (The presence of remaining solid particles in the amalgam may b e detected by the sound of their impact on the walls of the flask when it is given a gentle, swirling motion.) While the amalgam is being pre­ pared, the alundum thimble is heated over another Meeker burner by a second operator. The hot thimble is then so clamped that its bottom is 1 to 2 in. above the surface of the oil, and the molten amalgam is poured into the thimble from the ther­ mometer inlet of the flask. The amalgam flows through the holes in the bottom of the thimble, drops through the oil, and collects at the bottom of the oil bath as small, rather flat pellets. Optimal conditions for the production of smooth pellets must be determined by trial. If the flask and thimble have not been sufficiently heated, the amalgam may solidify in the thimble. If the holes .A in the thimble are too large, the product may be , I somewhat " thready." However , once the optimal conditions have been established, the procedure may be repeated without difficulty. The entire operation must be performed in an efficient hood. The amalgam is stored under paraffin oil in a wide-mouthed, screw-capped bottle (see fig. 2) . Pellets are removed as needed, weighed under oil, and rinsed with an inert, volatile solvent im­ ;'--, m ediately before use. References FIGURE 2. Sodium amalgam pellets. [1] H . S. Isbell, J . V. Karabinos, H. L. Frush, N. B. Holt, A. Schwebel, a nd T . T . Galkowski, J . Research NBS 48, 163 (1952) RP2301. [2] H . S. Isbell, U .S. Patent No. 2,632,005, Mar. 17, 1953. [3] H . L. Frush a nd H . S. Isbell, J . Research N BS 50, 133 (1953) RP2400. [4] H . L. Frush and H . S. Isbell, J . Research NBS 54, 267 (1955) RP2588. W ASHING'rON, D.C. (Paper 64Al-35)

136

, L Publications of the National Bureau of Standards*

Selected Abstracts components of the recording system-the reservoir of material or energy, the marking point or matrix positioned by the measuring element, and the chart surface which preserves Surface-wave resonance effect in a reactive t he record. cylindrical stI'ucture excited by an azial line source, A. L . Cullen, J. Research NBS 64D, No . 1, Energy dissipation by fast electl'ons, L. V. 13 (1960 ). pencer, NBS Monograph 1, 70 (1959) 45 cents. It is shown that a pLll'ely reactive cylinder excited by a Tabulations are given of the energy dissipated by fast elec­ neighboring line source can, under suitable conditions, give trons at different distances from nomoenergetic electron rise to a radiation pattern closely approximating the function sources, for plane perpendicular and point isotropic sources. cos nO. A summary of the theoretical methods and data utilized, and In a numerical example, a cylinder of three T.E.M. wave­ a table of spatial moments are also included. ') lengths circumference has a sLll'face reactance chosen to f emphasize the term cos 60 in the Fourier series of the result­ Calculated behavior of a fast neutron spec­ ant radiation pattern. It is shown that only 1.1 percent of the total power delivered to the line SOLll'ce is radiated in trometer based on the total absorption prin­ unwanted modes. ciple, J. E. Leiss, Tech. Note 10 (PB151369) $1.00. I t is also shown that the position of the line source does not Performance calculations for a total absorption fast neutron affect this result to first order provided that k(b-a)« l , spectrometer are presented. The spectrometer detecting where b-a is the distance of the line so urce from the cylin­ element is a boron-10-load ed liquid scintillator. By making drical surface. t he scintillator a thin disk, only those neutrons whose first collision is a large-energy-loss hydrogen collision have appre­ Basic experimental studies of the magnetic field ciable chance of remaining in the spectrometer long enough from electromagnetic sources immersed in a to be captured. The expected energy resolution and efficiency of this type of spectrometer are determined , and are com­ semi-infinite conducting medium, M. B. parable to other types of fast neutron spectrometers. Kraichman, J. Research NBS 64D, No.1 , 21 (1960 ). Using electromagnetic sources, consisting of various dipole, Penetration of gamma I'ays from isotropic and loops immersed ina concentrated sodium chloride solution, sources through aluminum and concrete, M . J. measurements were made verifying the magnetic fi eld propa­ Berger and L. V. Spencer, Tech. Note 11 (PBI51370) gation equations in air, derived previously by several authors. The receiver was farther away from the SOLll'ce than a wave­ 50 cents. length in the conducting medium, but much closer than a Semianalytical expressions, with numerically specified param­ wavelength in air. eters, are given which represent the gamma ray dose distribu­ An expression is derived giving the value of t he magnetic tion in infinite aluminum or concrete media for sources that fi eld in air due to a rectangulnr loop with a horizontal axis by are monoenergetic (with energies betwee n 10,22 Mev and assuming the loop to consist of two electric dipoles correspond­ 0.0341 Mev), iso tropic, and have the form of an infinite plane, ing to the horizontal members. Experimental data verifying point, disk, or spherical surface. this expression are presented. Also, using submerged electric dipoles, measurements were Precise time synchronization of widely sepa­ made of the magnetic fi eld in air which show that the fi eld is determined solely by the cLll'rent in the horizontal radiating I'ated clocks, A. H . Morgan, Tech. Note 22 wires of the dipoles. (PB151381) $1.50. This paper describes known prescise m ethods of setting a Determination of the amplitude-probability group of widely separated clocks to precisely the same time distribution of atmosphel'ic radio noise from and keeping them in close agreement indefinitely; most of the proposed methods are now available. An estimate of statistical moments, W. G. Crichlow, C. J . the accuracies of each m ethod are given, Some discussion Rouhique, A. D. Spaulding, and W . M . Beery, of high frequency radio propagation theory pertinent to two J . Research NBS 64:D, No.1, 49 (1960 ). of the methods and a few sets of measurements of the propaga­ tion delay time of high frequency signals from WWV to During the International Geophysical Year, the National WWVH are given, Several graphs and tables are included Bureau of Standards established a network of atmospheric to simplify some of the calculations. noise recording stat ions throughout the world. The ARN- 2 noise recorder at t hese stations measures three statistical Design of Single frequency filters, F . F. Fulton, moments of the noise: average power, average voltage, and average logarithm of the voltage. An empirically derived Jr., Tech. Note 23 (PBI51382) 50 cents. graphical method of obtaining an amnIi tude-probability dis­ Efficient procedures are shown for designing filters formed t tribution from these three moments, and its development. is by a number of identical resonant circuits loosely coupled ~' presented. Possible errors and t heir magnitudes are dis­ together, and which are required to accept one narrow band cussed. of frequencies and reject another narrow band somewhat removed in frequency without any special requirements on Recorder sUl'Vey: Recording surfaces and mal'k­ the shape of the attenuation curve in between these regions. ing methods, G. K einath, NBS Circ, 601, 41 ((959) The design is based on using a large number of sections. 30 cents. Note on bivariate lineal' interpolation for This Circular surveyr. the characteristics and comparative analytic functions, W. Gautschi, Math. Tables advantages of continuous traces, dotted traces, and printed and Other Aids to Computation 13, No, 66, 91 (1959). characters, as produced by inking, incision, impression, in­ dentation, deposition, heat, light, electric discharge, electron A detailed studv of t he accuracy of bivariate linear inter­ beam, magnetism, chemical action, or fluid streamlines, De­ polation is applied on real and imaginary parts of an analytic scriptive and reference material is included on three physical function with some suggestions for improving the accuracy.

137 Absorption of radiation by a cylindrical sample Effects of gamma radiation on collagen, J. of a strong absorber, P . H. Fang and r. A. Stegun, Cassel, J. Am. L eather Ohemists' Assoc. LIV, No.8, L etter to Editor, J . Chem. Phys. 31, 267 (1959). 4-32 (1959). The connection between the Bessel function and an integral The effect of gamma radiation was determined on collagen which occurs in an absorption of radiation by a strong absorber exposed as a purified steerhide powder and as kangaroo tail is discussed. The effect of using this exact evaluation in the tendon. Absorbed radiation ranged from 5 to 220 megarads. analysis of experimental data is indicated. Apparent even at low radiation levels were t he decrease in shrinkage temperature and increased water-solubility. The same decrease in shrinkage temperature was observed for PILOT- A new multiple computer system, tendons irradiated in the presence or absence (vacuum) of A. L . Leiner, W . A. Notz, J. L . Smith, and A. air. The shrinkage temperature was not influ enced by the Weinberger, J . Assoc. Computing 1'vfach. 6, No . 3, moisture content of the tendon during irra diation. R ela­ 313 (1959). tively little damage to amino acid structure was observed at absorption doses less than 20 megarads. The amino acid The PILOT data processor is a high-speed multiple computer components most susceptible to alteration by radiation are system, more than 100 times faster than SEAC. It contains methionine, phenylalanine, and threonine, while those least three interconnected compu ters for rapid processing of data, damaged were alanine, glycine, hydroxyproli ne, proline, and and also contains multiple input-output channels for rapid arginine. Radiation causes a nonhydrolytic type of peptide transfer of data into and out of t he system. All of these chain scission. High ultraviolet absorbance by the water­

'-- - - Magnetic stud y of the frozen pl'oducts from The nature, cause and effect of the porosity in the nitrogen microwave discharge, B. J . Fontana, electrodeposits. IV. Influence of gas bubbles J. Ohem. Phys. 31, No.1 , 148 (1959). on the formation of pores, F . Ogburn and D . W. Magnetic susceptibility mea 'urements have been made during Ernst, Plating 46, 957 (1959). the deposition in a solid 1\2 maLrix of nitrogen atoms produced One m echanism for the formation of a pore in electrodeposits in a microwave discharge. From Lhe nitrogen atom concen­ involves the in clusion of a surface gas bubble. vVhether the tra tion in the gas reaching Lhe co ndensing surface and the pore beco mes co ntinuous or bridged-over depends upon the magnetic m easurem ents on Lhe deposited solid, it is concluded relative rates of hydrogen discharge and nickel deposition. A that a concentration of abouL 0.2 to 0.5 mole percent N cell is describpd which permits the observation of a simulat.ed cannot be exceeded inLhe solid ph?se. Such concentrations "cross section" of a nickel depoeit while it is being formed. are observed only ror relatively brief in tcrvals after which A seri es of photomicrographs obtained with this cell shows the caLasLrophic recom bination occurs. Stable, long-lived con­ enclosin g of a gas bubble. centrations \I'hich account for t he previously reported t her­ m al and light emission efl' ects which accompa ny " 'armup 'l'be nature, cause and effect of the pOl'o sity in ~ of such deposits are estimaterl to be less tha n 0.01 Lo 0.04 mole percent 1\. Susceptibility m easurem ents nre based on electl'odeposits. V. An evaluation of tbe sensi­ I compa ri son with solid molecular oxygen a nd the calculation tivity of the feJ'J'oxyl test, F. Ogburn, D. W. of N atom co ncenLrations assumes that the susceptibility Ernst, and W. H . Roberts, Plating 46, 1052 (1959). of dilute :'\ atoms in an 1\2 matrix approximates Lhat of t he free ga~ . The importa nc(' of a go od porosity test prompted the dcLer­ mination of thc sensit ivity of the ferro:-;" l test. Strau sse r '~ The thermal E.M.F. of sever'al thermometric modification of the test was used to d eterr11in c t he porosity of t. he gold coaLin gs on steeL A photographic process del. r­ alloys, R. L. Powell and M . D. Bunch, Suppl. au mined t he porosity of goldfoil obtain ed by stripping the steel Bull. inst. intern. froid (Delft, IIolland), Oomm. 1, 129 [tway wi th acid. A fil ar micrometer was used to measure the (1958). size of the pores present in the goldfoiL A compariso n of the po rosities of the goldfoil as determined by both methods gave Measurements of Lhe thermal emf of Au-2.1 at. percent Co, Lhe following results for pores between 0.05 a nd 0.5 mil in Co nstantan and " normal" sil ver versus copper ha\"e been made dia meter: (1) less than 50 percent of all pores present are from 40 lC to :3 00 0 K, wiLh reference termperatures aL the detected by the ferroxyl test; a nd (2) of this number, the boiling points of liquid helium, liquid hydrogen, and liquid la rger Lhe pore t he more likely iL will be detected. nitrogen. The uniformity of each Lype of thermo elemenL was tested by si mulLa neoll S eablibraLion of sel'eral samples from the same melt. ElectI'ical discharge induced luminescence of solids at low tempel'atures, L. J . Schoen and GeometI'ical allistropy of magnetic materia,ls in R. E . Rebbel't, J . Allol. Spect. 3, No. 4, 417 (1959). waveguides and cavities, L . A. Steinert, J. Appl. Luminescence of condensed ni trogen-oxygen-argon systems Phys. 30, 1109 (1959). at low temperatures has been excited by a-c and d-c discharge The perLurbations caused b~ ' magn(' tize d fCiTiLe maLeriab techniques. Typical atomic and molecular spectra obtained placed inside wa\"(~g uid es or reson:wt cavities depend upon by these methods are described. The struct ure and wave­ t he geometrical shape of the matcri al as well as its intrinsic lengt hs of t he {3 li ne group attributed to trapped oxygen properLies. atoms (lS ->ID) and the wavclengths of t he 1'[ and Vegard­ In the ca~c of isoLropic ferrite ellipsoids, a general formulation Kapl a n band systems are co mpared in ni t rogen a nd argon is given for the ratio of Lhe radiofrequ('nc.v magnetization m[ttri ces. In a rgo n a line group interprcted as t he 1.') ->3 p ~ ~ atomi c oxygen Lra nsition has been observed. The principal 41r11! of Lhe mat('rwl to the uniform radiofrequency fi eld fl o m echanism of excitation uncleI' the conditions employed extern al to the maLeriaL A few special examples are included. app ea r ~ Lo be ion-electron bombardment of Lhe deposiled solid. Radioactivity standardization in the United Sta.tes, W. B. Mann and H. H . Seliger, 2d United Program of the Internationa.l Commission on Nations I ntern. Conj. on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic radiological units and mea.s urements, L. S. Energy 21, H ealth and Safety: Dosimetry and Stand­ Ta~'l or, L. H . Gray, and H . O. Wyckoff, 2d United ards, Pj750 USA, p. 90 (1959). Nations Intern. Ooni- on the P eacejul Uses oj Atomic Recent developml'nts a rc described in rad ioactivity standardi­ Energy 21, Health and Safety: Dosimetl'Y and Stand­ zation by compensated gas counting and liquid 'scintillation ards, P j2243 WHO, p. 81 (1959). counting. A short, review is given of Lhe history of the lORD, the pl'Ogram which resulted in its 1956 report, a nd t he current l , program under way which will result in a new report next MagnetiC interaction of H3 V. Griffing, J . L. Jackson, and B. J . Ransil, J. Ohem. Phys. 30, No.4, year. Special emphasis iR placed upon the international character of the organization and its efforts to achieve 1066 (1 959). international agreement on the measurement of radiation The results of a n LCAO- :\fO- SCF- CI calculation of t he sources. 22: u ground state of linear H3 arc presented and the ,,'ave functions obtained from th is calculation are used to calculate I t hc general features of the electron spin resonance spectrum. Spectl'um of thin target bremsstrahlung The calculation is carried through for the Fermi contact bounded by a forwa.rd circular cone, J . H. interaction, which is the principal interaction bet,,'een t he Hubbell, J . Appl. Phys. 30, No.7, 981 (1959). proton and ('lcctron spins. ] t is fou nd t hat the off-diagonal The Schiff expression for the cross seclion per nucleus, for \ elements of t he hyperfine interaction matri x may not be thin-target bremsstrahlung in to t he a ngular a nd energy neglected in that they sp li t degenerate levels. The predicted spectrum, however, docs not agree with the observed electron ranges dOo and dk, is integrated a n a l~ ticaJly over angle from s pin resonance spectrum of discharged hydrogen deposited at ze ro to 00 , Results are shown for the case Z = 78, Eo- mc2 = 40 liquid helium tem.peratures. In addition the expected elec­ Mev and x = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8, where Eo-mc2 is the kinetic t ron spin I'esonance spect.rum of H 2+ has been calculated from energy of the incoming electron and x is t he reduced angle j the exact wave function. 8oEo!mc2. The fraction of the total cross section included in ~' ii- 139

I a cone of angle 0;; can be approximated to within 20 percent the conclusion of Williams, Landel, and Ferry and of Bueche concerning the insensitivity to details of molecular structure by x2/(1+x2). At x= l , or 00 = 0.723°, the ratio of energy of the properties of glass-forming substances which control deli vered by photons above (E o- mc2) /2 to that below is t heir temperature dependence of molecular relaxation times. 9 percent greater than for the limiting spectral shape at 0'0 = 0, or that given by the Schiff expression at 00 = 0, and 13 percent greater than for the spectrum integrat.ed over all Glow discharge spectr a of copper and indium angles. For a target of finite thickness, multIple electron above aqueous solutions, D . E . Couch and A. >4 ! scattering should partially suppress the spectral dependence Brenner, Tech. Notes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 106, 628 \ on -. (1959). An unusual glow discharge was produced between a t ungs.ten Negative atomic ions, H. R. Johnson and F. electrode and an aqueous solution of cupric or indium salts. Rohrlich, J. Chem. Phys. 30, 1068 (1959). This glow was not produced by other salts or by a discharge c!, to a fu ed salt bath containing copper. A semiempirical method is proposed for the computation of the electron a ffinities of negative atomic ions by extrapolation from the ionization potentials of the corresponding isoelec­ Gaseous heat conduction at low pressures and tronic sequences. The method is based on a formula which temperatures, R. J. Corruccini, Vacuum 7- 8, 19 ~ can be justified on physical grounds and of which at least (Pergamon Press Ltd., London, England, 1959). I two parameters have direct physical interpretation . The results for the two short periods agree with experiments, with Over t he large temperature differences that can exist in the important exception of S-. The method predicts a vacuum insulation of cryogenic devices some of the assump­ stable N- ion of small binding energy. The excited states tions on which the formulas for free malecuie h eat conduc- i and the fine-structure splitting can also be obtained by tion are based are not strictly valid. The consequences of extrapolation based on t heoretical formulas. The use of this are discussed, and some incorrect usages are pointed out. these formulas seems preferable to the method by Bates Working formulas and a uxiliary data on mean free paths and Moisewitsch, but the results on excited states are t he and accommodation coefficients at cryogenic temperatures same. are presented. The very low-frequency emissions generated in Multiple ionization of sodium vapor by electi'on the earth's exosphere, R. M . Gallet, Proc. IRE, impact, V. H. Dibeler and R. M. Reese, J . Chem. ~ 47, No.2, 21 1 (1959) Phys. 31, No.1, 282 (1959). Mass spectrometric studies are made of mUltiply-charged ions ~ Naturall y occurring, very low-frequency signals not associ­ in sodium vapor. The results indicate that within a few ated with lightning discharges, and stronsly correlated with volts of t hreshold, the probability of ionization increases as solar activity, have been recognized nearly as long as the the nth power of the energy in excess of t hreshold, where n is atmospheric whistlers which have their genesis in light ning the number of chargcs on the ion. This is in agreement with discharges. Whereas whistlers have been satisfactorily Gelt man's theoretical treatment of the threshold law for exp lained, unt il recently t hese other phenomena have not. ionization by electrons. From t he examination of a large quantity of high resolution spectograms, it has been deduced that a major fr action, if not all, of these other" noises" are excited in the exosphere Vibrational intensity distributions in the nitro- ~ f by streams and bunches of high-speed ionized particles pre­ gen afterglow, U. H . KUl'zweg and H . P. Broida, cipitating into the ion ized atmosphere in the presence of the earth's magnetic fi eld. The electnmagnetic waves excited J. Mol. Spect. 3, No.4, 388 (1959). are t hen propagated in the manner of wllistlers. Nitrogen afterglows produced in a fast-flow system by an elec­ The excitation mechanism is similar to the operation of a trodeless discharge bave been studied as a function of pressure, traveling-wave tube. Two fr equencies are simultaneously flow, dilucnt, and temperature. Intensity measurements of generated, a nd their values depend only on the three param­ the N2 1st positive bands (B3Il - A3~ ) responsible for the visible eters: local electronic d ensity in the exosphere, local magnetic afterglow were obtained by means of a photoelectric record- field intensity, a nd particle velocity V. ing monochromator. It is shown t hat t he vibrational in- ,; tensity distributions are not ex plainable by t he generally accepted, preassociation mod el of the afterglow pheno mena. Reaction of hydrogen atoms with solid oxygen High resolution scans depicting the relative intensity be- \­ at 20° K , R. Klein and M. D . Scheer, J . Chem. havior of the B3n - A3~ system under a variety a f conditions Phys. 31, No.1, 278 (1959). are presen ted. Hydrogen atoms, produced in t he gas phase by thermal de­ composition on a ho t tungsten ribbon, react with solid oxy­ Influence of crystallographic orientation on the gen at 20° K . The primary reaction is most probably pitting of iron in distilled water, J . Kruger, J . H + 0 2->H02• Electrochem. Soc. 106, No.8, 736 (1959). The frequency of pitting on iron exposed to distilled water Application of the WiIIiams-Landel-Ferry was found to depend on crystallographic orientation. The equation to silicate glasses, A. B. Bestul, Glastech. number of pits per unit area was highest for (110 ). Ber. (Frankfurt, Germany) 32 K , No. VI, 59 (1959). A direct-reading viscometer, M . R. Shafer, In­ Visco ity data for silicate glasses in t he glass transformation region have been fitted to the Williams-Landel-F erry equa­ struments and Control Systems 32, No. 7, 1044 (1959). t ion. The values resulting for one of the two constants are Prototype instruments for determining directly the kinematic 1 about t he same as those obtained tor organic glasses. The viscosity of liquids have been developed using the restrictions- J values for the second oonstant are much different from t hose in-series principle. Although not an absolute method, a r for organic glasses. This second constant has been shown simple calibration with liquids of known viscosities permits by Bueche to contain the volume coefficient of thermal the subsequent measurement of the viscosities of other l expansion, "'2, about the transformation temperature. If the liquids by reading a single ma nometric column; no corrections applicable values of <>2 are extracted from the second con­ or other calculations are required. TheJry, construction, and t stant, the residues are about the same for silicate glasses and operation of instruments having the range 0.5 ta 5.0 centi- I organic glasses. These findings confirm for silicate glasses stokes are disc ussed . \ 140 ~ ) ------~"

Other NBS Publicatio ns Journal of Research, Section 64:D, No.1, Evolution of amplified waves leading to transition January- February 1960. 70 cents. in a boundary layer with zero pressure gradient, ~ Effect of antenna s ize on gain, bandwidth, and efficiency, P. . Klebanoff and K. D . Tidstrom, NA A T ech. R. G. Harrington . Note D- 195, 1 (1959). -J Surface-,vave resonance effect in a reactive cylindrical truc­ Microwave refiectometer, G. F. Engen and R . W. ture excited by an azial line souI'ce, A. L. Cullen. (See above abstract.) Beatty, IRE Trans. on Microwave Theory Tech. Basic experimental studies of the magnetic field from electro­ MTT- 7, 351 (1959). magnetic sources immersed in a semi-infinite conducting Penetration and diffusion of X-rays, U. Fano, L. V. medium, M. B. Kraichman. (See above abstract.) ~ A very-low-frequency antenna for investigating the ionosphere Spencer, and M . J. Berger, Encyclopedia of Phys. with horizontally polarized radio waves, R. S. Macmillan, 38, No.2, 660 (1959). W. V. T . Rusch, and R . M. Golden. Problems of the experimeter, W. J . Youden, NatI. v Effects of high-altitude nuclear explosions on radio noise, C. A. Samson. Conv. Trans. Am. Soc. Quality Control, p. 41 Measured frequency spectra of vlf atmospherics. T. Obayashi. (1959). Determination of the amplitude-probability distribution of Some characteristics of VLF propagation using at­ atmospheric radio noise from statistical moments, W. G. mospheric waveforms, W . L. T aylor and L . J. Crichlow, C. J. Roubique, A. D. Spaulding, and W. M. Beery. (See above abstract.) Lange, R ecent Advances in Atmospheric E lec­ Measurements or coastal deviation of high-frequency radio tricity (Proc. 2d ConI. on Atmospheric Elec.), waves, C. W. McLeish. Portsmouth, New Hampshire, May 20 to 23,1958, ,-;; An exact earth-flattening procedure in propagation around a p. 609 (Pergamon Press, Inc., New York, N.Y., sphere. B. Y.-C. Koo and M. Katzin. Limit of spatial resolution of refractometer cavities, W. J . 1958) . Hartman. Conference on arctic communication. The changing character of chemical research in Tropospheric scatter propagation and atmospheric circula­ government, E . Wichers, The Chemist XXXVI, tions, W. F. Moler and D. B. Holden. No. 7, 260 (1959). ~ Layered earth propagation in the vicinity of Point Barrow, Alaska, G. M. Stanley. Study of the setting of plaster, K. D. Jorgensen and Announcement of systematic ionospheric electron density A. S. Posner, J . Dental Research, 38, No.3, 491 -;> data. (1959) . Tables of the bivariate normal distribution function Optimum antenna height for ionospheric scatter and related functions. NBS AMS50, $3.25. propagation, R . G. Merrill, IRE Conv. Record 7, Prediction of the cumulative distribution with time Pt. 1, 10 (1959). of ground wave and tropospheric wave transmis­ Corrosion of type 310 stainless steel by synthetic sion loss. Part 1. The prediction formula, P. L . fuel oil ash, H . L . Logan, Corrosion 15, 443t Rice, A. G. Longley, and K. A. Norton, Tech. (1959) . Note 15 (PBI51374), $1.50. Physical re earch, Pt. 2, G. C. Paffenbarger and W. Analysis of ionospheric vertical soundings for elec­ Souder, J . Am. Dental Assoc. 58, 98 (1959). tron density profile data. 1. Facilities for con­ The sLrucLure of electrolyLie soluLions, W. J . Hamer venient manual reduction of ionograms, J . W. (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., Wright and R. B. NorLon, T ech. Note 14 (PB- 1959). 151373), 50 cents. Width of cracks in concrete at the surface of rein­ Analysis of ionospheric vertical soundings for elec­ forcing steel evaluaLed by means of tensile bond tron density profile data. II. ExLrapolation of specimens, D . Watstein and R. G. Mathey, J . Am. observed electron density profiles above hmax F2, Concrete lnst. 31, No.1, 47 (1959). t J. W. Wright, Tech. Note 19 (PB151378), 50 cents. Recent advances in cryogenic engineering, R. B. New approach in Lhe theory of satellite orbits, Jacobs, Am. Rocket Soc. ARS J. 29, 245 (1959). J . P. Vinti, Phys. Rev. Letters 3, No. 1, 8 (1959). Transistorized velocimeter for measuring speed in Production of embossing plates from texture patterns the sea, C. E. Tschiegg, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 31, I by electrofol'ming methods, J . P. Young and V. A. No. 7, 1038 (1959). ~ Lamb, Plating 46, 1033 (1959). M ethod of evaluating the clinical effect of warping Inclusion theorems for congruence subgroups, M . a denture: Report of a case, J . B. Woelfel and Newman and I. Reiner, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. G. C. Paffenbarger, J. Am. Dental Assoc. 59, 250 91, No.3, 369 (1959). (1959) . Factors affecting modulation techniques for VHF The sound transmission loss of some building con­ scatter systems, J . W. Koch, IRE Trans. Commun. struction, R . V. Waterhouse, R. D . Berendt, and Systems CS- 7, No. 2, 77 (1959) . l~ R . K. Cook, Noise Control 5, No.4, 40 (1959). Calculated patterns of slotted elliptic-cylinder anten­ Cryogenic insulation, R. H . Mopschot, Am. Soc. nae, J. R . Wait and W. E . Mientka, Appl. Sci. Heating, Refrig. and Air-Conditioning Engrs. 1, Research B 7,449 (1959) . i7 No. 9, 48 (1959). Free radical chemistry, J. W. Moyer and A. M. L End plate modification of X-band TEOll cavity Bass, Chern. and Eng. News p. 51 (Aug. 24, 1959). resonators, M . S. Thompson, F . E . Freethey, and Discussion of the papers of Messrs. Satterthwaite D . M . Waters, IRE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Budne, W. J . Youden, T echnometrics 1, Tech. MTT- 7, 38 (1959). No. 2, 157 (1959). 141 A new aid for the rapid determination of absorption The following papers were published in the Proc. corrections by Albrecht's method , D . K . Smith, 5th Tech. Session on Bone Char, 1957 (Bone Char Acta Cryst. (Copenhagen, Denmark) 12, Pt. 6, R esearch Project, Inc., Charlestown , ~ass., 1959): 479 (1959). Introductory remarks, A. V. Astin , p . 1. Radiation attenuation data, H. O. Wyckoff, Radia­ Analysis of liquid sugars, E . J . McDonald, p . 77. Development of a new test for the abrasion hardness of bone tion Hygiene Handbook, edited by H . Blatz, sec. char, F . G. Carpenter, p. 99. 8, p . 1 (M cGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, Effects of controlled decarbonization on the performance of N.Y.) (1959). service synthad, F. VV. Schwer, W. V. Loebenstein, ano E. P. Barrett, p. 145. Exposure standards and radiation protection regu­ Some mechanisms of color and ash removal b y bone char, lations, L. S. Taylor, Radiation Hygiene Hand­ A. Gee, p . 163. book, edited by H. Blatz, sec. 3, p. 2 (M cGraw­ Survey of variations in use for conducting laboratory-scale Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y., 1959). column filteration tests, V. R. Deitz, p . 237. Comparison of column decolorization experiments with Properties of rutile (titanium dioxide) , F . A. Grant, theory, VV. V. Loebenstein, p. 253. R ev. Modern Phys. 31, 646 (1959). Sugar retention by char, F. G. Carpenter, p. 279. The interlaboratory evaluation of testing methods, Removal or organic anions by bone char, V. IL Deitz and J. Mandel and T. W. Lashof, ASTM Bull. No. 239, H. M . Rootare, p . 297. 53 (1959) . *Publications for which a price is indicated (exce pt for :Measurements made by matching with kJ10Wn TechnicaL Notes) are avaiLable only from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, standards, vV. J . Youden, W. S. Connor, and D. C. (foreign postage, one-fourth additional). Technical N . C. Severo, T echnometrics 1, No. 3, 101 (1959). Notes are available only from the Office of Technical Services, Evacuated powder insulation for low temperatures, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C. (order by P B n1tmber). Reprints from outside journals and the ~. M. Fulk, Progress in Cryogenics- I , 65 NBS Journal of Research may often be obtained directly from (Heywood and Co. , Ltd., London, England, 1959). the author. o

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