DOCSLIB.ORG

Mercury Handbook Chemistry, Applications and Environmental Impact

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Mercury Handbook Chemistry, Applications and Environmental Impact . Published on 11 October 2013 http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849735155-FP001 View Online . Published on 11 October 2013 http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849735155-FP001 View Online Mercury Handbook Chemistry, Applications and Environmental Impact Leonid F Kozin and Steve Hansen Email: [email protected], [email protected] . Published on 11 October 2013 http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849735155-FP001 View Online Technical Editor: Cezary Guminski Translated by Mark Kit ISBN: 978-1-84973-409-7 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library . r L F Kozin and S C Hansen 2013 All rights reserved Published on 11 October 2013 http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849735155-FP001 Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry or the copyright owner, or in the case of reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page. The RSC is not responsible for individual opinions expressed in this work. Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK Registered Charity Number 207890 Visit our website at www.rsc.org/books Preface The Mercury Handbook attempts to cover all of the basic subject matter related to the condensed phase physics, chemistry, metallurgy, application and environmental aspects of mercury. The present book is derived from Leonid F. Kozin’s book on the physical chemistry and metallurgy of high- purity mercury (Fizikokhimiia i Metallurgiia Vysokochistoi Rtuti i ee Splavov). The original Russian text was translated by Mark Kit of Language Interface in New York. Unfortunately a large percentage of the original work remains in Russian at the present time. Dr. Cezary Guminski assisted in the translation and technical editing of the book and also wrote a chapter on the use of mercury in small-scale gold mining. Numerous important contributions were made to the book by others. Jason Gray of Nippon Instruments North America explained the practical . operation of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. A thorough discussion of the medical symptoms of mercury intoxication was generously providead by Bethlehem Apparatus, Inc. of Hellertown, Pennsylvania. The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has provided invaluable access to its vast Published on 11 October 2013 http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849735155-FP005 collection of online and print journals. Dr. Tim Brumleve of APL Engineered Materials, Inc. has assisted in the proof reading of key chapters of the present book. The authors wish to thank their families for their extraordinary patience during the writing and editing of the manuscript. The staff of the Royal Society of Chemistry has endured more than necessary and is complimented for their professionalism and for their patience. Special mention should be given to Mrs. Janet Freshwater, Mrs. Alice Toby-Brant, Ms. Sarah Salter, Mrs. Katrina Harding, Mrs Rosalind Searle and others. They were exceptionally polite and patient throughout the entire writing process. Lastly, the staff of Strawberry Mercury Handbook: Chemistry, Applications and Environmental Impact By Leonid F Kozin and Steve Hansen r L F Kozin and S C Hansen 2013 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org v View Online vi Preface Fields in Urbana has provided encouragement and refreshment throughout the arduous task of writing this monograph. Additional information and updates to the Mercury Handbook can be found at www.mercuryhandbook.com. Leonid F. Kozin Kyiv, Ukraine Steve C. Hansen Urbana, Illinois . Published on 11 October 2013 http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849735155-FP005 Contents Chapter 1 Physicochemical Properties of Metallic Mercury 1 1.1 Atomic Properties 1 1.2 Crystallography 3 1.2.1 P–T Diagram 3 1.3 Melting Point 4 1.4 Heat of Fusion 4 1.5 Heat Capacity 4 1.6 Thermal Conductivity 6 1.7 Emissivity 9 1.8 Boiling Point, Heat and Entropy of Vaporization 9 1.9 Vapor Pressure 10 . 1.9.1 Solid Mercury 10 1.9.2 Liquid Mercury 12 1.9.3 Triple Point 12 1.9.4 Critical Temperature and Pressure 13 Published on 11 October 2013 http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849735155-FP007 1.10 Density 14 1.11 Surface Tension 17 1.12 Viscosity 18 1.13 Isothermal Compressibility 19 1.14 Thermal Expansion Coefficient 20 1.15 Self-diffusion 21 1.16 Electrical and Magnetic Properties 24 1.17 Hall Coefficient 26 1.18 Superconductivity 27 1.19 Excited-state Properties 27 References 28 Mercury Handbook: Chemistry, Applications and Environmental Impact By Leonid F Kozin and Steve Hansen r L F Kozin and S C Hansen 2013 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org vii View Online viii Contents Chapter 2 Amalgam Solubility 36 2.1 Solubility of Metals in Mercury 36 2.2 Amalgams with Compounds Formed in the Solid Phase 40 References 46 Chapter 3 Diffusion of Metals in Mercury 50 3.1 Effect of Atomic Size on Diffusion 50 3.1.1 Effect of Atomic Radius 51 3.2 Temperature Dependence of Diffusion in Amalgams 54 3.3 Concentration Effects on Diffusion 55 3.4 Diffusion of Mercury in Solid Metals 57 References 58 Chapter 4 Purification of Mercury Using Chemical and Electrochemical Methods 61 4.1 Technical Requirements for Mercury 61 4.2 Chemical Methods for Mercury Treatment 62 4.3 Single-stage Electrochemical Methods for Obtaining High-purity Mercury 75 . References 77 Published on 11 October 2013 http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849735155-FP007 Chapter 5 Chemical Properties of Mercury 80 5.1 Inorganic Mercury Compounds 80 2þ 21 5.1.1 Disproportionation in Hg2 and Hg 80 5.1.2 Solubility of Metallic Mercury in Water 81 5.1.3 Solubility of Mercury in Ionic Solutions 84 5.2 Mercury(I) and Mercury(II) Halides and Pseudohalides 86 5.2.1 Mercury(I) Fluoride – Hg2F2 87 5.2.2 Mercury(II) Fluoride – HgF2 87 5.2.3 Mercury(I) Chloride (Calomel) – Hg2Cl2 89 5.2.4 Mercury(II) Chloride (Corrosive Sublimate) – HgCl2 90 5.2.5 Mercury(I) Bromide – Hg2Br2 96 5.2.6 Mercury(II) Bromide – HgBr2 97 5.2.7 Mercury(I) Iodide – Hg2I2 101 5.2.8 Mercury(II) Iodide – HgI2 103 5.2.9 Mixed Mercury(II) Halides 106 View Online Contents ix 5.2.10 Mercury(II) Cyanide – Hg(CN)2 106 5.2.11 Mercury(I) Dithiocyanate – Hg2(SCN)2 108 5.2.12 Mercury(II) Dithiocyanate – Hg(SCN)2 108 5.3 Oxygen Compounds of Mercury(I) and Mercury(II) 109 5.3.1 Mercury(I) Oxide – Hg2O 109 5.3.2 Mercury(II) Oxide – HgO 110 5.3.3 Mercury(I) Nitrate Dihydrate – Hg2(NO3)2 Á 2H2O 114 5.3.4 Mercury(II) Nitrate – Hg(NO3)2 115 5.3.5 Mercury(I) Perchlorate – Hg2(ClO4)2 116 5.3.6 Mercury(II) perchlorate – Hg(ClO4)2 116 5.4 Organometallic Mercury Compounds 116 5.4.1 Organometallic Mercury(I) Compounds 116 5.4.2 Organometallic Mercury(II) Compounds 117 References 120 Chapter 6 Electrochemical Properties of Mercury 128 6.1 Kinetics and Mechanism of Discharge and Ionization of Mercury in Simple Electrolytes 128 6.2 Kinetics and Mechanism of Discharge and Ionization of Mercury in Complex-forming Media 138 References 140 . Chapter 7 Lighting 143 Published on 11 October 2013 http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849735155-FP007 7.1 Introduction 143 7.1.1 Lamp Color and Quality Measurements 144 7.2 Fluorescent Lighting 144 7.2.1 Mercury Content in Fluorescent Lamps 146 7.2.2 Amalgam-controlled Mercury Vapor Pressure 146 7.2.3 Temperature-controlled Amalgams 147 7.2.4 Mercury Dispensers 149 7.3 Measurement of Mercury Vapor Pressure of Fluorescent Lamp Amalgams 151 7.3.1 Vapor Pressure Measurement System 151 7.3.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 152 7.3.3 Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry 152 7.4 High-pressure Mercury Lamp 152 7.5 Ultra-high-performance Lamps 153 7.6 High-pressure Sodium Lamps 154 7.7 Metal Halide Lamps 157 References 159 View Online x Contents Chapter 8 Synthesis of Semiconducting Compounds 163 8.1 Synthesis of Semiconducting Mercury Compounds 163 8.1.1 Sublimation and Resublimation Methods 170 8.1.2 Methods Used to Grow Single Crystals 170 8.2 Indirect Synthesis of Mercury Chalcogenides 171 8.2.1 Transport Reactions Method 172 8.2.2 Epitaxial Layer Growth 174 References 176 Chapter 9 Chlor-Alkali Process 180 9.1 Introduction 180 9.2 Electrochemistry of the Mercury Cathode Process 180 9.3 Sodium–Mercury Phase Diagram 181 9.4 Production of Chlorine 185 References 191 Chapter 10 Use of Mercury in Small-scale Gold Mining 193 Cezary Guminski 10.1 Introduction 193 10.1.1 Reasons for Artisanal Gold Mining 194 10.1.2 Mercury Pollution 194 10.2 Method of Artisanal Gold Mining 194 . 10.3 Environmental Degradation Caused by Small-scale Gold Mining 196 10.4 Remedies or Improvements to Small-scale Published on 11 October 2013 http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849735155-FP007 Gold Mining 197 References 198 General References 198 Chapter 11 Mercury Legislation in the United States 199 11.1 Introduction 199 11.2 Mercury Legislation 199 11.2.1 Mercury Export Ban Act 200 11.2.2 Mercury-containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act 201 11.2.3 Legislation Controlling Mercury Release 201 11.2.4 Food and Drug Administration 204 11.3 Mercury Regulations and Standards 204 11.3.1 Measurement of Mercury in Water 205 11.3.2 Land Disposal Restrictions 205 11.3.3 Mercury in Air 205 11.4 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 207 View Online Contents xi 11.5 Department of Transportation and International Air Transport Association 207 References 208 Chapter 12 Environmental Aspects of the Industrial Application of Mercury 209 Leonid F.
Recommended publications
  • Experiments with the Ammonium Amalgam

    Experiments with the Ammonium Amalgam

    Experiments with the Ammonium Amalgam. [from THE AM. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, VOL. XL, SEPT., 1865.] EXPERIMENTS WITH THE AMMONIUM AMALGAM, BY CHARLES M. WETHERILL, Ph.D., M.D. The existence of the hypothetical radical NH 4 depends less upon the characteristics of its so-called amalgam than! upon the parallelism of its salts with those of the alkalies. If, from these analogies, we accept the metallic nature of ammonium, it will be difficult to avoid assigning a similar character to the rad- icals of all of the organic bases; and especially to those which, like the compound /ammonias, have an alkaline reaction and possess physical and chemical properties so like ammonia. If such be the inference, we must admit numerous compound metals exists only in certain of , which states of combination their elements. The assumption of the elementary nature of a metal is destroyed and the ideas of the alchemists are re- ; a may vived for if NH 4 be metal and NH 3 be not one, why not other metals, esteemed elements, be also compounds. In examining the so-called ammonium amalgam one is inter- ested at the great resemblance which it bears to the amalgams proper in its physical properties. The mercury has lost its flu- idity or mobility, and, at the same time, its relations of cohesion and adhesion are very sensibly altered. It no longer coheres powerfully; but adheres to, or Wets, platinum, iron and other metals, like the potassium or sodium amalgam. When left to C. M. Wetherill—Experiments with Ammonium Amalgam. 3 itself, the swollen mass shrinks, and gradually resolves itself into NH 3(NH 0) H and Hg, because (as it is usually explained) NH 4 has 4 a great tendency to fall apart into NH 3 and H.
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry C Rscpublishing COMMUNICATION

    Journal of Materials Chemistry C Rscpublishing COMMUNICATION

    Journal of Materials Chemistry C RSCPublishing COMMUNICATION The room temperature phosphine-free organometallic synthesis of near-infrared emitting Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x HgSe quantum dots H. Mirzai,a M. N. Nordin,b,c R. J. Curry,b J.-S. Bouillard,a A. V. Zayats,a M. a Received 00th January 2012, Green* Accepted 00th January 2012 DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x Luminescent mercury selenide (HgSe) quantum dots have been synthesised by a phosphine- free method using oleic acid as a capping agent. The modification of experimental conditions www.rsc.org/ such as temperature resulted in particles of various sizes (15 - 100 nm) and morphologies not previously seen in HgSe, with emission tuneable between 1000 nm and 1350 nm. The popularity of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and b Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electronic Engineering, their association with next-generation opto-electronic devices University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey.UK GU2 7XH c and biomedical applications has grown rapidly over the last Present address: Medical Engineering Technology Department, University Kuala Lumpur, 53100, Gombak, Malaysia. years. Current research focuses on various synthetic routes as a means to modify QD characteristics to satisfy specific due to the lack of obvious and safe precursors (despite the optical and magnetic requirements for applications such as fact that many early routes to nano-dispersed semiconductors biological imaging,1 telecommunications,2 photodetection3 4 were based on mercury chalcogenides). We have focused on and solar energy. Quantum dots have provided a new source mercury chalcogenides due to their low reaction temperatures of electromagnetic radiation on the nano-scale.
  • Properties of Sputtered Mercury Telluride Contacts on P-Type Cadmium Telluride A

    Properties of Sputtered Mercury Telluride Contacts on P-Type Cadmium Telluride A

    Properties of sputtered mercury telluride contacts on p-type cadmium telluride A. Zozime, C. Vermeulin To cite this version: A. Zozime, C. Vermeulin. Properties of sputtered mercury telluride contacts on p-type cadmium telluride. Revue de Physique Appliquée, Société française de physique / EDP, 1988, 23 (11), pp.1825- 1835. 10.1051/rphysap:0198800230110182500. jpa-00246011 HAL Id: jpa-00246011 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00246011 Submitted on 1 Jan 1988 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Revue Phys. Appl. 23 (1988) 1825-1835 NOVEMBRE 1988, 1825 Classification Physics Abstracts 73.40 - 79.20 Properties of sputtered mercury telluride contacts on p-type cadmium telluride A. Zozime and C. Vermeulin Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux, CNRS, 1 place A. Briand, 92195 Meudon Cedex, France (Reçu le 12 avril 1988, révisé le 29 juillet 1988, accepté le 16 août 1988) Résumé. 2014 La valeur élevée du travail de sortie du composé semi-métallique HgTe (q03A6m ~ 5.9 eV) a conduit à utiliser ce matériau pour réaliser des contacts ohmiques de faible résistance spécifique 03C1c (03A9 cm2) sur le composé semi-conducteur II-VI CdTe de type p, dans la gamme des résistivités 70 03A9 cm 03C1B 45 k03A9 cm.
  • Calculation of Properties of Environmental Interest

    Calculation of Properties of Environmental Interest

    1 Journal of Environmental Monitoring 10:435-442, 2008 Solvation parameters for mercury and mercury(II) compounds: calculation of properties of environmental interest Michael H. Abraham, *a Javier Gil-Lostes, a William E. Acree, Jr. b J. Enrique Cometto-Muñiz, c and William S. Cain. c a Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, UK. Email: [email protected] b Department of Chemistry, P. O. Box 305070, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5070, USA. c Chemosensory Perception Laboratory, Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0957, USA 2 Descriptors have been determined for four inorganic mercury(II) species and for seventeen organic mercury(II) species, using experimental literature data. These descriptors can then be used in equations that we have already set out in order to estimate a large number of physicochemical properties. These include the water to octanol partition coefficient and the gas to water partition coefficient. For the organic mercury(II) species, including dimethylmercury and the methylmercury(II) halides, the latter has been estimated over the temperature range 273-373K. Introduction Mercury and mercury(II) compounds are important species; dimethylmercury and methylmercury(II) compounds are known environmental pollutants. Although a number of thermodynamic properties are available especially for mercury 1, 2 and mercury(II) halides, 2 many other properties that are relevant to environmental and health issues are not known. A number of computational methods can be used for the calculation of a range of properties of compounds, but many of these methods such as SPARC,3 Advanced Chemistry Development 4 and PharmaAlgorithms, 5 cannot deal with any compounds that contain mercury atoms.
  • Trends in Performance Limits of the HOT Infrared Photodetectors

    Trends in Performance Limits of the HOT Infrared Photodetectors

    applied sciences Review Trends in Performance Limits of the HOT Infrared Photodetectors Antoni Rogalski 1, Piotr Martyniuk 1,*, Małgorzata Kopytko 1 and Weida Hu 2 1 Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] (M.K.) 2 State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-26-183-92-15 Abstract: The cryogenic cooling of infrared (IR) photon detectors optimized for the mid- (MWIR, 3–5 µm) and long wavelength (LWIR, 8–14 µm) range is required to reach high performance. This is a major obstacle for more extensive use of IR technology. Focal plane arrays (FPAs) based on thermal detectors are presently used in staring thermal imagers operating at room temperature. However, their performance is modest; thermal detectors exhibit slow response, and the multispectral detection is difficult to reach. Initial efforts to develop high operating temperature (HOT) photodetectors were focused on HgCdTe photoconductors and photoelectromagnetic detectors. The technological efforts have been lately directed on advanced heterojunction photovoltaic HgCdTe detectors. This paper presents the several approaches to increase the photon-detectors room-temperature performance. Various kinds of materials are considered: HgCdTe, type-II AIIIBV superlattices, two-dimensional materials and colloidal quantum dots. Keywords: HOT IR detectors; HgCdTe; P-i-N; BLIP condition; 2D material photodetectors; colloidal quantum dot photodetectors Citation: Rogalski, A.; Martyniuk, P.; Kopytko, M.; Hu, W.
  • Bandgap-Engineered Hgcdte Infrared Detector Structures for Reduced Cooling Requirements

    Bandgap-Engineered Hgcdte Infrared Detector Structures for Reduced Cooling Requirements

    Bandgap-Engineered HgCdTe Infrared Detector Structures for Reduced Cooling Requirements by Anne M. Itsuno A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Electrical Engineering) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Jamie D. Phillips, Chair Professor Pallab K. Bhattacharya Professor Fred L. Terry, Jr. Assistant Professor Kevin P. Pipe c Anne M. Itsuno 2012 All Rights Reserved To my parents. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my research advisor, Professor Jamie Phillips, for all of his guidance, support, and mentorship throughout my career as a graduate student at the University of Michigan. I am very fortunate to have had the opportunity to work alongside him. I sincerely appreciate all of the time he has taken to meet with me to discuss and review my research work. He is always very thoughtful and respectful of his students, treating us as peers and valuing our opinions. Professor Phillips has been a wonderful inspiration to me. I have learned so much from him, and I believe he truly exemplifies the highest standard of teacher and technical leader. I would also like to acknowledge the past and present members of the Phillips Research Group for their help, useful discussions, and camaraderie. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Emine Cagin for her constant encouragement and humor. Emine has been a wonderful role model. I truly admire her expertise, her accom- plishments, and her unfailing optimism and can only hope to follow in her footsteps. I would also like to thank Dr.
  • Experimental Stability of Tellurium and Its Implications for the Venusian Radar Anomalies

    Experimental Stability of Tellurium and Its Implications for the Venusian Radar Anomalies

    44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2013) 2951.pdf EXPERIMENTAL STABILITY OF TELLURIUM AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE VENUSIAN RADAR ANOMALIES. E. Kohler1, V. Chevrier1, P. Gavin1, N. Johnson2. 1Arkansas Center for Space and Plane- tary Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701; 2National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771. [email protected] Introduction: Evidence of radar anomalies on Ve- portant aspect of determining the source, thus, it was nus has sparked debate about potential atmospheric chosen for this experiment. One gram of each were interactions with the surface. These high reflectivity heated to average Venusian surface conditions, and (low emissivity) anomalies have been found on the then to highland conditions (460°C and 90 bar, 380°C Venusian surface between altitudes of 2.5-4.75km and 55 bar respectively). The latter conditions are the using radar mapping [1-5]. There have been several anticipated temperature and pressure at the anomalies theoretical studies on the source of these anomalies altitude. After each run, the samples were weighed to including increased surface roughness, materials with determine stability and/or reactivity. Each compound higher dielectric constants or surface-atmospheric in- was also tested in a Lindberg tube oven at the Univer- teractions [1, 6]. Additionally, the literature suggests sity of Arkansas and heated to both 460°C and 380°C several possibilities of metal compound frosts or low at ambient pressure. The oven experiment isolated the lying clouds/fog. Evidence from Venera 13 and 14 effects of temperature. The samples were then ana- indicates a low layer cloud deck at an altitude of 1- lyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning 2km that could consist of tellurium, bismuth, or lead Electron Microscope (SEM).
  • Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Cdxhg12xte

    Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Cdxhg12xte

    12 Molecular Beam Epitaxy of CdxHg12xTe Yu.G. Sidorov1, A.P. Anciferov1, V.S. Varavin1, S.A. Dvoretsky1, N.N. Mikhailov1, M.V. Yakushev1, I.V. Sabinina1, V.G. Remesnik1, D.G. Ikusov1, I.N. Uzhakov1, G.Yu. Sidorov1, V.D. Kuzmin1, S.V. Rihlicky1, V.A. Shvets1, A.S. Mardezov1, E.V. Spesivcev1, A.K. Gutakovskii1, A.V. Latyshev1,2 1 RZHANOV INSTITUTE OF SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS OF THE SIBERIAN BRANCHOF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, NOVOSIBIRSK, RUSSIA 2 NOVOSIBIRSK STATE UNIVERSITY, NOVOSIBIRSK, RUSSIA Infrared imaging systems are required for applications in medicine, agriculture, the chemical industry, ferrous and nonferrous metals metallurgy, the fuel industry, and other areas of the economy. Due to high quantum efficiency, tunable absorption wavelength, and a wide oper- ating temperature range, HgCdTe (mercury cadmium telluride, MCT)-based infrared focal plane arrays are a good choice for the fabrication of high-performance infrared imaging sys- tems. Creating arrays and matrices of photodetectors with a large number of elements imposes stringent requirements for narrow-band MCT. What is wanted is a large area plate MCT with highly uniform properties and low cost. MCT technology over the past 20 years has evolved from the production of relatively small (diameter ,10 mm) volume bars to large (up to 150 mm in diameter) epitaxial layers on alternative substrates. The electrical properties of solid solutions MCT are largely deter- mined by the intrinsic point defects and residual impurities associated with the growing method. MCT is characterized by a high rate of diffusion of point defects. Therefore, a low growth temperature is need.
  • Solid State Recrystallization of II-VI Semiconductors : Application to Cadmium Telluride, Cadmium Selenide and Zinc Selenide R

    Solid State Recrystallization of II-VI Semiconductors : Application to Cadmium Telluride, Cadmium Selenide and Zinc Selenide R

    Solid State Recrystallization of II-VI Semiconductors : Application to Cadmium Telluride, Cadmium Selenide and Zinc Selenide R. Triboulet, J. Ndap, A. El Mokri, A. Tromson Carli, A. Zozime To cite this version: R. Triboulet, J. Ndap, A. El Mokri, A. Tromson Carli, A. Zozime. Solid State Recrystallization of II-VI Semiconductors : Application to Cadmium Telluride, Cadmium Selenide and Zinc Selenide. J. Phys. IV, 1995, 05 (C3), pp.C3-141-C3-149. 10.1051/jp4:1995312. jpa-00253678 HAL Id: jpa-00253678 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00253678 Submitted on 1 Jan 1995 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV Colloque C3, supplCment au Journal de Physique 111, Volume 5, avril 1995 Solid State Recrystallization of 11-VI Semiconductors: Application to Cadmium Telluride, Cadmium Selenide and Zinc Selenide R. Triboulet, 3.0. Ndap, A. El Mokri, A. Tromson Carli and A. Zozime CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides de Bellevue, 1 place Aristide Briand, F 92195 Meudon cedex, France Abstract : Solid state recrystallization (SSR) has been very rarely used for semiconductors. It has nevertheless been proposed, and industrially used, for the single crystal growth of cadmium mercury telluride according to a quench-anneal process.
  • Effects of Inorganic Mercury on Developing Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Larvae

    Effects of Inorganic Mercury on Developing Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Larvae

    EFFECTS OF INORGANIC MERCURY ON DEVELOPING ZEBRAFISH (DANIO RERIO) LARVAE A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Toxicology Graduate Program University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By TRACY CLARYLINDA MACDONALD Copyright Tracy Clarylinda MacDonald, September, 2015. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE STATEMENT In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Chair of the Toxicology Graduate Program Toxicology Centre University of Saskatchewan 44 Campus Drive Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B3 i ABSTRACT Mercury (Hg) compounds are some of the most toxic compounds of any heavy metal on earth.
  • 1 Submission from the EU on Mercury-Added Products And

    1 Submission from the EU on Mercury-Added Products And

    Submission from the EU on mercury-added products and manufacturing processes using mercury or mercury compounds In accordance with Decision MC-3/16: Review of Annexes A and B, the Secretariat called in a letter dated 13 December (MC/COP3/2019/15) for submissions from Parties by 31 March 2020, including: a) Information on mercury-added products and on the availability, technical and economic feasibility, and environmental and health risks and benefits of non-mercury alternatives to mercury-added products, pursuant to paragraph 4 of article 4 of the Convention b) Information on processes that use mercury or mercury compounds and on the availability, technical and economic feasibility and environmental and health risks and benefits of mercury-free alternatives to manufacturing processes in which mercury or mercury compounds are used, pursuant to paragraph 4 of article 5 of the Convention The EU would like to share the information on a number of products and processes listed in table 1 below, where EU law is stricter than the provisions of the Convention. Each product/process is covered in an individual fiche, including data sources and references. The submission also includes a fiche on re-emerging use of mercury used as propellant in ion engines. New information has surfaced regarding this specific use which is likely to cause a significant dispersion of mercury to the environment. Note that the EU submission is based on the European Commission study on the "Collection of information on mercury-added products and their alternatives". The final report has a wider scope than the EU submission as it also covers a number of other existing or emerging uses and has been published and made available on CIRCABC.
  • Free Radical Reactions of Organomercurials De-Liang Guo Iowa State University

    Free Radical Reactions of Organomercurials De-Liang Guo Iowa State University

    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1989 Free radical reactions of organomercurials De-Liang Guo Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Organic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Guo, De-Liang, "Free radical reactions of organomercurials " (1989). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 9126. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/9126 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.