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Discovery of Lobesia Botrana ([Denis & Schiffermüller]) in California: an Invasive Species New to North America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Author(S): Todd M

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Discovery of Lobesia Botrana ([Denis & Schiffermüller]) in California: an Invasive Species New to North America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Author(S): Todd M Discovery of Lobesia botrana ([Denis & Schiffermüller]) in California: An Invasive Species New to North America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Author(s): Todd M. Gilligan, Marc E. Epstein, Steven C. Passoa, Jerry A. Powell, Obediah C. Sage and John W. Brown Source: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 113(1):14-30. 2011. Published By: Entomological Society of Washington DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.113.1.14 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.4289/0013-8797.113.1.14 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is an electronic aggregator of bioscience research content, and the online home to over 160 journals and books published by not-for-profit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 113(1), 2011, pp. 14–30 DISCOVERY OF LOBESIA BOTRANA ([DENIS & SCHIFFERMU¨ LLER]) IN CALIFORNIA: AN INVASIVE SPECIES NEW TO NORTH AMERICA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TODD M. GILLIGAN,MARC E. EPSTEIN,STEVEN C. PASSOA, JERRY A. POWELL,OBEDIAH C. SAGE, AND JOHN W. BROWN (TMG) Colorado State University, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, 1177 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]); (MEE, OCS) Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California 95832, U.S.A. (e-mail: MEE [email protected], OCS [email protected]); (SCP) USDA/APHIS/PPQ, U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, U.S.A. (e-mail: steven.c.passoa@aphis. usda.gov); (JAP) Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]); (JWB) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, P.S.I., Agricultural Research Service, USDA, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20013, U.S.A. (e-mail: john.brown@ ars.usda.gov) Abstract.—The European grape vine moth, Lobesia botrana ([Denis and Schiffermu¨ller]), is one of the most destructive pests of grape in the Palearctic Region. Larvae feed on fruit, causing direct damage and promoting secondary infec- tion by Botrytis cinerea Persoon (botrytis bunch rot or gray mold). On September 30, 2009, tortricid larvae damaging grapes in the Napa Valley of California were identi- fied as L. botrana, representing the first records of this species in North America. The presence of L. botrana could have a significant impact on California agriculture— wine, table, and raisin grapes are grown on more than 800,000 acres throughout the state. We provide descriptions and illustrations to aid in the identification of this newly arrived pest, along with a brief history of its discovery. Key Words: Botrytis, grape, European grapevine moth, EGVM, introduction, Olethreutini, Palearctic, Paralobesia, viteana, Vitis DOI: 10.4289.0013-8797.113.1.14 Lobesia botrana ([Denis and Schif- particularly destructive in southern Eu- fermu¨ller]) is an economically important rope and several Mediterranean coun- pest of vineyards throughout the Pale- tries (Roehrich and Boller 1991). The arctic Region (e.g., Bovey 1966, Voigt larvae cause damage to grapes by feed- 1972, Thie´ry and Moreau 2005) but is ing directly on fruit, although the most serious economic losses are due to sec- ondary infection of feeding sites by Bo- * Accepted by Robert R. Kula trytis cinerea Persoon (botrytis bunch rot VOLUME 113, NUMBER 1 15 or gray mold) (e.g., Roehrich and Boller (Nikon Instruments, Melville, NY). The 1991, Fermaud and Le Menn 1992). photograph of the pupal abdominal seg- The threat that this moth poses to Amer- ments and cremaster was taken with a ican agriculture has not gone unnoticed Nikon DXM 1200 camera mounted on an (Pierce 1918), and there have been spo- upright Zeiss Axiomat microscope (Carl radic efforts focused on its exclusion and/ Zeiss Inc., Thornwood, NY). Scanning or detection in North America over the electron micrographs (SEMs) were pre- last few decades. These included a series pared using a JEOL JSM-6500 microscope. of pest alerts, risk assessments, and surveys Some photographs are a combination of in both the United States (Whittle 1985, several layers produced with Helicon Focus Fowler and Lakin 2002, Venette et al. 4.80 software (Helicon Soft Ltd., Kharkov, 2003) and Canada. On September 30, 2009, Ukraine). All photographs were edited us- tortricid larvae found in grape (Vitis vinifera ing Adobe Photoshop CS3 Extended L.: Vitaceae) from the Napa Valley of (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA). California were identified as L. botrana, Morphological terminology and wing representing the first North American re- pattern descriptions follow Gilligan et al. cords of this species. Because more than (2008). Natural history and host infor- 800,000 acres of grapes are cultivated mation is compiled from Ben-Yehuda et al. throughout the state, L. botrana could have a (1993), Bradley et al. (1979), CPC (2007), significant impact on California agriculture. Thie´ry and Moreau (2005), and Venette The purpose of this contribution is to et al. (2003). summarize the literature on the geo- graphic distribution, hosts, life cycle, and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION morphology of L. botrana andtomake Nomenclature this information available to those in- volved in exclusion, detection, and iden- Tortrix botrana Denis and Schiffermu¨ller tification of this species. We also document was described from Vienna, Austria. its discovery in California. Ragonot (1894) proposed the genus Polychrosis with T. botrana as the type MATERIALS AND METHODS species. Over half a century later, Obraztsov Specimens of L. botrana from Europe, (1953) relegated Polychrosis to a subgenus Chile, and California were examined and of Lobesia Guene´e, with L. botrana as its dissected using a Wild M5A stereomicro- only member. Synonyms of L. botrana in- scope (Wild Heerbrugg AG, Switzerland). clude Phalaena vitisana Jacquin and Olin- Dissection methodology follows Brown dia rosmarinana Millie`re (Brown 2005). and Powell (1991) except that some prep- Dufrane (1960) described “flavosquamella” arations were not transferred to xylene and as a form of L. botrana from France. Older instead were mounted in Euparal (Bioquip literature often used the combination Products, Rancho Dominguez, CA). Adults Eudemis botrana (Gonza´lez 2008). were photographed with a Canon EOS 40D Authorship of the species name botrana digital SLR camera (Canon U.S.A., Lake is unequivocally attributed to Denis & Success, NY) mounted on a Visionary Schiffermu¨ller even though their names Digital BK Lab System (Visionary Digital, do not appear on the original work. Hence, Palmyra, VA). Photographs of genitalia per Recommendation 51D of the Interna- and larval cuticles were taken using a Nikon tional Code of Zoological Nomenclature DXM 1200 digital camera mounted on a (International Commission on Zoolog- Nikon Labophot2 compound microscope ical Nomenclature 1999), the authors’ 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON names ...“should be enclosed in square Service for Agrifood Health and Quality brackets to show the original anonymity.” reported L. botrana in Argentina at two Unfortunately, this convention is too fre- locations in the Maipu´ Department, Men- quently ignored. doza Province, close to the Chilean border Lobesia botrana has a wide variety of (SENASA 2010). common names in several languages (see Larval Hosts and Damage list in Gonza´lez 2008). English common names for L. botrana include: European Lobesia botrana is one of the most grapevine moth (EGVM), European grape important pests of grape (Vitis vinifera) berry moth, grape berry moth, grapevine in the Palearctic (Bovey 1966, Roehrich moth, vine moth, European vine moth, and Boller 1991). Larvae are polypha- grape leaf roller, and grape fruit moth gous and have been recorded from over (Meijerman and Ulenberg 2000, CPC 40 species of plants in the following 2007); several of these names are shared families: Actinidiaceae, Araliaceae, As- with Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hu¨bner), teraceae, Berberidaceae, Caprifoliaceae, another European tortricid grape pest. Caryophyllaceae, Cornaceae, Ebenaceae, When common names are necessary, Ericaceae, Grossulariaceae, Lamiaceae, we suggest using European grape vine Liliaceae, Menispermaceae, Oleaceae, moth for L. botrana and European grape Punicaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceae, berry moth for E. ambiguella, or avoiding Rosaceae, Thymeleaceae, and Vitaceae. A the issue completely by using scientific partial host list is presented in Table 1. nomenclature. Preference for V. vinifera may have evolved only recently as damage to grape Geographic Distribution by L. botrana was not reported until the Lobesia botrana is native to the Pa- early part of the 20th century (Marchal learctic Region and is widely distributed 1912, Thie´ry and Moreau 2005). Female in Western Europe, Central Asia, and L. botrana are attracted to volatiles of both northern Africa (Razowski
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