Update of the Lobesia botrana program in California
• Lucia G. Varela University of California, Santa Rosa, CA • Monica Cooper University of California, Napa, CA • Andrea Lucchi Jack K Clark University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
1st detected September 2009 in Napa Valley, California
Legend Lobesia botrana pupae Lobesia botrana larvae Lobesia botrana males Lobesia botrana female collected 3 mile (4.8 km) buffer LBAM State interior quarantine How did it enter the US? Investigated by USDA APHIS SITC. So far, the introduction pathway is unknown. Some possible entries: • Machinery (pupa stage). • Nursery stock (olives). • Fruit? Detection Trapping Quarantine area: In 2010/11: 5 mile radius (8 km) from a find. Traps deployed in vineyards: • Quarantine area: 25 traps/mi 2 (~10 traps/km2) • Outside quarantine: 25 to 9 traps/mi 2 (~3.5 traps/km2) Traps deployed in urban areas: • 5 traps/mi 2 (~2 traps/km2)
Quarantine Areas Individual Moth Catches Mendocino 36 As of 10/08/2010
Napa 100,793
Sonoma 59 San Joaquin 2
Merced 4
Santa Clara 3 Santa Cruz 1 Fresno 11
Monterey 1
Male catches 1st generation Male catches 2nd generation Male catches 3rd generation Total # moths caught per County in 2010 How did it spread in California? Infestations associated with: • Movement of infested winegrapes. • Movement of infested machinery. • Movement of vineyard wooden stakes. Treatment recommendations for 2010
• Insecticide treatments: – To Vineyards within 1000 meters of a find (Napa within 200 meters of a find). – Applications: • 1st generation: 2 conventional or 3 organic insecticides. • 2nd and 3 rd generations: 1 conventional or 2 organic insecticides for each generation. • Mating disruption: – Napa vineyards only. CDFA treated urban areas Treatment area: 500 meter radius from EGVM detection.
Homeowner was given the following choices: Fruit/flower removal. Bt applications. Mating disruption in selected County locations.
2010: Majority chose fruit removal. 2011 - 2013: Bt applications & fruit removal. 2010/11 State quarantine area: ~2,334 sq. miles (6045 km2)
Male trap catches in 2010 Male trap catches in 2011 Populations decrease from 2010 to 2011
Number of male moths caught on pheromone traps per year Napa Sonoma Solano Mendo- Fresno Merced San Santa Santa Mon- Nevada cino Joaquin Cruz Clara terey 2010 100,83 59 11 36 11 4 2 1 3 1 0 1 2011 113 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 19 0 4 Treatment recommendations for 2011 - 2013
• Insecticide Treatments – To Vineyards within 500 meters of a find. – For the 1st and 2 nd generations.
• Mating Disruption – All vineyards within 500 meters of a find (except in counties slated for deregulation at the end of that year). Conditions needed for deregulation (2011 and 2012) • 5 consecutive generations without a find – Insecticide treatments allowed and recommended for the 1 st and 2 nd generation – NO mating disruption allowed • Monitoring – Trap density: 100 traps/mi 2 (36 traps/km2) – for at least 2 full generations (or two full generations followed by a partial third, where a proportion of the insects from the 2 nd are expected to enter diapause) Deregulated Areas in 2012
• Counties released from regulation: – March 2012: Mendocino, San Joaquin, Merced, Fresno – August 2012: Solano • Revised quarantine area from 5 to 3 miles radius from finds, in the remaining six infested counties. ~ 50% reduction quarantine area 2012 State quarantine area
~1,302 sq. miles (3372 km2) Populations decreased substantially from 2010 to 2013
Number of male moths caught on pheromone traps per year Napa Sonoma Solano Mendo- Fresno Merced San Santa Santa Mon- Nevada cino Joaquin Cruz Clara terey 2010 100,831 59 11 36 11 4 2 1 3 1 0
2011 113 9 0 0 0 0 01190 4
2012 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2012 Traps caught 77 moths in 5 areas in Napa County Napa 77 moths
At the end of 2012 the following counties were released from regulation : • Nevada, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz and portions of Solano and Sonoma 2013 State quarantine area: ~687 mi 2 (1780 km2)
Counties under regulation: Napa Border: Sonoma & Solano
Male catches 2012 2012 trap density – 10 traps/km 2 2013 trap density – 36 traps/km 2
Traps – 10 traps/km 2 Traps – 36 traps/km 2
2012 Mating disruption 2013 Mating disruption ~23,000 acres around 2012 & 2013 finds ~2,800 acres 2013 • Mating disruption only 500 m from a 2012 and 2013 find (~2,800 acres). • Trapping density increased to 39 traps/km 2
Napa 40 moths
40 moths caught: • 34 in 1 st flight • 6 in the 2 nd flight
All other counties continue to be monitored with traps: • No moths caught
Alternative hosts in California Daphne gnidium Only detected in the flower of olives during 2010 first generation
Olive flower
Photo: JF Gaffard
Daphne gnidium Are traps accurately measuring population? • Up to now, for deregulation: 162 m 2 Trap density: 36 traps/km 322 m = 1 trap/2 vineyard ha
• If on average traps pull moths from ~ 50 meters – To cover the area, you need ~1 trap/1 ha 10 traps/km2 – Or continue trapping 36 traps/km2 through time km2 vineyard Thank you