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Larvicidal Activity of Fractions of Sphaeranthus Indicus Linnaeus (Asteraceae) Ethyl Acetate Whole Plant Extract Against Aedes A

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Larvicidal Activity of Fractions of Sphaeranthus Indicus Linnaeus (Asteraceae) Ethyl Acetate Whole Plant Extract Against Aedes A International Journal of Mosquito Research 2016; 3(2): 18-30 ISSN: 2348-5906 CODEN: IJMRK2 Larvicidal activity of fractions of Sphaeranthus IJMR 2016; 3(2): 18-30 © 2016 IJMR indicus Linnaeus (Asteraceae) ethyl acetate whole Received: 04-01-2016 Accepted: 05-02-2016 plant extract against Aedes aegypti Linnaeus 1762, Subramanian Arivoli Anopheles stephensi Liston 1901 and Culex Department of Zoology, Thiruvalluvar University, quinquefasciatus Say 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) Vellore 632 115, Tamil Nadu, India. Samuel Tennyson Subramanian Arivoli, Samuel Tennyson, Rajasingh Raveen, Manickkam Department of Zoology, Jayakumar, Balasubramanian Senthilkumar, Marimuthu Govindarajan, Madras Christian College, Ranganathan Babujanarthanam, Selvaraj Vijayanand Chennai 600 059, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract Rajasingh Raveen Mosquito control, in view of their medical importance, assumes global importance. In the context of ever Department of Zoology, increasing trend to use more powerful synthetic insecticides to achieve immediate results in the control of Madras Christian College, Chennai 600 059, mosquitoes, an alarming increase of physiological resistance in the vectors and its increased toxicity to Tamil Nadu, India. non-target organism are noteworthy. This has led to intensified search for tools that demonstrate eco- friendliness and target specificity. Phytochemicals are botanicals which are naturally occurring Manickkam Jayakumar insecticides obtained from floral resources. In the quest for alternative natural biological control agents Department of Zoology, against mosquito larvae, the present paper reports on the larvicidal activity of fractions of Sphaeranthus University of Madras, indicus ethyl acetate whole plant extract against vector mosquitoes viz., Aedes aegypti, Anopheles Chennai 600 025, stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Nine fractions viz., A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I were obtained Tamil Nadu, India. from the residue of ethyl acetate extract by column chromatography. Standard WHO protocols with Balasubramanian Senthilkumar minor modifications was adopted for the larvicidal bioassay. Larvicidal activity was evaluated at Department of Zoology, concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm. Larval mortality was observed 24 hours after treatment. Thiruvalluvar University, Amongst the fractions tested, fraction ‘F’ showed one hundred per cent mortality against third instar Vellore 632 115, larvae of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus at 100 ppm and LC50 values Tamil Nadu, India. were 36.76, 26.85 and 32.60 ppm respectively. In conclusion, the bioassay result of the present study Marimuthu Govindarajan indicated the larvicidal property against vector mosquitoes of fractions of Sphaeranthus indicus ethyl Unit of Vector Control, acetate whole plant extract, especially for the ‘F’ fractionated group. Future research to extract a pure Phytochemistry and compound of the active fractionated group should be explored to find a new highly efficient larvicidal Nanotechnology, substance. Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Keywords: Sphaeranthus indicus, ethyl acetate fractions, larvicidal activity, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles Annamalainagar 608 002, stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus Tamil Nadu, India. Ranganathan Babujanarthanam Introduction Department of Biotechnology, Man could land on Mars but failing to outwit a tiny creature i.e. mosquito over centuries. Thiruvalluvar University, Unfortunately, it is possible to say that, presently, in the battle between mosquitoes and man, Vellore 632 115, the mosquitoes have proven to be the great winners. In the history of the world, more people Tamil Nadu, India. would have died from diseases transmitted by mosquitoes than from all the fighting in the Selvaraj Vijayanand wars. The world’s most dangerous creature is in fact the mosquito. Mosquitoes referred to as Department of Biotechnology, “flying syringes” can transmit more diseases than any other group of arthropods. WHO [1] has Thiruvalluvar University, declared the mosquitoes as “public enemy number one”. These tiny assassins have the Vellore 632 115, [2] Tamil Nadu, India. potential and lethal capacity to affect and kill millions of people throughout the world . Several mosquito species belonging to genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex are vectors for the pathogens of various diseases like dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, malaria, filariasis and Correspondence Japanese encephalitis [3-5]. Mosquitoes (Class Insecta: Order Diptera: Family Culicidae), Dr. Subramanian Arivoli classified into two subfamilies Anophelinae and Culicinae, are cosmopolitan insects. A Assistant Professor Department of Zoology, number of members of this very diverse family are considered medically important as vectors Thiruvalluvar University, of viruses and parasites associated with diseases that have been emerging as a threat in relation Vellore 632 115, to global warming and environmental change [6]. Tamil Nadu, India. Mosquito control, in view of their medical importance, assumes global importance. Vector ~ 18 ~ International Journal of Mosquito Research control is by far the most successful method for reducing friendly products to manage different mosquito species [45-65]. incidences of mosquito-borne diseases [7]. Chemical pesticides In the quest for alternative natural biological control agents are proved to be effective in mosquito control program. In the against mosquito larvae, the present paper reports on the context of ever increasing trend to use more powerful larvicidal activity of fractions of Sphaeranthus indicus ethyl synthetic insecticides to achieve immediate results in the acetate whole plant extract against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles control of mosquitoes, an alarming increase of physiological stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). resistance in the vectors and its increased toxicity to non- Sphaeranthus indicus Linnaeus. (Asteraceae) (Figure 1) target organism are noteworthy [8]. However, high cost of commonly called as mundi in Hindi and Sanskrit and kottai synthetic pyrethroids, environment and food safety concerns, karantai in Tami [66] is distributed throughout the plains and unacceptability and toxicity of many organophosphates and wet lands in India, Sri Lanka and Australia [67, 68]. The plant is organochlorines, and a global increase in insecticidal cultivated all over India for its medicinal values [69]. resistance, have argued for stimulated research towards the Traditionally the plant is used for treatment of rheumatic development of potential insecticides of botanic origin [9, 10]. arthritis [70, 71] and several tribal population in Northern India Thus, the Environmental Protection Act in 1969 has framed a use the plant to cure diabetes [72]. In folk medicine, the plant is number of rules and regulations to check the application of used for treating epileptic convulsions, mental illness and chemical control agents in nature [11]. Many developed and hemicranias [73]. The juice of the plant is styptic and said to be developing countries are searching environmentally safe useful in liver and gastric disorders [74]. Further, the plant is products for vector control program. This has led to also used in homeopathic medicine for the treatment of intensified search for tools that demonstrate eco-friendliness insomnia, epilepsy, tetanus and muscle spasms [75, 76]. It is and target specificity and this has been found with plant used indigenously in Indian system of traditional medicine to extracts otherwise known as botanicals. The use of plant treat tuberculosis, spleen diseases, anaemia, bronchitis, products is one of the best alternatives for mosquito control elephantiasis, piles, asthma, leucoderma and pain of uterus and many plant products have been tried in earlier days before and vagina [68, 77-79]. The paste of the plant is used as an the discovery of chemical pesticides [3]. Hence, the search for external application for treating oedema, arthritis, filariasis, herbal preparations and pure compounds that do not produce gout and cervical adenopathy [79]. Besides, the plant is used to adverse effects in the non-targeted organisms, along with the treat jaundice, cough, hepatopathy, gastropathy, hernia, benign environmental characteristics, remain a top priority haemorrhoids, helminthiasis, dyspepsia, skin diseases, research for scientists associated with the development of hepatitis, indigestion, dysentery, bowel complaints and also alternative vector control measures [12, 13]. serves as a nerve tonic [76, 79]. Many plant species are known to possess biological activity The plant also possesses antimicrobial [80, 81], antiviral [82], that is frequently assigned to the secondary metabolites [14]. antibacterial and antifungal [83], anthelmintic [84], Phytochemicals are naturally occurring insecticides obtained neuroprotective [85], hepatoprotective and antioxidant [86], from floral resources. The active toxic ingredients of the plant antiulcer [87], antihyperlipidemic [88], wound healing [89], anti- extracts are secondary metabolites endowed to protect them inflammatory [90, 91], antidiabetic [92], immunomodulatory and from herbivores. Some of their functions include the blockage immunosuppression [93], antiallergic [70,71], analgesic, of calcium channels in the cell membrane, hormonal antipyretic [94], antioxidant [95] and anticancer [96] properties. imbalance and disruption of molecular events of Some of the phytochemical constituents present in the plant morphogenesis. Applications of
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