DOCSLIB.ORG

Report Number 15 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Report Number 15 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Pest Management Report Number 15 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Summary of forest health conditions in British Columbia. - - 2001 - Annual. Vols. for 2012- issued in Pest management report series. Also issued on the Internet. ISSN 1715-0167 = Summary of forest health conditions in British Columbia. 1. Forest health - British Columbia - Evaluation - Periodicals. 2. Trees - Diseases and pests - British Columbia - Periodicals. 3. Forest surveys - British Columbia - Periodicals. I. British Columbia. Forest Practices Branch. II. Series: Pest management report. SB764.C3S95 634.9’6’09711 C2005-960057-8 Front cover photo by Joan Westfall: Pine needle sheathminer damage south of Prince George 2016 SUMMARY OF FOREST HEALTH CONDITIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Joan Westfall1 and Tim Ebata2 Contact Information 1 Forest Health Forester, EntoPath Management Ltd., 1-175 Holloway Drive, Tobiano, BC, V1S OB2. Email: [email protected] 2 Forest Health Officer, Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, PO Box 9513 Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC, V8W 9C2. Email: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary ............................................................................................................................................. i Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 3 General Conditions ........................................................................................................................... 7 Damaging Agents of Pines ............................................................................................................... 11 Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae ................................................................... 11 Dothistroma needle blight, Dothistroma septosporum ............................................................ 14 Pine needle sheathminer, Zelleria haimbachi ......................................................................... 16 Pine needle cast, Lophodermella concolor ................................................................................. 17 Neopdiprion sawfly, Neodriprion spp. .................................................................................. 17 White pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola ............................................................................ 18 Western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis ....................................................................... 18 Hard pine stem rusts ............................................................................................................... 19 Elytroderma needle blight, Elytroderma deformans .............................................................. 19 Damaging Agents of Douglas-fir ..................................................................................................... 20 Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae ..................................................................... 20 Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis ......................................................... 22 Laminated root disease, Phellinus weirii ................................................................................ 23 Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata ................................................................... 24 Damaging Agents of Spruce ............................................................................................................. 25 Spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis ................................................................................... 25 Eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana ........................................................... 27 Damaging Agents of True Fir ........................................................................................................... 28 Western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus ................................................................. 28 Two-year-cycle budworm, Choristoneura biennis ................................................................ 30 Balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae .................................................................................. 31 Damaging Agents of Hemlock ......................................................................................................... 31 Western blackheaded budworm, Acleris gloverana ............................................................. 31 Western hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa ..................................................... 31 Damaging Agents of Larch ............................................................................................................... 32 Larch needle blight, Hypodermella laricis .............................................................................. 32 Damaging Agents of Cedar .............................................................................................................. 33 Yellow-cedar decline ................................................................................................................ 33 Weather related cedar damage ............................................................................................ 33 Damaging Agents of Deciduous Trees .......................................................................................... 34 Aspen (serpentine) leaf miner, Phyllocristis populiella .................................................... 34 Forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria ........................................................................ 36 Venturia blight, Venturia spp. ............................................................................................. 37 Western winter moth, Erannis spp. ................................................................................... 38 Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar ............................................................................................. 39 Birch leafminer, Fenusa pusilla ............................................................................................ 39 Satin moth, Leucoma salicis .................................................................................................. 40 Aspen decline ........................................................................................................................ 41 Septoria leaf spot, Septoria populicola ................................................................................ 42 Cottonwood leaf rust, Melampsora occidentalis ................................................................ 42 Bruce spanworm, Operophtera bruceata ............................................................................. 42 Damaging Agents of Multiple Host Species ................................................................................ 43 Abiotic injury and associated forest health factors ............................................................ 43 Unknown foliage disease ....................................................................................................... 47 Animal damage ....................................................................................................................... 48 Armillaria root disease, Armillaria ostoyae ........................................................................... 50 Unknown defoliator damage ............................................................................................... 51 Miscellaneous damaging agents .......................................................................................... 51 Forest Health Projects ...................................................................................................................... 54 Forest Health Meetings/Workshops/Presentations ................................................................. 68 SUMMARY The 2016 Summary of Forest Health Conditions in British Columbia (BC) is based on forest health data collected from the 2016 provincial aerial overview surveys (AOS) and other BC Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations (FLNRO) sources. The AOS information is the main source for reporting on damaging agents by host tree species. This data can be augmented by detailed helicopter surveys, insect population assessments, pathogen and insect ground surveys, lab examinations of samples and ground observations by trained personnel. Abstracts of special projects, meetings and presentations as well as publications undertaken in 2016 by FLNRO entomologists, pathologists and their associates are included in the final sections of the report. th th Approximately 84% of the province was surveyed between July 6 and September 29 , in 669 hours by 24 surveyors and 11 aircraft companies. Nearly 5.9 million hectares (ha) of damage was mapped. The noted disturbances were caused by at least forty-seven forest health factors affecting many different commercial tree species. This only included damage visible from the elevation at which the AOS is flown, which under-represents some damaging agents, in particular some diseases. Bark beetle mortality continued to be the primary disturbance mapped in BC, with 3.8 million hectares affected. Primarily trace to light intensity western bark beetle infestations totalled 3.3 million hectares; damage was scattered
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pine Shoot Insects Common in British Columbia
    Environment Environnement 1+ Canada Canada Pine Shoot Insects Canadian Service Forestry canadien des Common in Serv~e forits British Columbia David Evans Pacific Forest Research Centre Victoria, British Columbia BC-X-233 PACIFIC FOREST RESEARCH CENTRE The Pacific Forest Research Centre (PFRC) is one of six regional research estab­ lishments of the Canadian Forestry Service of Environment Canada. The centre conducts a program of work directed toward the solution of major forestry problems and the development of more effective forest management techniques for use in British Columbia and the Yukon. The 30 research projects and over 150 studies which make up the research pro­ gram of PFRC are divided into three areas known as Forest Protection, Forest Environment and Forest Resources. These are supported by an Economics, Information and Administrative section and a number of specialized research support services such as analytical chemistry, computing microtechnique and remote sensing. Current research projecu, which focus on the establishment, growth and protection of the foresu, include: forest pathology problems, researd1 0f1 seed and cone insecU and disease, biological control of forest pesU, pest damage monitoring and assessment, seed and tree improvement, regenera­ tion and stand management. ISSN.()705·3274 Pine Shoot Insects Common in British Columbia David Evans Pacific Forest Research Centre 506 Wen Burnside Road. Victoria, British Columbia vaz 1M5 BC·X·233 1982 2 ABSTRACT RESUME This publication is an aid to the identification Ce document aidera a identifier les insectes of pine shoot insects on pines native to British Co­ des pousses du Pin sur les pins indigenes du Colombie­ lumbia.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Insect Conditions in the United States 1966
    FOREST INSECT CONDITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES 1966 FOREST SERVICE ' U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Foreword This report is the 18th annual account of the scope, severity, and trend of the more important forest insect infestations in the United States, and of the programs undertaken to check resulting damage and loss. It is compiled primarily for managers of public and private forest lands, but has become useful to students and others interested in outbreak trends and in the location and extent of pest populations. The report also makes possible n greater awareness of the insect prob­ lem and of losses to the timber resource. The opening section highlights the more important conditions Nationwide, and each section that pertains to a forest region is prefaced by its own brief summary. Under the Federal Forest Pest Control Act, a sharing by Federal and State Governments the costs of surveys and control is resulting in a stronger program of forest insect and disease detection and evaluation surveys on non-Federal lands. As more States avail themselves of this financial assistance from the Federal Government, damage and loss from forest insects will become less. The screening and testing of nonpersistent pesticides for use in suppressing forest defoliators continued in 1966. The carbamate insecticide Zectran in a pilot study of its effectiveness against the spruce budworm in Montana and Idaho appeared both successful and safe. More extensive 'tests are planned for 1967. Since only the smallest of the spray droplets reach the target, plans call for reducing the spray to a fine mist. The course of the fine spray, resulting from diffusion and atmospheric currents, will be tracked by lidar, a radar-laser combination.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects That Feed on Trees and Shrubs
    INSECTS THAT FEED ON COLORADO TREES AND SHRUBS1 Whitney Cranshaw David Leatherman Boris Kondratieff Bulletin 506A TABLE OF CONTENTS DEFOLIATORS .................................................... 8 Leaf Feeding Caterpillars .............................................. 8 Cecropia Moth ................................................ 8 Polyphemus Moth ............................................. 9 Nevada Buck Moth ............................................. 9 Pandora Moth ............................................... 10 Io Moth .................................................... 10 Fall Webworm ............................................... 11 Tiger Moth ................................................. 12 American Dagger Moth ......................................... 13 Redhumped Caterpillar ......................................... 13 Achemon Sphinx ............................................. 14 Table 1. Common sphinx moths of Colorado .......................... 14 Douglas-fir Tussock Moth ....................................... 15 1. Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension etnomologist and associate professor, entomology; David Leatherman, entomologist, Colorado State Forest Service; Boris Kondratieff, associate professor, entomology. 8/93. ©Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. 1994. For more information, contact your county Cooperative Extension office. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Resources Canada / Forest Insect and Disease Survey
    FIDS Report 95-2 Forest Insect and Disease Conditions Kamloops Forest Region - 1994 P. Koot and J. Hodge Canadian Forest Service - Pacific and Yukon Region . Natural Resources Ressources naturelles Ie Il Canada Canada Canadian Forest Service canadien Canada Service des forets Pacific and Yukon Region du Pacifique Region et Yukon Contents Foreword 2 Introduction 3 Summary 5 Pine Pests 7 Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae 7 Western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis 14 Gouty pitch midge, Cecidomyia piniinopis 14 Pine needle diseases, Lophodermella concolor, Hendersonia pinicola, Elytroderma deformans 15 Salt damage 15 Douglas-fir Pests 17 Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis 17 Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae 23 Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata 24 Spruce Pests 25 Spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis 25 Two-year cycle spruce budworm, Choristoneura biennis 26 Spruce weevil, Pissodes strobi 26 Alpine Fir Pests 27 Western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus 27 Balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae 27 Western Hemlock Pests 28 Western hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa 28 Western blackheaded budworm, Acleris gloverana 29 Western Larch Pests 30 Larch needle diseases, Meria laricis, Hypodermella laricis 30 Larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella 30 Multiple Host Pests 30 Black army cutworm, Actebia fennica 30 Deciduous Tree Pests 31 Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar 31 Satin moth, Leucoma salicis 31 A birch leafminer, Lyonetia speculella 31 Aspen leafminer, Phyllocnistis populiella 31 Special Surveys 32 Pests of young stands 32 Acid rain monitoring 35 Other Noteworthy Pests 36 Appendices 39 Foreword This annual report describes and summarizes the status of forest pests and the effects of environmental factors on forests in the Kamloops Forest Region in 1994, and attempts to forecast population trends and highlight pests that are capable of sudden damaging outbreaks with forest management implications.
    [Show full text]
  • New Genus and Species of Yponomeutidae (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea) Associated with <I>Maytenus Boaria</I> Molina (
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida 2018 New genus and species of Yponomeutidae (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea) associated with Maytenus boaria Molina (Celastraceae) from Chile, with descriptions of immature stages and natural history observations Danilo E. Cepeda Universidad de Chile, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Entomology Commons Cepeda, Danilo E., "New genus and species of Yponomeutidae (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea) associated with Maytenus boaria Molina (Celastraceae) from Chile, with descriptions of immature stages and natural history observations" (2018). Insecta Mundi. 1154. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/1154 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. July 31 2018 INSECTA 0647 1–12 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:20515DC8-6F7E-48AE-8F09- A Journal of World Insect Systematics F746941B1BB5 MUNDI 0647 New genus and species of Yponomeutidae (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea) associated with Maytenus boaria Molina (Celastraceae) from Chile, with descriptions of immature stages and natural history observations Danilo E. Cepeda Museo Entomológico
    [Show full text]
  • Aerial Overview 2015C.Pmd
    Resource Practices Branch Pest Management Report Number 15 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Summary of forest health conditions in British Columbia. - - 2001 - Annual. Vols. for 2015- issued in Pest management report series. Also issued on the Internet. ISSN 1715-0167 = Summary of forest health conditions in British Columbia. 1. Forest health - British Columbia - Evaluation - Periodicals. 2. Trees - Diseases and pests - British Columbia - Periodicals. 3. Forest surveys - British Columbia - Periodicals. I. British Columbia. Forest Practices Branch. II. Series: Pest management report. SB764.C3S95 634.9’6’09711 C2005-960057-8 Front cover photo by Kevin Buxton: Larch needle blight near Birk Creek, Kamloops TSA 2015 SUMMARY OF FOREST HEALTH CONDITIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Joan Westfall1 and Tim Ebata2 Contact Information 1 Forest Health Forester, EntoPath Management Ltd., 1654 Hornby Avenue, Kamloops, BC, V2B 7R2. Email: [email protected] 2 Forest Health Officer, Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, PO Box 9513 Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC, V8W 9C2. Email: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary ................................................................................................................................................. i Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Methods ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Field Guide to Diseases and Insect Pests of Northern and Central
    2013 Reprint with Minor Revisions A FIELD GUIDE TO DISEASES & INSECT PESTS OF NORTHERN & CENTRAL ROCKY MOUNTAIN CONIFERS HAGLE GIBSON TUNNOCK United States Forest Service Department of Northern and Agriculture Intermountain Regions United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service State and Private Forestry Northern Region P.O. Box 7669 Missoula, Montana 59807 Intermountain Region 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401 http://www.fs.usda.gov/main/r4/forest-grasslandhealth Report No. R1-03-08 Cite as: Hagle, S.K.; Gibson, K.E.; and Tunnock, S. 2003. Field guide to diseases and insect pests of northern and central Rocky Mountain conifers. Report No. R1-03-08. (Reprinted in 2013 with minor revisions; B.A. Ferguson, Montana DNRC, ed.) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Northern and Intermountain Regions; Missoula, Montana, and Ogden, Utah. 197 p. Formated for online use by Brennan Ferguson, Montana DNRC. Cover Photographs Conk of the velvet-top fungus, cause of Schweinitzii root and butt rot. (Photographer, Susan K. Hagle) Larvae of Douglas-fir bark beetles in the cambium of the host. (Photographer, Kenneth E. Gibson) FIELD GUIDE TO DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS OF NORTHERN AND CENTRAL ROCKY MOUNTAIN CONIFERS Susan K. Hagle, Plant Pathologist (retired 2011) Kenneth E. Gibson, Entomologist (retired 2010) Scott Tunnock, Entomologist (retired 1987, deceased) 2003 This book (2003) is a revised and expanded edition of the Field Guide to Diseases and Insect Pests of Idaho and Montana Forests by Hagle, Tunnock, Gibson, and Gilligan; first published in 1987 and reprinted in its original form in 1990 as publication number R1-89-54.
    [Show full text]
  • Caterpillars on the Foliage of Conifers in the Northeastern United States 1 Life Cycles and Food Plants
    INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Coniferous forests are important features of the North American landscape. In the Northeast, balsam fir, spruces, or even pines may dominate in the more northern forests. Southward, conifers still may be prevalent, although the pines become increasingly important. In dry, sandy areas, such as Cape Cod of Massachusetts and the Pine Barrens of New Jersey, hard pines abound in forests composed of relatively small trees. Conifers are classic symbols of survival in harsh environments. Forests of conifers provide not only beautiful scenery, but also livelihood for people. Coniferous trees are a major source of lumber for the building industry. Their wood can be processed to make paper, packing material, wood chips, fence posts, and other products. Certain conifers are cultivated for landscape plants and, of course, Christmas trees. Trees of coniferous forests also supply shelter or food for many species of vertebrates, invertebrates, and even plants. Insects that call these forests home far outnumber other animals and plants. Because coniferous forests tend to be dominated by one to a few species of trees, they are especially susceptible to injury during outbreaks of insects such as the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, the fall hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria, or the pitch pine looper, Lambdina pellucidaria. Trees that are defoliated by insects suffer reduced growth and sometimes even death. Trees stressed by defoliation, drought, or mechanical injury, are generally more susceptible to attack by wood-boring beetles, diseases, and other organisms. These secondary pests also may kill trees. Stress or tree death can have a negative economic impact upon forest industries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lepidoptera Families and Associated Orders of British Columbia
    The Lepidoptera Families and Associated Orders of British Columbia The Lepidoptera Families and Associated Orders of British Columbia G.G.E. Scudder and R.A. Cannings March 31, 2007 G.G.E. Scudder and R.A. Cannings Printed 04/25/07 The Lepidoptera Families and Associated Orders of British Columbia 1 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................5 Order MEGALOPTERA (Dobsonflies and Alderflies) (Figs. 1 & 2)...........................................6 Description of Families of MEGALOPTERA .............................................................................6 Family Corydalidae (Dobsonflies or Fishflies) (Fig. 1)................................................................6 Family Sialidae (Alderflies) (Fig. 2)............................................................................................7 Order RAPHIDIOPTERA (Snakeflies) (Figs. 3 & 4) ..................................................................9 Description of Families of RAPHIDIOPTERA ...........................................................................9 Family Inocelliidae (Inocelliid snakeflies) (Fig. 3) ......................................................................9 Family Raphidiidae (Raphidiid snakeflies) (Fig. 4) ...................................................................10 Order NEUROPTERA (Lacewings and Ant-lions) (Figs. 5-16).................................................11 Description of Families of NEUROPTERA ..............................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Natural History of the Pine Butterfly, Neophasia Menapia Menapia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Donald W
    United States Forest Blue Mountains Forest Insect and 1401 Gekeler Lane Department of Service Disease Service Center La Grande, OR 97850-3456 Agriculture Wallowa-Whitman National Forest (541) 963-7122 File Code: 3410 Date: March 7, 2018 Dear Interested Readers, This manuscript of pine butterfly life history is a rough draft written by retired Service Center entomologist Donald W. Scott. It is presented in rough draft so that the information contained herein is available for anyone who wishes to consult it. It represents a considerable amount of work, and there is a considerable amount of information in it. However, it has not undergone editing or review. It has not been checked for accuracy, statistical or otherwise, some sections are incomplete, citations and figures have not been checked. It is offered AS IS, READER BEWARE. Don studied the pine butterfly during its outbreak in eastern Oregon on the southern Malheur National Forest from 2008-2012. Don was interested in taking advantage of the outbreak to gain some life history and biological knowledge about this insect that is rarely seen in any numbers. Don took data from 2010-2012 with the assistance of some field technicians, tracking both butterfly measurements as well as tree measurements. In addition, he gathered all of the references to this insect he could find and consulted them to try to build a comprehensive record of knowledge. This document contains a timeline of recorded outbreaks in the west with lengthy excerpts from references to these outbreaks. It also contains a detailed life history with data on parasitoids, predators, defoliation, egg mass, larval size, and much other information about the outbreak.
    [Show full text]
  • Predator to Prey to Poop: Bats As Microbial Hosts and Insectivorous Hunters
    Predator to Prey to Poop: Bats as Microbial Hosts and Insectivorous Hunters A Thesis SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Miranda Galey IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE Dr. Ron Moen, Dr. Jessica R. Sieber September 2020 Copyright © Miranda Galey 2020 Abstract Bat fecal samples are a rich source of ecological data for bat biologists, entomologists, and microbiologists. Feces collected from individual bats can be used to profile the gut microbiome using microbial DNA and to understand bat foraging strategies using arthropod DNA. We used eDNA collected from bat fecal samples to better understand bats as predators in the context of their unique gut physiology. We used high through- put sequencing of the COI gene and 16S rRNA gene to determine the diet composition and gut microbiome composition of three bat species in Minnesota: Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus and M. septentrionalis. In our analysis of insect prey, we found that E. fuscus consistently foraged for a higher diversity of beetle species compared to other insects. We found that the proportional frequency of tympanate samples from M. septentrionalis and M. lucifugus was similar, while M. septentrionalis consistently preyed more often upon non-flying species. We used the same set of COI sequences to determine presence of pest species, rare species, and insects not previously observed in Minnesota. We were able to combine precise arthropod identification and the for- aging areas of individually sampled bats to observe possible range expansion of some insects. The taxonomic composition of the bat gut microbiome in all three species was found to be consistent with the composition of a mammalian small intestine.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, Pholetesor Mason
    ZOOTAXA 1144 Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Pholetesor Mason (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) JAMES B. WHITFIELD Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand JAMES B. WHITFIELD Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Pholetesor Mason (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Zootaxa 1144) 94 pp.; 30 cm. 10 Mar. 2006 ISBN 1-877407-56-9 (paperback) ISBN 1-877407-57-7 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2006 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41383 Auckland 1030 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2006 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) Zootaxa 1144: 1–94 (2006) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA 1144 Copyright © 2006 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Pholetesor Mason (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) JAMES B. WHITFIELD Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. E-mail: [email protected] Table of contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]