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Do the Health Claims Made for Morinda Citrifolia (Noni) Harmonize

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Do the Health Claims Made for Morinda Citrifolia (Noni) Harmonize DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.8.4495 Health Claims Made for Noni and Current Scientific Knowledge MINI-REVIEW Do the Health Claims Made for Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Harmonize with Current Scientific Knowledge and Evaluation of its Biological Effects Rakesh Kumar Gupta1*, Amit Kumar Patel2 Abstract Morinda citrifolia, also known as Great Morinda, Indian Mulberry, or Noni, is a plant belonging to the family Rubiaceae. A number of major chemical compounds have been identified in the leaves, roots, and fruits of the Noni plant. The fruit juice is in high demand in alternative medicine for different kinds for illnesses such as arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure, muscle ached and pains, menstrual difficulties, headache, heart diseases, AIDS, gastric ulcer, sprains, mental depression, senility, poor digestion, arteriosclerosis, blood vessel problems, and drug addiction. Several studies have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and apoptosis-inducing effects of Noni in various cancers. Based on a toxicological assessment, Noni juice was considered as safe. Though a large number of in vitro, and, to a certain extent, in vivo studies demonstrated a range of potentially beneficial effects, clinical data are essentially lacking. To what extent the findings from experimental pharmacological studies are of potential clinical relevance is not clear at present and this question needs to be explored in detail before an recommendations can be made. Keywords: Morinda citrifolia (Noni) inflammation - antioxidant - cancer - DNA repair Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14 (8), 4495-4499 Introduction and roots of Noni plant are scopoletin, octoanoic acid, potassium, Vitamin C, terpenoids, alkaloids, Among the medicinal plants discovered by the anthraquinones (such as nordamnacanthal, morindone, ancestors of Polynesians, Morinda citrifolia (Noni) is rubiadin, and rubiadin-1-methyl ether, anthraquinone one of the important traditional folk medicinal plants that glycoside), linoleic acid, alizarin, amino acids, acubin, have been used for over 2000 years in Polynesia (Morton, L-asperuloside, caproic acid, Caprylic acid, ursolic acid, 1992; Serafini et al., 2011). Noni is commonly referred rutin, carotene, Vitamin A, flavones, glycosides, iridoid to the species M. citrifolia. It is also known by various glycosides, and a putative prexeronine (Pawlus et al., local names such as Nona, Nono, Nuna, Pain Bush, Pain 2005; Akihisa et al., 2007; Alitheen et al., 2010; Gupta et Killer Tree, Cheese Fruit, Forbidden Fruit, Headache al., 2013). Predominantly, fruit contains fatty acids; while Tree, Nino, Pinuela, Hog Apple, Mona, Mora de la India, the roots and bark contain anthraquinones (Alitheen et al., and Wild Pine in various parts of the world. Noni is an 2010). evergreen tree found growing in open coastal regions at sea level and in forest areas up to about 1300 feet above Noni-Based Nutritional Supplementation for sea level. It is often found growing along lava flows. Noni Weight Gain is identifiable by its straight truck, large, bright green and elliptical leaves, white tubular flowers, and its distinctive, Noni-based nutritional supplementation and exercise ovoid, “grenade-like” yellow fruit. The fruit can grow interventions positively affect body composition in size up to 12 cm or more, and has a lumpy surface without side effects and are recommended to be used in covered by polygonal-shaped sections. The seeds, which combination for combating weight gain (Palu et al., 2011). are triangular shaped and reddish brown, have an air sac attached at one end, which makes the seeds buoyant. The Probiotic Potential of Noni Juice mature Noni fruit has a foul taste and odor (Morton, 1992). One study assessed the feasibility of Noni as a raw Morinda citrifolia and its Chemical substrate for the production of probiotic Noni juice by Composition lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum) and bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium longum). Various compounds identified in the leaves, fruits, Changes in pH, acidity, sugar content, cell survival 1Department of Biochemistry, National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal, 2Blood Bank, Apollo Hospital, Indraprastha, Delhi, India *For correspondence: [email protected] Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 14, 2013 4495 Rakesh Kumar Gupta and Amit Kumar Patel and antioxidant properties during fermentation were Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that monitored. All tested strains grew well on Noni juice. consumption of fruits and vegetables may reduce free- L. casei produced less lactic acid than B. longum and radical-induced oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation L. plantarum. Moreover, Noni juice fermented with B. in cigarette smokers (Wang et al., 2009; Bullo’ M et al., longum had a high antioxidant capacity that did not differ 2011). significantly (p<0.05) from that of lactic acid bacteria. Mature Noni fruit had been shown to have antioxidant Finally, they suggested that B. longum and L. plantarum capacity similar to that of navel oranges and tangerines; are optimal probiotics for fermentation with Noni juice Noni leaves similar to that of green tea. Maturation (Wang et al., 2009). increased antioxidant capacity, total phenols, and ascorbic acid content of Noni fruits, and ripening beyond maturity Medicinal use of M. citrifolia decreased all three, suggesting that mature Noni fruits are good sources of dietary antioxidants and thus supports the The Polynesians utilized the whole Noni plant for practices by Pacific traditional healers of using fruits as herbal remedies. The fruit juice of Noni has been in great internal remedies and of Noni manufacturers of processing use in alternative medicine for various illnesses such as Noni products as dietary supplements (Jian et al., 2011). arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure, muscle ached and In one study, the leaves of the Thai Noni/Yor, (Morinda pains, menstrual difficulties, headache, heart diseases, citrifolia Linn showed antioxidant properties, giving IC50 AIDS, gastric ulcer, sprains, mental depression, senility, values of 0.20-0.35 mg/ml, thus concluding the leaves of poor digestion, arteriosclerosis, blood vessel problems, M. citrifolia may have benefit as a food supplement for drug addiction, and various cancers. Scientific evidence antioxidative activities in epidermoid and cervical cancers of the benefits of the Noni fruit juice is limited but there is as compared to Damnacanthal, rutin, and scopoletin some anecdotal evidence for successful treatment of colds (Thani et al., 2010). and influenza (Basar et al., 2010; Gilani et al., 2010). Several polyphenols belonging to the coumarin, flavonoid, and phenolic acid groups, and two iridoids in Anti-inflammatory Activity of Noni Noni juice have demonstrated a mean range free radical scavenging capacity, thus showing antioxidant properties Several polyphenols belonging to the coumarin, (Dussossoy et al., 2011). Flavonoids and phenolics acid groups, and two iridoid As noted earlier, molecular epidemiologic studies have present in Noni juice have demonstrated reduced demonstrated that SAR and LOOH levels in smokers carrageenan-induced paw edema, directly inhibited are significantly higher than in nonsmokers (van et al., cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2 activities and 2004). The results of one trial substantiate the antioxidant inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and properties of Noni juice observed in vitro and in vivo, as prostaglandins E(2) (PGE(2)) in activated J774 cells, well as demonstrate an effect under conditions of oxidative in a dose dependent manner. This study showed that stress produced by heavy smoking (Wang et al., 2009). Noni’s biological effects include anti-inflammatory action It is highly possible that several compounds of different through NO and PGE (2) pathways that might also be polarity may contribute to the antioxidant activity of M. strengthened by anti-oxidant effects (Dussossoy et al., citrifolia fruit juice (Noni). Part of the antioxidant activity 2011). Together, the results suggested that properties may be due to lipid soluble polyphenols, anthraquinones, of M. citrifolia extract should be explored further in α-tocopherol, and β-carotene present in Noni as many order to achieve newer tools for managing painful and natural phytochemicals have been demonstrated to inflammation conditions, including those related to promote antioxidant in cancer cells, including phenolics, oxidant states. Several compounds of Noni juice have also alkaloids, damnacanthal, and flavonoids (Alshawti et been found to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activity al., 2011; Serafini et al., 2011). It has also been reported against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)- that most natural antioxidant compounds often work induced inflammation (1 microg/ear) in mice (Akihisa et synergistically with each other to produce a broad al., 2007). spectrum of effects against free radical attack. Noni and Stress-induced Impairment of Noni and Ischemic stress Cognitive Function Fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (Noni juice) is a Another finding suggested that the administration well-known health drink and has various pharmacological of Noni fruit juice protects brains from stress-induced properties including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory impairment of cognitive function and that this protective effects. One study showed that ingestion of 10% Oral effect may be related to improvement in stress-induced Noni juice (ONJ) by Male ddY mice followed
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