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Section 1: Purpose and Need 1 Purpose and Need NORTHWEST TRAINING AND TESTING FINAL EIS/OEIS OCTOBER 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 PURPOSE AND NEED ..................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1-1 1.2 THE NAVY’S ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND AT-SEA POLICY ..........................................................1-3 1.3 PROPOSED ACTION .....................................................................................................................1-4 1.4 PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR PROPOSED MILITARY READINESS TRAINING AND TESTING ACTIVITIES .................1-4 1.4.1 WHY THE NAVY TRAINS ....................................................................................................................... 1-4 1.4.2 FLEET READINESS TRAINING PLAN ......................................................................................................... 1-5 1.4.2.1 Basic Phase .................................................................................................................................. 1-5 1.4.2.2 Integrated Phase ......................................................................................................................... 1-6 1.4.2.3 Sustainment Phase...................................................................................................................... 1-6 1.4.2.4 Maintenance Phase .................................................................................................................... 1-6 1.4.3 WHY THE NAVY TESTS ......................................................................................................................... 1-6 1.5 OVERVIEW AND STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF EXISTING RANGE COMPLEXES AND TESTING RANGES .................1-8 1.6 THE ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING PROCESS .......................................................................................1-9 1.6.1 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................... 1-9 1.6.2 EXECUTIVE ORDER 12114 ................................................................................................................. 1-10 1.6.3 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS CONSIDERED .......................................................................... 1-10 1.7 SCOPE AND CONTENT ................................................................................................................ 1-11 1.8 RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENTS ........................................................................................ 1-12 LIST OF TABLES There are no tables in this section. LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.1-1: NORTHWEST TRAINING AND TESTING STUDY AREA ........................................................................................... 1-2 FIGURE 1.4-1: FLEET READINESS TRAINING PLAN ................................................................................................................. 1-5 FIGURE 1.6-1: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT PROCESS ......................................................................................... 1-10 PURPOSE AND NEED i NORTHWEST TRAINING AND TESTING FINAL EIS/OEIS OCTOBER 2015 This Page Intentionally Left Blank PURPOSE AND NEED ii NORTHWEST TRAINING AND TESTING FINAL EIS/OEIS OCTOBER 2015 1 PURPOSE AND NEED 1.1 INTRODUCTION Major conflicts, terrorism, lawlessness, and natural disasters all have the potential to threaten national security of the United States. National security, prosperity, and vital interests of the United States are increasingly tied to other nations because of the close relationships between the United States and other national economies. The United States (U.S.) Department of the Navy (Navy) carries out training and testing activities so it can protect the United States from its enemies, protect and defend the rights of the United States and its allies to move freely on the oceans, and provide humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to failed states. The Navy operates on the world’s oceans, seas, and within coastal areas—the international maritime domain—on which 90 percent of the world’s trade and two-thirds of its oil are transported. Most of the world’s population also lives within a few hundred miles of an ocean. The U.S. Congress, after World War II, established the National Command Authority to identify defense needs based on the existing and emergent situations in the United States and overseas that must be dealt with now or may be dealt with in the future. The National Command Authority, which is composed of the President, the Secretary of Defense, and their deputized alternates or successors, divides defense responsibilities among services. The heads (secretaries) of each service ensure that military personnel are trained, prepared, and equipped to meet those operational requirements. Training. Navy personnel first undergo entry-level (or Training and testing activities that schoolhouse) training, which varies according to their prepare the Navy to fulfill its mission to assigned warfare community (aviation, surface warfare, protect and defend the United States and submarine warfare, and special warfare) and the its allies have the potential to impact the community’s unique requirements. Personnel then environment. These activities may trigger train within their warfare community at sea in legal requirements identified in various preparation for deployment; each warfare community U.S. federal environmental laws, has primary mission areas (areas of specialized regulations, and executive orders. expertise that involve multiple warfare communities) The Navy, in cooperation with the U.S. that overlap with one another, described in detail in Coast Guard (USCG), prepared this Chapter 2 (Description of Proposed Action and Environmental Impact Statement Alternatives). (EIS)/Overseas EIS (OEIS) to comply with Testing. The Navy researches, develops, tests, and the National Environmental Policy Act evaluates new platforms, systems, and their (NEPA) and Executive Order (EO) 12114. corresponding technologies. Many tests are conducted The Navy also prepared this EIS/OEIS to in realistic conditions at sea and can range in scale from assess the potential environmental testing new torpedo guidance software to pierside impacts associated with the two calibration testing after a system upgrade to testing categories of military readiness activities explosive sonobuoys at designated test ranges and mentioned above: training and testing. operating areas. Testing activities may occur Collectively, the at-sea areas in this independently of or with training activities. EIS/OEIS are referred to as the Northwest Training and Testing (NWTT) Study Area Throughout this EIS/OEIS, ships and aircraft may be referred to as (Study Area) (Figure 1.1-1, also see “platforms”; weapons, combat systems, sensors, and related Section 2.1 [Description of the Northwest equipment may be referred to as “systems.” Training and Testing Study Area]). expertise that involve multiple warfare communities) that overlap with one another, described in detail in PURPOSE AND NEED 1-1 Chapter 2 (Description of Proposed Action and Alternatives). NORTHWEST TRAINING AND TESTING FINAL EIS/OEIS OCTOBER 2015 Figure 1.1-1: Northwest Training and Testing Study Area PURPOSE AND NEED 1-2 NORTHWEST TRAINING AND TESTING FINAL EIS/OEIS OCTOBER 2015 The land areas and land activities associated with the range complexes and operating areas (OPAREAs) within the Study Area were covered in previous environmental documents (Section 1.9, Related Environmental Documents) and are not part of the analysis in this EIS/OEIS. 1.2 THE NAVY’S ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND AT-SEA POLICY In 2000, the Navy completed a thorough review of its environmental compliance requirements for training at sea and instituted a policy designed to comprehensively address them. The policy, known as the “At-Sea Policy,” directed, in part, that the Navy develop a programmatic approach to environmental compliance for exercises and training at sea for ranges and OPAREAs within its areas of responsibility (U.S. Department of the Navy 2000). Ranges affected by the “At-Sea Policy” are designated water areas and associated air space that are managed and used to conduct training or testing activities. OPAREAs affected by the policy are those ocean areas and associated air space, defined by specific geographic coordinates, used by the Navy to undertake training and testing activities (now referred to as Phase I and described below). To meet the requirements of the policy, the Navy developed the updated Concept of Operations for Phase II (described below) Environmental Planning and Compliance for Navy Military Readiness and Scientific Research Activities At Sea. The Concept of Operations laid out a plan to achieve comprehensive environmental planning and compliance for Navy training and testing activities at sea. Phase I of the planning program. The first phase of the planning program was accomplished by the preparation and completion of individual or separate environmental planning documents for each range complex and OPAREA. The Navy prepared NEPA/EO 12114 documents (Section 1.9) for range complexes in the Northwest (as well as NEPA documents for other OPAREAs in the Study Area) that analyzed training and testing activities. Many of these range complexes and OPAREAs predate World War II and remain in use by naval forces.
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