May 15, 2020 Mary Gates Hall
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May 15, 2020 Mary Gates Hall recorded with distance from a CSO. A Niskin bottle was de- SESSION O-1D ployed at the surface and halocline with a YSI 650 testing pH. Samples were tested for bacterial count and compared EXAMINING ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES with other samples taken after heavy rainfalls. Further re- search will define the trends in river discharge, pH and E.coli for Possession Sound. Session Moderator: Ardi Kveven, Ocean Research College Academy ESSION 11:00 AM to 12:30 PM S O-1D * Note: Titles in order of presentation. EXAMINING ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES The Impact of pH and Combined Sewage Outflow on Escherichia coli Counts in an Estuarine System Amanda McKay, Sophomore, Biology, Public Health, Everett Session Moderator: Ardi Kveven, Ocean Research College Community College Academy Soren McHugh, Senior, Biology, Everett Community College 11:00 AM to 12:30 PM Mentor: Ardi Kveven, Ocean Research College Academy, * Note: Titles in order of presentation. Everett Community College Mentor: Josh Searle ([email protected]) Impacts from Marine Heat Waves on Water Quality in Mentor: Marina McLeod, Mathematics, Ocean Research Possession Sound College Academy Cristian Swift, Junior, Mentor: Katherine Dye, Everett Community College Mentor: Ardi Kveven, Ocean Research College Academy, Everett Community College Along the shoreline of Possession Sound, located in the Mentor: Josh Searle ([email protected]) southern basin of the Salish Sea are 10 outflows of com- Mentor: Marina McLeod, Mathematics, Ocean Research bined sewage systems. Combined sewage systems collect College Academy rainwater, untreated domestic sewage, and industrial wastew- ater within a single sewer line. When heavy rainfall occurs, As climate impacts are amplified in the nearshore regions, these systems overflow and are directed into designated com- the Possession Sound located near the heart of the Salish Sea bined sewage outflows (CSOs), which then empty into the is a key study area of the local marine ecosystem. Systems estuary, releasing E. coli (Escherichia coli) directly into the such as these are very sensitive to fluctuations in tempera- estuarine ecosystem. These CSOs, along with other factors, ture. For example, in 2015, “The Blob,” which was a massive change the pH of the waters within the basin. Preliminary body of abnormally warm water that ranged from California analysis of primary literature suggests a relationship exists north to Alaska, raised salinity and lowered DO causing high between pH and E. coli growth. The pH change affects the mortality rates in a range of taxa. Events such as these are enzyme growth within E. coli. As river discharge fluctuates, referred to as Marine Heat Waves (MHW). In 2019 analy- so does the amount of outflow from the CSOs which then sis of satellite thermal imagery data concluded that another cascades into pH changes at the site closer to the CSOs. The Marine Heat Wave had struck the West Coast displaying tem- guidelines and regulations in place today allow for significant peratures reaching as high as seven degrees Fahrenheit above volumes of sanitary waste to be overflowed into marine sys- average. Additionally, parts of the Salish Sea have observed tems. When river discharge increases, the overall pH within some possible influence of the MHW from the Pacific. In or- the Sound decreases. It was hypothesized that when there is der to determine the localized impact of these Marine Heat a large amount of rainfall that leads to heavy river discharge Waves, I used data from a fixed CTD probe from the Ocean and low pH, there will be more Escherichia coli growth at all Research College Academy were analyzed, focusing on pa- of the sites throughout the Sound. Ocean Research College rameters temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. I hy- Academy students collected bacterial sample data at 12 sta- pothesized that there is a delay of increased temperature from the Pacific due to possible mixing of coastal currents travel- tions in Possession Sound from 2009 to 2019. All data were Undergraduate Research Program 1 www.uw.edu/undergradresearch ing through the Juan de Fuca Strait into the Salish Sea. When source water quality data. It was hypothesized that decreases exploring this data set, I have found that since 2009 average in pH would be observed between 2007 and 2020 in addi- water temperatures have risen, 2019 average temperature is tion to seasonal decreases in pH when river discharge was .4 degrees higher than in 2009, with 2015 having a peak tem- higher. Upwelling in late summer and early fall was expected perature average of 11.5 degrees Celsius, 1.1 degrees higher to correlate with pH decreases. Results show that pH did not than 2009, which aligns with “The Blob” of 2015. Trends change significantly between 2007 and 2020. There was a have shown an increase in average temperature since 2009, correlation between pH and river discharge; however, pH val- with MHWs event being a prevalent factor in rising average ues increased during times of higher river discharge, which temperatures, and lower dissolved oxygen averages. does not support the hypothesis. Future research would in- vestigate pH conditions in relation to marine influences from the Pacific Ocean to test for a more significant correlation SESSION O-1D than with the Snohomish River. EXAMINING ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES SESSION O-1D Session Moderator: Ardi Kveven, Ocean Research College EXAMINING ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES Academy 11:00 AM to 12:30 PM * Note: Titles in order of presentation. Session Moderator: Ardi Kveven, Ocean Research College Academy Monitoring the Effects of Ocean Acidification on the 11:00 AM to 12:30 PM Snohomish River Estuary through Temporal pH * Note: Titles in order of presentation. Changes and Freshwater Influences Maia McGrath, Freshman, Oceanography, Everett Combining Visual and Spatial Data With a Vertical Community College Profile of Eelgrass Beds in Possession Sound Mentor: Ardi Kveven, Ocean Research College Academy, Anabel Baker, Sophomore, Undecided, Everett Community Everett Community College College Mentor: Joshua Searle, English, Everett Community College Mentor: Ardi Kveven, Ocean Research College Academy, Mentor: Marina McLeod, Mathematics, Ocean Research Everett Community College College Academy Mentor: Marina McLeod, Mathematics, Ocean Research College Academy The Snohomish River Estuary, a salt-wedge estuary in Pos- Mentor: Josh Searle, ORCA, Everett Community College session Sound and the central Salish Sea, is predisposed Mentor: Katherine Dye, Everett Community College to the development of low-pH conditions due to multiple biogeochemical processes, such as water column circula- Eelgrass beds in central Salish Sea are critical components of tion, seasonal upwelling, freshwater influences, and anthro- healthy ecosystems that are vulnerable to anthropogenic im- pogenic stressors from the Everett region. Tracking the pacts. This study utilized two locations in Possession Sound influence of freshwater sources on temporal pH trends in to monitor water chemistry within and near two different eel- Possession Sound is key to understanding the effects of grass beds; one unmapped, and one established. The study ocean acidification on the Snohomish River Estuary. The compared these two locations and investigated the impact of study was conducted through the Ocean Research College location on water chemistry within the bed. Data-sharing and Academy (ORCA), a high-school and community college collaboration with the Samish Indian Nation Department of dual-enrollment program, which enables students to build Natural Resources’ work on eelgrass beds in Fidalgo Bay upon long-term datasets collected by the program since 2007. provided a broader scope into regional differences within the To investigate ocean acidification effects, ORCA students central Salish Sea. This study was conducted by Ocean Re- deployed YSI 650 and EXO Sonde probes at four sites search College Academy (ORCA) students at eelgrass beds throughout Possession Sound to gather vertical profiles of in Possession Sound located near Mukilteo and Hat Island. pH, temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen from 2007- The study ran from October 2019 to spring 2020, and utilized 2020. River discharge data from the U.S. Geological Survey’s background data from past studies to inform studies at the (USGS) Monroe, WA station were used to measure fresh- bed near Mukilteo. Data were collected using a combination water influence.. Freshwater pH, temperatures, conductiv- cast of a camera collecting visual data and a CastAway CTD, ity, and dissolved oxygen from various sites around the Sno- which collected vertical profiles of salinity and temperature homish River Basin were taken as reference from the Sno- at recorded geographic coordinates. Data were collected dur- homish County Surface Water Management Group’s open ing a free drift across the eelgrass bed. An EXO Sonde was 2 temporarily installed in the bed to collect chlorophyll and tur- spring and summer, and Nitrates were higher in the fall and bidity data in a longitudinal manner. The study primarily winter. Phytoplankton appeared to be greatest in the spring, explored how location impacts the water chemistry eelgrass with 2014 and 2018 having the largest blooms. Over time, nu- beds in central Salish Sea both within the bed and within a re- trient levels changing can greatly affect the marine ecosystem gion. Research going forward could study remote beds more in Possession Sound by creating an environment for excess comprehensively using technology previously