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Published Quarterly by The Museum and Library of Maryland History The Maryland Historical Society Winter 1985 THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS, 1985-1986 William C. Whitridge, Chairman* Robert G. Merrick, Sr., Honorary Chairman" Brian B. Topping, President* Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr., Vice President* E. Phillips Hathaway, Treasurer* Mrs. Frederick W. Lafferty, Vice President* Samuel Hopkins, Asst. Secretary/Treasurer* Walter D. Pinkard, Sr., Vice President* Bryson L. Cook, Counsel* Truman T. Semans, Vice President* Leonard C. Crewe, Jr., Past President* Frank H. Weller, Jr., Vice President* J. Fife Symington, Jr., Past Chairman of the Richard P. Moran, Secretary* Board* * The officers listed above constitute the Society's Executive Committee.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES, 1985-1986 H. Furlong Baldwin H. Irvine Keyser II (Honorary) Mrs. Emory J. Barber, St Mary's Co. Richard R. Kline, Frederick Co. Gary Black Hon. Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. John E. Boulais, Caroline Co. Robert G. Merrick, Jr. J. Henry Butta Michael Middleton, Charles Co. Mrs. James Frederick Colwill (Honorary) Jack Moseley Donald L. DeVries Thomas S. Nichols (Honorary) Leslie B. Disharoon James L. Olfson, Anne Arundel Co. Jerome Geckle Mrs. David R. Owen C. William Gilchrist, Allegany Co. Mrs. Brice Phillips, Worcester Co. Hon. Louis L. Goldstein, Calvert Co. J. Hurst Purnell, Jr., Kent Co. Kingdon Gould, Jr., Howard Co. George M. Radcliffe William Grant, Garrett Co. Adrian P. Reed, Queen Anne's Co. Benjamin H. Griswold III G. Donald Riley, Carroll Co. Willard Hackerman Mrs. Timothy Rodgers R. Patrick Hayman, Somerset Co. John D. Schapiro Louis G. Hecht Jacques T. Schlenger E. Mason Hendrickson, Washington Co. Jess Joseph Smith, Jr., Prince George's Co. T. Hughlett Henry, Jr., Talbot Co. John T. Stinson Michael Hoffberger Bernard C. Trueschler E. Ralph Hostetter, Cecil Co. Thomas D. Washburne Hon. William S. James, Harford Co. Jeffrey P. Williamson, Dorchester Co.

COUNCIL, 1985-1986 William S. Arnold Louis G. Hecht Mrs. Howard Baetjer II Mrs. Jay Katz Dr. D. Randall Beirne J. Sidney King Dr. George H. Callcott Charles E. McCarthy III Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr. Walter D. Pinkard, Sr. P. McEvoy Cromwell George M. Radcliffe Donald L. DeVries Mary Virginia Slaughter Mrs. Charles S. Garland, Jr. Frederick T. Wehr

J. Jefferson Miller II, Director Barbara Wells Sarudy, Karen A. Stuart, Acting Head Librarian Administrative Director Judith Van Dyke, Education Director Stiles Tuttle Colwill, Curator of the Gallery

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE (ISSN 0025-4258) is published quarterly by The Museum and Library of Maryland History, The Maryland Historical Society, 201 W. Monument St., Baltimore, Md. 21201. Second class postagepaid at Baltimore, Md. and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER please send address changes to the MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 201 W. Monument St., Baltimore, Md. 21201. Composed and printed by Waverly Press, Inc., Baltimore, Md. 21202. i Copyright 1986, The Museum and Library of Maryland History, The Maryland Historical Society. HALL OF RECORDS LIBRARY

LAND Volume 80 ANNAPOLIS, MAR Number 4 •RICAL Winter 1985 ISSN-0025-4258

CONTENTS

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 1984-1985 313

Mary Boccaccio Maryland at the St. Louis World's Fair 347

Carl N. Everstine The Potomac River and Maryland's Boundaries 355

Dennis J. Pogue Calverton, Calvert County, Maryland: 1668-1725 371

John R. Wennersten A Cycle of Race Relations on Maryland's Eastern Shore: Somerset County, 1850-1917 377

Kit W. Wesler An Archaeologist's Perspective on the Ancient Town of Doncaster 383

Fred Hopkins For Flag and Profit: The Life of Commodore John Danels of Baltimore 392

Joseph George, Jr. "A True Childe of Sorrow." Two Letters of Mary E. Surratt ... 402

Book Reviews Carter, Van Home, and Brownell, eds., Latrobe's View of America, 1795-1820; Selections from the Watercolors and Sketches, by Orlando Ridout V • Miller, ed., The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peak and His Family, and Richardson, Charks Willson Peak and His World, by Gary L. Browne 406

MARYLAND MAGAZINE OF GENEALOGY Joan R. Challinor "A quarter taint of Maryland blood": An Inquiry into the Anglo/ Maryland Background of Mrs. John Quincy Adams 409

Book Notes Carroll County Genealogical Society, A Guide to Genealogical Research in Carroll County; Peden, Revolutionary Patriots of Harford County, Maryland; Kirby and Parks, Roll Call: The Civil War in Kent County, Maryland; McAllister, Abstracts from the Land Records of Dorchester County, Maryland; Arps, Heirs and Orphans; Wright, Sketches of Maryland Eastern Shoremen; Baltimore County Genealogical Society, Baltimore Cemeteries, Vol. I, by Robert Barnes 420

NEWS AND NOTICES 422 MARYLAND PICTURE PUZZLE 424 INDEX TO VOLUME 80 425 Captain John Daniel Danels c.1783-1855 By Robert Street (1796-1855) Signed and dated, 1822. Oil on canvas. Purchase of the Stiles E. Tuttle Memorial Trust, 76.57.1 Reluctant to give up the lucrative profits of privateering at the close of the War of 1812, several Baltimore captains enlisted their skills in the South American wars of independ- ence. The most notorious. Captain John Daniel Danels of Fells Point, provided three Baltimore-built ships for the Colombian Revolution of 1818, and later served in that country's navy until 1845. He is shown here wearing the ceremonial dress sword of the Colombian Navy. HALL OF RECORDS LIBRARY

ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND

AnnualA • Report-r-k July 1, 1984-June 30, 1985 Museum and Library Maryland History Maryland Historical Society

313

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80, No. 4, WINTER 1985 OFFICERS And Members of the Executive Committee 1984-85 J. Fife Symington, Jr., Chairman Robert G. Merrick, Sr., Honorary Chairman Brian B. Topping, President Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr., Vice President William C. Whitridge, Vice President E. Phillips Hathaway, Vice President Richard P. Moran, Secretary Samuel Hopkins, Vice President Mrs. Frederick W. Lafferty, Treasurer Walter D. Pinkard, Sr., Vice President Leonard C. Crewe, Jr., Past President Truman T. Semans, Vice President Bryson L. Cook, Counsel Frank H. Weller, Jr., Vice President

TRUSTEES 1984-85 H. Furlong Baldwin The Honorable William S. James, Harford Co. Mrs. Emory J. Barber, St. Mary's Co. H. Irvine Keyser II (Honorary) Gary Black, Jr. Richard R. Kline, Frederick Co. John E. Boulais, Caroline Co. Robert G. Merrick, Jr. J. Henry Butta Michael Middleton, Charles Co. Mrs. James Frederick Colwill {Honorary) Jack Moseley Owen Daly II Thomas S. Nichols (Honorary) Donald L. DeVries James L. Olfson, Anne Arundel Co. Leslie B. Disharoon Mrs. David R. Owen Mrs. Philip English Mrs. Brice Phillips, Worcester Co. Jerome Geckle J. Hurst Purnell, Jr., Kent Co. William Gilchrist, Allegany Co. George M. Radcliffe The Honorable Louis L. Goldstein, Calvert Co. Adrian P. Reed, Queen Anne's Co. Kingdon Gould, Jr., Howard Co. G. Donald Riley, Jr., Carroll Co. William Grant, Garrett Co. Mrs. Timothy Rodgers Benjamin H. Griswold III David Rogers, Wicomico Co. Willard Hackerman John D. Schapiro R. Patrick Hayman, Somerset Co. Jacques T. Schlenger Louis G. Hecht Jess Joseph Smith, Jr., Prince George's Co. Edwin Mason Hendrickson, Washington Co. John T. Stinson T. Hughlett Henry, Jr., Talbot Co. Bernard C. Trueschler Michael Hoffberger Thomas D. Washburne E. Ralph Hostetter, Ceci7 Co. Jeffrey P. Williamson, Dorchester Co.

314 Annual Report, 1984-1985 315 COMMITTEES0 1984-1985

Addresses Committee Dr. D. Randall Beirne, Chairman The Rev. R. Douglas Pitt, Vice Chairman Mrs. George C. Alderman C. J. Falkenhan t Mrs. Louis Azrael Walter Fisher Anne A. Carusi G. Luther Washington

Annual Giving Committee Donald L. DeVries, Chairman H. Furlong Baldwin Robert Kershaw L. Patrick Deering Truman T. Semans Ramsey W. J. Flynn Brian B. Topping

Buildings and Grounds Committee Walter D. Pinkard, Chairman Richard C. Riggs, Vice Chairman Richard W. Ayers, Sr. T. Courtenay Jenkins, Jr. Alan Gamse John E. Lewis Arthur M. Gompf Robert E. Lewis

Education Committee Dr. D. Randall Beirne, Chairman Dr. W. Jackson Stenger, Vice Chairman James F. Adomanis Anne A. Carusi Dr. Ann H. Allison Gerson G. Eisenberg Phyllis Bailey Dr. Morgan Pritchett Ludlow Baldwin Mrs. Vernon H. Wiesand

Finance Committee William C. Whitridge, Chairman P. McEvoy Cromwell, Vice Chairman Frank Bonsai, Jr. John E. Motz Jack S. Griswold Truman T. Semans E. Phillips Hathaway John T. Stinson Robert G. Merrick, Jr.

° The Executive Committee and the Committee Chairman constitute the Council. 316 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Gallery Committee Mrs. Howard Baetjer II, Chairman Dorothy Mcllvain Scott, Vice Chairman Harry D. Berry, Jr., Consultant Clair List Mrs. Dudley I. Catzen Mrs. Robert H. McCauley, Jr. Dr. William Freehling Edwin Obrecht Richard L. Goodbar Elisabeth C. G. Packard Louis G. Hecht, Consultant Richard Randall Eugenia Calvert Holland (Honorary) Dr. Arthur Ward Bryden B. Hyde John R. Williams William R. Johnston

Genealogy Committee Jon Harlan Livezey, Chairman Gary E. Myer, Vice Chairman Anna M. Cartlidge (Honorary) Dr. Morgan H. Pritchett Phebe R. Jacobsen Ella Rowe Mrs. Calvin L. Jones Milton Rubincam Edna A. Kanely A. Russell Slagle (Honorary) Denwood N. Kelly Mary Virginia Slaughter Henry R. Kelly Mrs. W. Wallace Symington, Jr. Mary K. Meyer Dr. John Walton (Honorary) William E. Miller George B. Wilson (Honorary) Freeman E. Morgan, Jr.

Library Committee Arthur J. Gutman, Chairman Frederick T. Wehr, Vice Chairman Gloria Allen John Beverley Riggs Dr. Curtis Carroll Davis Sheldon Sandier Richard R. Harwood III (non-voting) Sidney Silber Edna A. Kanely A. Russell Slagle (Honorary) Denwood N. Kelly (non-voting) Charles C. Tharp Jeffrey A. Legum Peter M. Van Wingen Lester S. Levy (Honorary) David T. Warfield Dr. Bayly Ellen Marks Dr. Huntington Williams (Honorary) John Pentz (Honorary)

Maritime Committee George M. Radcliffe, Chairman Philip B. Schnering, Vice Chairman Lewis A. Beck Dr. Fred Hopkins Hugh Benet, Jr. Robert Keith The Honorable Helen Delich Bentley t William B. Matthews, Jr. Donald W. Carroll, Sr. J. Sheridan McClees Randolph W. Chalfant (Honorary) Robert E. Michel, Sr. S. Vannort Chapman t Rolfe Pottberg

t Deceased Annual Report, 1984-1985 317

Dr. Ferdinand E. Chatard J. Dawson Reeder William R. Dorsey III Charles E. Scarlett III Barry L. Dressel (Honorary) Dr. Roy O. Scholz T. Marshall Duer, Jr. Melbourne Smith John Goldsborough Earle Albert Trout Frederick E. Hecklinger L. Byrne Waterman Brian Hope H. Graham Wood

Maryland Antiques Show and Sale Standing Committee Mrs. Jay Katz, Chairman Mrs. Aristides C. Alevizatos Richard L. Goodbar Dudley I. Catzen Mrs. Robert E. Hall Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr. Louis G. Hecht Leonard C. Crewe, Jr. Mrs. John S. Kerns, Jr. Mrs. Hammond J. Dugan III Mrs. Thomas R. Price Mrs. Charles S. Garland, Jr. Mrs. Geary Lee Stonesifer Mrs. Leslie E. Goldsborough, Jr.

Membership Committee Mrs. Jay Katz, Chairman Charles Bagley IV, Vice Chairman P. Raab Christhilf James H. McLean Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr. John P. Paca, Jr. George D. Edwards II Mrs. Timothy Rodgers Mrs. M. Austin Fine W. Cameron Slack Fletcher R. Hall Mrs. Geary Lee Stonesifer, Jr. Mrs. Bryden B. Hyde Andrew J. Young III Mrs. Theodore R. McKeldin, Jr.

Programs Committee Mrs. Dudley I. Catzen, Chairman Mrs. Jay Katz, Vice Chairman Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr. Mrs. John S. Kerns, Jr. Mrs. Gerson G. Eisenberg Oliver Perin Arthur L. Flinner The Rev. R. Douglas Pitt Mrs. Ramsey W. J. Flynn James W. Stevens Louis G. Hecht Joan Healy Wroten Denwood N. Kelly

Publications Committee Dr. George H. Callcott, Chairman Thomas M. Caplan, Vice Chairman Dr. Jean H. Baker Edna A. Kanely James H. Bready Dr. Clementine L. Kaufman Dr. Robert J. Brugger The Honorable William S. James Walter Wickes Brewster, Jr. John K. MacLean Dr. Gary L. Browne Dr. Roland C. McConnell Dr. W. Theodore Diirr Braxton D. Mitchell 318 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

John G. Goellner William A. Sager Dr. Jack P. Greene Arthur W. Sherwood Dr. Chester Gregory Brian Walker Gilbert Gude Henry C. Wheelwright E. Ralph Hostetter

Public Relations Committee Vernon Stricklin, Chairman J. Sidney King, Vice Chairman Mary E. Busch Elmer M. Jackson, Jr. Mrs. Calhoun Bond Richard P. Moran George D. Edwards II Mrs. Brice Philips Mrs. John W. Felton Jerry Turner Jerry Hartman Paul Welsh

Speakers Committee William Arnold, Chairman William H. Shure, Vice Chairman Dr. Jean Clark Mrs. Roy Kinard Mrs. William Page Dame Mrs. Francis C. Marbury Mrs. Raymond Delano, Jr. Richard Molloy Mrs. George Fisher Mrs. Bruce Sanders Arthur L. Flinner Lewis Sheppard John Garber Christopher Weeks Karl W. Gruss

Special Projects Committee Mrs. Hammond J. Dugan III, Chairman Mrs. Jay Katz, Vice Chairman Mrs. Aristides C. Alevizatos Mrs. J. G. McCormick Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr. Mrs. Thomas Price Leonard C. Crewe, Jr. David Rice Mrs. Charles S. Garland, Jr. Timothy Rodgers Mrs. Leslie E. Goldsborough, Jr. Benjamin Shapiro Robert Kershaw Mrs. Geary Lee Stonesifer, Jr. Charles E. McCarthy III

Women's Committee Mrs. John S. Kerns, Chairman § Elizabeth W. Glascock Mrs. Richard A. Moore, Vice Chairman Mrs. Leslie E. Goldsborough Mrs. Aristides C. Alevizatos Eugenia Calvert Holland (Honorary) § Mrs. Marcus M. Bernstein § Mrs. Bryden B. Hyde Mrs. H. Lee Boatwright III Mrs. Jay Katz § Martha Bokel Mrs. Jerome Kidder Mrs. Calhoun Bond Mrs. William G. Kouwenhoven Mrs. Frank C. Brooks Mrs. Louis Piere Mathews

§ Associate Member Annual Report, 1984-1985 319

§ Mrs. Walter Buck Mrs. Allan J. Mead Mrs. James E. Cantler Mrs. Samuel S. Merrick Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr. § Mrs. Nicholas B. Merryman § Anne Cole Cromwell § Mrs. Clarence W. Miles Mrs. William Page Dame § Elizabeth C. G. Packard § Mrs. Curtis Carroll Davis § Mrs. Richard C. Riggs § Mrs. Edward K. Dunn Mrs. William Bland Rush Mrs. Gerson G. Eisenberg § Mrs. John W. Sause, Jr. Mrs. Reid FauntLeRoy Mrs. W. Wallace Symington, Jr. Mrs. Charles S. Garland, Jr. Mrs. J. Richard Thomas § Mrs. W. T. Dixon Gibbs

§ Associate Member 320 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE THE STAFF as of June 30, 1985

Administration J. Jefferson Miller II Director Barbara Wells Sarudy Administrative Director Gaye-Lynn Kline Administrative Assistant Elizabeth McP. Morgan Development Director Cheryl Wells Development Secretary to 7/84 Jean K. Brandau Development Secretary to 5/85 Maryellen Snidero Development Secretary from 5/85 Lynn Satterfield Membership Director Sherri Sweep Public Programs Director Madeline Abramson Public Programs Secretary Ann Egerton Public Relations Director Barbara Gamse Museum Shop Manager * Michelle Jones Museum Shop Assistant Mary Lou Jones Accounting & Data Processing Manager Charmie Mitchell Bookkeeper to 1/85 Tara L. Dorsey Bookkeeper from 1/85 * Louis A. Judges Controller Randall Chaffinch Accounting Clerk Merrill E. Lavine Registrar Jeff Goldman Photo Services * Dr. Gary L. Browne Editor, MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE * William A. Sager Director of Publications * Joyce Ward Gifts-In-Kind Coordinator * Cindy Jones Publications Assistant

Gallery Stiles T. Colwill Chief Curator Gregory R. Weidman Curator of Furniture Jennifer F. Goldsborough Curator of Silver, Ceramics & Glass Judith M. Coram Curator of Textiles Mary Ellen Hayward Curator of Maritime Museum Rosemary Connolly Curatorial Assistant Enolliah B. Williams Gallery Assistant Phyllis S. Williams Gallery Administrative Secretary Brenda Pope Secretary, Maritime Museum

Library William B. Keller Head Librarian Anna R. Bryan Librarian, Reference Division, to 10/84 Francis P. O'Neill Reference Librarian to 10/84; Librarian, Reference Di- vision, from 10/84 Joseph C. Maguire, Jr Reference Librarian/Cataloguer Elizabeth Monocrusos Reference Librarian Helen Mann Library Assistant to 6/85 Donna Ellis Librarian, Manuscripts Division

* Part time Annual Report, 1984-1985 321

Karen A. Stuart Assistant Librarian, Manuscripts Division; Associate Editor, MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Lisa A. Mix Manuscripts Assistant to 3/85 Marcia Miller Manuscripts Assistant from 3/85 Laurie A. Baty Librarian, Prints and Photographs Division, to 1/85 Marcy Silver Assistant Librarian, Prints and Photographs Division, to 1/85; Librarian, Prints and Photographs Division, from 1/85 Mary Mannix Assistant Librarian, Prints and Photographs Division, from 6/85 Gary E. Myer-Bruggey Genealogical Researcher Mrs. Alfred Pruce Genealogical Researcher Susan Wheeler Genealogical Researcher Dr. Ferdinand E. Chatard Consultant, Maritime Manuscripts Denwood N. Kelly Consultant, Numismatics and Philately Dorothy A. Quigley Library Secretary

Education Judith Van Dyke Education Director Nancy B. Martel Education Assistant Ann F. Forbush Education Assistant to 6/85

Building Services Kathleen Timmons Pyatak Building Services Manager to 10/84 Eugene Marciszewski Building Services Manager from 11/84 John McHale Assistant Building Services Manager Donald E. Williams Chief Guard from 9/84 Theresa Jones Administrative Clerk from 11/84 Ellen Grempler Telephone Operator * Warren Timmerman Mail Clerk Hazel McCIinton Housekeeper Dock Scott Maintenance Employee Jerome Washington Maintenance Employee Mildred Bennett Telephone Operator to 11/84 * Sue Thomas Assistant Housekeeper; Guard * Samuel Assero Guard * John L. Hopkins Guard * Lloyd Savage . Guard * James Waddy Guard * H. Clifton Watts, Jr Guard * Earl D. Spruill Guard * Howard F. Eberle Maintenance Engineer from 10/84

The Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe * Dr. Edward C. Carter Editor-in-Chief Dr. John C. Van Home Associate Editor * Jeffrey A. Cohen Assistant Editor for Architectural History Robert J. Block Assistant Editor * Geraldine Vickers Secretary/Transcriber * Linda Carol May Research Assistant

* Part time 322 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOLUNTEERS 1984-85

Annual Giving Mrs. Howard Baetjer II Willard Hackerman Charles Bagley IV Fletcher Hall H. Furlong Baldwin Louis G. Hecht Mrs. Calhoun Bond E. Mason Hendrickson J. Henry Butta Samuel Hopkins Mrs. James E. Cantler Mrs. John S. Kerns, Jr. Mrs. Dudley I. Catzen Robert Kershaw Dr. Ferdinand E. Chatard Charles E. McCarthy III Stiles T. Colwill J. Jefferson Miller II Leonard C. Crewe, Jr. John M. Morgan Clinton R. Daly Eleanor A. Owen Owen Daly II Walter D. Pinkard L. Patrick Deering George M. Radcliffe Leslie B. Disharoon Mrs. Timothy Rodgers Donald L. DeVries Mrs. Chester Schmidt George D. Edwards II Truman T. Semans Mrs. John Felton Vernon Stricklin Ramsey W. J. Flynn J. Fife Symington, Jr. Alan Gamse Brian B. Topping Mrs. Charles S. Garland, Jr. Bernard C. Trueschler Jerome Geckle Thomas D. Washburne Benjamin H. Griswold III William C. Whitridge

Bi-Annual Auction Charles E. McCarthy III, Chairman D. Jeffrey Rice Mrs. Hammond J. Dugan III, Co-Chairman Mrs. Timothy Rodgers Mrs. Charles E. McCarthy III Benjamin Schapiro Mrs. John McCormick Mrs. Brian B. Topping Richard Opfer

Building Services Walter Schamu Arthur M. Gompf Walter D. Pinkard

Education Mrs. Walter Adolph Mrs. Mark Huss Mrs. Harold Adams Mrs. Bryden B. Hyde Mrs. Irving Alter Mrs. Thomas Judkins Mrs. William Arnold Mrs. John S. Kerns, Jr. Mrs. Ben Bates Mrs. Roy Kinard Mrs. Rodney Brooks Mrs. Charles Klein Mrs. Frank Brooks Mrs. Robert Kruhm Mrs. James Cantler Mrs. Francis Marbury Mrs. John Chambliss Helen Maynard Dr. Jean Clark Mrs. John Neale Annual Report, 1984-1985 323

Mrs. William Conkling Mrs. Edmund Nelson Mrs. William Page Dame Mrs. John Nuttle Mrs. Ernest Day Mrs. Roger Powers Mrs. Martin Donner Mrs. Theodore Reith Regina Dunn Sue Rockwood Mrs. J. J. Egan Mrs. Lester Sachs Mrs. Dawson Farber Mrs. Bruce Sanders Mrs. Frank Gallagher Mrs. John Sanders Walter Gantt Mrs. Charles Stieff Mrs. Douglas Goodwin Mrs. Joseph Tubman Mrs. H. J. Grogaard Mrs. Lloyd Wetzler Karl Gruss Anne Williams Mrs. Henry Gutman Kathy Winters Mrs. Morsell Hines Mrs. Henry Wolfe Mrs. John Holland

Education Department Volunteer guide Mrs. Charles Stieff leads a school group in the Darnall Young People's Museum.

France-Merrick History of Maryland Project Dr. Jean Baker William Marbury Dr. D. Randall Beirne Dr. Roland C. McConnell Dr. Gary Browne J. Fife Symington, Jr. Thomas Caplan 324 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Gallery Mrs. Ernest Day Lynn Satterfield Louis G. Hecht Mrs. James Seiler Mimi Kapiloff Karen A. Stuart Murray Lazarus Mrs. Robert J. Thieblot Mrs. Murray Lazarus Eugene E. Zimmerman Madolyn Marschall Robert Zimmerman Mrs. Richard Sarudy

Information Desk Rachel Davis Velva P. Grebe Mrs. L. Patrick Deering Mrs. Murray Lazarus Mrs. F. Markoe Dugan Mrs. H. Vernon Norwood Mrs. George P. Fosque Mrs. Robert Vogel

Library Mrs. G. Maxwell Armor Vivien Klein Isabella W. Athey Elmer Larson Robert W. Barnes Murray Lazarus Mrs. H. Bruce Baty Sally Levasseur Dr. Ferdinand E. Chatard Mrs. W. Carl Lohmeyer Mrs. William Clark Lori Lukac Anne Cohen Henry Madden Michael Collins John Mancini Mrs. Grafflin Cook, Jr. Mary K. Meyer Michael Coursey Mrs. Henry A. Naylor, Jr. Judy Dilworth Henry A. Naylor, Jr. P. William Filby Margaret Neal Ellen Fletcher Pat Parker Eliza C. Funk Mrs. Alfred Pruce Carol Harris A. Hester Rich Kenneth Hartman Ella Rowe Tina Heck Lorraine Sachs Roger S. Hecklinger Eugenia Stalfort Edgar G. Heyl Charles Troy Louise Kerr Hines L. Bryne Waterman Stephen Hyde Susan Wheeler Edna A. Kanely Anne Williams Thomas Keane Eugene E. Zimmerman Denwood N. Kelly

Maritime Lewis A. Beck Brian Hope Margaret E. Beck Robert Keith Frederick W. Brune, Jr. Jack Liskey Steven Dana Bunker J. Sheridan McClees Donald W. Carroll, Sr. George M. Radcliffe Patricia Chester Allen Rawl Dr. Ferdinand E. Chatard Philip Schnering Comm-Tech, Inc. Albert Trout Charles Hacker L. Byrne Waterman John A. Haywaid H. Graham Wood Annual Report, 1984-1985 325 Maryland Antiques Show and Sale (Annual) Mrs. Aristides C. Alevizatos, Chairman Mrs. Charles S. Garland, Jr., Co-Chairman Mrs. Leslie E. Goldsborough, Jr., Co-Chairman Mrs. Jay Katz Mrs. Hammond J. Dugan III Mrs. Calhoun Bond Mrs. Perry J. Bolton Mrs. Reid FauntLeRoy Mrs. Jervis S. Finney Mrs. John C. Stuelpnagel Mrs. Thomas N. Biddison Betty Hollyday Mrs. John S. Kerns, Jr. Mrs. H. Lee Boatwright III Mrs. William G. Kouwenhoven Mrs. Richard A. Moore Mrs. Robert Bentley Offutt Mrs. Peter C. Gerard Mrs. Robert E. Hall Mrs. Robert W. Oster Mrs. Carroll M. Berndt Dudley I. Catzen Mrs. G. Stephen Glover Mrs. John P. Ward Mrs. Robert J. Thieblot Mrs. Curran W. Harvey George D. Edwards II Mrs. Leonie L. Simmons Mrs. William B. Rush Mrs. F. Markoe Dugan Mrs. S. Stevens Sands, Jr. Mrs. Frank C. Brooks Mrs. W. Cameron Slack

Museum Shop Betty Jean Alevizatos Mrs. C. Louis Grim Mrs. Robert Beacham Mrs. Frederick Knoop Mrs. Ernest Bucking Mrs. Bernard Langeluttig Mrs. James Cantler Mrs. Winston Seetoo Holly Dan Joan H. Wroten

Public Programs Leah Barr Constance J. Stevens Mrs. Virgil Carlson Mrs. Thomas Ward Mrs. Murray Lazarus Eugene Zimmerman Francis W. Marbury

Registrar's Office Mrs. Ernest J. Bucking Mrs. Allen C. Hopkins Nelson Coleman & Sons Eugene Zimmerman

Symington Memorial Library of Maryland Sporting Arts Leonard C. Crewe, Jr. Mrs. J. Fife Symington, Jr. Jack S. Griswold Frank H. Weller, Jr. Mrs. Michael Sanger William C. Whitridge 326 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

During the past fiscal year the Maryland Historical Society has continued, with a steady forward momentum, to build its infrastructure in order to bring in-depth programs from its collections to the members of the Society and the Maryland general public. Conducive to our financial well- being and the numerous educational thrusts made possible by our extensive and varied Maryland historical memorabilia, has been the dedication and team work of our President, Director, and versatile staff. It is pleasing to report that the Society is operating within budget, closely supervised by our Administrative Director. Curatorial and staff efforts have produced in quick succession dramatic exhibitions on furniture, Maryland maritime history, prints, and silver, as well as introducing for the first time a Maryland Sporting Arts Collection (DeWitt Sage Sporting Library, paintings and memorabilia on Marylanders engaging in traditional amateur Maryland sporting activities such as waterfowling, upland shooting, fox hunting, racing, etc.). Finally I am pleased to report that our endowment campaign has reached its four million dollar goal. All of the above would have been impossible without the loyal support and intelligent guidance of our volunteer committees to have the responsibility for supervising the many facets in the Museum and Library of Maryland History, The Maryland Historical Society.

J. FIFE SYMINGTON, JR. Chairman of the Board of Trustees Annual Report, 1984-1985 327

J. Fife Symington, Jr. Chairman of the Board of Trustees, 1978-1985 328 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE DIRECTOR'S REPORT

Fiscal year 1984-85 was one of change for the Maryland Historical Society. Three new people had assumed key positions in June of 1984. Barbara W. Sarudy became the Administrative Director, Elizabeth McP. Morgan took over as Director of Development, and I began as Acting Director. In a short time the Society's experienced staff was working with the newcomers. Romaine Somerville, on her retirement, had left a solid organization in place and thus made the transition comparatively simple. Barbara Sarudy and I were indeed fortunate to have Gaye-Lynn Kline as our Administrative Assistant. Gaye-Lynn did a marvelous job in bringing order out of chaos in our always hectic administrative offices. The Society's officers. Board, and Committee Chairmen provided valuable advice and complete cooperation during the change over. President and Chief Executive Officer, Brian B. Topping and Chairman of the Board of Trustees, J. Fife Symington, Jr. were particularly helpful and throughout the year were involved with the Society's affairs on a day to day basis. The most immediate problem was our budget. The prior fiscal year had ended with a pronounced deficit. Through a series of carefully planned moves Mrs. Sarudy turned things around and this year ended, as you will note, with a positive balance. The savings realized during Fiscal 1984-1985 enabled us to clear a number of deficits in special funds. The Annual Giving Campaign mounted by Director of Development Elizabeth Morgan was a success, thus contributing to the year's good financial results. There were numerous changes and accomplishments during the year, many of them implemented by Mrs. Sarudy. A mere listing of these steps indicates the breadth of the administrative sweep. In no special order, the following measures were taken: A new employees' benefits package was adopted. A new computer system was purchased. A new phone system was installed. A major part of the air conditioning system was replaced. New guidelines for temperature and humidity control were adopted. New job descriptions were written for the staff. A new purchase and inventory system for supplies was introduced. A number of special events were held, including an Auction, the Seventh Annual Maryland Antiques Show and Sale, and an outstanding seminar on "Gardening in Early Maryland." Work continued on a new, comprehensive "History of Maryland" which will be published under the auspices of the Society with a grant from Robert G. Merrick. The Library had a busy and productive year. Under the supervision of Head Librarian William B. Keller, the Jack and Arabella Symington Memorial Library for the Sporting Arts was installed in its own quarters on the second floor. This splendid new addition to the Society's holdings was designed by the noted Baltimore architect Charles M. Nes, Jr. Chief Curator Stiles T. Colwill hung the paintings in the Symington Library and provided expert advice on many aspects of the installation. The Library achieved a major technological advance in adopting and becoming part of the Online Computer Library Center, Inc. (OCLC) system. This sophisticated system should speed up catalog- ing and enable our reference librarians to devote more time to our Library's users. The Library mounted a number of special exhibitions including "Colorful Pastimes," a selection of prints from the Robert G. Merrick Collection. There also was an exhibition to celebrate the 105th anniversary of H. L. Mencken's birth and a special exhibition of rare Maryland materials pertaining to Liberian settlement presented in connection with Black History Month. Also, the Library initiated a program of weekly Saturday talks designed to familiarize the public with the various functions and collections of our Library. During the year the Library received many gifts of books, manuscripts, prints and photographs. Especially important was a donation of a complete collection of Federal Migratory Bird Hunting Permit Stamps and accompanying prints. This collection was presented to the Society by Mrs. Fenwick Keyser in memory of her husband. In June of 1985 William Keller left the Society and Karen Stuart was appointed Acting Head Librarian. The Gallery, under the excellent leadership of Chief Curator Stiles T. Colwill, had a banner year. Major acquisitions included portraits of Mr. and Mrs. Richard Lawson by Charles Peale Polk, purchased on behalf of the Abrams Memorial Fund. These splendid oil paintings are of added interest as Lawson was a Baltimore cabinetmaker. Also purchased was a large oil painting of "Duck Hunting On The Susquehanna Flats." A rare labeled John Needles cellarette was added to the Annual Report, 1984-1985 329

George M. Radcliffe, Chairman of the Maritime Committee, Dr. Mary Ellen Hayward, Curator of the Maritime Museum, and Director J. Jefferson Miller II at the opening of the reinstalled exhibit, "Maryland's Maritime Heritage."

collections through the Mary Washington Newhall Memorial Purchase Fund. A recently purchased silver epergne/candelabrum is perhaps the single most expensive piece ever made by the Baltimore silversmith A.E. Warner, and was obtained through various purchase funds. Gifts to the Society included: a portrait of Joseph Haskins by St. Memin, given by Mr. William Downes; a tassel inlaid Federal Baltimore sideboard, given by Judge & Mrs. William Evans; the 1833 portrait of Governor Thomas Swann by Henry Inman, given by Mr. Sherlock Gillet. An extremely important donation of Maryland silver and accompanying manuscript material was received during the year. This gift included 42 pieces of silver given by the Kirk Museum Foundation and a large number of account books, design drawings, and other records of the Kirk Silver Company dating from the early 19th century to the early 20th century, given by the Kirk-Stieff Company. A number of special exhibitions were held. One of the most important shows the Society has presented in recent years was "Masterpieces of Maryland Furniture 1770-1870." Accompanying this exhibition was a splendid scholarly catalog written by the Society's Associate Curator, Gregory Weidman, who also supervised the installation of the special exhibition. Another important exhibition was "The Watercolors of Benjamin H. Latrobe," mounted to celebrate the publication oi Latrobe's View of America, 1795-1820. This volume in the continuing series of Latrobe Papers publications was published by the Yale University Press for the Maryland Historical Society. In October 1984 the Society's completely new Radcliffe Maritime Museum had a festive opening. Here, for the first time, our important collection of items relating to Maryland's maritime history was given a proper showcase. This scholarly, dramatic installation was the work of Assistant Curator Dr. Mary Ellen Hayward. Another Maritime event was a special loan exhibition from the Peabody Museum of Salem, "Dogwatch and Liberty Days," which opened in March. Also initiated was a series of Saturday Gallery Talks, each dealing with one aspect of the Collections. These informal programs are proving very successful. The Registrar's Office had a busy year. In addition to processing 64 loan transactions of about 600 objects, and 550 gifts from 100 donors, Merrill Lavine, Registrar, and Rosemary Connolly, 330 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Assistant Registrar, worked closely with the Gallery staff on many Gallery projects and on the special exhibitions that were held. The Education Department under the leadership of Director of Education Judy Van Dyke conducted programs for a varied constituency. Utilizing a group of forty-six well trained tour guides 1,066 tours were conducted throughout the year for elementary and secondary students, adult groups and special interest groups. Programs also were held for disadvantaged inner city students, hospitalized children, and gifted and talented Baltimore County students. At the beginning of the year a number of Society functions were combined in a Department designated as Public Programs and Information. The Department's multiple responsibilities in- cluded Public Relations under Ann Egerton and Public Programs under Sherri Sweep. Madeline Abramson served as coordinating secretary. Some of the activities these staff members were concerned with were the Antiques Show and Sale, the Auction, lecture programs, trips (local and foreign) and the openings of exhibitions and special events. A large part of the Department's work involved recruiting and scheduling volunteers who worked as Library assistants, receptionists and guides. Our volunteers, who are absolutely essential, contributed nearly 12,000 hours of time to the Society during the past year. Membership held steady during the year at about 6,500. Lynn Satterfield, Membership Coordi- nator, concentrated on placing her membership rolls on our new computer. The always difficult areas of security and maintenance were capably handled by Gene Marci- szewski, Building Services Manager, and John McHale, Assistant Building Services Manager. Mr. Marciszewski and Mr. McHale are faced with ever-changing problems involving the protection of our collections and the upkeep of our plant. Their strong dedication to the Society has proved of great value. The business office, always so important to the Society, continued under the very able manage- ment of Mary Lou Jones, Accounting Manager. A decision was made to convert to a new computer system. By the end of the past year a new system had been purchased and the office staff was ready to begin the difficult task on converting to a fine new computer. The Society's Shop, with Barbara Gamse as Manager, lived up to its reputation as Baltimore's premier Museum store. The Shop's extraordinary merchandise—both new and antique—delighted many visitors. To conclude, the year 1984-85 was a successful one. Our primary concentration was on improving our internal organization. This done, we are looking forward to the coming year.

J. JEFFERSON MILLER II Director Annual Report, 1984-1985 331 PRESIDENT'S REPORT

By almost any measure, the year ended June 30, 1985 was a successful one for your Society. Both membership and attendance at Society functions exceeded prior year totals while a highly successful Annual Sustaining Fund Campaign, combined with stringent cost controls, enabled the Society to close the year with an operating surplus. Again in 1985, the Society's Council and its constituent Committees provided the volunteer leadership and direction which makes the Maryland Historical Society unique. Volunteers active in all areas of the Society's programs augment the professional staff and allow our Educational, Gallery, Library, and Publications functions to have an impact far larger than that possible from our limited operating budget. Thousands of hours devoted by our volunteers to the Society's main programs bring to the Society the collective experience and wisdom necessary for our continued success. Space does not permit a complete chronicling of all Committee and volunteer activities but a series of brief highlights may provide an indication of the many and varied contributions: The Addresses and Programs Committee is the mid-year combination of two standing committees now charged with responsibility of overseeing the endowed lectures and other public programs. During the year the series of endowed lectures included the following: A talk on Corporate Collecting by Christopher Forbes of the Forbes Foundation representing the Morris Schapiro lecture, a day-long seminar in April on Maryland Gardens representing the Bernard C. Steiner lecture, and a talk by Dr. Edward Carter on the Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe in May representing the William and Sarah Norris lecture. The Committee also organized and conducted the 1985 Maryland Day Seminar, the third annual day-long program on Maryland history co-sponsored by the Society and Preservation Maryland. The March program was attended by 350 people from Baltimore and surrounding Maryland counties. The Committee also reports the receipt of a substantial gift from the Estate of Miss Alice Diggs to endow a new series, the "A. Helen Diggs Memorial Lectures," which are to focus on "such subjects as antique furniture, antique silver, old houses, or other antiques." The Annual Giving Committee, assisted by 35 volunteer solicitors, reports record Annual Giving participation by corporations, foundations, and individuals with a total sustaining gift to the Society 46% higher than that received a year ago. The Buildings and Grounds Committee had an extremely active year during 1985 including among its achievements the replacement of the Society's air-conditioning system and the conver- sion of that system from steam power to electrical power, and the initiation of a long-run facilities plan to provide adequate and attractive space for our various operating departments. The Education Committee continued its program of providing guided tours of the Museum and Library to secondary school students and other interested groups. Additionally, the Committee oversaw the publication of a series of biographies of distinguished Marylanders designed for use in the school system. The Committee also participated in the Greater Baltimore History Fair and presented prizes to the winners. The series of Summer Workshops were over-subscribed and plans have been drawn for a series of lectures/workshops on Maritime subjects for the Fall of 1985. The Gallery Committee reports that it had a "stupendous year" beginning with the opening of the critically acclaimed exhibition "Masterpieces of Maryland Furniture" which accompanied the publication of Gregory Weidman's scholarly work Furniture in Maryland. Later in the year an exhibition of 80 watercolors from the Latrobe Collection was mounted to coincide with the publication oi Latrobe's View of America, a catalogue raisonne published for the Society by the Yale University Press. At year end the Committee's focus was on the reinstallation of the decorative arts collections, a major undertaking scheduled for completion in September. The Genealogy Committee financed the acquisition of an OCLC computer terminal for use in the Library. The Committee also initiated planning for a jointly sponsored genealogical conference in 1987, to be entitled "Maryland In Depth." The Library Committee exhibitions included the annual selection of prints from the Merrick Collection and the development of an exhibit to honor the 105th birthday of H. L. Mencken and our hosting of a national meeting of the Mencken Society. In addition, the Committee reports receipt of two substantial collections, the Froehlicher Collection of Sporting Books, donated by Mrs. Frances Froehlicher, and the Fenwick Keyser Collection of original Duck Stamp Prints and Duck Stamps given in the honor of the late Mr. Keyser by Mrs. Barbara Keyser. These collections are eventually to be sold with the proceeds to 332 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE be restricted to the creation of a special acquisition fund for the Library. The Committee hopes that these gifts will encourage others to donate collections of books and prints to be either incorporated into the collections or disposed of and used for future acquisitions. The Membership Committee reports an 8.5% increase in total memberships since year end 1984. The Committee also assisted in the development of a new membership brochure and, with the revision, an updating of our promotional materials. The Maritime Committee had one of its most active years in 1985. The highlight of the year was the October 4, 1984 opening of the reinstalled Radcliffe Maritime Museum in a permanent exhibit entitled "Maryland's Maritime Heritage." The opening culminated four years of work to plan, fund-raise, design, and install the new maritime exhibit funded in large part by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Many generous private donors also contributed to the success of the project as well as the numerous and invaluable maritime volunteers, without whose help it would not have been possible. To accompany the exhibit, the Maritime Committee authorized the publication of a 32-page illustrated booklet which has won an Award of Merit for museum publications from the American Association of Museums. Additionally, a spectacular slide presen- tation, outlining Maryland's Maritime Heritage, was completed in time for the opening. The Committee also reports the successful nomination of Maryland's skipjack fleet to the National Register of Historic Places and the designation of the skipjack as the Maryland State Boat. It is hoped that the National Register status will help increase public awareness of the skipjack and its importance as a symbol of a special Maryland way of life. The Publications Committee initiated planning for the creation of a $250,000 to $500,000 endowment to be used to underwrite the publication of major works in history and culture of the State. It is estimated that this endowment, when raised, would provide for the publication of between three and five major volumes each year. The Committee has also undertaken a major review of the Maryland Historical Magazine to assure that it becomes one of the finest state journals in the nation. The Committee reports that Professor Edward C. Carter's multi-volume edition of the Benjamin Latrobe Papers, now in its sixth volume, continues to win international acclaim, and that Professor Robert Brugger's two- volume history of Maryland is proceeding ahead of schedule. The Public Relations Committee continued its program of informing the public of the Society's activities with concentration on the Annual Antiques Show and Sale and the openings of our various exhibitions. The Speakers Committee reports that its members presented 42 talks to 1,907 people in Baltimore city and six surrounding counties. Eleven different speakers participated during the year. Since the initiation of the Speakers Program in September of 1979, some 345 presentations have been made to over 16,000 people in Baltimore city and 20 Maryland counties. The Special Projects Committee devoted its 1985 efforts to the Benefit Auction held at the Society on April 12th. The event was both an artistic and financial success, with 275 members and guests enjoying both the buffet supper as well as spirited bidding on the many donated items. The Auction raised over $15,000 for the Society's general fund. The Women's Committee also had an active year in 1985. It sponsored a trip to Nemours, the DuPont Home in Wilmington as well as an over-subscribed trip to the Corcoran Gallery in Washington to view the exhibition "Louis XIV, the Sun King" in December. In January, the Committee again sponsored a joint Museum Day, this time with the Walters Art Gallery. The Committee also provided catering services for many of our openings and other special events. A new Committee was organized in 1985, the Standing Committee for the Antiques Show which will function as the planning body for the Society's Annual Midwinter Antiques Show and Sale which, as you know, is our major fund raising activity. 1985 marked the first year of Jeff Miller's term as Director of the Maryland Historical Society. Jeff, who had served as Trustee and a Member of our Gallery Committee, was the unanimous choice of the Search Committee to succeed Romaine Somerville, who had retired in June of 1984. Jeffs years of museum experience with the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, together with his scholarly training, personal interest in collecting, and his many contacts in the museum and academic worlds were of immense value to the Society during the past year. 1985 also marks Fife Symington's final year as Chairman of the Society's Board of Trustees. Fife's contributions to the Society have been crucial to its growth and progress over the past decade. He has organized and spearheaded our County Trustee system and the coordination necessary to integrate the Society's state-wide programs with the 23 county governments and their residents. Annual Report, 1984-1985 333

He has also chaired our just completed Endowment Campaign which added over $4,000,000 to our permanent Endowment and assured our fiscal stability for years to come. Fife and his wife Marsie were largely responsible, with help from Leith and Ben Griswold, for the gift which made possible the Jack and Arabella Symington Memorial Library for the Maryland Sporting Arts which opened with its initial exhibition during 1985. The Library represents a new avenue for the expansion of our collections of sporting arts related materials. Additionally, it lends a focus to an element of Maryland's history and culture which has heretofore gone largely unrecognized. The new Library is indeed a welcome addition to our facilities. Finally, let me close with a welcome to Bill Whitridge who was elected Chairman of the Board of Trustees on October 22nd. Bill has large shoes to fill, but I am sure he is up to the task.

BRIAN B. TOPPING President 334 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

With grateful appreciation, we list those members and friends who have made contributions to the Society from July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985.

BENEFACTORS Mr. and Mrs. James F. Colwill Annie Linn Armor Commercial Credit Companies Mr. and Mrs. Howard Baetjer II Mr. and Mrs. John P. Coulter The Summerfield Baldwin, Jr. Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Donald L. DeVries Baltimore Gas & Electric Company Ferdinand Eberstadt Fund, Inc. Alex. Brown & Sons Mr. and Mrs. Louis L. Goldstein Bruce Ford Brown Charitable Trust Hermen Greenberg The Frank D. Brown, Jr. Charitable Trust Grumman Aerospace Corporation Buckingham School of Frederick The Sidney Hechinger Fund C & P Telephone Company The Hecht-Levi Foundation, Inc. Commercial Credit Company Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Hollander, Jr. Mr. amd Mrs. Leonard C. Crewe, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Hopkins General Elevator The Harley W. Howell Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Howard Head The John J. Leidy Foundation Ens. C. Markland Kelly, Jr. Foundation Mr. and Mrs. George Linthicum III Maryland Genealogical Society The Dr. Frank C. Marino Foundation Mercantile Safe Deposit & Trust Company Maryland National Bank Mr. and Mrs. William S. Merrick The Honorable and Mrs. Charles Mr. and Mrs. J. Jefferson Miller II McC. Mathias, Jr. The Lloyd E. Mitchell Foundation McCarthy-Hicks, Inc. Monumental Corporation Mr. Robert G. Merrick, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John Marshall Morgan Mr. and Mrs. Henry A. Naylor, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Jack Moseley Mr. and Mrs. James L. Olfson The Murray Corporation Mr. and Mrs. John P. Paca Mr. and Mrs. James L. Nace Mr. and Mrs. Timothy E. Parker The Duane and Clementine Peterson Mr. and Mrs. Brice Phillips Foundation The PHH Group Foundation, Inc. Price Waterhouse & Company Mr. and Mrs. Walter D. Pinkard Provident Bank of Maryland T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. Reese Press Mr. and Mrs. Timothy M. Rodgers The Henry and Ruth Rosenberg Foundation The Savings Bank of Baltimore The Rouse Company The Frank G. Schenuit Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Jacques T. Schlenger The Schluderberg Foundation, Inc. Dorothy Mcllvain Scott Mr. and Mrs. Edmund A. Stanley, Jr. The Aaron and Lillie Straus Foundation Claire M. Stieff The Margaret Dorrance Strawbridge Tate Industries Foundation Foundation Tench F. Tilghman Mr. and Mrs. J. Fife Symington, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Brian B. Topping U.S.F. & G. Foundation, Inc. Florence H. Trupp Venable, Baetjer & Howard Union Trust Company of Maryland Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Weller, Jr. Westinghouse Electric Corporation Mrs. G. W. C. Whiting William Cushing Whitridge Whiting-Turner Contracting Company John R. Williams Willard Hackerman Woodward and Lothrop, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Leroy A. Wilbur, Jr. SPONSORS ASSOCIATES A. T. & T Technologies AAI Corporation Amoco Oil Company Alban Tractor Company, Inc. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company Baltimore Life Insurance Company Barton-Gillet Bethlehem Steel Corporation Mr. and Mrs. J. Pierre Bernard Black & Decker Manufacturing Bibb Heating & Equipment Company The Carski Foundation Mr. John E. Boulais The Aaron Catzen Foundation Broadview Management Company, Inc. Annual Report, 1984-1985 335

The Jack and Arabella Symington Memorial Library for the Maryland Sporting Arts.

Brooks Buick, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. E. Ralph Hostetter Casey, Miller, Brooks & Burns IBM Corporation S. M. Christhilf & Son, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Bradford McE. Jacobs Citibank of Maryland Mr. and Mrs. Morton Katzenberg Hugh F. Z. Cole, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Keller John S. Connor, Inc. Charles A. Knott D. P. Associates, Inc. The Kirk-Stieff Company Leslie B. Disharoon Koppers Company, Inc. Dr. Rhoda M. Dorsey Mr. and Mrs. William G. Kouwenhoven John L. Due Mr. and Mrs. Frederick W. Lafferty Edmunds & Hyde, Inc. John S. Lalley Charles C. G. Evans, Jr. The W. Wallace Lanahan, Jr. Fund First National Bank of Maryland Greta B. Layton Mr. and Mrs. L. McLane Fisher Lee Electric Company The Fleischmann Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Legum The Francis Scott Key Park Foundation Henry H. Lewis Contractors, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. William W. Freehling Mr. and Mrs. William L. Marbury Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Garland, Jr. Mrs. H. Benthall Marshall Jerome Geckle Maryland Casualty Company Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Goodbar McCorquodale Holdings, Inc. Charlotte Ober Goodwin Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, Inc. Dorothy S. Granger The R. E. Michel Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Edward Halle Robert E. Michel, Sr. J. J. Haines & Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Clarence W. Miles Handy & Harman Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Mintz Mr. and Mrs. Louis G. Hecht Mrs. John W. Nicol Mrs. Samuel M. Hecht Noxel Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. E. Mason Hendrickson John J. O'Conor Mr. and Mrs. T. Hughlett Henry, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. David R. Owen MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Mrs. D. Williams Parker Harry D. Berry, Jr. Polk Audio, Inc. William R. Bishop, Jr. The Potomac Edison Company Mr. and Mrs. Gary Black Mr. and Mrs. George M. Radcliffe Dr. Morton K. Blaustein Adrian P. Reed Leo J. Boberschmidt Mr. and Mrs. Francis C. Rienhoff William G. Bodenstein Riggs, Counselman, Michaels & Downes, Inc. Cornelius Combs Bond Mr. and Mrs. George Donald Riley, Jr. Edith B. Bonsai Mr. and Mrs. Morton E. Rome Dr. John E. Bordley Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Rumford II Mr. and Mrs. Lambert G. Boyce, Jr. Stephen Edwin Sanford Thomas R. Brookes, Jr. Schneidereith & Sons, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Frank C. Brooks Mary G. Seller Mr. and Mrs. John H. Brooks Sidney R. Silber Mr. and Mrs. W. Gill Brooks Smelkinson Brothers Corporation Mr. and Mrs. J. Dorsey Brown III The Joseph Smelkinson Foundation Mary R. Brush The Society of Cincinnati of Maryland Mr. and Mrs. Morton Busick Sun Life Insurance Company Mary Cadwalader Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Sprinkle David J. Callard Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Steiner Mr. and Mrs. Brodnax Cameron, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James B. Stradtner William Polk Carey Mrs. W. W. Symington, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. S. Vannort Chapman Mr. and Mrs. Francis C. Taliaferro Dr. and Mrs. Ferdinand E. Chatard Dr. R. Carmichael Tilghman Chesapeake Cadillac-Jaguar Company U. A. W., Region #8 W. E. Chesson Dr. and Mrs. Arthur T. Ward, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Clyde M. Clapp Mr. and Mrs. V. Phillips Weaver Mr. and Mrs. P. Mitchell Coale Mrs. John Campbell White Mr. and Mrs. Jack R. Cobb Betty Washington Whiting Helen Alexander Coggins Ella-Kate Wilson Janella Cohen Arthur Young & Company The Colonial Dames of America Mr. and Mrs. Howard H. Conaway Dr. and Mrs. Joseph Coudon PATRONS Albert H. Cousins, Jr. Irene Call Addicks Margaret 0. Cromwell Mr. and Mrs. J. Howard Adkins Clinton Riggs Daly Alcolac, Inc. Edwin A. Daniels, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Warde Allan Mr. and Mrs. Richard Davison Dr. Ann H. Allison John Deere Industrial Equipment Mr. and Mrs. J. Lyman Anderson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. L. Patrick Deering Virginia Lyon Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Edwin G. Delcher Esther B. Anderton Brig. Gen. and Mrs. James Devereux Mr. and Mrs. John W. Avirett II Eleanor D. Ditzen Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Await Elisabeth J. Dobbin Mrs. Daniel Baker, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. D. W. Dodge Ellen B. Baker Mr. and Mrs. Norton Dodge Mr. and Mrs. Frank Baker, Jr. John Benjamin Drake Mrs. Joseph D. Baker, Jr. T. Marshall Duer, Jr. H. Furlong Baldwin Mrs. Edward K. Dunn, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Morgan Baldwin Mr. H. A. Brown Dunning, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Rignal W. Baldwin The Honorable Alexander R. Early Baltimore Aircoil Eastern Shore Society of Baltimore Baltimore Branch National League Mr. and Mrs. Bert T. Edwards Baltimore Federal Financial Mr. and Mrs. Gerson G. Eisenberg Joseph A. Bank Clothiers Eliasberg Family Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. David W. Barton, Jr. Eleanor O. Evans Sophie F. Baylor Dr. and Mrs. Robert E. Farber Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth W. Beckman Mr. and Mrs. P. W. Filby Mr. and Mrs. William R. Bentley Mrs. George C. Finney Annual Report, 1984-1985 337

Mr. and Mrs. David H. Fisher Mr. and Mrs. T. Courtenay Jenkins, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Giraud V. Foster Mr. and Mrs. Edward F. Johnson Fred's Inc. Mr. and Mrs. William R. Johnston Mr. and Mrs. George Ross French, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Jay Katz The Victor Frenkil Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Denwood Kelly Dr. and Mrs. William F. Fritz Mr. and Mrs. J. Seeger Kerns Eliza Coale Funk Mr. and Mrs. John S. Kerns, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frank X. Gallagher Mr. and Mrs. Harvey B. Kershaw, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Stephen H. Gardiner Robert B. Kershaw Mrs. Charles S. Garland, Sr. Walter H. Kidd The Honorable Edward A. Garmatz Kidder Peabody and Company Mary McDonald Gibbs Mr. and Mrs. Leroy E. Kirby Helen H. Gibson Mr. and Mrs. Richard R. Kline Mr. and Mrs. C. William Gilchrist Elizabeth R. Knapp Mr. and Mrs. Allan M. Gladding Mr. and Mrs. Frederick B. Knoop, Jr. Elizabeth W. Glascock Mr. and Mrs. Louis B. Kohn II Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Goldman Mr. and Mrs. Arthur G. Lambert Mr. and Mrs. Frederick J. Green, Jr. Carlyle J. Lancaster Albert Gunther, Inc. Catherine C. Larmore Mr. and Mrs. Roberto I. Gutierrez Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Latrobe III Mr. and Mrs. Henry L. Gutman Jeffrey A. Legum Dr. and Mrs. John S. Haines Mr. and Mrs. Edwin B. Lehnert The Hampshire Foundation Lever Brothers Company Mary Emma Holley Hargrave Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Levy Earl V. Harrell Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Walker Lewis Alfred C. Harrison, Jr. Clair Zamoiski List Mr. and Mrs. George T. Harrison Loyola Federal Foundation, Inc. Katherine A. Harvey Mary P. Lucas Mrs. William B. F. Hax Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Machen Mr. and Mrs. Stephen G. Heaver Macht Philanthropic Fund Mrs. Evelyn Byrd Herold Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Maddox Mr. and Mrs. John A. Hesse Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Major Edgar G. Heyl Roger N. Mangels Oliver W. Higgs Mr. and Mrs. W. Berkeley Mann Hilgartner Natural Stone Company Mr. and Mrs. F. Grainger Marburg Himmelrich Fund, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Francis Cross Marbury Elizabeth S. Hirsh Mr. and Mrs. James C. Marder Mr. and Mrs. Amos T. Holland Alfred G. Masius Eugenia Calvert Holland Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Mathias Charlotte K. Hooper Mr. and Mrs. Calvert C. McCabe, Jr. Hottman-Edwards Advertising Mrs. Robert H. McCauley, Jr. Richard H. Howland Dr. Samuel Howard McCoy II Mr. and Mrs. Frederick M. Hudson Mr. and Mrs. Ellice McDonald, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Hugh C. Hughes Thomas W. McElhiney Dr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Hunt Mr. and Mrs. Barrett L. McKown Charles W. Hurst Mr. and Mrs. Gaines McMillan E. F. Hutton and Company Brig. General and Mrs. Thomas F. McNeal Mrs. Joel G. D. Hutzler Mr. and Mrs. John L. McShane The Hutzler Fund Mr. and Mrs. Frank D. Mead Independent Can Company Mr. and Mrs. Henry L. Meledin Harry Z. Isaacs Mr. and Mrs. John Merryman, Jr. I. C. Isaacs & Company, Inc. The Joseph Meyerhoff Fund, Inc. Sheila McCreery Jackson William Meyers II Jay Andrew Jacobs Mrs. J. Smith Michael The Honorable William S. James Mr. and Mrs. Karl E. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Stuart S. Janney, Jr. Moldcraft Incorporated Colonel Cecil Carey Jarman Mr. and Mrs. Henry W. Momberger Francis H. Jencks Paul E. Monaghan Henry W. Jenkins & Sons Company Mr. and Mrs. E. Scott Moore 338 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Moran Edwina C. Wharton Smith Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Morgenthau Jess Joseph Smith, Jr. W. Griffin Morrel, Jr. Eleanor McKnight Snyder Mrs. R. G. Mowbray Sons of the American Revolution John B. Munnikhuysen Christian P. Sorenson Harry D. Myerberg Lucy F. Spedden Marcia E. Neff Samuel Spencer Mr. and Mrs. Edmund A. Nelson LCDR Gladys M. Sperrle, USN Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Nes, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Stein, Jr. Elizabeth F. Norwood Mr. and Mrs. Clinton P. Stephens Mr. and Mrs. Edwin W. Obrecht, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Latimer S. Stewart Edwin White Obrecht Mary B. Stewart Mr. and Mrs. Edward P. Offutt Mr. and Mrs. Charles C. Stieff II Elisabeth C. G. Packard Mr. and Mrs. David M. Testa Catherine T. Parsons Louis B. Thalheimer Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Passano Mr. and Mrs. J. Richard Thomas Mr. and Mrs. William M. Passano, Jr. W. Lee Thomas Mrs. William B. Patterson Brig. General and Mrs. W. D. Tigertt Mrs. Joseph Penn Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Tilghman, Jr. Martha S. Penniman Mr. and Mrs. Norris W. Tingle Caroline Dexter Pennington Mr. and Mrs. J. Royall Tippett, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Bernard G. Peter Mrs. I. Ridgeway Trimble Martha Ann Peters Mr. and Mrs. William C. Trimble Jesse Choate Phillips William C. Trimble, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Pistell Bernard C. Trueschler Mr. and Mrs. Herbert R. Preston, Jr. Tuerkes-Beckers, Inc. Richard B. Price Dr. and Mrs. E. Frank Tulloch, Jr. W. James Price Vansant Dugdale & Company Mr. and Mrs. William N. S. Pugh Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Wagandt II Queen Anne's County Historical Society Mr. and Mrs. Carl E. Wagner, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. E. Bowen Quillin Mr. and Mrs. W. Bradley Wallace Quinn, Ward & Kershaw The Warm Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Richard G. Rayburn Margaret C. Warnken Mr. and Mrs. William B. Reese Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Washburne Mr. and Mrs. Paul V. Renoff L. Byrne Waterman Idelle Fricker Riefle WBAL-TV Adelaide C. Riggs Eloise J. Weatherly Mary Bartlett Riggs Rita M. Weber Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Riggs, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. J. Elmer Weisheit Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Riggs, Sr. Mrs. Frank H. Weller, Sr. Marie R. Rogers Dr. and Mrs. Gibson J. Wells Mr. and Mrs. Adelbert L. Rothel Mr. and Mrs. Paul E. Welsh Mr. and Mrs. James W. Rouse Henry C. Wheelwright John H. Saumenig & Company, Inc. S. Bonsai White, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Scarlett Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Butler Whiting Eloise R. Scarlett Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Whiting, Jr. Mary P. Scheeler Mr. and Mrs. William J. Wiesand, Jr. Hildegarde H. Scheidegger Mr. and Mrs. Edward C. Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Otto K. Schmied W. H C. Wilson & Company Donald B. Scott The Windjammers of Chesapeake Donald P. Seibert Dr. Matthew M. Wise Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Sener, Jr. James T. Wollon, Jr. Samuel Shapiro & Company, Inc. Women's Eastern Shore Society Mr. and Mrs. Daniel H. Sheppard, Jr. Dr. Joseph W. Zebley, Jr. Regina B. Shepperd Mr. and Mrs. William P. Zimmerman, Jr. Virginia Sherwood The Shipleys of Maryland Mr. and Mrs. William Silver II CONTRIBUTORS Frederick J. Singley, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William W. Aitcheson Albert H. Small Mr. and Mrs. Charles T. Albert Annual Report, 1984-1985 339

Mr. and Mrs. Frank N. Aldrich Juliet M. Carey Mr. and Mrs. Aristides C. Alevizatos Mr. and Mrs. Omar R. Carrington American Metaseal Corporation Kenneth L. Carroll Mr. and Mrs. William R. Amos M. Patricia Carroll Mr. and Mrs. G. C. A. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Dudley I. Catzen Mr. and Mrs. Alexander Armstrong Charles E. Chambers Mr. and Mrs. William S. Arnold, Jr. Brice M. Clagett Mr. and Mrs. William E. Aud Mr. and Mrs. Fred Clagett Mr. and Mrs. Norman G. Bach Sarah N. Clarke Mr. and Mrs. H. Norman Baetjer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Merryman Coale III Mr. and Mrs. Charles Bagley IV Mr. and Mrs. Alexander S. Cochran Mr. and Mrs. J. Hamilton Bailey Mr. and Mrs. Peyton Cochran, Jr. Thomas H. G. Bailliere, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Corbin C. Cogswell III Charles A. Baker A. Colaric Dr. Jean H. Baker Mr. and Mrs. George R. Cole Rear Adm. and Mrs. John A. Baldwin, Jr, Mr. and Mrs. Paul T. Coleman Mary F. Barada Mr. and Mrs. Dwight Collmus Gregory H. Barnhill Dr. and Mrs. Charles H. Conley, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. C. Marshall Barton, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Connolly Mr. and Mrs. Roger P. Batchelor, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Sackett S. Cook Edward C. Beetem II Margaret Hammond Cooke Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Benet, Jr. Florence Byrd A. Cooper Alice P. Bennett Mrs. J. Crossan Cooper, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin Berdann Bruce, Becky, Rob and Elizabeth Anne Mr. and Mrs. Edward H. Berge, Jr. Copeland Marcus M. Bernstein, Jr. David A. Covington Mr. and Mrs. Paul L. Berry Mr. and Mrs. George W. Cox Louise C. Birely Mr. and Mrs. Paul Vernon Cox Matilda S. Bishop Anne C. Cromwell Henry C. Blackiston Charles C. Daniel Dr. and Mrs. Mordecai P. Blaustein Virginia Darrell Edna Mae A. Blind Mr. and Mrs. Ernest T. Davis Aurelia G. Bolton Mr. and Mrs. H. Chace Davis, Jr. Alfred R. Bolz Mr. and Mrs. Herbert A. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Calhoun Bond Helen Rose Dawson Constance R. Booth Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Dean Mr. and Mrs. David E. Booth Mrs. Ellsworth B. Decorse John H. Borleis III Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. DeGroff Brooke L. Bower Mr. and Mrs. Raymond P. Delano, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. C. Keating Bowie Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Dell, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William A. Boykin III Helen I. Dewling Mr. and Mrs. Mortimer S. Brandt Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin R. Dieudonne Mrs. David A. Breitstein Mr. and Mrs. John H. Ditto, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edwin A. Brewer Caroline H. Dixon Mr. and Mrs. J. Paul Bright, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Edward A. Doehler Mr. and Mrs. Rodney J. Brooks, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George R. Donnelly Doris S. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Douglas V. Dorman Sibyl J. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Warren Drake Dr. and Mrs. Walter B. Buck Daniel B. Dugan Mr. and Mrs. R. H. D. Bullock, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William B. Dulany Mr. and Mrs. G. Lloyd Bunting, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Acheson J. Duncan Mr. and Mrs. Norris O. Burgee Blanton C. Duncan Ruth W. Burgess Mr. and Mrs. John G. Earle Julia T. Burleigh George A. Easto Dr. Arthur Merrick Bushey Elizabeth H. Eckenrode Carolyn E. Butler Mr. and Mrs. Jerome J. Egan, Jr. Sybille N. Caldwell William C. Egan Mrs. Brodnax Cameron, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Egerton Mr. and Mrs. William M. Campbell C. Ellis Ellicott, Jr. Rev. and Mrs. J. E. Cantler Mr. and Mrs. Palmer L. Estes 340 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Grace S. Evans Elizabeth Hellman Mr. and Mrs. Carl N. Everstine Mr. and Mrs. John D. Henderson Mrs. A. Douglas Farquhar Mr. and Mrs. Bruce A. Herman Harriet S. Fauntleroy M. Rosella Herman Irene W. Feather Walter F. Herman Sadie B. Feldman Mrs. William Rogers Herod John W. Felton Mr. and Mrs. Alfred W. Hesse Luke W. Finlay Mr. and Mrs. Paul W. Hicks II Mary Jean Fisher Fanny Whitman Hill Mr. and Mrs. Edward R. Flanagan Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Hoffberger The Fleischmann Foundation Katharine McLane Hoffman Charles J. Fleury Dr. and Mrs. Ronald Hoffman Dr. and Mrs. Philip D. Flynn Mahlen E. Hollins F. Millard Foard Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Homer Mr. and Mrs. W. Byron Forbush Edith Ferry Hooper Mr. and Mrs. Matthew Freedman Mr. and Mrs. Roger Brooke Hopkins, Jr. Mrs. Hans Froelicher, Jr. Comd. Grace M. Hopper, USNR Warner Fruehauf Trailer Company Mr. and Mrs. Rogers Birnie Horgan James M. Gabler Mrs. George S. Horton Mr. and Mrs. William Lee Gaines Mrs. Philip W. Howard Mr. and Mrs. Thomas K. Galvin, Jr. Dr. William Dana Hoyt, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Alan N. Gamse Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Hubatka III Mr. and Mrs. Wilbur C. Gardner Wilbur Ross Hubbard Mr. and Mrs. Crombie J. D. Garrett Mr. and Mrs. C. Brooks Hubbert Joan W. Gatewood Mr. and Mrs. Eliot P. Hurd Mr. and Mrs. Carson Gibb Olga K. Hutchins Sam T. Gibson Hutzler Brothers Company Mr. and Mrs. Joseph J. Gieda Mr. and Mrs. Francis N. Inglehart Mr. and Mrs. William M. Ginder Mr. and Mrs. Alan Insley Stewart B. Gold Mr. and Mrs. Carle A. Jackson Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Goldsborough, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Walter E. James Mr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Gompf Mr. and Mrs. J. V. Jamison III Mr. and Mrs. James B. Goodhand Dr. and Mrs. Robert D. Jeffs Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Goodwin Mr. and Mrs. George S. Jenkins Margaret Disharoon Govan Mr. and Mrs. T. Courtenay Jenkins III The Green Charitable Foundation, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. J. T. H. Johnson Randall Hagner Greenlee Mr. and Mrs. Marshall P. Johnson William Hershey Greer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Reverdy Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth L. Grief Christopher Johnston VI Mr. and Mrs. R. Riggs Griffith IV Helen Toulson Johnston Mr. and Mrs. W. Arthur Grotz, Jr. William W. Jones, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Norman M. Gurevich Mrs. William Wood Jones Mr. and Mrs. Thomas P. Hackett Mr. and Mrs. Louis A. Judges Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Hall Mary Lou Kaestner Paula W. Hamburger Mr. and Mrs. Donald A. Kary Mr. and Mrs. John C. Handy Mr. and Mrs. Shakman Katz Sandra Capone Haney Mr. and Mrs. Herbert M. Katzenberg Mr. and Mrs. Montagu Hankin, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Walter T. Kees Clarence B. Hanson Mr. and Mrs. Albert Keidel, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph R. Hardiman Stoll D. Kemp Miriam P. Hardy Mary M. Kirkley Carl C. Harlow, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Kline Mr. and Mrs. Robert Goodloe Harper Martin B. Kohn Janet Jeffrey Harris Dorothy B. Krug Mr. and Mrs. W. Hall Harris III Barron P. Lambert Mr. and Mrs. James H. Harryman Nellie S. Lane Evelyn C. Hart The Honorable and Mrs. Julian L. Lapides Elizabeth W. Harvey R. Benton Leaf Mr. and Mrs. George H. Hayne Mrs. R. H. Leaf Mr. and Mrs. Bernard A. Heller Mr. and Mrs. H. L. LeCompte, Jr. Annual Report, 1984-1985 341

Dr. and Mrs. Albert L. Lehninger Mrs. Richard A. Moore James F. Leslie Margaret Thomson Morris Mr. and Mrs. William R. Levasseur H. Russell Morrison, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Karl M. Levy Henry L. Mortimer Beatrice M. Lewis Dr. and Mrs. Harold E. Moser Robert E. Lewis Mr. and Mrs. John E. Motz Rev. and Mrs. Justus H. Liesmann Margaret M. Mulligan Mr. and Mrs. John H. Linton Mr. and Mrs. Fred Nassauer Terry L. Lohr Virginia W. Naylor Mr. and Mrs. Daniel A. Lowenthal Mr. and Mrs. Travers C. Nelson The Honorable and Mrs. James MacGill Mr. and Mrs. George T. Ness, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Henry C. MacKall Louise L. Ness Mr. and Mrs. James B. Maginnis Mr. and Mrs. Irving J. Neuman Mr. and Mrs. John A. Manfuso, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James E. Nicholas Dr. and Mrs. G. Bowers Mansdorfer Ernest W. Norris Ellen B. Mansfield Mr. and Mrs. Randolph J. Nothdurft Alice M. Marabella Mr. and Mrs. Richard F. Ober Camille S. Marie Mr. and Mrs. Herbert R. O'Conor, Jr. Mrs. J. Sinclair Marks Mr. and Mrs. Fred H. Ohrenschall II Dr. Bayly E. Marks Ruth Elkins Orr Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Marmet Mr. and Mrs. Hamish S. Osborne Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Marschner Mr. and Mrs. Kaufman Ottenheimer Prof, and Mrs. Thomas F. Marshall Rev. John E. Owens, Jr. The Maryland Historical Trust Dr. and Mrs. Charles Allen Padgett Maryland Masonry Services, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Lee Crandall Park Mr. and Mrs. David W. Mason Virginia E. Parker Maryland State Society—Daughters of the Mr. and Mrs. Henry A. Parr IV American Revolution Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Patterson Cynthia Kay Mason Virginia Ann Patterson Mr. and Mrs. Louis P. Mathews Mr. and Mrs. John T. Patton Helen A. Maynard Thelma H. Patton Mr. and Mrs. John M. McCall Patricia Mentzer Mr. and Mrs. Adrian L. McCardell Dr. and Mrs. Arnall Patz Dr. and Mrs. H. Berton McCauley R. Irving Paxton Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. McCausland Mr. and Mrs. J. Stevenson Peck Richard C. McComas Marlene A. Pegg F. Moran McConihe Arthur E. Peltosalo Mrs. J. Martin McDonough Austin E. Penn Mr. and Mrs. William R. McDorman Maryland Y. Pennell Mr. and Mrs. J. Clifton McGohan John A. Pentz John W. McGrain, Jr. Rev. Joseph P. Perkins Mr. and Mrs. Paul T. McHenry, Jr. Thomas P. Perkins III Mr. and Mrs. J. Rieman Mclntosh Hilda F. Perl Mrs. E. Bates McKee Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Pistell C. Thomas McMillen Mr. and Mrs. Richard W. Powell Mr. and Mrs. Allan Mead Garrett Power Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas B. Merryman Joyce Praley-Frederick Mr. and Mrs. Walter V. Messner Elizabeth Cronin Prevas Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Michel, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Theodore L. Prevost Dr. and Mrs. Robert Austin Milch Mr. and Mrs. Harold G. Purinton Dr. and Mrs. David I. Miller Mr. and Mrs. J. Hurst Purnell Mr. and Mrs. Fred M. Miller F. Garner Ranney Mr. and Mrs. John F. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Robert Rappaport Robert E. Millett Mr. and Mrs. Carroll W. Rasin, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Francis D. Milligan Gertrude Craig Reese Mr. and Mrs. Donald C. Mitchell G. Hammond Rever Mr. and Mrs. John W. Mitchell Robert H. Reynolds Mrs. Lieze W. Moffett Marguerite G. Richardson Bernard Patrick Mooney Claire A. Richardson Dr. and Mrs. J. Raymond Moore, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Curt P. Richter 342 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence G. Rief Mr. and Mrs. F. P. L. Somerville Mr. and Mrs. William L. Rigoli Mr. and Mrs. R. C. Soxman Mr. and Mrs. Markus Ring Lois W. Spinks Mr. and Mrs. Raymond H. Ringgold Philip B. Statton Mr. and Mrs. Charles Lee Robbins Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Stevenson Mr. and Mrs. L. Melvin Roberts George A. Stewart, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph G. Rock Mr. and Mrs. C. Thompson Stott Mr. and Mrs. Michael H. Rock Vernon F. Stricklin Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Rodgers III William Richard Surratt William A. Rodgers Mr. and Mrs. Hunter C. Sutherland John Fletcher Rolph III Brig. General and Mrs. Kenneth S. Sweany Ruth B. Rosenberg Mr. and Mrs. Bernard J. Sweeney Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Rothschild Barbara T. Taylor Dr. and Mrs. Leonard M. Rothstein Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Thieblot Lillian Royer Patricia Andre Thomas Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Ruark, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Philip Ogle Tilghman Mr. and Mrs. William B. Rush Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Tinsley Mr. and Mrs. Frank B. Russell Mr. and Mrs. Ben S. Todd Jean B. Russo Jay D. Trepp Mr. and Mrs. Paul D. Rust Mr. and Mrs. Joseph R. B. Tubman Anthony G. Rytina Mr. and Mrs. James F. Turner, Jr. Margaret Wright Sader Union Mills Homestead Foundation R. Carlton Sater United Daughters of the Confederacy Mr. and Mrs. Thorndike Saville, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. William B. Vandergrift The Honorable William Donald Schaefer William C. Vesperman Barbara A. Schlein Albert H. Walker James W. Lowe Dorothy W. Wallis Dr. and Mrs. William S. Schmidt Dr. and Mrs. Patrick Craig Walsh Phillip B. Schnering Mr. and Mrs. George B. P. Ward Mr. and Mrs. Richard D. Schwarz Mr. and Mrs. Calvin N. Warfield Mr. and Mrs. L. P. Scriggins Mr. and Mrs. G. Luther Washington Mr. and Mrs. Erling Seglem Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Weinberg Mr. and Mrs. Harry H. Semmes, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward H. Welbourn III Clara H. Sener William B. Welling, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Seubold Mr. and Mrs. William Wells Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Sewell Mr. and Mrs. John H. West, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. S. Lester Shanks Michael Wettach Fred Shelley Dr. and Mrs. Asher A. White L. Parks Shipley Louise B. White Mr. and Mrs. William B. Shippen W. Hamilton Whiteford Mr. and Mrs. Charles T. Shortall Olga L. Whitehurst Mr. and Mrs. George M. Shriver, Jr. Denis A. Whittaker Mr. and Mrs. Robert Campbell Shriver Nobuko Hamada Lucinda M. Shure Mr. and Mrs. Vernon H. Wiesand Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Siegel Mrs. Benjamin D. Williams Mrs. Francis Sill Mrs. Charles W. Williams Mr. and Mrs. Julia Simmons Dr. and Mrs. Huntington Williams Mr. and Mrs. William W. Simmons Mrs. L. Elliot Williams, Jr. Mrs. E. Arthur Simpler Mr. and Mrs. H. L. Williamson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. Simpson Mr. and Mrs. John W. Wills III Dr. and Mrs. Bruce C. Sinclair-Smith Dr. and Mrs. Henry B. Wilson Charlotte Singewald Phillip R. Winebrener Mr. and Mrs. W. Cameron Slack Angela S. Winslow Mrs. Robert Sloan The Honorable and Mrs. Harrison L. Winter Frances F. Smith Vivian D. Wiser Hillen J. Smith Edward F. R. Wood, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. John R. Smith, Jr. Anne Winstead Woody Mr. and Mrs. Joseph G. Smith John D. Worthington IV Phyllis J. Smith M. N. Worthington Dr. and Mrs. W. Meredith Smith, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Yellot, Jr. Annual Report, 1984-1985 343

Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Young Mr. and Mrs. S. Frank Kahn Mr. and Mrs. Caiman J. Zamoiski, Jr. Dena Katzenberg C. Patrick Zilliacus Kirk Museum Foundation David W. Zimmerman Louis B. Kohn II Margaret Zipp Mrs. William Kouwenhoven Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Legum Mrs. Robert Levi OTHERS Anne Homer Martin We are deeply grateful to the many individuals, Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Naylor, Jr. not listed above, who generously supported the Mrs. Edward O'Donnell Society with contributions in amounts up to fifty H. Norbert Paul, Jr. dollars. Mrs. Gervais Gutman Patton Nicholas Penniman IV Mrs. James Plumhoff Mrs. Frederick Rabil GIFTS TO THE GALLERY Mrs. Dulany Randolph Anna Wells Rutledge Selma Adler Mrs. Raymond G. Scarlett Dr. and Mrs. George S. Allen Mr. and Mrs. Townsend Scott Courtney Alvey P. Hairston Seawell Robert N. Andersen Helen D. Shepherd Mrs. C. Norman Andreae John Shapiro William Arnold Samuel Shoemaker Martin P. Azola Mrs. Charles Robert Smith Robert F. Beasley Mrs. Philip P. Smith, Sr. Mrs. John Bergland, Jr. Romaine Stec Somerville Virginia K. Betzold Mrs. Worth Sprunt Estate of Eubie Blake Richard Steiner Anne Cantler Mary Blanche Stewart Mrs. William Albert Clayland Mr. and Mrs. Harry T. Stine, Jr. James Frederick Colwill Mrs. Campbell Lloyd Stirling Stiles Tuttle Colwill Edwin Defrain Taylor Bequest of Mr. Fonrose Wainright Condict William Timmon Mrs. Loring A. Cover, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. L. Royall Tippett, Jr. Mrs. Preston J. Daisey Donald H. Tschudy Mrs. Bruce S. Danzer Mrs. J. Carroll Tulloss Gladys Day Estate of Francis Virginia Wentz Turner William W. Downes Mrs. Semmes G. Walsh Mrs. Henry Eliason Waterbury Company, Inc. Judge and Mrs. William B. Evans Mrs. R. W. Wayland Irena Ewald Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Watson M. Gillian Fenwick George Weldeh Mr. and Mrs. L. McLane Fisher William Whitridge Mrs. Richard France Mrs. Walter Williams, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Sherlock Gillet Lillian Greif Aurora Granofky GIFTS TO THE LIBRARY Mr. and Mrs. Mark J. Golibart Anna Bradford Agle Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Gutman Mrs. Charles E. Allen Klare L. Hamburger Anonymous gift Mr. and Mrs. Mark Handwerk Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Mrs. Lawrence Harper Institution Bequest of Helen H. Hennessy Baltimore County Public Library M. E. Holliday Baltimore Museum of Art Kent Horichs Baltimore Polytechnic Institute Centennial Florence B. Howard Committee Bryden B. Hyde Laurie Baty Mary Hunt Lewis Beck Carle A. Jackson Matthew Bennett John Joline III Lydia E. Berry 344 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Fred T. Bishop Maryland-D.C. Fraternal Congress Mrs. Calhoun Bond Maryland Department of Transportation Mary C. Bowers Maryland Genealogical Society John C. Brennan Maryland Historical Press John Paul Burtle Maryland State Archives Calvert County Library The Honorable Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. James E. Cauthorn Mattel Toys, Inc. Dr. Ferdinand E. Chatard James A. McGovern The College Club, Inc. James A. McGowan The College of William and Mary in Virginia Mary K. Meyer Colorado Historical Society Monumental Life Insurance Robert S. Conrich John D. Moore Mrs. Loring A. Cover Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts Mrs. H. C. Crane Museum of New Mexico Nick D'Alesandro Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Naylor, Jr. Edward N. Dane Margaret Neal Helen Davenport Florine Nichols Department of the Interior, National Park Irene A. Nielson Service Elizabeth Packard Mrs. Stuart Egerton Charles G. Page Eleutherian Mills-Hagley Foundation Clarence Parker Enoch Pratt Free Library Gerri Patton M. Gillian Fenwick Estate of Lilian Perkins Dr. William Bateman Fitzhugh M. Elaine Perkins F. Millard Foard Richard O. Price Mrs. Hans Froelicher Elizabeth G. Proctor Genealogical Publishing Company Arthur R. Ransom, Jr. Georgia Department of Archives & History Rhode Island Historical Society Gloucester County Historical Society Library Robert & Edith Rights Thomas Gorton Lloyd R. Rogers Mrs. Robert C. Hall SFC Tim Roop Mr. and Mrs. Mark Handwerk (in memory of Ella Rowe Mary Owings Buck) St. Martin's Press Mrs. William Calder Harris Mrs. Umberto Villa Santa Janet C. Hart Estate of Claudia Pearre Schramek Dr. and Mrs. A. McGehee Harvey Eugene A. Shaw John C. Hennick Helen D. Shepherd Louise Kerr Hines George M. Shriver, Jr. Roger B. Hopkins, Jr. Mariana T. Stanley Estate of Harry L. Hughes, Sr. Reuben Elmore Stivers Janice Humphreys John Stoneham Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Huntsberry Karen Stuart Elinor Johnson Sulpician Archives Richard Kaminski Mrs. W. Wallace Symington, Jr. William Keller Edwin DeFrain Taylor Denwood N. Kelly Edward P. Thatcher Miriam Winder Kelly Mrs. Henry M. Thomas, Jr. Mary Kendall Rev. Canon David C. Trimble Mrs. Fenwick Keyser Florence H. Trupp Judge and Mrs. Joseph Kolodny Estate of Frances Virginia Wentz Turner Mrs. Walter Koppelman, Jr. Margaret Tyson Albin 0. Kuhn Library University of Pennsylvania Press Norman M. Lawler, Jr. Virginia State Library William David Little Mrs. George Von Uffel Mazie C. Lloyd Edith Walker Mrs. W. Carl Lohmeyer Maurice Weschler Isaac C. Lycett, Jr. Mrs. Charles H. Williams A. F. Machemer Mrs. Richard T. Williams Arthur W. Machen, Jr. George B. Wilson Joseph C. Maguire, Jr. F. Edward Wright Annual Report, 1984-1985 345 GIFTS-IN-KIND J. Jefferson Miller II Joan Morphy Mrs. C. Morman Andreae, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Donald Mortimer Robert N. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. R. Bentley Offutt Annie Linn Armor V. E. Pennington Mrs. Ludlow Baldwin Mrs. Roger Powers Mr. and Mrs. Charles Burham Doris Reitcit Mrs. Jesse C. Coggins Lloyd Rogers Mrs. Loring A. Cover Mrs. Jay Shockley Estate of Ellsworth H. D'Unger Mrs. William Shutz Dorothy Fastie Romaine Stec Somerville William Fehsenfeld Mrs. C. Edward Sparrow, Jr. Mrs. M. Jeai Fisher Mr. and Mrs. Brian Topping Mr. and Mrs. McLane Fisher Mr. and Mrs. Lester Towner Mr. and Mrs. Charles Fitzgerald Estate of Frances Virginia Wentz Turner Genealogical Publishing Company Jackie Wah Mrs. W. Arthur Grotz Edith Wallse Arthur J. Gutman George Weldon Werden Mrs. Lawrence K. Harper Anna M. Williams Louis Hecht M. G. Zimmerman Mrs. Thomas Russell Hicks Mrs. Snowdon Hoff SPECIAL PROJECTS- Mrs. George Stewart Heysfer Winton F. Hurley MARYLAND ANTIQUES Elinor Johnson SHOW AND SALE Estate of Lubov Keefer Mrs. Charles T. Kirschle Benefactors Mr. and Mrs. Jean Edward Koontz Mary Letts Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Levinson Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Crewe, Jr.

Dealer's exhibit area from the seventh annual Maryland Antiques Show and Sale, held in the Baltimore Convention Center. 346 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Mr. and Mrs. Austin Fine SPECIAL PROJECTS— Mr. and Mrs. Kingdon Gould, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Griswold III MARITIME Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey Levitt Baltimore Gas and Electric Co., Robert G. Merrick, Jr. Richard A. Bonney Dorothy Mcllvain Scott Thomas M. Beck Mr. and Mrs. John D. Shapiro S. Vannort Chapman Mr. and Mrs. J. Fife Symington, Jr. Comm-tech. Inc. Raymond C. Dannettel Contributors John A. Hayward Mrs. Charles T. Howard Mr. and Mrs. Edward Halle William 0. Jensen Mr. and Mrs. Bradford McE. Jacobs Mrs. W. Bladen Lowndes Mrs. D. Williams Parker J. Jefferson Miller II Mr. and Mrs. Timothy E. Parker George M. and August M. Radcliffe Eddie's Supermarket Dorothy St. Clair Giant Food Charles E. Scarlett III Graul's Market Arthur G. Van Reuth Hyatt Regency L. Byrne Waterman Pimlico Hotel In Memory of Rolfe L. Pottberg Ann H. Allison SPECIAL PROJECTS- Lorna B. Griffin LIBRARY DESIGNATED CITY, COUNTY, STATE FUNDS AND FEDERAL FUNDING Anonymous Anne Arundel County Commission on Art and Artography Labs, Inc. Culture Dr. Ferdinand E. Chatard Baltimore County Commission on Arts and Brooke Sanner Cook Sciences Grafflin Cook, Jr. Carroll County Daughters of Founders and Patriots of Charles County America, Maryland Chapter City of Baltimore, Mayor's Commission on Art W. Curtis Carroll Davis and Culture Historic Hampton, Inc. Dorchester County Johns Hopkins University Frederick County Denwood N. Kelly Harford County Estate of Florence R. Kelly Howard County Lester S. Levy Maryland Committee for the Humanities Dr. Bayly Ellen Marks Maryland State Arts Council Mid-Atlantic Genealogy Conference Montgomery County J. Jefferson Miller II National Endowment for the Arts George W. Murphy National Endowment for the Humanities Dr. Richard B. Price Prince George's County The Print and Drawing Society Queen Anne's County Barbara Wells Sarudy State of Maryland Society Daughters of Colonial Wars in the Washington County State of Maryland Worcester County Maryland at the St. Louis World's Fair

MARY BOCCACCIO

A HE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION many classifications as possible and bring at the St Louis World's Fair in 1904 was home medals to testify to the worthiness of designed to commemorate the acquisition their state's productiveness. The agricul- of the Louisiana Territory from the French tural exhibits were put together largely by in 1803. The Fair itself was to be an extrav- the staffs of the state Agricultural Experi- aganza, the fair grounds spreading over ment Stations. The exhibitors frequently 1142 acres at a cost of $20,000,000,00. knew each other already, had corresponded 23,000 citizens from St. Louis subscribed and occasionally had participated as speak- to private stock to make up $5,000,000.00 ers in each other's programs. At the outset of the total cost. 23 states and territories they had an effective camaraderie and a made appropriations to exhibit in 15 large healthy feeling of competition among halls and some states built buildings as themselves. They even paid $2.00 to join well. The exhibit halls included an Art Pal- an Agricultural Club and participate in ace and buildings dedicated to machinery, some of the activities of the Fair as a group. textiles, agriculture, horticulture, the gov- A Louisiana Purchase Exposition Com- ernment, livestock and so on. In addition mission was named by John Walter Smith, there were special events such as an airship the Governor of Maryland in 1903, and was tournament, an international congress, chaired by General L. Victor Baughman. horse shows and a host of daily activities John E. Hurst was Vice Chairman, Fred- for visitors.1 erick Stieff was Treasurer and Samuel K. The Agricultural and Horticultural Pal- Dennis was Secretary. Orlando Harrison, a aces were on a hill overlooking the fair prominent horticulturalist, and Frank grounds on 69 acres of land. The Agricul- Hoen, a Baltimore businessman, were very tural Palace was the largest exposition active members of the Commission. Wil- building to date, 500' X 1600', providing liam L. Amoss, a farmer from Harford 800,000 square feet of exhibit space. It was County and Director of the Farmers Insti- lighted by monitor windows without the use tute at Maryland Agricultural College was of skylights and had both indoor and out- chosen to collect, prepare, install and care door exhibits. This one building was settled 2 for an agricultural and horticultural exhibit on 20 acres. of the products of the State of Maryland. Exhibit classifications for agriculture in- A contract was signed on September 5,1903 cluded farm equipment, fertilizers, tobacco, giving Amoss a salary of $66.66 % a month vegetable food products and seeds, animal from July 1903 until November 1904. food products, equipment used in food Amoss was the perfect choice for the preparation, bread and pastry, preserved position. Born on Mt. Soma farm in Har- meat, fish, vegetables and fruit, sugar and ford County and educated in Baltimore, he confectionery, waters, wines and brandies, was instrumental in the promotion of a syrups, fermented beverages, inedible agri- Farmer's Market for Baltimore. Farmer, cultural products, insects and statistics. showman and promoter, as Director of the States naturally wanted to exhibit in as Farmers Institute he travelled the state, constantly setting up short agricultural Dr. Boccaccio was formerly Archivist and Curator of Historical Manuscripts at the University of Maryland, workshops and programs for the farmers in College Park, and is now Curator of Manuscripts at their own locations. He knew the people, East Carolina State University. their products and their associations and 347

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80 No. 4, WINTER 1985 348 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE clubs as well. And he had the support of a expenses, $7,500.00 for a geological exhibit strong staff back in College Park at the and $10,000.00 for the agricultural and hor- Experiment Station. W.T.L. Taliaferro was ticultural exhibits. With only this amount, Professor of Agriculture, J.B.S. Norton was the horticulture exhibit would have to be Professor of Vegetable Pathology and cut and the League wanted the Commission Botany and was also State Pathologist; C.F. to cut the funds for showy buildings and Austin was Associate in Horticulture; T.B. "impractable displays" instead so that there Symons, later interim President, was As- would be enough money for two exhibits. A sociate Professor of Entomology and also resolution they passed endorsed a proposed State Entomologist. H.J. Patterson was Di- application by the Commissioners for rector of the Experiment Station. The Col- money for a better representation of Mary- lege officially gave Amoss their whole land and a proper exhibit of agricultural hearted support and Amoss gave each of resources.5 Amoss had told Taylor in Jan- them tasks to perform in preparing the uary that he was trying to bring the exhibit exhibit items for transfer from Maryland up to $20,000.00 and Taylor replied that to St. Louis. few of the states were falling below that Throughout the course of the prepara- sum, some even spending that much on tions and the Exposition itself, money was each exhibit. a constant problem. Originally there were A bill finally came up for passage in to have been two exhibits, one for agricul- February 1904 but was sent back to the ture and the other for horticulture. These Finance Committee until the results of a were mentioned in Amoss' contract and the disastrous fire in Baltimore could be as- money was to be appropriated by the Leg- sessed. It was clear by March, however, that islature at its next session. In July 1903, Maryland would not be able to exhibit in the Commisssion decided to ask for horticulture and Amoss notified Taylor. It $25,000.00 for both exhibits. In August was also clear that Maryland would have a Amoss wrote to the Commissioners telling state building. Late in the month Baugh- them about 3000 sq. ft. in the Agricultural man closed a contract to have an exact Palace and 500 sq. ft. in the Horticultural reproduction of the Maryland building at Palace that he had requested. Amoss had the Charleston Exposition built. The ap- planned to have the horticultural exhibit propriation was settled at $40,000.00 and under Norton who was also Secretary of Amoss wrote to Silvester to let him know the State Horticultural Society and Austin, that he would arrange to dispose of the fruit his colleague at the College. A room had already collected and in cold storage. Cold been set aside on the campus to store spec- storage was expensive in 1903; alone they imens as they were collected and Amoss had already spent $265.00 on perishable had already started to think about publi- fruit in preparation for the exhibit. Rather cations on Maryland agriculture.3 By Sep- optimistically, Amoss thought that the tember Amoss had decided that he would Commission might be induced to make a need more funds and wrote to Frederic small appropriation for a pamphlet with Taylor, Chief of the Department at the Fair the "hope of letting the world know that that an organization was at work to raise 6 money for the Maryland appropriation.4 Maryland grows fruit." The Legislature still had not appropriated Amoss still kept hoping for a break on the funds and on December 29 delegates the horticultural exhibit. On May 5 a group from the Farmers League of Maryland met of horticulturalists met at Eutaw House in at Johns Hopkins University to move to Baltimore to consider ways to exhibit secure a sufficient appropriation for the Maryland horticultural products at the exhibit. From an appropriation request of Fair. As a result of this meeting, the Com- $65,000.00, $25,000.00 was to be spent on a mission agreed to pay the expenses of a state building, $5,000.00 for maintenance, peach exhibit if the fruit was donated and $2500.00 for emergencies, $10,000.00 for packed by the growers and if space were Maryland Day ceremonies, $5,000.00 for available from mid-August to October. Maryland at the St. Louis World's Fair 349 Amoss thought he could probably get space Angorra Goat Farm in Hancock wrote to and it was left at that. Amoss about the possibility of exhibiting Money problems aside, Amoss and the goats at the Fair. Cohill had contacted the staff at the Experiment Station had begun Commissioners through Harrison and was to collect samples to exhibit. As Director of referred back to Amoss saying that "Our the Farmers Institute, Amoss started re- exhibit would be a credit to the state as it questing grains, fruits and canned goods in will show that we can raise as good goats 1903 as he travelled from area to area. In a in Maryland as they can in the South "Dear Sir" letter dated August 9, 1903 he West."8 requested individuals to save crops grown Meanwhile products were arriving at that year and exhibited in county fairs. He College Park in ever increasing quantities. anticipated a large cold storage collection The staff under Taliaferro must have been of apples, pears, berries, sweet potatoes having a difficult time keeping up because green beans, tomatoes and cantalopes and Amoss wrote to Patterson asking him to wanted the "best Fruit without blemish and assign more help to Taliaferro. Amoss perfect even to the stem."7 He also offered needed lists of donors and varieties to keep special Farmers Institutes for the three the publicity going. All the packing and counties that furnished the most non-per- shipping was done in College Park and it ishable products for the Exposition and was important to keep on top of it. There sent circular letters to the Secretaries of were other problems for the Experiment Associations, Farmers organizations. Ex- Station staff, too. Taliaferro wrote to changes, the Farmers Institute patrons and Amoss in March that the grain moth had the press. He virtually inundated the state invaded the building where they were stor- requesting samples for the exhibits. ing the corn and suggested that it be packed Though he had tried to get the winners ahead of schedule so that it wouldn't be of the county fairs, most had not preserved affected. their exhibits. By the time the St. Louis While the staff in College Park were busy exhibits were installed though, Amoss had receiving products and preparing them for managed to secure 110 exhibitors for corn, shipment, Amoss was in St. Louis prepar- 24 tobacco exhibits, 7 companies for canned ing to set up the exhibit. Opening day was goods and had samples of winter and spring noon Friday, April 29 but railroad cars wheat in straw, timothy, hay, red clover, filled with exhibit material were still leav- corn fodder, alfalfa, 25 wheat samples, oats, ing Baltimore on April 23rd. Work was buckwheat, rye, pearl millet, maple syrup, permitted on unfinished exhibits from 6-9 maple sugar, cow peas, honey, sausage, pm until June 15th, 10 percent being de- wool, walnuts, chestnuts and soil samples. ducted from the Jurors' marks for exhibits The more Amoss, the Commissioners which were not ready on opening day. and the press talked about the fair, the Amoss had chosen block number 45 on the more interested people became and both southwest side of the building. The space samples and letters came flowing in to the was 90' X 20', smaller than originally Experiment Station. Agricultural Exhibit planned because of the funding difficulties Committees were formed for each county and Amoss had a trying time scaling his to get exhibitors lined up. At one point exhibit plans down. Originally he had before the horticulture exhibit was can- planned 400 square feet for a tobacco ex- celled, 94 farmers had apples in cold stor- hibit and 780 square feet for corn. Special age. Amoss eventually sent a form letter cases were constructed to display the corn asking what disposition they wanted to and tobacco and there was some talk of make of their fruit and reminding them reconstructing the brig Peggy Stewart, a that the College was still receiving non- Maryland built vessel involved in a tea perishable products, canned and manu- revolt in Annapolis in 1774, out of canned factured goods. goods and corn with a lifesized farmhand The publicity had some unexpected re- made out of tobacco. Amoss finally settled sults, too. William J. Cohill of the Cohill on one case for tobacco and another for 350 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

FIGURE 1. Main Exhibit, Canned Goods (center), Laurel Bower (right). specimens of forage including timothy, clo- play showed the products of central Mary- ver, alfalfa, buckwheat and spring wheat. land. A Dairy (Spring House) was built of One case devoted to forage crops of the staff in imitation of round stone. A pewit's Eastern Shore and Southern Maryland nest was under the eaves along with a hor- contained winter wheat, barley, cow peas, net's nest and a spring was in the corner. soja beans and blade fodder. Two final cases Hanging were a gourd, a churn and butter were devoted to soil samples. worker, large milk cans, coolers and Amoss turned showman with two barn strainers. Another display was filled with scenes, a spring house and a laurel bower. milk bottles from Professor Shoemaker's The Western Maryland barn featured yel- Walker-Gordon Dairy and the New Hygeia low dent corn, alfalfa, cobs, nubbed corn, Dairy. Pyramids of canned peas, corn and wheat, a mow filled with wheat in the sheaf tomatoes, and canned fruits and seafoods and loose timothy hay. Corn knives and were near the Spring House. The base of flale [sic] hung from the timbers. The the pyramids was covered with shells. Southern Maryland barn displayed grape Other pyramids displayed manufactured vines, oyster tongs, tobacco hanging from a animal and vegetable products. Finally a stick, a "burden" of seasoning tobacco and lawn bower was built of laurel and covered a hogshead of tobacco ready for market. with English Ivy. At the sides morning Hanging from pegs were corn husk collars, glory and wild rose were in bloom. Local baskets and mats. A basket of cotton hung Maryland papers were available just inside from a beam along with a spinning wheel. the bower entrance. Decoys, a gill net, crab nets, an oyster ham- A corn exhibit featured samples of corn mer and knives and fishing rods and tackle in a case along with an analysis done by hung from nails. The north end of the barn H.J. Patterson and a diploma from the 1889 was filled with fodder. Paris Exposition which had been awarded The center section of the Maryland dis- to J.P. Silver of Harford County. A special Maryland at the St. Louis World's Fair 351

FIGURE 2. Special Corn Exhibit. exhibit in the center of the building dis- twist tobacco, two bushels of oyster shells played the four staples of tobacco, sugar, and a terrapin shell. He was also having cotton and corn. Another special tobacco furniture shipped for the manufactured to- exhibit showed a giant Indian on a pedestal bacco exhibit. Tobacco and snuff came over seven feet high with a long stemmed from several branches of the American To- pipe and a horn of plenty on his left. On bacco Company, some of the brands used both sides cases were filled with the types being Superior, Honest, Bowers Strong of tobacco sold in the Baltimore market, "Three Thistles," Dixie Queen and Carte furnished by the Tobacco Leaf Association. Blanche. It is no wonder that Amoss did not have May was a difficult month for Amoss and his exhibits finished by opening day. He the exhibit. He sent for bundles of blade didn't have much time and they had been fodder, tobacco to hang in the barn and planned on a grand scale. Nevertheless, the baskets made of corn husk mats. When the Commissioners and the exhibit staff at the case for the manufactured tobacco arrived, Fair expected that he should be ready. In he no longer needed the twist tobacco for April Amoss was writing to the Commis- it and used it elsewhere. By the middle of sioners that he had ordered tobacco cases the month he was encouraging Norton in constructed for the special tobacco exhibit, College Park to hire a professional to pack a model of the Indian, two sugar barrels of the fruit and not let the farmers do it them- 352 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE selves.9 This was contrary to the pending giant Indian would be an attraction of the agreement between the horticulturalists Fair if he could only get them finished. and the Commission. To the Commissioners, the exhibit was Hoen wrote to Amoss on the 27th that not simply evidence of Maryland's agricul- the dedication of the Maryland building tural prowess. It also had political impli- would be on June 8 and he urged Amoss to cations. Hoen hoped the exhibit would be finish the exhibit in time, noting that the in good enough condition to win some Commission would decide on the horticul- awards and overcome some of the criticism tural exhibit after the trip to St. Louis.10 of "friends" who saw the unfinished exhibit. Baughman would probably be returning the As he explained it to Amoss, "many farmers last week in June for a meeting of the were among the politicians" and this would Democratic National Committee just prior be a "golden opportunity to come out on to the convention and presumably would top in good style.14 look in again on the exhibit. Amoss was already in tune with Hoen's Early in June Amoss was asking Norton thinking. He had sent for more tobacco to send hornet's nests, orioles, robins, pi- from the farmers, not because it would in- geons, pewees, rats, mice and a screech owl crease the display but because it would give to finish the barn. He was also writing to them a longer list in the official catalog and Weems that the work was progressing more awards. The same was true for all the slowly and that they were working every products and Amoss was thinking of the day including Sunday. While he hoped to opportunity for prizes for the small special have the work completed by the 8th, there exhibits.15 The tobacco exhibit was in place, would, no doubt, be work to do afterwards the Commission and the College were ne- as well.11 Amoss received some of the birds gotiating on the corn exhibit and Orlando and a hornet's nest from the College and Harrison was still eager to exhibit fruit. He an express shipment of tobacco which had could still bring in more prizes. The College to be uncased right away to avoid "summer and the Commission eventually came to sweats" and discoloration. The special corn agreement on the special corn exhibit and exhibit was going to cost approximately Amoss had it by the first week in August. $300.00, double the original estimate, and With the corn in hand already and with Amoss would have to abandon it because grain samples from the Corn and Flower the Commissioners thought that he had Exchange in Baltimore, Maryland had an- already overspent his budget. So he tele- other special exhibit. grammed the ever-willing Experiment Sta- Amoss finally finished his exhibit by the tion, asking if they would provide the funds, end of June and early in July the Commis- the exhibit being advertising for them. He sioners were at long last hearing favorable had the corn already so they wouldn't need comments from visitors who had returned to provide anything except the funds.12 from the Fair. Hoen was relieved. He, Har- Hoen wrote to Amoss after the Commis- rison and Dennis had talked about fruit sioners had returned to Maryland. Harri- again and now were thinking about sending son and Dennis had expected the exhibit to a carload of peaches and apples for distri- be further along than it was and they bution as part of the Maryland Day cele- weren't impressed with his progress. They bration. Each piece of fruit would be thought it was meagre for the construction wrapped in tissue with the inscription funds provided though Hoen had suggested "Maryland Fruit with compliments of the that their feeling was simply because the Maryland Commission."16 exhibit wasn't completed. Harrison was Maryland Day was held on September 12 still interested in having a horticultural in the Festival Hall and close to 100 people exhibit, at least for the fall, but it all would had travelled in a party from Maryland for depend on how the funds held out. Harrison the celebration. As chairman of the Com- told Hoen that most of the states had little mission, General Baughman gave the intro- or no construction, simply tables of fruit.13 ductory remarks. Governor Warfield gave Amoss's barns, spring house, bower and an address and was followed by several Maryland at the St. Louis World's Fair 353

FIGURE 3. Special Tobacco Exhibit. others. On the 13th the Commissioners After all the difficulty that the Commission gave a reception for the Governor in the and Amoss had had with funding. The Bal- Maryland building. Commissioners of the timore Sun reported that not all the money other states, officials of the Fair and foreign appropriated had been spent and a substan- representatives were invited.17 20,000 cop- tial balance remained.20 Even Amoss had ies of a souvenir program were printed. money left in his account. In spite of all the Both the celebration and the building were obstacles, the Commission, the College and a success. Experiment Station, Amoss, the farmers Medals struck at the Philadelphia Mint and the manufacturers of Maryland had under a special Act of Congress were worked together and provided exhibits and awarded in four classes to participants. awards the state and its people could be These were grand, gold, silver and bronze. proud of. Amoss returned to the College Amoss thought Maryland would receive and his position as Director of the Farmers close to 100 awards and in fact received 92 Institute where he remained until 1910. He including a grand for the tobacco display, a continued to bring the latest in scientific gold for the corn exhibit and a silver for 18 agriculture to the farmers and to the public the canned goods pyramids. The Commis- at large. sioners were well pleased with Amoss' ef- forts and Dennis wrote to him, "The Agri- REFERENCES cultural Exhibit in your charge was a most 1. /octs about the World's Fair. St. Louis, U.S.A., successful and noteworthy result from 1904. Maryland to the Exposition... ."19 2. Universal Exposition at St. Louis. Department of At the close of the Fair the Commission Agriculture, Division of Exhibits, 1904. 3. William L. Amoss to the Maryland Commission- turned the exhibits over to the College. ers, 8/5/03. W.L. Amoss Collection, University of Some of the products were given away and Maryland, College Park. the furniture was to be sold in St. Louis. 4. WLA to Frederic Taylor, 9/28/03. WLA, UMCP. 354 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

5. Resolution, Farmer's League, 12/29/03. WLA, 13. FH to WLA, 6/14/04. WLA, UMCP. UMCP. 14. FH to WLA, 6/21/04. WLA, UMCP. 6. WLA to R.W. Silvester, 3/17/04. WLA, UMCP. 15. WLA to FH, 6/23/04. WLA, UMCP. 7. WLA to Dear Sir, 8/29/03. WLA, UMCP. 16. FH to WLA, 7/13/04. WLA, UMCP. 8. William J. Cohill to WLA, 12/9/03. WLA, UMCP. 17. "For Maryland Day at Fair," clipping, 9/12/[04]. 9. WLA to J.B.S. Norton, 5/13/04. WLA, UMCP. 18. WLA to FH, 11/16/04. WLA, UMCP. 10. Frank Hoen to WLA, 5/27/04. WLA, UMCP. 19. S.K. Dennis to WLA, 10/10/04. WLA, UMCP. 11. WLA to E.N. Weems, 6/3/04. WLA, UMCP. 20. Baltimore Sura, 1/16/04. "Fair Money Not All 12. WLA to RWS, 6/13/04. WLA, UMCP. Spent." The Potomac River and Maryland's Boundaries

CARL N. EVERSTINE

M,LARYLAND'S POTOMAC RIVER HAS Flo- Once out of the tidewater portions of the ured in a long and varied series of uncer- new colony, the lines and geographical tainties and disputes relating to the bound- monuments were mostly speculation.1 aries of the state. A few of the questions First,2 the peninsula now known as Del- were settled as recently as 1927, with some marva was to be divided by a "right line" of the doubtful problems being unresolved drawn eastward from the promontory or for nearly three centuries after the Charter headland known as Watkins Point, on the was issued in 1632. The controversies have easterly side of the Chesapeake Bay near involved surveyors, state geologists, bound- the "river Wighco" (now the Pocomoke ary commissions, the court of chancery in River). Modern maps show Watkins Point England, the Penns of Pennsylvania and as the extreme southern extremity of So- the Lords Baltimore of Maryland, an inter- merset County, Maryland, at the mouth of state compact, statutory and constitutional the Pocomoke River and on the tip of the enactments of the three states involved, Cedar Island Wildlife Management Area. rulings of the Supreme Court of the United In the seventeenth century, however, no States, and the common law doctrine of one seemed certain whether Watkins Point prescription and adverse possession. If was at this place or on one of the smaller there has been any common thread running peninsulas of the present Somerset County. through the many disputes and their settle- About all that could be certain was that ment, it has been that with one small ex- once Watkins Point was located, the line ception the State of Maryland always has was to go due east to the Atlantic Ocean. suffered a diminution of the boundaries Even on this simple directive, however, meant for it in the Charter issued by there were recurring boundary disputes be- Charles I in 1632. However, the settlement tween Virginia and Maryland after Mary- of most disputes has rested upon tried and land was settled. On one occasion, during settled doctrines of equity and neighborly the 1660s, Virginia's surveyor general, Col. dealings, to which a people steeped in the Edmond Scarborough, led an armed excur- rule of law could not seriously object. sion into territory claimed by Maryland. THE CHARTER BOUNDARIES This culminated in 1668, when Col. Scar- borough and Philip Calvert of Maryland The Charter of 1632 was granted to Ce- agreed upon a line across the Eastern celius Calvert, eldest son of the late George Shore. They did the job very poorly, at least Calvert, Baron of Baltimore. The bound- considering the terms of Maryland's aries of the new colony seemed in tidewater Charter, so that the line they set veers areas to be spelled out with some precision, definitely toward the northeast as it crosses but they were based upon the rough maps the 'Shore. As a result, some eight miles or of the day and with little or no personal more were added to Virginia's Eastern knowledge of the lines so easily drawn. Shore, including the future towns of Oak Hall and Chincoteague. A boundary award Dr. Everstine, the author of a number of books and articles on Maryland's legal history, and for many of 1877 considered the old variance but years head of the state Department of Legislative allowed the 1668 line to stand; the common Reference, died while this article was in press. law prescriptive rights won by Virginia in 355

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80 No. 4, WINTER 1985 356 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE more than two centuries of occupation were of the Potomac River had been found, that held to be controlling. is, the new colony's boundary was to follow Secondly, the Charter of 1632 granted to the lower or southern bank of the river to Maryland for its eastern boundary all the its mouth. The exact location of "Cin- waterfront from the point where the line quack" is not known, but a map made by across the Eastern Shore reached the Captain John Smith in 1608 showed it on ocean, northerly along the coast, "unto that the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay, part of the bay of Delaware on the north, perhaps five or six miles south of the mouth which lyeth under the fortieth degree of of the river. From that point the boundary north latitude ... where New England is was to proceed by the "shortest line" to terminated."3 From that point, Maryland's Watkins Point, the place of beginning. northern boundary was to extend "in a THE "FIRST FOUNTAIN" OF THE right [latitudinal] line ... unto the true POTOMAC RIVER meridian of the first fountain of the river of Pattowmack." That is, once the source When the phrase "the first fountain of of the Potomac River was located, a longi- the river of Pattowmack" was written into tudinal line northward would be the west- the Maryland Charter in 1632, the King ern boundary of Maryland, to the point of and his ministers had no idea where it intersecting the northern boundary on or might be. The words were interpreted at "under" the fortieth degree of latitude. the time as referring to that source of the However, Maryland was not to have its river which was most distant from the northern boundary on this line. After mouth of the river at the Chesapeake Bay. Pennsylvania was settled during the 1680s, Among the geographical possibilities there even was one that the source of the river the Penns and the Lords Baltimore en- might be north of the fortieth degree of gaged in a protracted controversy about latitude, which would have wiped out the their boundary line. It was not settled until specifications for the western boundary and the 1750s and 1760s, when Maryland ac- left it in complete confusion. cepted a line on latitude 39°43', and it was The Potomac River was discovered by so surveyed by Mason and Dixon during 4 Captain John Smith in 1608, when he jour- the latter decade. The Mason and Dixon neyed northward into the Chesapeake Bay. line thus is some 19 miles south of the He named the river for the Pawtomax In- fortieth degree of latitude. Maryland is es- dians, who lived in the vicinity of the pres- timated as having lost in the agreement 1 6 ent Harpers Ferry. Westerly from that about 2 /2 million acres of land. Included point, the Indians called the North Branch in this area is about half of the present city the Cohaungoruton ("wild goose stream"), of Philadelphia and all of such towns and and the South Branch, the Wappacomo. cities as York, Gettysburg, Waynesboro, The present Shenandoah River they called Chambersburg, Berlin, and Meyersdale. the Sharando. Also, under the original grant to Maryland, Although the source of the river was to there would have been no state of Delaware, be the anchor place for fixing the western all of this area being within Maryland. boundary of the state, and that boundary, Thus, "The true meridian [longitudinal in turn, was to mark the termination of the line] of the first fountain of the river of east-west line which bounded on the north, Pattowmack" was to be the western bound- it was more than a century after 1632 before ary of the state. Beginning at the intersec- all this description came to have meaning. tion of that meridian on the fortieth par- Oddly enough, the Province of Maryland allel of latitude (later changed to be the had nothing to do with the initial determi- Mason and Dixon line), that boundary was nation. That went back to a grant of the to be followed southerly "unto the farther so-called Northern Neck of Virginia. bank of the said river, and following the In 1688, 56 years after Maryland's same on the west and south, unto a certain Charter was granted, King James II made place called Cinquack, situate near the a grant of the Northern Neck of Virginia mouth of the said river." Once the source to Thomas, Lord Culpeper. The western The Potomac River and Maryland's Boundaries 357 end of this grant, the "neck," was to be on October 22,1746.7 They found the mark- bounded on the north by the Potomac ings made on the trees ten years earlier and River. The southern boundary was to be a made fresh markings of their own. Also, line drawn from the "first head or spring" they planted a stone in the ground with the of the Rappahannock River to the "first rough markings "Fx."8 head or spring" of the Potomac River. The THE FUNCTION OF THE FAIRFAX source of the Potomac still was uncertain, STONE of course. The source of the Rappahannock in Virginia was then also uncertain; the The small brook which is the Potomac river split a short distance west from Fred- River, having its source in the springs at ericksburg, with a northern spur ending to the Fairfax Stone, flows westward for a the north and west of Warrenton, and a short distance. That surely would have southern spur ending westerly from Or- been a most unexpected situation if it had ange. been known to Charles I when he made the Lord Culpeper's daughter married into grant to Maryland in 1632. Although he did the Fairfax family, and the grant to Lord not know the location of the "first foun- Culpeper thereafter was known as the Fair- tain" of the Potomac River, he must have fax grant. In the 1730s a boundary dispute expected that from its source the tiny arose between the then Lord Fairfax and stream would flow eastward toward the the Colony of Virginia that led to the ap- Chesapeake Bay. pointment of commissioners to settle the The brook flows in a horseshoe curve to the north before it turns back to the east. matter. They were instructed to "ascertain, The meridian line drawn northward from by actual examination and survey, the true the Fairfax Stone, which originally was in- fountains of the Rappahannock and Poto- tended to mark the western boundary of mac rivers." They began their trip on the Maryland, crosses the east-bound river on Potomac in September, 1736, from a point the north prong of the horseshoe, about at the juncture of the Potomac and Shen- three-quarters of a mile north of the Fair- andoah rivers, now Harpers Ferry. On De- fax Stone. The depth of the horseshoe, cember 14, 1736, they reached the spot, measured inward from the meridian line, is which they judged to be the source of the also about three-quarters of a mile. All this Potomac River. was depicted in one of the exhibits in the While moving upstream along the river, Supreme Court's case of Maryland v. West the commissioners came to the mouth of 9 6 Virginia, decided in 1910. the South Branch. They chose the North The question quickly arose whether Branch as the main stream and continued Maryland should have the land within the upward to its source. At that point they horseshoe. Virginia, and later West Vir- blazed several trees to mark the site and ginia, denied the claim. The two states held returned to Virginia. Meanwhile, another that the land within the horseshoe is south group of the commissioners' party deter- of the Potomac River, which certainly is mined that the first spring of the Rappa- true if one approaches the river along the hannock River was on the headwaters of median line from the north. It always was the south branch of that river, now known well settled, the two states maintained, that as the Rapidan. Maryland was never meant to extend Ten years later, with the boundary con- southerly beyond the limits of the river. troversy still unsettled, a new party was The question of ownership within the appointed to survey the line between the horseshoe was not strongly pursued by sources of the two rivers. Peter Jefferson, Maryland. There was no occasion to say father of Thomas, was a member of the anything about it in the Boundary Award group. They began their journey at the of 1877, the most basic of all the boundary headwaters of the Rapidan River, now in agreements between the states of Maryland the Shenandoah National Park. After a and Virginia, for by that time Virginia's particularly difficult trip overland, they ar- shoreline on the Potomac River did not rived at the source of the Potomac River extend westerly beyond the mouth of the 358 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Shenandoah River at Harpers Ferry. There seems to be the continuation of the river seems to have been no strong effort on the from downstream, and the brook from the part of Maryland to regain from West Vir- Fairfax Stone seems to turn off at an angle. ginia the small piece of land within the However, the Court ruled in Maryland v. horseshoe. West Virginia that the Fairfax Stone would Over the years, however, persons who continue to mark the origin of the western deemed themselves residents of Virginia, boundary. The Court detailed an impres- and later West Virginia, claimed ownership sive number of instances in which Mary- of land within the horseshoe. The horse- land had accepted the Fairfax Stone as its shoe question was not finally settled until boundary monument. After this recital, the the Supreme Court ruled upon it in 1910, Court settled the issue by applying the tra- in the case of Maryland v. West Virginia. ditional common law doctrine of prescrip- The main decision in that case was that the tion and adverse possession and on this so-called Deakins line was the proper west- question ruled in favor of West Virginia. ern boundary of the state.10 A very early acceptance of the Fairfax Accordingly, the Fairfax Stone, which Stone, implicit at least, was Maryland's not was originally meant to mark the beginning contesting Virginia's use of that site as a of Maryland's western boundary, is isolated monument for the establishment of its about three-quarters of a mile away from western counties, and for other purposes. Maryland, entirely within West Virginia. Another early action in Maryland might Its only function now is to mark the begin- rank as a temporary acceptance. By reso- ning of the north-south line which becomes lution in its May session of 1787, the Gen- the boundary of Maryland when it crosses eral Assembly of Maryland requested the the upper prong of the horseshoe three- Governor and Council of the state to em- quarters of a mile away, at the village of ploy some "skillful person" to survey the Kempton. This use of the north-south line lands lying to the west of Fort Cumberland. across the width of the horseshoe automat- The purpose was to establish 50-acre tracts ically assured to West Virginia the land to which might be given as bounties to vet- the west of the line, within the horseshoe. erans of the Revolutionary War. The sur- veyor selected was Francis Deakins, who THE POTOMAC STONE reported back to the 1788 session of the As the small brook which is the Potomac Legislature. River swings around in the horseshoe The most specific directive to Deakins in curve, westerly and then northerly from the the resolution of 1787 had been to survey Fairfax Stone, another small stream enters lands "belonging to this state." He used the it from the west. Its source is on Backbone Fairfax Stone as his western boundary Mountain, approximately one-and-a-half monument and from that point established miles westerly from the meridian line of a western boundary for Maryland.11 In con- Fairfax Stone. sidering his report to the General Assembly On the assumption that the source of in 1788, that body arranged to pay him this brook was also the source of the Poto- £200 for his work and added this curious mac River farthest from its mouth ("the disclaimer:12 first fountain"), Maryland established in 1897 a "Potomac Stone" on Backbone That the line to which said Francis Mountain. Until 1909, Maryland claimed Deakins has laid out the said lots, is, in the that the meridian for the western boundary opinion of the general assembly, far within should be based upon the Potomac Stone, that which this state may rightfully claim rather than upon the Fairfax Stone. The as its western boundary; and that at a time of more leisure the consideration of the result would have been to add a long narrow legislature ought to be drawn to the western strip, about one and a half miles wide, all boundaries of this state, as objects of very along the western boundary. great importance. Geographically, Maryland's claim to the Potomac Stone appears to have some valid- There followed a number of inconclusive ity. The brook from the Potomac Stone attempts to clarify the western boundary The Potomac River and Maryland's Boundaries 359 situation, all in conjunction with the Fair- Branch was the longer of the two streams, fax Stone as a monument. The Maryland the North Branch was wider and deeper, Legislature proposed in 1795, 1801, and and the North Branch followed the general 1810 that commissioners from Maryland direction of the stream from below the junc- and Virginia meet, with power to adjust the ture. boundary lines on both the southern and From that time, Maryland referred ex- western limits of Maryland. Virginia ap- plicitly to the Fairfax Stone as a proper parently took no action on these overtures. starting monument for determining the Again in 1818,13 Maryland proposed the western boundary of the state. In 1852, by appointment of commissioners. This time Chapter 275, Maryland's Legislature again their task would be "to settle and adjust, by asked Virginia to appoint commissioners to mutual compact ... the western limits of trace, establish, and mark the line, "begin- this state, and the dividing line and bound- ning therefor at the said Fairfax Stone, and ary between this state and the common- running thence due north to the Line of the wealth of Virginia, to commence at the State of Pennsylvania." Virginia replied in most western source of the north branch of 1854, consenting to the appointment of a the Potomac River...." This act then fol- boundary commissioner from that state. lowed with extensive provisions for saving The Virginia act twice mentioned the Fair- harmless any property owner whose grant fax Stone.15 may have been on "the boundary line." It The commissioners appointed pursuant may be noted, also, that the indefinite ref- to these acts applied for the services of an erence to "the most western source of the officer of the United States Engineers, to north branch of the Potomac River" con- aid them in carrying out their directives. spicuously omitted mention of the Fairfax Accordingly, Lieut. N. Michler of the Stone. United States Topographical Engineers Virginia in 1822 responded to the Mary- was assigned to the task and to work with land proposal and appointed a set of com- the commissioners from Maryland and Vir- missioners. Representatives of the two ginia. His efforts introduced a new compli- states met and came to no agreement. cation in the tangled history of Maryland's In the December session of 1825, in western boundary,16 but he added another Chapter 82, Maryland again asked for ac- recognition of the Fairfax Stone by follow- tion in settling its western limits. Again ing the two legislative acts and starting his there was no mention of the Fairfax Stone; survey at that point. In Chapter 385 of the the Governor of Delaware would have been Acts of 1860, Maryland hastened to confirm asked to serve as umpire and to make a the line drawn by Lieut. Michler in 1859. binding decision. Virginia never approved of the Michler line; Virginia took the initiative in 1833, in an by 1860 that state was embroiled in other act providing for commissioners to run a and more vital controversies, and after the line northward from the Fairfax Stone. The State of West Virginia was established in act also said that if Maryland did not ap- 1863 the Virginians no longer had any in- point commissioners, those from Virginia terest in the Fairfax Stone. West Virginia were to run and mark the line. Maryland passed legislation in 1887 to confirm the answered in 1834, by filing a bill in the Michler line, but the act contained provisos Supreme Court, directed against the State to which Maryland did not assent; thus, the of Virginia. The suit ultimately was dis- law never became effective. missed with no action taken. In the case, Meanwhile, the State of Maryland took however, Maryland laid claim to the South the first of two steps which gave unques- Branch of the Potomac as the proper source tionable acceptance of the Fairfax Stone as of the river, saying that it "was, and still the boundary monument for Maryland's continues to be, the main source, and an western boundary. In its new Constitution essential part, and the principal course of of 1851,17 Maryland provided for the future the river Patowmac.... "14 The response establishment of Garrett County. The pro- from Virginia was that while the South spective boundary between Allegany and 360 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Garrett counties started at the Mason and Deakins line. A long narrow triangle of land Dixon line, ran to the middle of Savage thereby was put in question. Its inverted River where it empties into the Potomac base was the three-quarter mile stretch River, thence by a straight line to the Vir- along the Mason and Dixon line, with its ginia boundary (i.e., to the lower shore of apex at the Fairfax Stone. the Potomac), and "thence with said Maryland immediately claimed the boundary to the Fairfax stone...." Nearly added triangle of land. The State Legisla- twenty years later, by Chapter 212 of the ture, in Chapter 385 of the Acts of 1860, Acts of 1872, Garrett County was formally formally declared that "the northwestern created; and this act repeated the boundary line of this state is a line commencing at description with its definite reference to the Fairfax Stone, at the head of the north the Fairfax Stone. branch of the Potomac River, and running All these references were cited by the thence due north to the southern line of the Supreme Court in 1910, in Maryland v. state of Pennsylvania, as surveyed in the West Virginia.• The main point of that year eighteen hundred and fifty-nine...." case confirmed that the Deakins line was Maryland's claim could have been the proper western boundary of Mary- strengthened by a statute passed in West 19 land, but that line began at the Fairfax Virginia in 1887, accepting the Michler Stone and thus effectively ruled out any line. However, the West Virginia act con- claim by Maryland for using the Potomac tained provisos to which Maryland did not Stone as a boundary marker. consent and therefore never became effec- THE DEAKINS LINE tive. There could be no doubt of the historical When the General Assembly of Mary- strength of Maryland's claim. The Charter land by resolution in 1787 requested the of 1632 specifically had provided that the Governor and Council to arrange for a sur- line westward along the fortieth degree of vey of Maryland's western boundary, the latitude, later changed by Maryland and Province and State of Maryland were more Pennsylvania to be the Mason and Dixon than 150 years old, and this rather impor- line, was to proceed "unto the true meridian tant factor in the state's geography re- mained unsettled. An important purpose of of the first fountain of the river of Pattow- the survey, however, was to lay out the mack...." That, of course, had to be a lands westerly from Fort Cumberland in longitudinal line southward from Pennsyl- 50-acre tracts that might be offered as vania. Maryland's claim to the triangular bounties to veterans of the Revolutionary area was the main point involved in the Supreme Court case of Maryland v. West War. 22 In the process, of course, it was necessary Virginia referred to above. to fix a tentative western boundary. The The case originated after the enactment legislative resolution had directed the sur- of Chapter 563 of the Maryland Acts of veyor not to go beyond "the supposed pres- 1890. In it the Legislature directed the At- ent boundaries of Maryland." Accordingly, torney General of the state to take such the surveyor, Francis Deakins, began at the steps as necessary to get a decision from Fairfax Stone ("the first fountain") and ran the Supreme Court about its boundary con- a line as he thought due northerly to the troversy with West Virginia, in order to Mason and Dixon line.20 When the line was ascertain the "true location" of the bound- re-surveyed in 1859, by a team from the ary between Garrett County, Maryland, United States Topographical Engineers un- and Preston County, West Virginia. There der Lieut. N. Michler,21 it was discovered was an appropriation of five hundred dol- that Deakins had been wrong in some of lars to cover the cost of the suit. his calculations, and that his line was not The Deakins line was related directly to due north from the Fairfax Stone and all the controversy and decisions affecting therefore not accurate. Michler's line inter- the Fairfax Stone, as its starting monu- sected the Mason and Dixon line at a point ment.23 Despite what had been settled about three-quarters of a mile west of the about the Fairfax Stone, however, Mary- The Potomac River and Maryland's Boundaries 361 land's suit against West Virginia involved and justice equally binding upon states and a separate and unconnected situation, the individuals."28 ownership of the triangle formed by the The final decree in Maryland v. West diverging courses of the Deakins and Mich- Virginia, in addition to validating the ler lines. Deakins line, called for the appointment of The Supreme Court held that Maryland's commissioners to run and mark the old western boundary should remain at the Deakins line, "beginning at a point where "old" or Deakins line. The determining fac- the north and south line from the Fairfax tor was the common law doctrine of pre- Stone crosses the Potomac River, and run- scription and adverse possession. As the ning thence to the Pennsylvania border."29 doctrine had developed in the common law, After a lapse of 288 years following the it had been one of open, continuous, and grant of Maryland's charter in 1632, the exclusive possession under a claim of right, western boundary of the state finally was for a period "beyond the memory of man." settled. In the United States, adverse possession THE NORTH BANK OF THE RIVER AS for a period of twenty years frequently had THE BOUNDARY been held to satisfy the claim. "It may be true," said the Court, "that Virginia, and later West Virginia, have the meridian line from the Potomac Stone, claimed occasionally that in using the Po- in the light of what is now known of that tomac River as the boundary between the region of the country, more fully answers states, the north rather than the south bank the calls in the original charter than does a should be used. Again there could be no doubt as to the meridian starting from the Fairfax correctness of the south bank if the Mary- Stone."24 But, it was added in direct rela- land Charter of 1632 were used as a guide. tion to the triangular area in dispute, "the The Charter had said very precisely that evidence contained in this record leaves no after the boundary line went southward room to doubt that after the running of the along the western boundary until it reached Deakins line the people of that region knew the source of the Potomac River, it was to and referred to it as the line between the proceed "unto the farther bank of the said State of Maryland and the State of West 30 25 river.... " In its context (and without Virginia." Continuing, "The adoption of knowledge of the horseshoe curve) that the true meridian line, which Lieut. Mich- could have meant only the lower or south- ler ran, would cause great litigation because ern shore of the river. of the acquiescence of the people in the old 26 Two points were raised in opposition to boundary line,—the Deakins line." the Maryland claim. First, the grant to There was testimony also in the case that Lord Culpeper in 1688 (the Fairfax grant) the State of Maryland had recognized the seemed to give the bed of the Potomac Deakins line in a number of land grants, River to Lord Culpeper, and of course to and that people in the two states had im- the colony of Virginia. The Potomac was proved their roads up to the Deakins line specified as the northern boundary of the and had paid taxes, voted, and attended grant, and the grant had included the schools in their respective counties border- phrase "together with the said rivers them- ing that line. selves and all the islands within the outter- Earlier decisions of the Supreme Court most bounds thereof." However, Virginia were cited in support of its decision in and its successor West Virginia seemed Maryland v. West Virginia. Several inter- never to make any serious claim that these state cases and writers on international law conflicting grants gave them the bed of the were quoted to the same effect.27 Conclud- Potomac River. Even in the Compact of ing, in Maryland v. West Virginia, "We 1785, one of the most famous of all inter- think a right prescriptive in its nature has state compacts, designed to settle questions arisen, practically undisturbed for many of navigation and fisheries between Mary- years, not to be overthrown without doing land and Virginia in the Potomac and Po- violence to principles of established right comoke rivers, the matter of ownership of 362 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE the river was left uncertain. Reasoning upon the horseshoe curve of the tiny river from the Compact, however, could argue after leaving the Fairfax Stone. that establishing the boundary line across After following the western boundary the Chesapeake Bay beginning at Smith southward, reaching the Fairfax Stone and Point was determinative; Smith Point is on proceeding to the "farther bank," said the the southern side of the river, at the mouth claim, one reached a bank which became of the stream. the north shore of the river after it pro- Uncertainties about the Potomac and ceeded around the horseshoe curve and ac- Pocomoke rivers, not completely settled in tually became the boundary between the the Compact of 1785, were the subject of two states. This anomalous situation had two Maryland statutes more than a century occurred, of course, because King Charles I later. In 1884, by Chapter 354, the Legis- in 1632 was completely unaware that the lature authorized the Attorney General of Potomac River flowed anywhere other than Maryland to take the steps necessary to easterly as it left its source. obtain a decision of the Supreme Court of As between Maryland and Virginia, the the United States as to the validity, scope, matter was thought settled by the Bound- and effect of the Compact. An appropria- ary Award of 1877. Both states a year or tion of two thousand dollars was included two earlier had agreed to submit their to defray the cost of special counsel. A boundary to arbitration, and the award of similar law was enacted in 1890, by Chapter 1877 was the result. It had no effect upriver 471. It particularly concerned Pocomoke from Harpers Ferry, of course. Below that Sound and the question whether Maryland point, said the award, the Maryland-Vir- and Virginia Citizens had joint rights in the ginia boundary would begin at "the point oyster fisheries; a Virginia police officer on the Potomac River where the line be- earlier had denied such rights to Maryland- tween Virginia and West Virginia strikes ers. An appropriation of fourteen hundred the said river at low-water mark, and dollars was included for special counsel, to thence, following the meanderings of said be taken from the earlier appropriation river by the low-water mark, to Smiths made in 1884. Point, at or near the mouth of the Poto- There was a stronger piece of evidence mac." That language obviously put the against ownership of the Potomac River by Maryland-Virginia boundary on the lower Virginia and West Virginia, and Maryland shore at low-water mark, and with both entered it into the bill of complaint in states approving the award, the matter Maryland u. West Virginia.31 In the first might have been considered as decided. constitution of the State of Virginia, Maryland's approval of the Boundary adopted on June 29, 1776, this provision Award of 1877 was in Chapter 10 of the was included: Acts of 1878. That act also appropriated The territories contained within the money for the arbitrators. Three of them charters erecting the colonies of Maryland, received $2,500 each; and a fourth who had Pennsylvania, North and South Carolina, died during the proceedings had $2,000 paid are hereby ceded, released, and forever con- to his estate. In another enactment of 1878, firmed to the people of those colonies re- spectively, with all the rights of property, Chapter 374, Maryland provided for sur- jurisdiction, and government, and all other veying and marking the boundary line as rights whatsoever which might, at any time determined between the two states. This heretofore, have been claimed by Virginia, act was conditioned upon acceptance of the except the free navigation and use of the new line by the State of Virginia and by rivers Potomac and Pocomoke, with the the Congress. The War Department in property of the Virginia shores or strands Washington was asked to assign a topo- bordering on either of the said rivers, and graphical engineer to run and mark the all improvements which have been or shall boundary. The boundary was approved by be made thereon. the Congress on March 3, 1879. The second claim for a boundary on the Some two decades later, however, the north shore was more obscure. It was based Supreme Court of the United States re- The Potomac River and Maryland's Boundaries 363 versed a portion of the Boundary Award of mark, presented practical difficulties. The 1877, with a declaration that Maryland em- high-water mark as a boundary would have braced the Potomac River "to high-water been an unhandy concept and one difficult mark on the southern or Virginia shore." to administer politically. It would have This case, Morris v. United States,32 con- been a boundary of possible fluctuation, cerned the tidal flats in the river opposite with no assurance that today's boundary the District of Columbia, and except for would not be extended by an unprecedented this declaration it did not involve as such flood next year. A low-water mark would the states of Maryland, Virginia, or West be subject to similar fluctuations, but with Virginia. the advantage of allowing the riparian When the case of Maryland v. West Vir- owner in Virginia or West Virginia always ginia was considered by the Supreme Court to hold his property to the current water's in 1910, there was a direct claim before the edge. Court in the answer and cross claim filed Despite the practical difficulties, the gen- by West Virginia, "that the north bank of eral opinion in Maryland during the years the Potomac River, from above Harpers of Provincial government and the early Ferry to what is known as the Fairfax years of statehood appeared to be that Stone, is the true boundary between the Maryland's ownership on the lower shore 33 states." of the river went to high-water mark; yet This contention, said the Court, already there seemed to be no instance in which a had been decided otherwise in the Morris Marylander laid claim to a strip along the case. Additionally, even though West Vir- Virginia shore. ginia had not been a party to the Boundary Downstream from Harpers Ferry, the Award of 1877 between Maryland and Vir- question between Maryland and Virginia ginia, the territory granted to Maryland in was temporarily answered by the Boundary 1632 included the Potomac River and the Award of 1877, which firmly declared that soil under it. Accordingly, the cross bill filed the boundary line would follow the mean- by West Virginia was dismissed in so far as derings of the river at low-water mark, it asked for a decree fixing the north bank 34 from the junction of the Potomac and of the Potomac as its boundary. Since Shenandoah rivers to Smith Point at the 1910, therefore, Maryland's claim has been mouth of the Potomac. Later, in construing secure; its boundary extends to include the the award of 1877, the Supreme Court held bed of the Potomac River. in the Morris case that it was not necessary Low WATER MARK ON THE SOUTHERN to determine whether the award established SHORE the boundary as it always was or whether Once it became established that the lower the original grant to Thomas, Lord Culpe- per, never of right included the Potomac or southern shore of the Potomac River 35 was to be the boundary line, two further River. In this sense the prospective effect questions persisted. One was that of a des- of the award was emphasized. ignation whether it would be the low-water It may be noted, however, that the actual mark or the high-water mark. That issue Maryland-Virginia boundary fixed pur- finally was settled, and fortunately no ac- suant to the award of 1877 did not strictly count was taken of the ultimate fact that follow the "meanderings" of the shoreline. neither the high-water nor the low-water In some places it cut across open water mark was itself a fixed line. The second between headlands, thus giving to Virginia question applied to those parts of the lower water areas which a literal reading of the river in the tidal estuary; it concerned award's language seemed to indicate be- whether the boundary might in places be longed to Maryland. The matter of head- set from headland to headland rather than lands could be uncertain. There was at least always to follow the meanderings of the one instance, in 1889, when the United shoreline. States Coast and Geodetic Survey was The first question, that of whether to use asked to determine portions of the bound- the high-water mark or the low-water ary line. 364 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE The Supreme Court in the Morris case boundary between West Virginia and did go on to say that the Charter granted Maryland. to Maryland in 1632 had embraced the The only other modification of this Potomac River up to high-water mark on boundary along the Potomac River affected the Virginia shore.36 This matter of history (very slightly) the line between Maryland was repeated by the Court in 1910, in the Virginia, downstream from Harpers Ferry. case of Maryland v. West Virginia.31 This occurred in the Boundary Award of The latter case had been primarily con- 1927, in which there was a more liberal use cerned with the validity of the Deakins line of headlands than earlier and thus a greater as the western boundary of Maryland.38 In area of open water given to Virginia. This it, however. West Virginia by a cross bill applied, of course, to the tidewater portions had sought a ruling that the north bank of of the river below Georgetown.40 Use of the the Potomac River was the proper line on low-water mark is now well settled, except this portion of the boundary between the for the use of headlands, along the entire two states. This claim first was denied by Potomac River, between Maryland and the Court, with a statement that West Vir- West Virginia on the upper river and Mary- ginia's title ran only to high-water mark land and Virginia on the lower river. on the West Virginia shore. That question also arose later, in a second hearing, after THE SOUTH BRANCH AS THE the Court had called for the appointment BOUNDARY of commissioners to establish the lines be- The North Branch and the South Branch tween the states. of the Potomac River are of about equal After this second hearing, the Court held size where they join near Oldtown, Mary- that the south bank of the Potomac River, land. It was discovered about the mid- at the low-water mark on the West Virginia eighteenth century, however, that the shore, is the "true southern boundary line source of the South Branch is the more of the State of Maryland."39 Again there distant from Chesapeake Bay, raising the was use of the common law doctrine of question whether the source of the South prescription and adverse possession: Branch is the "first fountain" of the Poto- mac River. The evidence is sufficient to show that At that time King George II already had Virginia, from the earliest period in her approved, at least implicitly, that the North history, used the south bank of the Poto- Branch was the proper boundary between mac as if the soil to low-water mark had Maryland and Virginia. As a contrary move been her own. She did not give this up by with no particular effect, Frederick Calvert, her Constitution of 1776, when she surren- dered other claims within the charter limits sixth Lord Baltimore, declared in 1753 that of Maryland; but, on the contrary, she ex- the boundary had been fixed without his pressly reserved "the property of the Vir- consent and that he had no knowledge of ginia shores or strands bordering on either the planting of the Fairfax Stone. Mary- of said rivers (Potomac or Pocomoke) and land's Governor Horatio Sharpe, at Fred- all improvements which have or will be erick Calvert's request, sent Thomas Cre- made thereon." By the Compact of 1785, sap to survey both branches of the river. Maryland assented to this, and declared Cresap reported in 1754 that the South that "the citizens of each state respectively Branch was indeed the longer of the two shall have full property on the shores of the streams, thus supporting a claim from Potomac, and adjoining their lands, with all emoluments and advantages thereunto Maryland that the boundary should be belonging, and the privilege of making and fixed along the South Branch. carrying out wharves and other improve- This claim would have vastly increased ments." the size of the State of Maryland. The South Branch runs generally in a southwes- It was understood, of course, that when terly direction from its junction with the West Virginia was established it succeeded North Branch, passing near the West Vir- to these rights stated for Virginia. The de- ginia towns of Romney, Moorefield, Peters- cree in the case used low-water mark as the burg, and Franklin, with its source in the The Potomac River and Maryland's Boundaries 365 mountains southwest of Franklin. Using automatic abandonment of any claim to the the South Branch as the boundary would South Branch as the "first fountain."42 have added a hugh triangular area to Mary- Along with the several other questions land, between the North and South before the Supreme Court in Maryland v. branches; and since the source of the South West Virginia, Maryland filed a claim to Branch is westerly from the longitudinal the South Branch of the Potomac River as line beginning at the Fairfax Stone, a long "the true location of the boundary line...." corridor would have been added to Mary- The bill charged that West Virginia "is land's present western boundary. From the wrongfully in possession of, and exercising source of the South Branch to the Mason jurisdiction over, a large part of the terri- and Dixon Line there would have been a tory rightfully belonging to Maryland; that distance of some 85 miles. the true line of the western boundary of The Attorney General of Maryland in Maryland is a meridian running south to the first or most distant fountain of the 1836 filed a brief on behalf of the South Potomac River, and that such true line is Branch as Maryland's boundary, during several miles south and west of the line one of the many controversies about the which the State of West Virginia boundary between Maryland and Virginia. claims...." He claimed that the South Branch "was, But, said the Court, while "there is much and still continues to be, the main source, documentary and other evidence in the rec- and an essential part, and the principal ord bearing upon the contention that the source of the river Patowmac, extending South Branch of the Potomac River is the westerly upwards of sixty miles further, and true southern boundary of Maryland ..., with a wider, deeper, and more copious the briefs and arguments made on behalf stream than the North Branch, which was of Maryland" had not been pressed. Ac- then and still continues relatively but a cordingly, the claim to the South Branch small tributary stream."41 as the proper boundary was not considered Over the years, however, Maryland has further.43 accepted the North Branch as its proper boundary. Thus, Maryland's Constitution THE SHENANDOAH RIVER AS THE of 1851, in making provision for the later BOUNDARY establishment of Garrett County, mentions Charles Calvert, the fifth Lord Baltimore the Fairfax Stone as one of the descriptive (1715-1751), claimed that the source of the Shenandoah River was the true first foun- monuments. Again, in Chapter 212 of the 44 Acts of 1872, by which the Legislature ac- tain of the Potomac River. Flowing into tually created Garrett County, the Fairfax the Potomac at Harpers Ferry, the source Stone was mentioned and accepted. In the of the Shenandoah lay in the Valley of Virginia, near Staunton. The western meantime, the Legislature in Chapter 385 boundary of Maryland, on the longitudinal of the Acts of 1860 had declared that "The line northward from the source of the Shen- northwestern line of the state is a line andoah, then, would have been a few miles commencing at the Fairfax Stone, at the to the east of the present line, approaching head of the north branch of the Potomac the Mason and Dixon line near Keysers River, and running thence due north to the Ridge. southern line of the State of Pennsylvania." The Shenandoah appears on the map as This statute was primarily intended to lay a tributary stream, even more so than the claim to the Michler line as the proper South Branch of the Potomac. There seems boundary on the west, but in the process it to have been no other serious effort to make accepted the Fairfax Stone and the North such a claim on behalf of the State of Branch of the Potomac River. Maryland. In addition, all the other instances in One may speculate upon the effect of which Maryland gave implicit or explicit such a boundary for Maryland during the recognition of the Fairfax Stone as a years of the Civil War. Maryland then al- boundary monument carried with them an most certainly would have followed its 366 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE strong inclination to secede from the Un- across Smith Island from Sassafras Ham- ion, strengthening the South and further mock to Horse Hammock. Accordingly, the endangering the city of Washington. Boundary Award of 1877 set the boundary line across the Bay from Smith Point to THE LINE ACROSS THE CHESAPEAKE Smith Island, across the island from Sas- BAY safras Hammock to Horse Hammock, to The Charter of 1632 was somewhat con- the middle of the channel in Tangier Sound fusing in having Maryland's boundary fol- (easterly from Smith Island), south in Tan- low the lower shore of the Potomac River gier Sound to the point of intersecting a "unto a certain place called Cinquack, sit- line drawn from Smith Point to Watkins uate near the mouth of the said river, where Point, and then following that original line it disembogues into the aforesaid bay of to Watkins Point. In this way the two states Chesapeake, and thence by the shortest line by arbitration recognized the prescriptive unto the aforesaid promontory, or place, rights which Virginia and Virginia citizens called Watkins Point." The result gave had long enjoyed on the southern portion Maryland several square miles additional of Smith Island. Finally, after passing by ownership in the Chesapeake Bay, hardly Watkins Point, the line curved upstream a great consideration in the seventeenth in Pocomoke Sound to the point of inter- century. It would have seemed more natural secting the old Calvert-Scarborough line of simply to carry the boundary line from the 1668, and on across the Eastern Shore. southern bank at the mouth of the river, a A small question remained, which the place later called Smith Point. Maryland Legislature handled by Chapter Such a boundary change was indicated 228 of the Acts of 1890. The sum of $1,500 in 1785, in the Compact of 1785 between was appropriated for the expenses of a com- Maryland and Virginia. In Article 10, which mission to settle a dispute about the Mary- defined jurisdiction in cases of piracies, land-Virginia boundary at Hog Island.46 crimes, and offenses in the Potomac and Pocomoke rivers and in the Chesapeake POSSIBLE ADDITIONS TO THE STATE Bay, a line of division (not specifically Maryland's wartime Constitution of 1864 called a boundary) was established "from included an authorization to acquire terri- the south point of Patowmack river (now tory from either Virginia or the newly- called Smith Point) to Watkins Point, near formed State of West Virginia: the mouth of Pocomoke river...." Since 1785 Smith Point has been accepted as the The general assembly shall have power starting place for the line across the Bay. to accept the cession of any territory, con- This part of the Maryland-Virginia tiguous to this state, from the states of boundary was further considered in the Virginia and West Virginia, or from the 45 United States, with the consent of Con- Boundary Award of 1877. It was first as- gress and of the inhabitants of such ceded sumed that the line from Smith Point to territory, and in case of such cessions the Watkins Point was to be straight, because general assembly may divide such territory the original one from Cinquack to Watkins into counties, and shall provide for the Point had been defined as "the shortest representation of the same in the general line." However, this would conflict with the assembly, and may, for that purpose in- practical situation on Smith Island. crease the number of senators and dele- Smith Island is an irregular set of islands gates, and the general assembly shall enact in the lower Chesapeake Bay off the shore such laws as may be required to extend the of Somerset County, Maryland. The south- constitution and laws of this state over such ern portion of the islands had been settled territory, and may create courts, conform- ably to the constitution, for such territory, by Virginians; following the straight line and may for that purpose increase the num- from Smith Point to Watkins Point would ber of judges of the court of appeals.47 have placed all of Smith Island in Mary- land. Also, for years prior to 1877, Mary- This authority remained in the Consti- land and Virginia had been following a de tution until the Constitution of 1867 was facto agreement fixing a boundary line adopted. It obviously stemmed from the The Potomac River and Maryland's Boundaries 367 extraordinary situation during the Civil as the location for the "first fountain" of War. The subject had been mentioned ear- the Potomac River, rather than the source lier in the war, by Secretary of War Simon of the South Branch of the Potomac, cost Cameron. An order introduced into the Maryland a large triangular piece of the House of Delegates of Maryland on Decem- present State of West Virginia; and use of ber 5, 1862, had proposed to inquire "what the Fairfax Stone as the boundary monu- is the meaning of Secretary Cameron in ment, rather than the Potomac Stone, lost regard to the reconstruction of the bound- for Maryland a long corridor some one- aries of the states of Delaware, Maryland, and-a-half miles wide. and Virginia." The proposed order was laid On the south, the Charter of 1632 was on the table in the House. construed for many years as giving Mary- Some years later, during the Maryland land the bed of the Potomac River up to Legislature's session of 1880, a petition sug- high-water mark on the lower shore (al- gested that Maryland purchase from the though the narrow strip of land on the State of West Virginia the entire area of Virginia and West Virginia shores would the counties of Jefferson, Berkeley, and not have had much practical value for Morgan. These three counties comprised all the area of the Eastern Panhandle of Maryland and would have caused many West Virginia. If added to Maryland they administrative and political problems). By would have given this State the southern arbitration and court decisions, that line bank of the Potomac River, and its hinter- has been re-set at the low-water mark. In land, from Harpers Ferry to Paw Paw. tidal areas along the lower stretches of the The irony of these proposals was that Potomac, the lines drawn between head- after all the controversy and debate involv- lands on the lower shore have cost Mary- ing Maryland's southern boundaries, all the land a number of areas of open water, again way from the Fairfax Stone to the Atlantic of limited practical value. Ocean, Maryland for the first time could Finally, the Charter line across the Ches- have had territory below the Potomac River apeake Bay has been re-drawn, giving to and the lines from Smith Point to Watkins Virginia extensive areas in the Bay and the Point to the ocean. lower portion of Smith Island. About the only controversy that Mary- AN APPRAISAL land has "won" has been that of retaining Over the years the State of Maryland has ownership in the bed of the Potomac River. suffered constant curtailing and diminu- The value of this holding has been minimal, tion of the geographic boundaries provided particularly in view of the assurance in the for it in the Charter of 1632. The process Compact of 1785 that the riparian states has affected the boundaries on all sides would have equal access to the fisheries and (including a continuing erosion by the At- to rights of navigation. lantic Ocean on the east). Separate bound- Notably, however, except for the ques- ary decisions have been dated from near tionable dealings which gave Maryland the the middle of the seventeenth century to Mason and Dixon line on the north, the the latest award in 1927. In 1668, the Calvert-Scarborough line boundary controversies that Maryland lost across the Delmarva Peninsula gave to Vir- were decided on excellent principles of eq- ginia a diverging strip of perhaps eight uity and common law property rights. miles along the southeastern boundary. While human error and miscalculation may Later, the substitution of the Mason and initially have caused some of the contro- Dixon line for the fortieth parallel of lati- versies, the tested rule of prescription and tude carried with it a strip some 19 miles adverse possession figured largely in a num- wide along the entire length of the northern ber of the ultimate decisions. boundary. On the west, the faulty survey of These principles were expounded at some the Deakins line took away a long narrow length by the Supreme Court in Maryland wedge of land. Of more importance in the u. West Virginia and in other bi-state cases, west, the designation of the Fairfax Stone in principles of international law, and in 368 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE the Maryland-Virginia Boundary Award of sovereignty over the territory within it, 63 1877. should be accepted as conclusive.... Thus, in Maryland v. West Virginia, in retaining Maryland's western boundary on Also in Maryland v. West Virginia, the the Deakins line rather than in changing Court cited from writings on international to the Michler line, and in running the law. From Vattel's Law of Nations: boundary northerly from the Fairfax Stone The tranquility of the people, the safety of rather than the Potomac Stone, the Court states, the happiness of the human race, do said that not allow that the possessions, empire, or other rights of nations should remain un- the conclusions at which we have arrived, certain, subject to dispute and ever ready we believe, best meet the facts disclosed in to occasion bloody public wars. Between this record, are warranted by the applicable nations, therefore, it becomes necessary to principles of law and equity, and will least admit prescription founded on length of disturb rights and titles long regarded as time as a valid and incontestable title.54 settled and fixed by the people most to be 48 affected.... Lastly, from Wheaton on International Law, "The constant and approved practice To this was added, in the second phase of of nations shows that by whatever name it the case that rejected West Virginia's claim be called, the uninterrupted possession of to a boundary on the north bank of the territory or other property for a certain Potomac River, "This conclusion is also length of time by one state excludes the consistent with the previous exercise of po- claim of every other in the same manner litical jurisdiction by the states respec- 49 as, by the law of nature and the municipal tively." code of every civilized nation, a similar To the same effect, the Supreme Court possession by an individual excludes the in Maryland v. West Virginia cited earlier claim of every other person.... "55 rulings of that tribunal. From Rhode Island The theory behind these judicial deci- v. Massachusetts: "For the security of sions and the writings of scholars was well rights, whether of states or of individuals, summarized in the Boundary Award of long possession under a claim of title is 50 1877 between Maryland and Virginia. It protected." From Indiana v. Kentucky, "It applied only to that portion of Maryland's is a principle of public law, universally rec- southern boundary between Harpers Ferry ognized, that long acquiescence in the pos- on the west and the Atlantic Ocean on the session of territory, and in the exercise of east, but it might well be used to character- dominion and sovereignty over it, is conclu- ize all of the boundary controversies except sive of the nation's title and rightful au- 51 that of the Mason and Dixon line. thority." In Virginia v. Tennessee, "A "We have no faith in any straight-line boundary line between states or provinces, theory which conflicts with the contracts as between private persons, which has been of the parties or gives to one what the other run out, located, and marked upon the has peaceably and continuously occupied earth, and afterwards recognized and ac- for a very long time," wrote the commis- quiesced in by the parties for a long course sioners who fashioned that award. "The of years, is conclusive, even if it be ascer- broken line which we have adopted is vin- tained that it varies somewhat from the dicated by certain principles so simple, so courses given in the original grant; and the plain, and so just, that we are compelled to line so established takes effect, not as an adopt them." The principles then were alienation of territory, but as a definition summarized: of the true and ancient boundary."52 Fi- nally, in Louisiana v. Mississippi: 1. So far as the original charter bound- ary has been uniformly observed and the This court has many times held that, as occupancy of both has conformed thereto between the states of the Union, long ac- it must be recognized as the boundary still. quiescence in the assertion of a particular 2. Wherever one state has gone over the boundary, and the exercise of dominion and charter line taking territory which origi- The Potomac River and Maryland's Boundaries 369 nally belonged to the other and kept it, combination of tidal, piedmont, and moun- without let or hindrance, for more than tain areas has given it the familiar title of twenty years, the boundary must now be so "America in Miniature." run as to include such territory within the state that has it. 3. Where any compact or agreement has REFERENCES changed the charter line at a particular 1. The Charter as originally granted was written in place, so as to make a new division of the Latin. The English translation used here is taken territory, such agreement is binding if it from J. Thomas Scharf, History of Maryland.. . has been followed by a corresponding oc- (Baltimore, 1879), vol. 1, pp. 53-60. cupancy. 2. Portions of this account are adapted from Carl N. Everstine, The Compact of 1785 (Research Report 4. But no agreement to transfer prop- No. 26, Legislative Council of Maryland, 1948 erty or change boundaries can count for Reprint), Appendix, pp. 70-82. anything now if the actual possession has 3. A degree of latitude is equal to approximately 69 never changed. Continued occupancy of the land miles. The reference to New England showed granting state for centuries is conclusive the scanty knowledge of America's geography. proof that the agreement was extinguished 4. A degree of latitude is divided into 60 "minutes," and the parties remitted to their original and a minute, into 60 "seconds." rights. 5. Donald Marquand Dozer, Portrait of the Free 5. The waters are divided by the charter State—A History of Maryland (Cambridge, Mary- land, 1976), p. 204. Some Maryland historians line where that line has been undisturbed have hinted that the Penns were smarter than the by the subsequent acts of the parties; but Calverts. where acquisitions have been made by one 6. The two branches meet about a mile and a half from the other of territory bounded by bays east from Greenspring, West Virginia, which in and rivers such acquisitions extend con- turn is 14.1 miles east of Cumberland on the main structively to the middle of the water. line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The village of Oldtown is nearby on the Maryland side of the river. The commissioners who formulated the 7. There is an excellent account of the location and Award of 1877 pointed out that "Maryland history of the Fairfax Stone in Carolyn Baucom is by this award confined everywhere within Cook, Journal of the Alleghenies (1979), vol. 15, the original limits of her charter. She is pp. 3-12. 8. The original Fairfax Stone was destroyed by van- allowed to go to it nowhere except on the dals, probably in the 1880s. A second, planted by short line running east from Watkins Point Michler, was destroyed about the same time. The to the middle of the Pocomoke.... We have Davis Coal and Coke Company planted a third in nowhere given to one of these states any- 1885. It was destroyed about the year 1900 and replaced by a fourth stone in 1910. Finally a thing which fairly or legally belongs to the bronze plaque was placed over the spring in 1957. other; but in dividing the land and the See Cook, op. cit., pp. 8-11. waters we have anxiously observed the Ro- 9. Maryland v. West Virginia, 217 U. S. 1. man rule, suum cuique tribuere."56 10. See below, under the heading "The Deakins Line." These rules may apply generally to all of 11. Ibid. 12. Acts of 1788, Chapter 44, sees. 15 and 18. the boundary settlements across the Del- 13. Acts of 1818, Chapter 206 (passed on February 19, marva Peninsula, along the length of the 1819). Potomac River, and northerly from the 14. Communication from the Attorney General Rela- Fairfax Stone to the Mason and Dixon line. tive to the Suit of Maryland Against Virginia (1836), p. 20. See below under the heading "The Because these boundaries were formulated South Branch as the Boundary." with little or no actual knowledge of the 15. Virginia passed another act in 1858 for the ap- geography of the region, they resulted in pointment of a Virginia commissioner to take part two spots in which the state was almost in making a proper boundary line northward from nipped off; at Hancock, between the river the Fairfax Stone. 16. See below, under the heading "The Deakins Line." and the Mason and Dixon Line, Maryland 17. Maryland Constitution of 1851, Article 8, section is but two miles wide; and the distance at 2. Cumberland is but six or seven miles. 18. Maryland v. West Virginia, 217 U. S. 1, 577. The state as it remains in the twentieth 19. See below, under the heading "The Deakins Line." 20. See above, under the headings "The Charter century is one of the smaller states and has Boundaries," "The 'First Fountain' of the Poto- one of the most unusual configurations of mac River," and "The Function of the Fairfax all the states in the Union, yet its unique Stone." 370 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

21. See above, under the heading "The Potomac strikes the Pennsylvania border about eight miles Stone." to the west of the present western boundary of 22. Maryland v. West Virginia, 217 U. S. 1, 577. Maryland. 23. See above, under the heading "The Potomac 42. See above, under the heading "The Potomac Stone." Stone." 24. 217 U. S. 1, 26. 43. 217 U. S. 1, 24. 25. 217 U. S. 1, 38. 44. Cook, op. cit, p. 9. 26. 217 U. S. 1, 39. 45. A quarter of a century earlier, by Chapter 60 of 27. See below, under the heading "An Appraisal." the Acts of 1852, Maryland's Legislature has 28. 217 U. S. 1, 44. asked for the appointment of commissioners to 29. 217 U. S. 1, 45, 46; 577, 582. run and mark the Maryland-Virginia boundary 30. See above, under the heading "The Function of between Smith Point and the Atlantic Ocean. the Fairfax Stone." 46. The most recent gazeteer of Maryland shows three 31. 217 U. S. 1, 23. islands with the name "Hog Island." The others 32. Morris v. United States, 174 U. S. 196. are in Calvert and Caroline counties, however, 33. 217 U. S. 1, 24. and could not concern the Maryland-Virginia 34. 217 U. S. 1, 46-48. boundary. The third island is part of the Smith Island group. 35. Morris v. United States, 174 U. S. 196. 36. 174 U. S. 196, 224-225. 47. Maryland Constitution of 1864, Article 3, section 48. 37. 217 U. S. 1, 45-46. 48. 217 U. S. 46. 38. See above, under the heading "The Deakins Line." 49. 217 U. S. 581. 39. 217 U. S. 577, 582. 50. Rhode Island v. Massachusetts, 4 How. 591, 639. 40. Edward B. Matthews and Wilbur A. Nelson, Re- 51. Indiana v. Kentucky, 136 U. S. 479, 510. port on the Marking of the Boundary Line along 52. Virginia v. Tennessee, 148 U. S. 503, 522. the Potomac River in Accordance with the Award 53. Louisiana u. Mississippi, 202 U. S. 1, 53. o/7927 (Baltimore, 1930). 54. Vattel, Law of Nations, Book 2, chapter 11, para- 41. Communication from the Attorney General Rela- graph 149; 217 U. S. 1, 43. tive to the Suit of Maryland Against Virginia 55. Wheaton, International Law, Part 2, chapter 4, (1836), p. 20. Approximations from modern maps paragraph 164; 217 U. S. 1, 43. indicate that a meridian line from the source of 56. "To render to everyone his due." The emphasis the South Branch to the Mason and Dixon Line was in the original. Calverton, Calvert County, Maryland: 1668-1725

DENNIS J. POGUE

JL HE COMMUNITY OF CALVERTON (ALSO Calverton was laid out in 1668 as a 20- known as Battle Town1) was located on the acre tract subdivided from an adjoining north shore of Battle Creek on the Patux- 500-acre plantation owned by William ent River in Calvert County and served as Berry.5 In May 1682 the town and the sur- one of southern Maryland's few towns dur- rounding land was ordered by the upper ing the colony's first century. Calverton house of the Maryland Assembly to be re- was laid out in 1668 and served as the surveyed in order to settle a dispute over county seat of government until that func- ownership of the town lands. A "Humble tion was transferred to Prince Frederick in Petition of the Inhabitants of Calvert 1725. This information is not of recent County" requested the resurvey, charging discovery, having been common knowledge that: to historians for many years. However, just recently a plat of Calverton drawn in 1682 the said William Berry now finding the said has been correctly identified. This plat, the Land to be much improved (and) that the Creek aforesaid is grown a Considerable earliest known plan of a Maryland town, place of Trade by reason of the great Resort has proven a valuable source of information of the Inhabitants of the said County . .. and greatly increases the body of knowledge and Coveting the Improvements made pertaining to this early town. thereupon ... hath and doth utterly Deny The plat2 is included in a bound volume to make any Tittle or give any Assurance of Calvert County land surveys that were of the said Land.6 conducted from 1682-84 by Robert Jones, county surveyor. The volume, part of the The town was described further as being a Clement Hill Papers housed at the Mary- flourishing community where: land Historical Society, contains dozens of Several Inhabitants of the said County Jones's (and fellow surveyor Charles Bote- 3 being thereto encouraged ... did Build & ler's) original survey notes and plats. Erect Several Dwelling houses and Store While this and two accompanying volumes houses upon the said Twenty Acres of Land of seventeenth-century Calvert County and from that time have continually Re- land records have been readily accessible at sided there and did order and appoint the 7 the Maryland Historical Society since the Court house and Prison to be built. nineteenth century, it appears that no re- searcher in early Calvert County history The plat that resulted from this petition since H.J. Berkley in the 1930s has recog- bears out much of this testimony, showing nized their significance or was aware of a compact community with the aforesaid their existence.4 This data is particularly "Prison" and "Court house," as well as a important because virtually all other early "Chappell" and three residences and five Calvert County records have been de- outbuildings (possibly kitchens, servants stroyed by a series of courthouse fires. quarters, and a tobacco barn or warehouse). The last structure may be a clerk's office. In addition, two boat landings are shown. Mr Pogue is the Maryland Historical Trust's Southern Maryland regional Archaeologist and administrator of A 1671 description of three towns located research for the Jefferson Patterson Park and Mu- in Calvert County, including Calverton, states that "Houses already (are) built in 371

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80 No. 4, WINTER 1985 372 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

FIGURE 1. Plat of Calverton (1682). them, all uniform, and pleasant with Maryland with the rest of his family by his Streets and Keys (quays) on the Water father James in 1652.9 In 1658 James Berry side."8 This description has been viewed by patented a 600-acre tract known as "Berry" historians with some skepticism, but now in return for having transported himself is given strong support by the recently- and 11 others to the colony.10 By 1666 discovered plat. Calverton in 1682 still may James Berry had died, with his son William not be what most people and historians inheriting the property.11 Two years later might consider to be a proper "town," but he volunteered the 20 acres for the use of it was without doubt a community with the Proprietary as the site of Calverton, relative economic, social, and political sig- with his and the town lands being resurv- nificance. eyed in 1682. Berry appears to have sold Four of the structures shown on the plat his plantation to Michael Tawny, probably have names associated with them: "Berry," soon after 1682 but certainly before Tawn- "Tawny," "Cosden," and "Banks." Three of y's death in 1692. At his death in 1691, the four have been linked with persons Berry owned almost 2000 acres of land and known to have resided in the area, suggest- apparently resided on Maryland's Eastern ing that the labelled buildings are their Shore.12 residences. William Berry was a prominent Michael Tawny is first mentioned in the local property owner from whose plantation colonial records in 1665 when he demanded the town land was divided; Michael Tawny a land grant in return for transporting him- was a merchant and served as Calvert self and another to the colony.13 Tawny County Sheriff; Thomas Cosden was an next is mentioned in 1680 when a meeting innkeeper at Calverton by 1675. of the Proprietary Council was held at his William Berry had been transported to house in Calverton.14 The next year he pat- Caluerton, 1668-1725 373 ented 125 acres of land adjoining William the people sett our hands to a paper wright- Berry's land and the Calverton town land.15 ing that exprest modestly and loyally some Tawny's acquisition of the 125 acres near reasons why wee were not willing to choose Calverton suggests that he may have been any representatives to sitt in that intended speculating on the town's growth; exami- Assembly for which doeing I was fetched from my house on Sunday the 25th of Au- nation of the inventory of his estate at the gust 1689. by James Bigger and six other time of his death in 1692 points to his armed men.20 success in that venture. His personal estate was valued at more than 800 pounds ster- It is not known how long Tawny and Smith ling, with an additional debt of 162,875 remained prisoner, but they may well have pounds of tobacco owed him, making him been held for several months. Tawny died a very wealthy man for the period. His in 1692, his will stipulating that his son inventory includes a wide variety of trade Michael was to receive "all my lands ... I goods, as well as farming equipment and bought of William Berry," apparently re- 16 extensive livestock holdings, strongly sug- ferring to "Berry" plantation.21 gesting that he acted as a merchant as well Thomas Cosden immigrated to Maryland as a planter. in 1668 in the company of his wife Sarah Tawny played a large role in the property and two daughters.22 He is known to have dispute that culminated in the resurvey operated an inn at New Towne on the order of 1682. He appears to have been one Potomac River in 1670; by 1675 he appears of those complaining of Berry's failure to to have operated another inn at Calverton live up to his agreement in ceding the town and at his death in 1683 he was described lands to the Proprietary. At the same time, as an "innholder of Calverton."23 there was a controversy over the exact References to Calverton in the colonial boundaries of Berry's and Tawny's lands 17 documents become relatively uncommon in as well as that of the town land. the last decades of the seventeenth century. From 1685 to 1689, Michael Tawny There is one general description of the served in the politically and socially prom- courthouse building dating from 1697-8: inent position of Calvert County Sheriff. "The records of Calvert County are kept in He lost his office, as well as his personal a very good Court house and distance freedom, in 1689 when he chose to oppose enough from any other houses in which no the change in government brought on by 18 ordinaryes are Kept nor is there any chim- that year's Protestant Revolution. In an 24 ney." The concern over the dangers of fire "Address of the Inhabitants (of Calvert is readily apparent in this description. County) to the King," Tawny and 67 other Those fears were well founded given the male residents of the county refused to elect subsequent history of the county's court- representatives to serve in the Protestant houses, suffering three disastrous fires in Assembly. In addition, they questioned 25 both the necessity for and right of the Prot- 1748, 1814, and 1882. estant rebels to overthrow the Proprie- The town appears to have declined in tary.19 In return for their leadership in this significance by the first quarter of the eigh- affair, both Tawny and Richard Smith of teenth century. Attempts to relocate the Calvert County were arrested and incarcer- county seat ended in success in 1725 when ated. an act was passed for "Removing the In a letter complaining of his imprison- Court-House from [Calverton] in Calvert ment. Tawny recounted his part in and County, and for building a Court-House for opinion of the events leading to the out- the said County." The justification given break of the Protestant rebellion and his for its removal was that the "Court-House subsequent arrest. According to Tawny: already built ... is very old, decayed, and inconvenient to the greatest Part of the I endeavoured with what arguments I could Inhabitants of the said County." The new use to persuade all people ... to lye still county seat, in 1725 known as "William's and keepe the peace of the Countrey ... Old Field,"26 became the town of Prince and I and many more of the better sort of Frederick. Calverton probably died out as 374 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE a community soon after the removal of the architectural information as well. The 12 courthouse. structures are rendered in relatively great The 1668 order to survey Calverton detail (albeit some of the details may be called for "Convenient Streets [to] be left artistic conventions rather than actual rep- of Sixty foot in breadth," and Ogilby's de- resentations), showing such characteristics scription of 1671 portrays the town as hav- as chimney, window, and doorway place- ing uniform, pleasant houses with streets ment, and roofing and building material, as and quays. Jones's plat of 1682 shows a well as indicating the structures' relative somewhat less organized town plan than sizes. Because pictorial representations of the earlier references might suggest. How- seventeenth-century structures of any kind ever, the town is laid out in an orderly are few, and there are still fewer surviving fashion, with most of the structures located buildings from the period in the Chesa- in a line running parallel to the creek. The peake Bay region, any additional evidence public buildings—prison, courthouse, and of the type provided in the plat is invalua- chapel—are grouped together. These build- ble. This evidence from Calverton adds ings are without chimneys and away from support for many archaeologically-derived those structures that have them, obviously ideas pertaining to seventeenth-century as a safeguard against fire as suggested in housing types and spatial layouts of home- the description of the courthouse made in lots.28 1697-8. All of the structures appear to be con- Another chimneyless building labelled structed of wood with exterior clapboarding "Banks" is located near the courthouse. and with steeply-gabled, apparently clap- The absence of a chimney in a structure boarded roofs. It cannot be discerned without any obvious governmental func- whether the chimneys are of brick or mud- tion, and labelled as if a residence, is puz- and-stud construction. The four public zling. It is known that structures such as buildings and the Cosden barn/warehouse clerk's offices often did not have fireplaces are chimneyless, the rest except for the as a safeguard against the loss of the clerk's Tawny dwelling have single chimneys. The records by fire.27 Given its proximity to the Tawny house has two chimneys, one in a courthouse, it may be that this structure gable, the other apparently serving an in- served such a court-related function. terior fireplace located in the center of the The Tawny and Berry residences are rel- structure. The Berry residence also has an atively close together, directly opposite interior chimney. All but the Cosden barn/ "Tawny's Landing." A smaller building, warehouse can be seen to have single door- possibly a detached kitchen or quarter, is ways located on their long axes with win- next to Tawny's dwelling house. Two other dows flanking the door and in the gables. small structures are located to the east; the The two largest buildings are the court- presence of chimneys and windows suggests house and Tawny residence. Both struc- they are servants quarters rather than tures have a single dormer window posi- barns or warehouses. Michael Tawny was tioned above the door, probably providing a merchant, however, and possibly these light to a sleeping loft or half-story. Such structures were used as storehouses. The a loft in the courthouse would have been Cosden residence, also probably serving as used by visitors to the court. Another, an inn, and a smaller quarter or kitchen, somewhat surprising, feature in the court- and a chimneyless building, probably a to- house appears to be a series of floor-to- bacco barn or warehouse, are located far- ceiling windows in the front facade. The ther inland. They are near an inlet in the Tawny residence exhibits two rows of win- creek labelled "Cosden's Landing." dows, suggesting that it was of two stories In addition to the strictly historical data in addition to the loft. All the other struc- and that pertaining to Calverton's town tures are one story, with the Cosden resi- plan, the Jones plat provides important dence also having a dormer. Caluerton, 1668-1725 375 The town of Calverton was one of more County of Calvert: 1634-1734," is housed at the than 60 towns and ports legislated into Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Mary- land. Berkley appears to have utilized the Clement existence through three series of town acts Hill papers in his research for this work. A pho- enacted in the 1660s, 1680s, and the first tograph of the Calverton plat is included in Sious- decade of the eighteenth century. Past sat, Old Manors, p. 6. For reasons unknown, Sious- studies of early Maryland towns have ques- sat identifies the plat as that of Calverton in 1654, tioned whether more than a few actually however. What is certainly a re-draft of the plat, were laid out or grew to any significant probably based on the photograph in Sioussat, 29 was published by Stein in Calvert County, p. 222. size. Calverton, however, did achieve a Stein's drawing also is labelled as showing the position of prominence as a governmental town circa 1654, a mis-identification probably and population center and locus of trade, stemming from Sioussat. The re-draft also is in- and it remained one of only three or four cluded, with the same incorrect identification, in towns in the county during the seventeenth Morris L. Radoff, Gust Skordas, and Phebe R. Jacobsen, The County Courthouses and Records of century. Maryland, Part Two: The Records (Annapolis, Because Calverton is now known to have 1963), p. 74. Radoff, Skordas, and Jacobsen ap- been a sizable community that served a parently believed Stein's drawing to be simply a variety of functions, it suggests that others plausible effort to represent the town, not an of the 60 towns legislated into existence original map or copy/re-draft of one. Why Stein chose to redraw the plat is a mystery, but may also may have achieved greater importance well derive from his (and Sioussat's) as yet unsub- than previously has been believed. Addi- stantiated belief that Robert Brooke had laid out tional intensive research relating to more a town in the area before 1654. of the colony's early towns needs to be 5. William Hand Browne et al., Archives of Maryland undertaken in order to address the question [hereafter cited Archives], 73 vols. to date (Balti- of their impact on and place within early more, 1883—), VII:279-280, 289. 6. Ibid, p. 279. Maryland society. 7. Ibid. 8. John Ogilby, America: Being the Latest and Most REFERENCES Accurate Description of the New World (London, 1671), p. 189. 1. The two names were used interchangeably. The 9. Patents Q:32, MSS, Hall of Records, Annapolis, town was called Calverton as early as 1669, and it Maryland. appears to have been the most commonly used 10. Ibid, p. 109. designation, but it also was referred to as Battle 11. Patents 10:203. Town throughout its history. There is no question 12. Edward C. Papenfuse, Alan F. Day, David W. that both names refer to the same town on Battle Jordan, and Gregory A. Stiverson, A Biographical Creek. Charles F. Stein in A History of Calvert Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789 County, Maryland (Baltimore, 1976), pp. 29-30, (Baltimore, 1979), p. 132. 222, suggests that a town known as Battle Town was laid out in the area by Robert Brooke before 13. Patents 7:639. 1654. Annie L. Sioussat in Old Manors in the 14. Archives XV:299. Colony of Maryland: Second Series, on the Patux- 15. Patents 21:361 and Patents Q:362. ent (Baltimore, 1913), p. 6 also contends that 16. Inventories and Accounts 10A:3-15, MSS, Hall of Calverton was laid out by Robert Brooke. Neither Records, Annapolis, Maryland. Stein nor Sioussat document their contentions, 17. Archives VII:280, 289-290. however, and to date no evidence has been found 18. Archives XVII:379; VIII:110, 118-121. pointing to a town being laid out there before 19. Archives VIII:110. 1668. 20. Ibid, pp. 118-121. 2. Actually two plats were made. One is of the general 21. Raymnd B. and Sarah S. Clark, Calvert County, area, showing the relationship between Berry Maryland, Wills: 1654-1700 (St. Michaels, Mary- Plantation and the Calverton town lands. The land, 1974), P. 68. second is a smaller-scale rendering of Calverton. 22. Patents 11:469. This second plat is discussed below. 23. Archives LVII:546-547; 11:469; LXVII:11. 3. Clement Hill Papers (MS. 446). Manuscripts Di- 24. Arctoes XXII: 102-103. vision, Maryland Historical Society Library, Bal- 25. Radoff, Skordas, and Jacobsen, County Cour- timore, Maryland. thouses: Part Two, pp. 73-75. 4. H.J. Berkley conducted extensive research on sev- 26. Archives XXXVI:581-583. enteenth-century Calvert County. His unpub- 27. Such appears to have been the case at St. Mary's lished manuscript, entitled "First Century of City; based on archaeological investigations car- 376 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

ried out by the St. Mary's City Commission at the istence in Maryland and Virginia during the sev- Van Sweringen Site. enteenth and early eighteenth centuries. He em- 28, Cary Carson, Norman F. Barka, William M. phasizes that towns were rare in the region, due Kelso, Garry W. Stone, and Dell Upton, "Imper- to an environment unsuited to their success. He manent Architecture in the Southern American did not conduct intensive research on each town, Colonies," Winterthur Portfolio 16 (1981):135- 196. however, and was not aware of much of the infor- 29, John W. Reps, Tidewater Towns (Williamsburg, mation pertaining to Calverton. Reps's pioneering Virginia, 1972), pp. 92-116. Reps conducted an work could well serve as the basis for additional, impressive study of the towns legislated into ex- very rewarding research on the subject. A Cycle of Race Relations on Maryland's Eastern Shore: Somerset County, 1850-1917

JOHN R. WENNERSTEN

X HE REALITIES OF FREEDOM FOR north, the region follows the Chesapeake blacks in Maryland in the late nineteenth Bay southward to form a diamond of tide- and early twentieth centuries never water counties shaped over the millennia matched the romantic expectations of ab- by the sand deposits of the Susquehanna olitionists in the post-Civil War era. In the River. Until recently, the Eastern Shore seven decades that elapsed between the end was isolated from the commercial and po- of the war between the states and the out- litical mainstream of Maryland and few break of World War I black freedom in outsiders settled in its tightly knit com- Maryland generally and on the Eastern munities. Pride of birth and heritage Shore in particular had a curious cycle. In prompted local citizens to boast that "a part black freedom during this period dem- hundred years ain't a very long time on the onstrated an amazing resilience that tran- Eastern Shore!" Three states, Delaware, scended efforts to subjugate blacks in a Maryland, and Virginia, have sovereignty kind of quasi-slavery that would be defined on the Eastern Shore; and the name Del- both by legislation and community sanc- marva (as the region is popularly referred tion. Yet tragically the forces of racial re- to) testifies to the political allegiance of its action and violence would make the Ches- inhabitants. Most residents identify more apeake one of the most difficult regions for with the region as a social entity than with black civil rights in the country. On the its hyphenate political structure. Eastern Shore, especially, neither philan- From 1850 to the outbreak of World War thropy nor law could guarantee black free- I, Somerset County remained a stable ag- dom. ricultural community of about 22,000 that The purpose of this paper is to trace the identified strongly with the provincial so- contours of race relations on Maryland's ciety of the tidewater South. In the last Eastern Shore in the post-Emancipation decade of the antebellum period slavery was period by focusing on Somerset County.1 on the decline both on the Eastern Shore As one of the oldest counties in the Ches- and in Somerset County. Soil erosion, the apeake region, Somerset's race relations rise of grain agriculture, and unpredictable heritage dates back to the early seventeenth commodity prices forced Somerset to yield century; and the struggle for black freedom its slaves to other regions of Dixie where in this community serves as an excellent the peculiar institution enjoyed a more vig- case study of civil rights problems in the orous existence. Somerset's 5,558 slaves Maryland tidewater. amounted to little more than half of the The Eastern Shore of Maryland has of- county's black population as black eman- cipations were a frequent occurrence in this ten been referred to as the land that time 2 forgot. Stretching from Cecil County in the heavily Methodist community. Yet regard- less of their convictions, Somerset whites knew well the problems of slaveholding. Blacks in the region were perceived by local Dr. Wennersten is Professor of History at the Univer- sity of Maryland Eastern Shore. He recognizes the whites as crafty, insolent, and rebellious— financial assistance of the American Bar Foundation not only a source of boastful paternalism 3 in support of his research. but also a source of infinite exasperation. 377

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80 No. 4, WINTER 1985 378 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE People in the county lived with a racial smiths, lumberjacks and teamsters. So system that had been in continuous exist- prosperous did some black watermen be- ence since 1639; and slavery was as much a come that whites demanded that blacks be system of racial and social control as it was legally prohibited from harvesting and sell- a labor system. Slavery gave planters a ing oysters in the county.8 Black accumu- measure of control over free blacks and lations of capital of $100 to $500 in cash gave poor whites a false sense of superiority were not uncommon and blacks occasion- that prevented them from challenging the ally sued in the county court to protect power of elite groups in the county. Further, their rights.9 racial prejudice and the weight of social In an attempt to control and dictate the custom caused the white community to use of the local free black labor force, identify with the ideals and values of the planters demanded that blacks sign iron plantation South. Thus, despite slavery's clad labor contracts. A free black under this decline in the county, proslavery sentiment kind of contract was forbidden to leave the remained strong in Somerset. county, could only go to town with his Slavery in Somerset had its own charac- employer's consent, and was forced to buy teristics. In the late antebellum period the his food and clothing from the planter. federal census recorded 747 slaveholders in Thus Negro peonage, so familiar in the the county; with most owning five slaves or post-Civil War South, loomed large in So- less.4 Also blacks in the county during the merset County during the antebellum pe- 1850s were but one or two generations re- riod.10 Furthermore, although the Jacobs moved from the heritage of Africa. The Bill, a plan to re-enslave all blacks who Eastern Shore had always been a haven for had less than $150 and refused to be hired both legal and illegal black cargoes and out on labor contracts, was defeated in a ocean commerce put Somerset County in state-wide referendum, Somerset sup- close contact with the Afro-Caribbean cul- ported the bill. Undaunted, Somerset ture of Trinidad, Tobago, Antigua, and County authorities offered free blacks over Barbados. Frederick Douglass, the famous 18 years of age the right to renounce free- fugitive slave from Talbot County and dom and take masters.11 black abolitionist, noted in his youth the When the Civil War erupted, blacks en- presence of many Guinea blacks on the rolled in Union Army detachments that Eastern Shore with their African dialects were formed in Somerset and Worcester and transmogrified English.5 Most slaves counties as part of the 9th and 19th Regi- worked as farm hands and unskilled labor- ments of Colored Troops of Maryland. In ers or were apprenticed to tradesmen. order to satisfy the army's need for man- Many enterprising slaves sold vegetables to power and to protect its pro-Confederate white townsmen in Princess Anne and citizens, the Somerset Board of Commis- some blacks in good physical condition sioners offered freedom to any slave after earned money as prizefighters.6 1862 who would serve as a substitute for a Free blacks during the last decade of the local white in the Union forces.12 antebellum era showed a remarkable deter- Of the numerous social and economic mination to acquire property in Somerset adjustments confronting Somerset County County and the federal census identified in the Civil War era, none would be so 516 free black landowners. As Professor painful as emancipation. Fearful that both Tom Davidson recently pointed out, this the old free blacks and the new freedmen was a remarkable feat as during this time would either become an unreliable labor only 15 percent of all Somerset residents, force or desert the county, whites resorted white or black, owned land. (Approximately to an apprenticeship system that, until out- 14 percent of the free blacks of Somerset lawed by the Maryland Constitution of in 1850 owned land, mostly farms of eight 1867 was a sub rosa continuation of slav- acres or less.)7 In 1860 there were 4,483 free ery.13 During the antebellum period, state blacks living in the county and many en- law had permitted county Orphans Courts joyed modest prosperity as barbers, black- to bind out children of free blacks who were Race Relations on Maryland's Eastern Shore 379 destitute or public wards. After emancipa- served as important social and political tion, the Somerset County Orphans Court centers for the advancement of the race in used this authority to bind out blacks under the county. The most heartening develop- age twenty-one to local farmers. White ment for blacks in Somerset and on the leaders in the county rationalized the ap- lower Eastern Shore generally was the prenticeship system for blacks on the founding of the Delaware Conference of grounds that the unskilled and illiterate Colored Methodists in 1864. Except for the freedmen were both a public charge and a Episcopacy itself, blacks dominated the ec- burden to the taxpayer. Apprenticeship, clesiastical management of this organiza- they argued, upheld local custom and gave tion and the Conference proved to be a the county a reliable labor supply, an im- fertile training ground for black ministers portant concern for former slaveowners.14 and lay leaders on the Eastern Shore. By Between April, 1865 and October, 1867, 1886 there were 15,334 blacks in the Con- over 275 blacks were bound out. An exam- ference and blacks owned church property ination of Orphans Court apprenticeships worth $250,000. Also by 1886, black Meth- in the Maryland Hall of Records reveals odists in Somerset had succeeded in con- that between 1864 and 1874 over 536 blacks structing a large Methodist church in Prin- were bound out in Somerset County.15 cess Anne which became the nucleus for Many blacks fled the county to avoid being black political activity and Princess Anne coerced into involuntary servitude. Other Academy, a training school for blacks out blacks protested to the United States Army of which grew the University of Maryland, and the Freedmen's Bureau that Somerset Eastern Shore.18 County was attempting to revive slavery. Following the passage of the 15th While the Freedmen's Bureau was too Amendment to the federal Constitution, preoccupied with the enormous problems blacks voted freely in Somerset County of postwar adjustment to give the Eastern elections. Abolitionists in Washington and Shore much supervision, it did intervene in black and white Methodist ministers kept behalf of William Tilghman after he ap- a critical eye on Somerset and made sure pealed to General O. O. Howard to rescue that federal supervisors were present at all his son from an unscrupulous white.16 federal elections. Most of Somerset's black Somerset blacks feared the Justice of the voters joined the ranks of the Republicans Peace as these men could apprehend and gave the county its first minority party. "rogues," "vagrants," and other "idle and Despite the franchise, however, many dissolute persons" who had no visible blacks left the county. Although blacks now means of support and bind them out at had the ballot, the phenomenon of blacks hard labor for three months. Similarly, "voting with their feet" was not lost on the black convicts could be leased out at hard local Salisbury Advertiser, which reported labor to local planters. Throughout Mary- in 1873 that large numbers of blacks were land in the postwar period about 10,000 leaving Princess Anne to seek homes in blacks were bound out as either convicts or Philadelphia.19 Those who remained, how- apprentices. Although black families occa- ever, voted in local elections with surprising sionally apprenticed their children volun- vigor and showed a keen interest in political tarily to white trandesmen so that they power. 20 might learn a craft, the law worked against Blacks survived the uncertain political the black apprentice, regardless, of condi- climate of the 1870s and by the year 1880 tion.17 were quite active in local life. Black Repub- As in most areas of the postbellum South, licans were given patronage appointments Somerset's freedmen responded to racial as customs inspectors, clerks in the post and economic oppression by turning to the office, and justices of the peace. Many local church. In the critical years after emanci- blacks held good jobs in the flourishing rail pation, the black churches in Somerset and steamboat businesses of the Chesa- 380 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

peake as well. According to the Census of Shore. While in power the Drydens resisted 1880, Somerset had a large class of black attempts to disfranchise blacks and made artisans who worked in the shipyards of the sure that blacks got patronage appoint- county.21 ments in the Baltimore Customs House. During the period from 1890 to 1917, Supporting the Drydens was a group of however, race relations once again deterio- outspoken Princess Anne blacks led by rated in the county. Local demagogues and Henry Ballard, Issac Cottman, and George a new generation of self-made men would Pollit. These local farmers were among the blame the blacks for the ebbing of Somer- first blacks to vote in the county after the set's economic fortunes and seize upon the passage of the 15th Amendment. In 1894 quest for black equality as an excuse for Lincoln Dryden ran for Congress against violence. Several developments in the Joshua Miles, a conservative Democrat and county and beyond worsened the blacks was defeated. The evidence suggests that position. The shock waves of the nation- Dryden's defeat resulted from a schism wide panic of 1893 reverberated throughout within the local Republican Party. Many Maryland's Eastern Shore and a poor corn white Republicans disliked working with crop in the following year hurt many farm- blacks and looked for leadership from men ers. Most important, the decreased demand like Edward F. Duer. At the war's end Duer in Europe for American wheat and corn had been active as Justice of the Peace in forced Somerset farmers to compete in an apprenticing blacks and now, eager to ad- already tight national market that was vance his own political fortunes, Duer dominated by the giant farms of Kansas launched a "whites only" movement and and Iowa. With Somerset County farms sought to have his party reflect the new averaging only twenty acres at this time, interests of the state Republican organiza- local agriculture was severely depressed and tion.23 increasingly farmers vented their anger on Somerset blacks were angered by the Re- blacks. In state politics, the problems of publican de-emphasis of civil rights and urbanization and industrial growth com- switched their allegiance to the Democrats. manded the energies of legislators and ag- In 1885 the Democratic Party soundly de- ricultural regions like the Eastern Shore feated the Republicans in county elections were left to their own devices. As state and the Salisbury Advertiser reported that Republicans equated the political control the victory was due to "the great inroads of Baltimore with the survival of the Party, which the Democrats made on the colored they deemphasized their support of blacks vote." Blacks, however, were uncomfortable in the rural counties.22 in the party of the old slaveocracy and in The Republican Party's change of em- the 1890s formed their own splinter organ- phasis was keenly felt in Somerset County ization, "the Colored Independent Repub- and a short sketch of local politics is illus- licans."24 trative of the emerging racism in the state The 1890s also witnessed a resurgence of at this time. From 1870 to 1885 blacks racial hysteria in the county that was comprised the strongest voting bloc in the prompted by several violent incidents. In local Republican organization. Blacks con- June, 1894, Edward Carver, a white con- sistently voted for Abraham Lincoln Dry- stable, was murdered in a country store in den, a prominent white Republican, and Westover by a gang of blacks from Virginia sent him to the state legislature for several that had been picking strawberries for area terms. The Dryden family commanded a planters. Both Carver and the black farm strong black and white coalition of Repub- workers had been drinking heavily and a licans in the county and Dryden's father, fistfight ensued. During the brawl, Carver Littleton T. Dryden, served twelve years as was fatally slashed by a razor. A posse from Deputy United States Marshall and United Princess Anne soon rounded up ten of the States Commissioner for the Eastern blacks and interned them in the county jail. Race Relations on Maryland's Eastern Shore 381 On the evening of June 9, an angry mob of ment in Maryland at the annual meeting of the whites overpowered the jailer and grabbed American Association for the Study of Afro- American Life and History, Baltimore, October, Isaac Kemp, the reputed leader of the gang. 1982. Thrown out of jail, Kemp faced an im- 2. Thomas Sudler Ms, Maryland Historical Society; promptu firing squad and died in a hail of Manumission Lists, Maryland Colonization So- bullets. ciety, Somerset County, Maryland Historical So- Two black lynchings took place in So- ciety; Charles B. Clark, ed. History of the Eastern Shore of Maryland and Virginia, (New York: merset during these years, and all followed 1950), vol. 1, 8. a common pattern. A black was accused 3. Robert W. Todd, Methodism of the Peninsula, either of criminally assaulting a white man (Philadelphia: 1886), 173. or attempting the rape of a white woman. 4. Clark, Eastern Shore, vol. 1, 520. 5. Frederick A. Douglass, My Bondage and My Free- In 1897 William Andrew was lynched in dom, (New York: 1968ed.), 76, Princess Anne after reportedly attacking 6. Jeffrey Brackett, The Negro In Maryland, (Balti- Mrs. Benjamin T. Kelly; and James Reed, more; 1890), 106; Somersef County Union, Novem- accused of murdering a white policeman, ber 4,1859; Property Schedules, Somerset County, was lynched in Crisfield in 1907.25 U.S. Census of 1860. 7. Thomas Davidson, "Free Black Landowners on Given Somerset's emotional level on the the Lower Eastern Shore of Maryland, 1783- race question, it was easy for Democratic 1861," Unpublished Essay, Department of Soci- politicians to capitalize on white racism as ology, Salisbury State College, presented at the a vote getting device. By 1904 Somerset annual meeting of the Association for the Study politicians had instituted Jim Crow laws in of Afro-American Life and History, Baltimore, October, 1982. the county and blacks were barred from 8. Brackett, Negro In Maryland, 87-91. mixing with whites in railway coaches and 9. Circuit Court of Somerset County, Lankford, v. steamboats. These laws were also in keep- Duffy, May 29, 1860 Maryland Hall of Records; ing with a state-wide attempt to restrict Washington Mosley Case, Circuit Court Papers, black freedom. For several years after the Thomas Sudler Ms, Maryland Historical Society. 10. Brackett, Negro In Maryland, 262. turn of the century, the state Democratic 11. Baltimore Sun, June 20, 1860. Party tried unsuccessfully to abolish black 12. "Proceedings of the Somerset County Commis- suffrage and polluted the state's political sioners," March 29, 1864, Maryland Hall of Rec- life by making race a central issue.26 Thus ords; Somerset County Land Records, LW9, 1- it is hardly surprising that during this pe- 119, Princess Anne. 13. Public Local Laws of Maryland, Article 20, 1-28, riod nearly 25 percent of the adult male Annotated Code of Maryland (Annapolis: 1888). and female black population left the 14. Debates of the Constitutional Convention of 1864, county. Yet those who remained exhibited III, (Annapolis: 1865), 1601. an amazing tenacity in holding on to prop- 15. Somerset County, Indentures and Recognizances, erty and speaking out on political issues. Maryland Hall of Records, 1-226. 16. W.A. Lowe, "The Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Race relations in the county followed a Rights," Journal of Negro History, vol. 37, July, curious thirty year cycle of periods of ame- 1952, 236-237. lioration followed by periods of repression; 17. Herbert Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and and public attitudes towards blacks evolved Freedom, (New York: 1976), 402. in the context of a troubled local economy. 18. Ruth Ellen and John R. Wennersten, "Separate and Unequal: The Evolution of a Black Land There is a great need for historians to Grant College In Maryland," Maryland Historical examine the black experience at the local Magazine, vol. 72, Spring, 1977, 110-117. level in Maryland. Hopefully as research in 19. Salisbury Advertiser, April 12, 1873. black history in the tidewater counties un- 20. Report of the Superintendent of Labor and Agri- folds it will be possible to piece together culture of Labor and Agriculture to the General Assembly of Maryland, (Annapolis: January, the important mosaic of Maryland race re- 1868); Somerset County Land Records, Princess lations in the post-Emancipation period. Anne, Maryland LWP 652-653. 21. U.S Census of 1880, Schedule 1, Somerset County, REFERENCES Maryland. 1. A slightly different version of this paper was pre- 22. Thomas Scharf, History of Maryland III, (Balti- sented at a forum on Black Economic Develop- more: 1879), et. passim; Margaret Callcott, The 382 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Negro In Maryland Politics, (Baltimore: 1971), the local black Republican splinter group in the 102; Richard O. Curry, ed., Radicalism, Racism, 1890s. and Party Realignment in the Border States Dur- 24 Safcfcury Advertiser, June 9, 1894. imjifeconsiruction, (Baltimore: 1969), 249. < o \r T U- D JD I m I J o^i-u r.o .. AI_ i_ T- i T^ J .. r. ^ x J D- oc25. ln52-Year Lynching Record Ranks Maryland 27th 23. Abraham Lincoln Dryden, Portrait and Bio- .,„„,.,„„,,?. „ „ , • graphical Record of the Eastern Shore of Marykind, Wlth 30 of 4'361 Crimes' Baltimore Afro-Amen- (New York: 1898), 533. Interview with Mrs. Es- can' February 23, 1935. ther Johnson Henry, Upper Fairmount, Mary- 26. Frank Richardson Kent, The Story of Maryland land, July 1977, Mrs. Henry's father was active in Politics (Hatboro, Pennsylvania: 1968, et. passim. An Archaeologist's Perspective on the Ancient Town of Doncaster

KIT W. WESLER

M,LANY HISTORIANS HAVE SHOWN AN IN- Clayton's recognition of these aspects in terest in the development of urbanism in 1688: "The Number of Rivers, is the one of the United States, and in what Arthur the chief Reasons why they have no Schlesinger Sr. has called the "persistent towns."4 interplay of town and country in the evo- The definition of a town in colonial lution of American civilization."1 In the Maryland was primarily a legal one. In both colonial period, particularly in the seven- Maryland and Virginia, towns were created teenth century, many scholars suggest that on paper by a series of Town Acts, intended towns were essentially mercantile estab- to draw the population together in orderly lishments, able to develop where they communities.5 There were three sets of Acts "commanded certain vital trading advan- in Maryland, in 1668-1671, 1683-1688, and tages—the possession of good natural har- 1706-1708.6 In all, more than 60 sites had bors, the control of avenues of trade and been named as legal towns. Included in the communication, or the domination of a pro- chartering of the towns was a requirement ductive countryside."2 that merchants must use the towns as mar- The problem of the colonial Chesapeake ket places, so as to centralize and regulate is not so much where towns grew, but why trade. The lawmakers intended thus both they were so few, and so small. Even into to justify towns, and to draw residents. the eighteenth century, the Maryland land- In 1708, however, it was clear that legal- scape was uncompromisingly rural. Several ities were insufficient to stimulate town scholars have addressed the major reasons growth. Governor Seymour observed that for the lagging urbanism of the colonial "the Ports in this Province may perhaps be 3 Chesapeake. Foremost is the complexity of worthy of the name Townes but the other the drainage system and the length of the Towns will only serve her Rolling places to navigable waterline, which allowed nearly receive Tobacco in order to be water unlimited access to water transport and borne."7 Six sites at this time had the offi- thus discouraged any concentration of stor- cial status of ports: Oxford, St. Mary's City, age or loading facilities. Closely related was Chestertown, Annapolis, and two lesser- the nature of the staple crop, tobacco. The knowns.8 The city of St. Mary's was little low bulk and relatively easy preservation of more than a dispersed hamlet,9 and Annap- the crop deterred centralization of storage olis was barely established; if these were or processing. Further, the small volume worthy towns, of what did the others con- produced by any given area, and the will- sist? ingness of each planter to trade on his own How many of these sites actually were or with the ship masters that called at his became towns has never been clear from wharf, prevented the specialization of a the records. Many sites were nominated merchant group. John Reps quotes John repeatedly in the Acts, and were considered towns, such as the above-named ports. Bat- Dr. Wesler is Staff Archaeologist and Director of the tle Creek on the Patuxent River, Port To- Wickliffe Mounds Research Center, Murray State bacco, and Londontown. Others may have University, Kentucky. He is currently serving as Ful- bright professor of archaeology for one year at the contained a storehouse or a couple of struc- University of Ibadan, Nigeria. tures, perhaps only for a very short period. 383

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80 No. 4, WINTER 1985 384 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE But some were nominated with phrases Crouch's Choyce at the mouth of Wye that imply nothing extant to fix a site, and River. "The Town of Doncaster was located it is likely that no activity ever took place on this tract called Crouch's Choyce." on some sites. Evidently some sites were (Tilghman does not mention a Jonathan designated because the landowner, usually Syberry.) Crouch willed his Choyce to his a planter with a large estate, hoped that son Josias in 1676. He had already sold the revenue from commerical traffic and the island to Peter Sayer; Sayer sold it to sale of lots would accrue to his own profit. Thomas Bruff. Tilghman has the date of In occasional instances, as William Bur- this transaction as 1762, which makes more gess's land on the South River that became sense if read as a typographical error for the port of Londontown,10 such speculation 1672.15 indeed resulted in a town, but whether the Thomas Bruff, a silversmith, came to planter benefitted is not clear. Other Maryland about 1665, and died in 1702. planters undoubtedly were badly disap- "He devised to son Richard, dwelling plan- pointed in such speculations. tation at Doncaster ... and one-half of The question of which towns grew, and Crouch's Island, and to son Thomas, resi- which were no more than paper entities, is due of island." Of the former son, Tilghman one that invites the cooperative attention says, "Richard Bruff, son of Thomas, born of historians and archaeologists. As a case 1670, was an Inn-keeper at the town of in point, the colonial town of Doncaster, in Doncaster, and owned a large tobacco ware- Talbot County, can be investigated to com- house, fronting on a narrow strait of water pare actual town size "on the ground" with which then separated Bruffs Island from historical records. County-oriented histo- the mainland on which the town of Don- ries such as James C. Millikin's Ghost caster stood." Here again Tilghman's dates Towns in Talbot County11 seem to indicate are confusing; he says that there is a record that this town was an important center of of son Richard's warehouse in 1780, and activity. A preliminary archaeological in- that Thomas Bruff was keeping a ferry at vestigation has cast some doubt on this Bruffs landing in 1760. Whether these interpretation. dates are accurate, referring to a long-lived Doncaster was a Town Act town, owing warehouse and another generation of its legal establishment to the civilizing ef- Thomases, is unclear. fort of the colonial legislators. It was estab- Two more references by Tilghman help lished first in the supplementary Act of establish that a town did exist at Doncaster. 1671,12 which placed a town in Talbot Tilghman notes that a courthouse was built County "at the land of lonathan Syberry at at Doncaster, and that in 1700 Thomas the Mouth of Wye River on the Eastern Bruff (one of them!) was directed "to set up Side thereof." At this time, the site was a pair of stocks and whipping post, at the known as Wye Town.13 In each of the two town of Doncaster." These structures, subsequent sets of town bills. Wye Town Bruffs "dwelling plantation at Doncaster," was included from the first. Nominations and Richard Bruffs warehouse, must have for the sites to be established in 1683 in- been a nucleus of a town, but whether there cluded a site "at or near Adjacent to the was much more to the place is question- Town Point at Wye River Mouth," and the able.16 final form of the act stipulated the town Reps mentions that a 1707 plan of the land at Wye River. Again in 1706, the Town town survives, on which five lots were noted Act specified the Wye River site, this time as "improved formerly." Tilghman admits under the name of Doncaster.14 that there probably never were more than Tilghman provides a number of details a dozen houses at Doncaster. The wording about Doncaster and Bruffs Island, al- of the nomination of 1683, "at or near Aja- though occasionally his dates are confusing. cent," suggests that by that time the town According to Tilghman, Bruffs Island orig- was not firmly fixed on the ground. The inally belonged to one William Crouch, who general picture created by the references is owned both the island and a tract called one of an ephemeral hamlet, rather opti- The Ancient Town of Doncaster 385 mistically—if not euphemistically—given the former channel between the island and the legal status of a town. the mainland (Figure 2). At the northern Father Edward Carley of Centerville has edge of the field, closest to the island, a published a copy of a survey plat of the scatter of brick was noticeable. study area.17 (The original is privately Wire-stemmed flags were placed across owned.) The plat was drawn, according to the field to establish the corners of a grid, the legend at the bottom, for Mrs. Hen- each square 15 meters wide. The base or rietta Maria Lloyd in 1695. It clearly shows datum point was the northwest corner of Crouch's Choyce and Bruff s Island, as well the field. Grid coordinates were designated as the "Town Point" below the narrows along two base lines: the first measured between the mainland and the island. In "forward" from 0 to 90 meters southwes- conversation with this author. Father Car- terly along the west side of the field, and ley has suggested that the structure the second measured L0 to L180 (L for sketched beside the narrows is Thomas "left") easterly from the base point (see Bruff s house. It may also be a symbol for Figure 2). Each square bore the designation the town, since only one other structure is of its northwest corner; for example, square drawn on the plat. SOL 15 was the grid unit whose northwest Across the Wye River is "Colonel Sayer's corner was 30 meters southwest ("for- land," where Peter Sayer, and later Richard ward") and 15 meters southeast ("left") of Bennett III, lived. This was a major plan- the datum point, 0L0. tation: Bennett is said to have owned a fleet Artifacts within a rectangle the width of of ships, and archaeological investigations the field—HVfe grid units northwest to have shown the existence of a substantial southeast—and six grid units deep along manor house on the tract.18 The signifi- the base line were collected systematically. cance of this plantation's proximity to Don- A slight angle of the field edge resulted in caster will be suggested below. a grid somewhat off-square, exaggerated in In sum, the historical evidence suggests Figure 2. After the sixth row, materials that, at best, the town of Doncaster was were so sparse that continuation of the little more than a waterside hamlet of the controlled surface collection would have turn of the eighteenth century. Further re- been highly inefficient, and the rest of the search is needed even to gauge how long field was inspected by walking every third the hamlet might have existed. If Tilgh- plow row without reference to the grid. man's later-eighteenth century dates for Artifacts were flagged where spotted, and the ferry and warehouse are not errors, left until the entire field had been covered. some activity may have continued for quite Two dubious concentrations, designated A a while. and B, were defined visually, and collected An archaeological survey was conducted separately. They were roughly plotted by in 1982 to gain another perspective on the line of sight and pace from the original grid. life-span and activities of the town. The Cluster A fell between the L90 and L105 site of Doncaster had been identified before lines, approximately 22 to 30 meters from this project began, and had been assigned the edge of the grid, and B between the L75 the number 18Ta30. A preliminary Na- and L90 lines about 30-40 meters farther tional Register nomination form was begun southwest. Both clusters are plotted in Fig- for the site, and notes are still on file with ure 2. No brick was noted in either cluster. the Maryland Historical Trust. Evidently The remainder of the materials from the the investigator at that time noted a suffi- south part of the field was bagged as a cient quantity of historic materials in the general surface collection. field to suggest that the town was indeed A summary of the collected artifacts is on the point below Bruff s Island, as the presented in Table 1. A general impression historical sources indicate (Figure 1). of the assemblage tends to support the early In 1982, the field at the town point was eighteenth-century date suggested by the plowed to the edge of the Wye River, but historic data. Only three sherds of white- only to the beginning of the slope down to ware (a post-1820 tableware) are present. 386 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

FIGURE I. DONCASTER SITE. The Ancient Town ofDoncaster 387

feet 0 100 200 300 •dge of field \ •' I 'l I1 meters 0 40 80

FIGURE 2. DONCASTBR GRID ORIENTATION. 388 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

TABLE 1. Artifact inventory from Doncaster. delftware black-glazed red earthen- 37 ware trailed yellow earthenware brown-glazed red earthen- 24 ware creamware red earthenware, no glaze 9 Nottingham stoneware black-glazed red stoneware 1 English brown stoneware sgrafitto 1 Rhenish grey stoneware 10 whiteware 3 North Devon gravel-tempered miscellaneous ceramics 17 pipestems5/64"—13 6/64"—11 7/64"- 10 8/64"- -1 "black glass" 46 misc. curved glass 13 window glass 3 nails 4 scrap iron 2 animal bone 4 blue glass tubular beads 2 gunflint 1 brass? bottle or stein cap 1 brass flat button 1 all from cluster B. No pearlware (manu- suggested above quite nicely (Table 2). factured primarily in the 1780s through Twenty-five stems collected by the land- 1820) was found, and only one sherd of owners prior to this project yielded a date creamware (1760s and 1770s). In fact, even of 1703.82. The pipestem date of this au- the creamware may be out of place, since thor's collection comes to 1703.4, astonish- both Chinese porcelain and white salt- ingly close, given sample sizes, to that of glazed stoneware, common on sites of the the loaned collections. Without whiteware, mid-eighteenth century, are lacking. Sig- but with the creamware sherd, the mean nificantly, the creamware sherd belongs to ceramic date is 1730.11, a suitably early cluster A. The heavy predominance of black date. Since the creamware sherd does not glass, including a number of case bottle really seem to belong to the main site, it fragments, and of coarse ceramics, also is might be more reasonable to delete it from consistent with an early eighteenth-century the computation, and the revised date occupation, before finer tablewares were comes to 1728.54. The median date em- made in such quantities that many Chesa- ployed for the ware of highest frequency, peake planters could afford them. Rhenish grey stoneware, would tend to bias Two mathematical techniques for dating the mean toward a later date, since for this sites are in common use among historical computation several sherds assignable to archaeologists, based on fragment counts earlier types were lumped as a single ware. of pipestems and ceramics. As a rule of Initial findings, then, indicate an occupa- thumb, the bore diameters of ball clay pipe- tion during the first part of the eighteenth century, perhaps beginning before the turn stems decreased through the colonial pe- of the century, when Thomas Bruff and riod, allowing the use of a linear regression sons were active in Doncaster. formula to estimate the mean date of oc- Few other artifacts were recovered that cupation represented by the deposited stems. Similarly, ceramic wares of the his- TABLE 2. toric period can be assigned median dates Computed dates from Doncaster. of manufacture, and the weighted mean of Loaned pipestems 1703.83 Samph !25 these dates—the "mean ceramic date"— Pipestems from survey 1703.4 35 can be taken to approximate the median Mean ceramic date 1730.11 27 date of occupation represented by the pot- (MCD) tery collection. Both of these formulas, the MCD, less creamware 1728.54 26 latter in slightly modified form, were ap- Structure, MCD* 1733.45 11 plied to the collection from Doncaster.19 Structure, pipestems* 1704.85 15 The computed dates fall into the period Squares 0-30L15, 0-30L30, 0-30L45. The Ancient Town of Doncaster 389 would aid in dating the site. One wineglass corresponds to the concentration of brick stem is of the "air twist" form, which Ivor rubble, which was noted in the field but not Noel Hume does not consider to have been collected. introduced before 1725 at the earliest.20 No Ceramics are the main component of this information is available to help date the cluster. Pipestems, though somewhat scat- other pieces with any accuracy. tered, fall chiefly within the area. Only a The spatial distribution of all artifacts chip of a gunflint, among either the archi- assignable to the colonial period, collected tectural or the miscellaneous materials, within the grid, is shown in Figure 3. In also falls within the peak square, but an this map, each grid square is labelled with animal bone, a chunk of mortar (one of the total number of artifacts found within only two recovered), a wineglass stem, and it. Blank squares contained no artifacts. several sherds of bottle glass occur within Contour lines highlight the clusters by in- the more general scatter associated with terpolating thresholds of increasing fre- the peak square. quency, here in increments (contour inter- These data, plus the cluster of brick in vals) of five artifacts. This method shows the same area, indicate that a structure concentrations of artifacts, with contour stood in the vicinity of unit 15L30, and it lines encircling smaller and smaller areas is not difficult to interpret it as a dwelling. of successively higher density. The relatively small quantity of artifacts is Only one cluster is obvious, near the consistent with a house of the turn of the north, or 0L0, corner of the survey area. eighteenth century, but the diversity among Due in part to the 15-meter grid scale, and so small a sample clearly suggests a domes- in part to the generally small quantity of tic structure. artifacts, no "fine tuning" of the spatial The data do not, however, indicate a patterns is evident. Two small rises in fre- town site. Only one structure of any impor- quencies, at 15L90 and 45L135, are due to tance, with two possible outbuildings, is high counts in single squares, and may or discernible. The collection suggests the may not represent outbuildings.21 The main manor house of a middling plantation more concentration, with its center at 15L30, than a town.

5 mittrs

FIGURE 3. DONCASTER, TOTAL ARTIFACTS DISTRIBUTION. 390 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE At the time of the original recording of would add valuable data. It is possible, for the site, the plowed area was larger than it instance, that the town was more extensive was when inspected for this project, ex- than was indicated by this survey, with tending northward and much closer to the improved lots to the east on Shaw Bay or shore of Shaw Bay and the silted channel. to the west where erosion might have de- The main concentration of artifacts, which stroyed the sites. Comparison of the mod- served to identify the site, may actually ern land outline (Figure 1) and the 1695 have been within the formerly plowed area plat, though, suggests that the major im- now covered with grass. It is thus possible pact of erosion has taken place at the point that the main portion of the town of Don- below Chapel Cove, rather than farther up caster is within the uncollected grassy area. toward the town point. Local residents re- This would include the area of Richard member a brick foundation, thought to Bruffs warehouse, according to Tilgh- have been that of the chapel, that has been man.22 lost into the waters of Eastern Bay. The grassy area could hardly contain a At present, the artifactual material and town of any considerable size, however. its limited spatial extent indicate a plan- This fact recalls the small number of names tation or tiny hamlet of the turn of the associated with the written histories of the eighteenth century, probably occupied until town: Crouch, Bruff, and Sayer. Tilghman about 1730 or shortly thereafter. These refers to Sayer as a resident of Doncaster, data support an identification of the site as and evidently Sayer owned land at Doncas- the town of Doncaster, and of the town of ter.23 Evidence has already been noted that Doncaster as a center of very limited activ- suggests that Sayer's residence was across ity. Competition for shipping with the the Wye, on Bennett's Point. At the same Sayer-Bennett plantation, just across the time, at most a few buildings can be placed Wye, probably stunted the growth of the at the town site either from the historical nominal town. The fact that the Doncaster records or by archaeology. site seems to have been abandoned by mid- The overall impression of this investiga- century, when the Bennett plantation was tor is that Doncaster was essentially a Bruff still going strong, casts an interesting light "company town," and comprised little more on the urban-rural ambivalence of the mid- than the Bruff plantation. The name "Don- dle Eastern Shore. caster" may have referred to a loose enough REFERENCES area that Sayer's plantation at Bennett's Point could be considered part of the town, 1. Arthur Schlesinger, "The City in American His- tory," Mississippi Valley Historical Review 27 for the legal purposes of bringing trade (1940): 43. "only to those Ports or Towns" specified in 2. Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness: the the Town Acts.24 The plantation of so First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625-1742 wealthy a man as Sayer or Bennett would (New York, 1955), p. 3. 3. John W. Reps, Tidewater Towns: City Planning have competed effectively as a wharf with in Colonial Virginia and Maryland (Williamsburg, the erstwhile Bruff town, stunting the 1972); John C. Rainbolt, "The Absence of Towns growth of the latter and thus the hoped-for in Seventeeth-Century Virginia," Journal of profits that would accrue to its proprietors Southern History 35, no. 3 (1969): 343-360; Jacob M. Price, "Economic Function and the Growth of in land sales, warehouse and inn fees. The American Port Towns in the Eighteenth Cen- Bruffs, in sum, may have been a very frus- tury," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): trated family. 123-186; Carville V. Earle and Ronald Hoffman, Much further research, both documen- "The Urban South: the First Two Centuries," in The City in Southern History: the Growth of Urban tary and archaeological, must be completed Civilization in the South, ed. by B. A. Brownall before such an interpretation can be sub- and D. R. Goldfield (Port Washington, 1977), pp. stantiated. Historical information is 23-51. needed to create a more complete under- 4. Reps, Tidewater Towns. 5. For discussions of the Town Acts see Reps, Tide- standing of the functions and importance water Towns; Edward M. Riley, "The Town Acts of the town. Intensive archaeological inves- of Colonial Virginia," Journal of Southern History tigation, perhaps including test excavation, 16(1950): 306-323. The Ancient Town of Doncaster 391

6. Archives of Maryland, ed. by William Hand 17. Rev. Edward B. Carley, History and Origins of St. Browne (Baltimore, 1883- ), 5:31-32, 47-48, Peter's Church, 1637-1976 (Cambridge, Md., 92-94; 7:609-614; 13:111-120, 132-139, 218-220; 1976). 26:636-645; 27:159-168, 346-349. 18 Kit W. Wesler, "Towards a Synthetic Approach 7. "Unpublished Provincial Records," Maryland His- to the Chesapeake Tidewater: Historic Site Pat- torical Magazine 17, no. 2 (1921):218. terning in Temporal Perspective," (Ph.D. disser- 8. Maryland Archives 26:636-645. tation. University of North Carolina, 1982), Chap- 9. Lois Green Carr, "'The Metropolis of Maryland': ter 3. a Comment on Town Development along the To- 19 Lewis R. Binford, "A New Method of Calculating bacco Coast," Maryland Historical Magazine 69 Dates from Kaolin Pipe Stem Samples," South- (1974):124-145. eastern Archaeological Conference Newsletter 9, 10. Donald G. Shomette, Londontown: a Brief History no. 1 (1961):19-21; Stanley South, "Evolution and (Edgewater, 1978); Henry J. Berkley, "London- Horizon as Revealed in Ceramic Analysis in His- town on South River, Anne Arundel County, Md." torical Archaeology," Conference on Historic Site Maryland Historical Magazine 19, no. 2 Archaeology Papers 6, no. 2 (1972): 71-106; for (1924):134-142. this author's modification of the mean ceramic 11. Easton, 1961. formula, Wesler, "Synthetic Approach," p. llff. 12. Maryland Archives 5:92-94. 20. Ivor Noel Hume, A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial 13. Reps, Tidewater Towns, p. 111. America, (New York, 1969), p. 193. 14. Maryland Archives 7:459-461, 609-619; 26:636- 21. Wesler, "Synthetic Approach," p. 231ff. 645. 22. Wayne E. Clark, Maryland Historical Trust, per- 15. Oswald Tilghman, History of Talbot County, sonal communications; Tilghman, Talbot County. Maryland, 1661-1861, 2 vols., (Baltimore, 1967), 23. Tilghman, Talbot County vol. 1:66; Wesler, "Syn- vol. l:106fn; vol. 2:540ff. thetic Approach," Chapter 3. 16. Ibid.; also vol. 2:11, 38, 215. 24. Maryland Archives 27:163. For Flag and Profit: The Life of Commodore John Daniel Danels of Baltimore

FRED HOPKINS

W,ITH THE SIGNING OF THE TREATY the news of the beginning of the patriot of Ghent on Christmas Eve of 1814, the revolution in Caracas in 1810 to the United merchants and seamen of Baltimore had States.2 It was also fitting that the news of every reason to expect that the city would the patriot cause in South America came return to its prewar position as the fastest initially to Baltimore because that city growing center of seaborne commerce in proved to be most receptive in the ensuing America. For about a year Baltimore ap- years to the requests for aid from the var- peared to have regained her prewar status. ious patriot representatives. In addition to Slowly, however, the merchant fleets of Baltimore's long standing commercial re- Europe began to encroach upon Baltimore's lationship with South America, two addi- trade with the West Indies and South tional factors made her a haven for patriot America. The sleek clipper schooners of the activity. During the early nineteenth cen- Chesapeake could not compete with the tury, Baltimore was the center of Roman larger bulk carriers of the European na- Catholicism in the United States. Because tions. Between 1816 and 1819, the declining the patriot spokesmen were all Roman value of vessels coupled with falling freight Catholics, they found Baltimoreans a most rates and commodity prices caused the col- sympathetic audience to their pleas for aid. lapse of many of Baltimore's oldest mer- In addition, Baltimore in 1810 was much cantile firms. The decline of the mercantile like the city is today, having a wide variety houses left the city's ship masters and sea- of nationalities all living and working to- men with three choices of earning a liveli- gether. This situation also provided an at- hood: continue to engage in the diminishing mosphere more tolerant of the patriot rep- merchant service, enter the slave trade, or resentatives than many of the cities in the join the forces of the South American col- United States.3 onies in revolt against Spain. For captains From 1810-1812 Baltimore's merchants and seamen who had just concluded two and sea captains played both sides of the and one-half years of successful combat revolution in South America. The firm of against the world's greatest navy, the D'Arcy and Didier, for example, traded choice for many was easy. 4 arms with whichever side held the ports. Baltimore's trade relations with South For obvious reasons the revolutionary sit- America began in 1796 after Spain declared uation in South America was not of utmost war on Great Britain.1 The city was two concern to the citizens of Baltimore during days' sail closer to South America than other American ports to the northeast. For- the War of 1812. After the Treaty of Ghent, eign news in nineteenth-century United however, and with the establishment of States was closely linked with seaborne peace between the major European powers, commerce. Two Baltimore vessels brought Baltimore found herself at a disadvantage. Her sleek clipper schooners could not com- pete with the larger bulk carriers of the Dr. Hopkins is Associate Provost of the University of Baltimore and a member of the Society's Maritime European nations. Baltimore's trade with Committee. Europe was hindered because she was over 392

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80 No. 4, WINTER 1985 Commodore John Daniel Danels of Baltimore 393 two hundred miles further from Europe ance of hostilities prevented his appearance than the other major ports in northeastern in court.12 United States.5 Thus, the renewed pleas of While Danels was returning from Ber- the patriot representatives in Baltimore muda, his old employers, D'Arcy and Di- found willing ears when they requested not dier, were purchasing Rossie, Joshua Bar- only supplies but men and ships to help ney's successful privateer schooner. Com- overthrow the control of Madrid. In fact missioned as a letter-of-marque trader, the the port became so notorious for its activi- Rossie, with Danels in command, cleared ties in behalf of the revolutionaries that in Baltimore for Bordeaux in mid-December. 1817 during a debate on a neutrality bill, By 17 January 1813, Danels and the Rossie John Randolph stated that the proposed were in Plymouth, England as a prize to legislation was actually a peace treaty be- the frigate Dryad of the Rochefort squad- tween Spain and Baltimore.6 The seamen ron.13 and merchants of Baltimore were charac- Once again Danels was exchanged and terized as either pirates or patriotic priva- returned to New York on 9 November 1813. teers depending upon which side of the Thus far he had shown little of the ability South American situation a person took his and luck that was to make him famous in stand. The most successful and controver- South America. Meanwhile the Royal Navy sial of these "sailors of fortune" was John had successfully blockaded the Chesapeake Daniel Danels of Oldtown, Baltimore. Bay, so D'Arcy and Didier, like many other Born on 19 December 1783 in Maine,7 Baltimoreans engaged in privateering, Danels, like many other seamen and mer- moved their base of operations to New York chants, appears to have been drawn to Bal- City. In early 1814 Danels took command timore in the early days of the nineteenth in New York of the D'Arcy and Didier century by the increasing opportunities for letter-of-marque trader Delille. His first trade and employment. The records of the voyage was an uneventful round-trip from Baltimore Custom House indicate that in New York to Bordeaux. Returning to sea the years immediately preceding the War in the spring of 1814 in the Delille, Danels of 1812, Danels served as a merchant cap- sailed from New York to Bordeaux, and to tain for the house of John Netherville New Orleans before returning to New York D'Arcy and Henry Didier, Jr.8 This firm on 13 May 1814. He experienced his first had extensive business connections in real success as he captured five small ves- France, Haiti, South America, and New sels and fought a successful ninety-five Orleans. Little is known about Danels's minute engagement with the British letter- personal activities during these prewar of-marque brig Surprise off Cuba. As he years except that in about 1811 he married returned to New York, Danels was chased an emigre from Santo Domingo named Eu- by a blockading frigate but managed to genia, whose dowry was her weight in gold.9 outrun his antagonist.14 With the outbreak of war, Danels was After the Delille's return to New York, one of the first to sail from Baltimore bear- D'Arcy and Didier decided to refit the ing commission number six in the letter- schooner as a six gun privateer and re- of-marque trader Eagle bound for Haiti in named her Syren. On 5 June 1814, Danels July, 1812.10 Danels returned to Baltimore and Syren left New York for the English in September and immediately cleared for Channel. A gale off Sandy Hook carried St. Barts.11 While returning to the Chesa- away her bowsprit and the Syren put back peake in November, the Eagle was captured to New York. When the Syren again de- by the British ship of war Sophie and taken parted on 12 June, Danels was not on to Bermuda for condemnation. Danels was board. Under the command of Danels's for- exchanged, but the Eagle's owner, John mer first mate, the Syren sailed for Euro- Randall, objected to seizure of his vessel as pean waters. After a successful cruise, it had carried a British trading license. which included the capture of H.M.S. Randall appealed the seizure all the way to Landrail off Gibraltar, the Syren returned the Admiralty in London, but the continu- to New York on 16 August 1814.15 By mid- 394 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE September with Danels in command, the ing ship, and Danels was one of the Amer- Syren again headed for the English Chan- ican captains in port who went to Driscoll's nel. Within two months Danels had aid.19 stopped several British vessels and the Sy- Sometime between 1815 and late 1817, ren's hold was filled with $50,000 in prize Danels returned to privateering, this time goods. Upon returning to the coast of the on the side of the former colonies of Spain United States, Danels decided to land at in South America. What exactly brought Philadelphia rather than New York or Bal- about this decision may never be known. timore. Within fifteen minutes after pick- Perhaps like many other Baltimore cap- ing up a pilot off Cape May, Danels found tains and shipowners, Danels was unable himself aground and the Syren's rudder to compete with the foreign bulk carriers. broken. Danels managed to refloat his From his former employers, D'Arcy and schooner and with a jury-rigged rudder, Didier, Danels may have learned of the sailed back to Cape May where he anchored larger problems faced by merchants now for the night. As the Syren rode at anchor, that there was peace in Europe and the the pilot and several of the crew stole the neutrality of the United States was no longboat and fled ashore. The next morning longer an advantage in commercial enter- a fourteen-gun schooner and several barges prises. Also in early 1816, Thomas Taylor, from the British blockading squadron at- a former resident of Wilmington, Delaware, tacked the Syren. Danels sank two of the arrived in Baltimore as representative of barges before deciding to run the Syren the patriot government of Buenos Aires. aground. He then burned the Syren's upper With him Taylor brought six blank letters works and left the hull with the prize goods of marque and reprisal against Spanish sea- in the custody of the custom agents at Cape borne commerce.20 Taylor was only the first May. As he proceeded up to Delaware to of many agents from Buenos Aires, Mexico, Wilmington to get assistance, Danels saw Banda Oriental, and Venezuela who flocked the citizens of Cape May plunder his vessel. to Baltimore seeking experienced priva- To make matters worse, none of the four teersmen and vessels for service against enemy vessels taken by Danels on the Spain. John Danels may have seen employ- cruise ever reached an American port.16 ment in South America as an alternative to Before he could secure another com- the declining merchant service. His deci- mand, the Treaty of Ghent ended Danels's sion may also have been influenced by the career as a privateer. He returned to his fact that the Romp and the Orb, owned by home on Ann Street in Baltimore where he D'Arcy and Didier, were two of the first would reside for the next three years with patriot privateers outfitted in Baltimore.21 his wife and three children.17 Like most Sometime in late 1817, Danels commis- privateers, Danels returned to his prewar sioned the Ferguson shipyard in Baltimore occupation as a merchant captain. Initially, to construct a brigantine having a length of he must have enjoyed some success or per- 101 feet, a beam of 121/2 feet, a burthen of haps it was his wife's dowry that financed 285 tons, and pierced for twelve guns. On the building of the 150 ton schooner Eu- 25 March 1818 registration papers for this genia in late 1815. Records of the Baltimore vessel, now named the Vacunia, were filed Custom House list Danels as both owner at the Baltimore Custom House listing and master of the new vessel.18 It appears John Daniel Danels as owner and a John that Danels continued to carry cargo for Cox as master.22 In April of 1818, the Va- his former employers D'Arcy and Didier cunia cleared Baltimore for Teneriffe. Da- making passages to France, Haiti, and New nels, however, had no intention of sailing Orleans. In what must have been his first for Teneriffe. Like other former privateers voyage in the Eugenia, Danels assisted fel- of Baltimore—John Dieter, Daniel Chay- low Baltimorean Cornelius Driscoll in the ter, James Chayter, Thomas Boyle, James port of Le Havre, France, when Driscoll's Barnes, John Clark, and Joseph Almeida— vessel grounded and had to be abandoned. John Daniels sailed for the wars in South Driscoll's crew refused to unload the sink- America. Commodore John Daniel Danels of Baltimore 395 Danels' activities in South America ex- and reprisal from two separate govern- tended from 1818 until 1825 and may be ments was not legal according to interna- divided into two distinct categories. From tional law. Danels was later to claim he 1818 until 1819, Danels roamed the Atlan- returned the Buenos Airean commission to tic coast of South America as a privateer or Buenos Aires via a passing schooner. Offi- pirate depending upon one's point of view.23 cials in Buenos Aires claimed never to have From 1820 through 1825 Danels functioned received the documents and declared Da- as part of Simon Bolivar's fledgling navy nels a pirate. The exact reasons for Danels' blockading the coasts of Venezuela and Co- securing two commissions are uncertain. lumbia against Spanish shipping. Several possibilities do exist. Recent evi- When the Vacunia sailed from Baltimore dence gives the date of the Banda Oriental in April, 1818, John Danels was not aboard; commission as 14 February 1818, two but as the brigantine neared White Rocks months before Danels departed Balti- at the mouth of Rock Creek on the Patap- more.24 By accepting the commission in sco River, a pilot boat brought out Danels Baltimore, Danels would have been in vi- and he replaced Cox as captain. Cox re- olation of the Neutrality Act of 1817. The mained as first lieutenant. Danels pro- entire affair of the Buenos Airean commis- ceeded down the Chesapeake to the Atlan- sion may have been an attempt to somehow tic. Once at sea the canon were hauled from cover Danels' earlier violation of American the hold and the Vacunia became a ship of law. Another possibility is that for some war. Still flying the American flag, the Va- reason Danels wanted a Buenos Airean cunia sailed for Buenos Aires arriving in commission more than a Banda Oriental late April of 1818. No vessels were attacked one. Banda Oriental was the less stable of by Danels on his outward voyage. the two governments. Upon arrival in the Danels anchored in the Rio de la Plata Rio de la Plata, Buenos Aires would only for fifteen weeks; during which time he gave give commissions against Spanish and not his sixty man crew the option of joining Portuguese shipping. Also Buenos Aires at him as a Buenos Airean privateer or going least attempted to exert some control over ashore. The entire crew elected to follow its privateers. This control may have been Danels. Danels next went through a rather unwanted and unexpected by Danels.25 complicated legal procedure that was to After clearing the mouth of the Rio de la forestall any violation of the various neu- Plata and announcing the Banda Oriental trality laws enacted by the Congress of the commission to the crew, Danels renamed United States. First Danels sold the Vacu- his vessel La Irresistible, the name which nia to the patriot government of Buenos supposedly appears on the February 1818 Aires. Then Danels had himself declared a commission. Danels cruised for a month citizen of Buenos Aires. Finally, he repur- and a-half in the western Atlantic. His chased the Vacunia changing her name to success among the unsuspecting Portu- Maipu. Both Danels and the brigantine guese merchant vessels was phenomenal as were now Buenos Airean and supposedly he plundered and sunk over twenty-six of could not violate American neutrality laws. them. Specie from twenty-four of the ves- Having obtained his Buenos Airean com- sels totalled $68,000. The Globo, bound mission against Spanish seaborne trade, from Bombay to Lisbon, with a cargo of Danels and Maipu finally put to sea on 15 spices and specie, netted Danels $30,000 in July 1818. specie and a cargo valued at $90,000. But After clearing the mouth of the Rio de la his most valuable prize was the Gran Para, Plata, Danels mustered his crew and an- Rio de Janeiro to Lisbon, with $300,000 in nounced that he also had a commission specie. Suddenly, John Danels became an from Banda Oriental, modern Uruguay, international figure. Already his name was signed by that country's revolutionary better known in Lisbon and Madrid than leader Jose Artigas, giving Danels authority his adopted hometown of Baltimore. to attack both Spanish and Portuguese sea- Using a loop-hole in the neutrality laws, borne commerce. Bearing letters of marque Danels and the Irresistible returned to Bal- 396 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE timore in September 1818. Danels claimed var's fledgling navy. Danels may have en- his brigantine was unfit and needed repairs. tered into these discussions because the day The neutrality laws permitted vessels from of the patriot privateer was drawing rapidly other nations engaged in war to refit in to a close. Pressure had been brought to American ports in an emergency situation. bear on the emerging nations in South Danels, of course, claimed the Irresistible America by both the United States and to be in danger of sinking. While waiting European powers to withdraw all letters of for his vessel to be repaired, Danels man- marque and reprisal. Too many of the so- aged to deposit his $488,000 prize money in called privateers had turned to out-right the Marine Bank of Baltimore. By mid- piracy. By late 1819 most of the revolution- October of 1818 the refit of the Irresistible ary governments had ceased to issue com- had been completed, and still bearing missions.26 Banda Oriental papers, Danels returned to While Danels and Arizmendi were nego- South American waters. tiating, the Buenos Airean privateer Creola From October 1818 until early March of arrived at Margarita and anchored next to 1819, Danels played havoc with the ship- the Nereyda and the Irresistible. Like Da- ping of all nations. He even boarded Amer- nels, the Creola captain was approached ican and British vessels searching for Span- with an offer to join Bolivar's fleet. The ish and Portuguese owned cargoes. Prize Creola crew, however, were from Baltimore cargoes and vessels were sold at St. Thomas and wanted to return home.27 One night the and Margarita Island. In March, however, Creola crew boarded the larger Irresistible, at latitude 8° south and longitude 30° west, surprised Danels' crew and took over the Danels was engaged by the Spanish brig- vessel. The Creola mutineers found crew- of-war La Nereyda. Danels's crew num- men aboard the Irresistible who also wanted bered about seventy and the Irresistible was to return to Baltimore. After permitting armed with twelve 18 pounder carronades; those crewmen to go ashore who wanted to La Nereyda carried a crew of 142 and was stay on Margarita Island, the mutineers cut armed with 18 cannons. After a short ex- the Irresistible's anchor lines and sailed out change, Danels boarded La Nereyda and of St. John the Greek Harbor. Although the took her as a prize. The Spaniards lost 38 Irresistible was no longer covered by her killed and 22 wounded. Banda Oriental letters of marque, the mu- At first Danels tried to sell his prize in tineers proceeded to stop and plunder ves- St. Thomas, but the citizens refused him sels of all nations. The mutineers had be- the right to land. Danels then sailed to come true pirates. Danels learned of the Margarita Island off the coast of Venezuela mutiny the next day and immediately fol- where a patriot prize court did not ask too lowed in La Nereyda. many questions. The Irresistible and her By 15 April 1819, the Irresistible had Spanish prize arrived at Margarita Island made her way back to the Chesapeake Bay. on 22 March 1819. By 29 March, La Ner- Off the mouth of the Patuxent River a eyda had been condemned by the prize revenue cutter took the Irresistible into cus- court and sold at auction to a Venezuelan tody and quarantined the former privateer national named Antonio Franchesco. The at the Nottingham Custom House. Most of former Spanish brig was renamed Congress the crew managed to slip away but were de Venezuela and awarded Venezuelan let- later captured and put on trial in Rich- ters of marque and reprisal. A former lieu- mond, Virginia, for piracy. The ringleaders tenant of Danels, Henry Childs, was ap- were eventually hanged. Meanwhile Danels pointed her captain and Congress was fitted and the Nereyda had reached Baltimore. out as a privateer. Upon learning that the Irresistible was an- While the prize sale was being negoti- chored at Nottingham on the Patuxent, ated, Danels appears to have been holding Danels went to Nottingham, took his brig- discussions with General Juan Arizmendi, antine, and sailed back to Baltimore, much the liberator of Margarita Island, concern- to the consternation of the custom officials. ing the possibilities of joining Simon Boli- The recovery of the Irresistible appears Commodore John Daniel Danels of Baltimore 397 to have been the least of Danels' problems though Danels was not directly involved in upon his return to Baltimore. During the this trial, two of the ring-leaders, after next nine months he would be involved in being sentenced to hang, accused Danels of no fewer than five separate court cases murder. The condemned seamen testified related to his activities in South America. that during the Irresistible's second cruise Two of the cases would eventually reach Danels had stopped a British merchant ves- the Supreme Court. Upon his return in sel to search for Spanish owned cargo. After April of 1819, Danels discovered that Joa- the British captain had lowered his flag, quim Jose Vasquez, Consul General of the Danels had allegedly fired off a carronade. King of Portugal, had filed suit to recover The wad struck the British captain and the specie taken by Danels from the Gran killed him. Federal authorities brought Da- Para. The case was tried in U.S. District nels to trial in Baltimore before Judge Court for Maryland before Judge Theodor- Theodorick Bland. Danels's defense was ick Bland. Don Vasquez held that the Ir- that he had ordered the carronade not to resistible had been outfitted as a ship of war be fired, but his order had not been obeyed. to serve a foreign country by Danels in Judge Bland found Danels not guilty be- Baltimore, thereby violating various acts of cause accidents often occur in war-like sit- Congress relating to the neutrality of the uations.30 United States. Danels's lawyers argued that Danels's legal problems in Baltimore Danels had not become a privateer until he were just beginning. On 21 April 1819, six reached the Rio de la Plata and that he was days after Danels returned from Margarita now a citizen of Banda Oriental. Judge Island in La Nereyda, John B. Bernabeau, Bland decreed that Danels had violated the representing the King of Spain, filed suit neutrality laws and awarded the Gran Para in the District Court of Maryland to recover specie, worth $300,000, to Don Vasquez. La Nereyda. As before, the presiding judge The decision upset Danels and the directors was Theodorick Bland. Although the Span- of the Marine Bank where the specie had ish case was similar to that of the Portu- been deposited. Supported by the Marine guese in that Bernabeau claimed violation Bank, Danels appealed the Bland decision of American neutrality laws, Bernabeau to the Circuit Court of Maryland, which further claimed that the entire Admiralty upheld Judge Bland. By 1822 the case had Court and sale proceedings on Margarita reached the Supreme Court where Chief Island were a hoax. Bernabeau challenged Jutsice Marshall affirmed the decree of the Danels's lawyers to produce a bill of sale Circuit Court.28 showing that the alleged Venezuelan na- At about the same time that Don Vas- tional, Antonio Franchesco, had actually quez was filing suit against Danels for the purchased La Nereyda. Danels was further Gran Para specie, William A. Swift was challenged to produce the orders from also filing a suit against Danels in Judge Franchesco that gave Danels permission to Bland's court on behalf of the King of have the brig commissioned as a Venezu- Portugal to recover the specie taken from elan privateer with Henry Childs as master. the Globo and the twenty-six other Portu- Danels's lawyers were able to do little to guese vessels plundered by the Irresistible. prove that Franchesco did purchase the Again, the decision went against Danels Spanish brig. Their best effort was a dep- and the Marine Bank. Danels appealed to osition from Henry Childs, who could the Circuit Court of Maryland but the dis- hardly be considered an unbiased source. trict court decree was upheld. This case did Once again Judge Bland found in favor of not reach the Supreme Court. the foreign claimants, and La Nereyda was While Danels was having problems in returned to the Spanish. As in the Portu- Baltimore, the federal government had guese cases, Danels appealed to the Circuit managed to capture most of the mutineers Court of Maryland. The attorneys repre- from the Creola and the Irresistible and senting Danels changed their tactics in the tried them for piracy before Chief Justice appeals procedure. Rather than deal at John Marshall in Richmond, Virginia.29 Al- length with the Franchesco situation, the 398 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE attorneys for Danels focused on the fact foreign flag and that Danels had violated that in several speeches in 1817 and 1818, the Neutrality Act of 20 April 1818 by President James Monroe had called the adding to the armament of Irresistible in situation in South America a civil war Baltimore during the period between the rather than a revolution. Because both par- first and second cruises of the brigantine.34 ties in a civil war are considered as equal, Judge Bland acquitted Danels of the 1818 no violation of United States neutrality charge because Danels proved he had not occurred when La Nereyda entered Balti- added to the Irresistible's armament, only more Harbor. A neutral can give aid to replaced it. Danels was also acquitted of belligerents of both sides in a civil war. The the 1817 charge because the Act of 1818 United States, therefore, had no right to had placed a limit on the length of time the confiscate Danels's prize. The attorneys for 1817 laws would be applicable. By the time Danels further argued that Danels could Danels had come to trial, this time period not be held in violation of the 1817 Neu- had expired. Elias Glenn had had enough trality Act because the 1818 Neutrality Act of Judge Bland and the Maryland Courts, put a time limit on the laws of 1817. By the he decided not to appeal the case any far- time Danels's case had been heard, these ther. Judge Bland was summoned to Wash- time limits had passed. The Court agreed ington by Secretary Adams to discuss his with the arguments of Danels's lawyers and apparent prorevolutionary sympathies. returned La Nereyda to him. The judge was able to clear himself. In 1823, however, the case was appealed Perhaps the pressure of too many law to the Supreme Court. On 8 March 1823 suits or perhaps because of arrangements Justice Joseph Story delivered the opinion made at Margarita Island in March 1819, of the Court that Danels had violated the John Danels sailed the Irresistible from various neutrality acts, that the President Baltimore in late 1819 or early 1820 to join was unclear in the civil war issue, that the Simon Bolivar's Admiral, Luis Brion, at Prize Court on Margarita Island had no Margarita.35 Upon arriving at Margarita, jurisdiction over a Banda Oriental prize, Danels sold the Irresistible to Brion along and finally that there was definitely a ques- with the food and military supplies in her tion as to the sale of the vessel to Fran- hold. The Irresistible was renamed the Ur- chesco. The decree of the Circuit Court was dameta and added to Brion's fleet of reversed.31 twenty-seven small vessels.36 Before selling Danels, in addition to the two prize cases, the Irresistible, however, Danels had cap- was brought before the District Court of tured two Spanish vessels, the Ceres and Maryland by United States Attorney Elias the Diligencia. The Ceres was used by Gen- Glenn on charges of violating the Neutral- eral Arizemerdi for the defense of Margar- ity Acts of 1817 and 1818. Pressure to pros- ita; while the Diligencia, with Danels most ecute Danels came from Secretary of State likely in command, became part of Brion's John Quincy Adams who had received fleet. The Diligencia was one of fifteen ves- notes from the Portuguese and Spanish sels sent by Bolivar to cover the landing of Ambassadors requesting Danels be placed General Mariano Montilla at Rio Hacha in on trial.32 Adams also wanted to use the an effort to surround the Spanish forces at trial to showcase, for the various revolu- Maracaibo. After Brion's fleet shelled Rio tionary leaders, the fallacies in their pri- Hacha for half a day, Montilla made a vateering laws. In addition Adams wanted successful landing and eventually joined in to bring to light the questionable activities the siege of Maracaibo. Brion lost five ships of the prize courts on Margarita Island.33 in the attack, but Danels seems to have Glenn brought the Danels Case to trial come through unscathed.37 before Judge Theodorick Bland. The two Danels returned to Margarita in late specific charges against Danels were that summer of 1820 and somehow purchased he had violated the Neutrality Act of 3 two small merchant vessels in which he March 1817 by fitting out a vessel of war carried food and munitions to patriot forces in the United States for service under a at Angostura on the Orinoco River. One of Commodore John Daniel Danels of Baltimore 399 Danels' vessels was taken by the Spanish smaller than Danels's, consisted of a frig- as it entered the Orinoco; the second vessel ate, a corvette, and three smaller vessels. made a safe passage and was then leased to The two squadrons met at 3:00 P.M. and the patriot forces. battled at pistol shot range until sundown. Returning to Margarita, Danels pur- Danels's corvettes Carabobo and Maria chased with his personal funds the brigan- Francesca battled Laborde's frigate Sabina tine Vencedor and two schooners, the Vol- to a draw. The patriot brigantine Indepen- untario and the Centella. With these three dencia was badly mauled by the Spanish vessels now leased to the combined navies corvette Ceres and was saved only by the of Venezuela and Colombia, Danels joined courage of her crew and captain. Laborde's in the blockade of Cumana and La Guaira vessels managed to force the surrender of after the Spanish defeat at Carabobo on 24 two of Danels's corvettes and to kill forty June 1821. Danels served under the com- patriots while taking three hundred pris- mand of General Jose Bermudez until Cu- oners. The Spanish suffered only seventeen mana surrendered. With his three vessels wounded.39 Danels was court martialed for Danels then moved on to blockade La the loss of the two corvettes, but he an- Guaira where he helped impede the evacu- swered the charges against him in such a ation of the Royalist forces. As a result of way that he was totally absolved and re- his services at Cumana and La Guaira, stored to active duty. Laborde's fleet ran Danels applied for and was granted Vene- into Puerto Cabello and refitted before con- zuelan citizenship and the rank of commo- tinuing its voyage to Lake Maracaibo. From dore in Bolivar's navy. 8 May 1823 until 24 July the opposing fleets During the summer and fall of 1822, Da- of Colombia, under the command of Jose nels returned to Baltimore as an agent of Padilla, and Spain, under the command of the Colombian and Venezuelan navies with Angel Laborde, manoeuvred within the orders to purchase a 30-gun corvette for no confines of Lake Maracaibo. While the more than 80,000 pesos. Unable to find a fleets fought on the lake, patriot infantry suitable vessel at a given price in Baltimore, attacked the Spanish garrison. By 3 August Danels journeyed to Philadelphia and fi- 1823 the Spanish had had enough and sur- nally New York before finding a suitable rendered. Puerto Cabello held out until No- ship. Danels finally purchased the 497 ton vember before its garrison too surrendered. ship Hercules from David Leavitt.38 After Colombia at last was free from Spanish renaming the ship Bolivar, Danels sailed control. Danels, however, does not appear for Venezuela, arriving in late October of to have taken part in these final victories. 1882. Danels remained in Colombian service In early November of 1822 Danels was until 1824 at which time he requested a placed in command of an eight vessel pension and permission to return to Balti- squadron with orders to patrol the waters more. Plans for a combined Colombian- between the Spanish stronghold at Puerto Mexican naval attack on Havana had come Cabello and Curacao, to deny entrance of to naught, and Danels saw his services were any merchant vessels to Puerto Cabello and no longer in demand. As a gesture of good- to intercept any Spanish convoys bound for will Danels agreed to cancel approximately Maracaibo. During this period Danels man- 50,000 pesos owed to him by Colombia for aged to capture the Spanish corvette Maria the services of his vessels, supplies pur- Francesca, which was added to his squad- chased for the army and fleet, and expenses ron. incurred on his trip to Baltimore. This ges- On the afternoon of 1 May 1823, Danels ture gained Danels his discharge from Co- spotted a large Spanish squadron off Puerto lombian service. Cabello. Under the command of Angel La- During the entire time Danels was in borde, this force was heading for Lake Ma- South America, his wife and family re- racaibo in order to support Spanish troops mained in Baltimore. The family residence holding the last major city in Colombia and was now 53 Albemarle St. and would re- Venezuela. Laborde's squadron, although main so until the commodore's death in 400 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 1855.40 In all John and Eugenia Danels 7. Records ofthe Green Mount Cemetery, Baltimore, would raise seven children: John (b. 1812), Maryland, September 8, 1981. 8. Records ofthe Collector of Customs at Baltimore, Lewis (b. 1815), Eugenia (b. 1820), Eliza- Record Group 36, Entrances and Clearances beth (b. 1825), Simon Bolivar (b. 1826), (Washington, D.C.: Legislative, Judicial, and Fis- Joseph (b. 1827), and Placetta (b. 1830).41 cal Branch, National Archives and Records Ad- An eighth child, James (b. 1816), is men- ministration). tioned in the Danels will42 but does not 9. Maryland Historical Society, Four Generations of Commissions: The Peale Collection of the Mary- appear in any census reports after 1830. land Historical Society (Baltimore, Maryland: After his return from South America, very Schneidereith and Sons, 1975), pp. 170-171. little is heard of John D. Danels in the 10. Naval Records Collection, Record Group 45, Navy Baltimore press. Eugenia's death on 8 De- Privateer Records (Washington, D.C.: Military cember 185143 was noted in the Baltimore Projects Branch, National Archives and Records Administration). American as the passing of a woman who 11. Records of the Collector of Customs at Baltimore. spent her entire life assisting the poor and 12. Letter by John Randall, Maryland Historical So- needy of Baltimore. The notice ofthe Com- ciety, Manuscripts Division, Vertical File, Danels' modore's death on 29 October 1855 was Folder. 13. Baltimore American, March 12, 1813. even shorter than Eugenia's, noting only 14. Ibid., May 16, 1814. his service in the cause of freedom in Co- 15. Niles' Weekly Register (Baltimore), September 10 44 lombia and Venezuela. and October 29, 1814 [hereafter cited Niles']. Danels, however, did not die fully satis- 16. Ibid., January 7, 1815. fied in the way he had been treated by 17. Baltimore Directory, 1816-1818 (Baltimore: En- och Pratt Free Library, Microfilm Dept.). Colombia and Venezuela regarding some 18. Records of the Bureau of Marine Inspection and outstanding debts. The Commodore's will Navigation, Record Group 41, Baltimore Certifi- mentions unsettled claims that had been cates of Registry (Washington, D.C.: Industrial begun to be adjudicated in 1845 by James and Social Branch, National Archives and Rec- Buchanan and were still outstanding. Da- ords Administration), December 17, 1815. 19. Report of Cornelius Driscoll, January 13, 1816, nels still claimed that Venezuela and Co- Maryland Historical Society, Manuscripts Divi- lombia owed him $300,000 for vessels and sion, Joseph Despeaux Papers, MS.260. Trans- cargoes supplied to these nations between lated by F.E. Chatard, M.D. 1819 and 1820. The Department of State 20. Samuel F. Bemis, Early Diplomatic Missions from had worked out an agreement under which Buenos Aires to the United States (Worcester: 1940), pp. 29-30. Colombia and Venezuela each would pay 21. Garitee, Private Navy, p. 224. 28.5 percent ofthe claim and Danels would 22. Record Group 41, Baltimore Certificates of Reg- surrender his claim to the remainder.45 Ten istry, March 25, 1818. years later the claim still had not been 23. For the period of 1818-1820, this paper is based mainly on the following court records: U.S. vs. La settled. Irresistible, Swift vs. J.D. Danels, J.D. Danels vs. The services rendered by John Daniel Vasques, Bernabeau vs. Nereyda, Admiralty Danels to cause of South American freedom Docket of U.S. District Court for Maryland and were officially honored at the 5 July 1959 the Appeals Docket of the U.S. Circuit Court for graduation ceremonies at the Escuela Na- Maryland, Record Group 21 (Philadelphia: Gen- eral Archives Division) and Letters of Elias Glenn val de Venezuela. to John Q. Adams, Miscellaneous Letters of the Dept. of State, Record Group 59, Microcopy 179, REFERENCES roll 44 (Washington, D.C.: Diplomatic Branch, 1. Jared Sparks, "Baltimore" North American Re- National Archives and Records Administration), view, XX (1825), 99-183. March 1—June 30, 1819. 2. Baltimore American and Daily Commercial Adver- 24. Rene W. Purest, Montevideo, Uruguay, personal tiser, June 4, 1810. letter, September 17, 1983, to Dr. Lawrence A. 3. Laura Bornholdt, "Baltimore as a Port for Span- Larsen, Baltimore, MD. ish-American Propaganda, 1810-1823" (Ph.D. 25. Anjel J. Carranza, Campanas Navales de la Repub- diss., Yale, 1945), pp. 24-25. lica Argentina (Tomo III: Buenos Aires: 1916), pp. 4. Jerome R. Garitee, The Republic's Private Navy 32-44. Translated by Rosemary Pool. (Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University 26. Bornholdt, "Baltimore as a Port," p. 216. Press, 1977), p. 220. 27. Niles', August 7, 1819. 5. Robert G. Albion, Rise of the Port of New York 28. J.B. Scott (ed.), Prize Cases Decided in the United (New York: Scribners, 1939), p. 36. States Supreme Court (Vol. II: New York: Oxford 6. Baltimore Patriot, January 30, 1817. University Press, 1923), pp. 1209-1218. Commodore John Daniel Danels of Baltimore 401

29. Miles', August 7, 1819. borde Restrepo, Ayudante General de la Armada 30. Niks', December 11, 1819. Nacional. Transcriptions translated by Rosemary 31. Scott, ed. Prize Cases, pp. 1236-1271. Pool and Gloria Lane. 32. Correa da Serra to J. Q. Adams, Notes from the 36. William A. Morgan, "Sea Power in the Gulf of Portuguese Legation, Record Group 59, Micro- Mexico and the Caribbean during the Mexican copy 57, roll 1, December 1, 1818; and Luis de and Colombian Wars of Independence, 1815- Onis to J. Q. Adams, Notes from the Spanish 1830" (Ph.D. diss., University of Southern Cali- Legation, Record Group 59, Microcopy 59, roll 8, fornia, 1969), p. 356. April 21, 1819 (Washington, D.C.: Diplomatic 37. Alfred Hasbrouck, Foreign Legionaires in the Lib- Branch, National Archives and Records Admin- eration of Spanish South America (New York: istration). Columbia University Press, 1928), pp. 177-185. 33. J. Q. Adams to Elias Glenn, Domestic Letters of :w Records of the Bureau of Marine Inspection and the Department of State, Record Group 59, Mi- Navigation, Record Group 41, New York Certifi- crocopy 40, roll 15 (Washington, D.C.: Diplomatic cates of Registry, September 26, 1822. Branch, National Archives and Records Admin- 39 Morgan, "Sea Power," p. 367. istration), June 5, 1819. 40 Baltimore Directory, 1855. 34. Glenn to Adams, Record Group 59, Miscellaneous 41 Dielman-Hayward File, Maryland Historical So- Letters of the Department of State, May 23,1819. ciety. 35. For the period of 1820-1825, this paper is based 42 Probate Records of Baltimore City, Folio 531, mainly on the following documents: Excerpts from Book 26, March 8,1855. Maryland State Archives, Ramon Azpurua, Biografia de Hombres notables Annapolis. de Hispanoamericas (Vol 3: Caracas: Imprenta 43 Green Mount Cemetery Records. Nacional, 1877), pp. 273-275. excerpts transcribed 44 Baltimore American, October 30, 1855. by Maria Elena Bermudez of the Republica de 45 Letter, Ellis to Buchanan, Dispatches from U.S. Venezuela Biblioteca National. Also excerpts from Ministers to Venezuela, General Letters of the the Archivos de la Armada de Colombia, Bogata, Department of State, Record Group 59, Micro- transcribed by Captain de Fragata Antonio La- copy 79, roll 8, Letter 7, May 13, 1845. "A True Childe of Sorrow." Two Letters of Mary E. Surratt

JOSEPH GEORGE, JR.

M.LANUSCRIPTS IN THE HANDWRITING he was assigned to the cathedral staff and of one of Maryland's well known citizens, churches in the Boston suburbs. He also Mary E. Surratt (1823-1865), are rare. Her served as literary editor of the Boston Pilot, fame, or notoriety, came only after her ex- the Catholic diocesan newspaper. He ecution as an alleged conspirator involved moved west in 1876, seeking relief from his in the assassination of President Lincoln.1 rheumatism, and died in Colorado in 1879.2 She became famous only after she had died. As a scholar, Finotti was the author of The Surratt Society of Clinton, Maryland, several works, including the Bibliographia possesses a photographic copy of a letter Catholica Americana, which appeared in written by Mrs. Surratt, dated January 17, 1872. This was a guide to 295 Catholic 1858, and addressd to "Father," most likely books published in the United States before 3 a Catholic priest. The letter deals with her 1821. concern for the education of her children A rumor existed among Mrs. Surratt's and the alcoholism of her husband. Mem- neighbors that she and Finotti had become bers of the society queried are unaware of involved romantically and that his supe- any other Surratt letters in existence. riors had sent Finotti out of the area and The two letters printed below deal also to Boston to put an end to the gossip. to a great extent with the education of her Newspaper reporter George Alfred Town- children and the drinking problems of her send, on one of his trips along the John husband. Both letters were addressed to Wilkes Booth escape trail, picked up the Rev. Joseph M. Finotti, S.J., who was in- story. He learned from a "gentleman prom- volved in the building of St. Ignatius inent in that country" that Church, Oxon Hill, Prince George's while there was considerable pity for Mrs. County, Maryland. Surratt, her dignity had been much exag- Joseph Maria Finotti was born in Fer- gerated—that while her husband was yet rara, Italy, in 1817. He joined the Jesuit living an Italian priest who ministered in Order at the age of 16, and in 1845 was that part of the country got in such a flir- assigned to its Maryland Province. He com- tation with Mrs. Surratt that it raised a commotion, and he had to be sent to Boston pleted his theological studies at George- 4 to get him out of the scandal. town and was ordained a priest in 1847. He was assigned to St. Mary's Church, Alex- Mrs. Surratt's two letters to Finotti, andria, Virginia, but had as part of his herein reproduced, show that rumors of an duties an extensive mission as itinerant affair between the two are easy to under- priest in Virginia and Maryland. It was stand. Yet, there is really nothing in the during this period that Fr. Finotti com- letters that indicate anything but a woman menced the building of St. Ignatius Church. explaining her personal problems to a priest In 1852, before pronouncing his final vows, whose advice and person she regarded he left the Jesuit order and was accepted in highly. The letters do suggest, however, the Diocese of Boston. For the next 24 years that the two principals were aware of these rumors. Dr. George is Professor of History at Villanova Uni- The Surratt home, the "publick house," versity. mentioned in the letters and located in 402

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80 No. 4, WINTER 1985 Two Letters of Mary E. Surratt 403 it would make me feal as though I had not entirely lost a friend and espeshly one that I could always go to in confidence in all my trubles, and so far from geting less it seams as though they come two for one evry day. Mr. Surratt8 has be come so that he is drunk on evry occation and are more and more dis-agreeable evry day. I think some times I would give the world if you could come in and give him a good lecture for me. Father John calls to see us often but he is affread to say any thing to him. dear Father Annah9 has gone to chool some three months ago I first intended to send her to Frederick but. Father John thought it best for me to send her to Miss Martins for a year or two for a begining she is delighted with her Teachers and improves very fast. I am trying evry day to make some arrange- ment for Isaac10 to go to chool but I can not tell how it will be yet as you know how often misfortune has visit us in the last few FIGURE 1. years. Rev. Mr. Onte cald to see me a few Mary E. Surratt. days ago and wished me to send him to St. Thomas, but Mr. Surratt thinks it to un- what is today Clinton, Maryland, served in helthy thire but I care not for what he Mrs. Surratt's day as a tavern, inn, and way thinks as it seams the hole charge of the station for passengers on stage coach lines, children has fawlen on me I must trust in and post office for what was then known as God and do the best I can for them. Dear Surrattsville. The house became famous Farther please write to me and tell me what when John Wilkes Booth stopped there you think would be best for me to do with briefly on the evening of April 14, 1865, him as he is now geting large and it is time while fleeing from Washington after shoot- for him to leave this publick house as you ing President Lincoln. During the Civil know how many temtations thire is all ways War the tavern had served as a Confederate "safe house," a shelter for agents crossing before him Dear father our bisness is im- the Potomac.5 proving here evry day we have a post office The original letters are now in the pos- hear and it is the depo for the stages now session of the Historical Society of Penn- so that when ever you get a letter from your sylvania. Most likely they became available dear Brother from this it is maild by me as when Finotti's library was sold at public you know that I always have the burden to auction in 1879, shortly after his death.6 stand up to [sort the mails?] while my The first letter is dated January 15,1855: husband wollars in the mire of drinkenness for he half the time has now Servents to Surratts Vill, P. O. Prince Geo. attend to the house and expects as much as My dear Father though he had Servents to attend to it. Dear I have come to the conclusion to trublle father I have much to say to you I would you with a few more lines if it is intrudeing give the world if I could see you if it was I hope you will pardon me for them. Dear but for a few hours I expect to go to New Father I heare from you as often as you Yourk next Month and if I could be sertain write to your Brother,7 but that dose not of seeing you I think I could not resist the give me the same pleasure as if I could temtation of comeing to Boston as I surpose obtain the favour of a few lines from you; the expence would not be a great deal more 404 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE for I have almost dispared of you ever akeing & my eyes are allmoste blinded with comeing to see us any more. tears of the bitterest kind Dear Father I have one request to make I have bean to church this morning Fa- you and I do pray you not object it as it ther Donalon12 is very much complaining would afford me so much pleasure and he was very sick yesterday though better to could not perswade my self you would re- day. I surpose you would like to here from fuse me so small a request and costing you the children Annah is still with the Miss nothing that is to lend me your Dagueratipe Martins and improveing very fast she be- that your Brother has to have one taken by gins to play very well, and her teachers it and if you would not like it known I think her very apt she is geting a long very pledge myself for no one to know it but my well with French; she intends to write to self and I feal very shure you know me well you very soon; Isaac is at St. Thomas chool anknuf to have that much confidence in me it is a chool that has bean commenced in for let the rest of your friend say what they the last year under the direction of the Rev will I still reman the same and always to Father Wiggett13 they have all redy 21 Bor- the end if I never see or heare from you a ders besides thire day cholars he is im- gain and if you have for gotten me I asshore prooveing very fast I hope he may be come you I think of you as often as ever and I do a Preast Johny141 hope thire may be some beseach you to grant me the smawl favour opening that I may get him to chool when I have asked of you. the chool commences after the vacation for I will now bring my long intrudeing lines I have found out long ago a publick house to a close by imploying your prayers & do is now place for children with a Fathers beg God to strenthen me and give grace to example and 0 what without. My dearest bare with all my triels. Father I keep nothing from you though I Jan 15 1855 would not have any one elst to know what Yours a true Childe of sorrow I under go for nothing in reason for you [s] M. E. Surratt know the fealing of a heart of better days. Dear Farther I for got to mention our pastor I will bring my lines to a close by wishing of St. Ignatious he may be a very good man from the bottom of my heart that my weary no doubt he is but the people can not under sight may soon rest on such a friend as you stand him and of corse do not like him so are please answer this cribble and look at much. I feare for the well fare of that dear the intention of it and not the mistakes little Chappie11 for I do love it, so much, Pray for me & beleave me to be and I can never get in sight of it with out Your truly afflicted of heart thinking of my dear Father Finoty that did [s] M. E. Surratt so much for it P. S. you must be shure to send me a keepsake as you know the one you gave me 15 Mrs. Surratt's second letter deals mainly got burnt up the night of the fire. with her concern for the education of her REFERENCES children. 1. For the case against Mrs. Surratt, see T. M. Har- ris, Assassination of Lincoln. A History of the Great Conspiracy. Trial of the Conspirators by a Military Surratts' Ville Md May 13th 1855 Commission and a Review of the Trial of John H. My dearest Father Surratt (Boston, 1892), and Louis J. Weichmann, I receaved your kind letter of 25 Jan two A True History of the Assassination of Abraham day after you rote it, I receaved your kind Lincoln and of the Conspiracy of 1865, ed. by Floyd advice with many thanks, O I wish I could E. Risvold (New York, 1975). In defense of Mrs. Surratt are David Miller DeWitt, The Judicial see you onst more I do not think I could Murder of Mary E. Surratt (Baltimore, 1895), and get to the end of histry for hours, though I Guy W. Moore, The Case of Mrs. Surratt: Her may never see you a gain on earth I beg of Controversial Trial and Execution for Conspiracy you never to for get me in your prays, and in the Lincoln Assassination (Norman, Okla., 1954). More recent writers have been sympathetic beleave me my dearest Father while my to Mrs. Surratt. See Thomas R. Turner, Beware poor unfortuneate fingers are engaged in the People Weeping: Public Opinion and the As- these few lines I am sad my poor heart are sassination of Abraham Lincoln (Baton Rouge, Two Letters of Mary E. Surratt 405

1982), p. 181; and Joseph George, Jr., "Nature's nine or ten inches in height, full beard, dark green First Law: Louis J. Weichmann and Mrs. Sur- eyes, black curly hair and good looking." Isaac ratt," Civil War History, XXVIII (June, 1982), settled in Baltimore, not Washington, after the 101-127. war, but the War Department monitored his 2. Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, II movements there for a time. P. H. Sheridan to E. (1887), p. 462; The Metropolitan Catholic Almanac M. Stanton, Oct. 18, 1865, and Oct. 23, 1865 and Laity's Directory for . .. 1852 (Baltimore, (telegrams); and Lafayette C. Baker to T. T. Eck- 1852), p. 69; New Catholic Encyclopedia, V (1967), ert, Oct. 19, 1865, E. M. Stanton Papers, Library p. 931. of Congress. 3. Ibid. 11. Mrs. Surratt, along with a Mrs. Christiana 4. New York Tribune, May 8, 1881, p. 10. I am Spaulding Kerby Edelen, was credited with "dili- grateful to Michael W. Kauffman, of Alexandria, gent efforts" to raise funds for the building of St. Va., who brought this article to my attention. Ignatius Church. The edifice was rebuilt in 1890- 5. Surratt Society Newsletter, Jan. 1982, p. 6. 1891. St. Ignatius Church, [p. 6]. 6. Catalogue of the Library of the Late Reu. Joseph 12. Rev. John P. Donelan was listed as pastor of St. M. Finotti ... To Be Sold at Auction . . . October Mary's Church, Piscataway, Prince George's 16th, 1879, and Following Days, by Bangs & Co.. . . County. Metropolitan Catholic Almanac (1855), p. New York (New York, 1879). 64. 7. G. M. Finotti came to the United States in 1850, 13. Rev. Bernardin Wiget, S. J. was Superior at St. lived with his brother for a few years, and then Thomas Manor, near Port Tobacco, Maryland. bought a farm and raised a family in the general Ibid., p. 65. He later appeared as a character area of St. Ignatius Church. He moved to Boston witness on behalf of Mrs. Surratt at her trial in in 1864. St. Ignatius Church, Oxon Hill, Maryland, 1865. See The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 125th Anniversary Booklet (White Plains, N.Y., and the Trial of the Conspirators, ed. by Benn 1974), [p. 3]. Pitman (New York, 1954), pp. 135-36. 8. John Harrison Surratt, Sr., Mrs. Surratt's hus- 14. Mrs. Surratt's youngest child, John Harrison Sur- ratt (1844-1916), served as a Confederate agent band, died suddenly in 1862. His widow subse- during the Civil War, helping secret agents cross quently moved to Washington and opened her the Potomac River. On at least one occasion he rooming house that became a popular spot for carried secret instructions from Richmond to John Wilkes Booth and his friends. For the death Confederate agents in Canada. He was brought to of the elder Surratt, see Helen Jones Campbell, trial in Washington in 1867, charged with partici- Confederate Courier (New York, 1964), p. 18. pating in Lincoln's murder. The jury failed to 9. Elizabeth Susanna Surratt (1843-1904), better agree, voting 8 to 4 in favor of acquittal. See Trial known as Anna, was the only daughter of Mrs. of John H. Surratt in the Criminal Court for the Surratt. The school in Frederick was the Academy District of Columbia, 2 vols. (Washington, 1867). of the Visitation, a Catholic girls' school. See I wish to thank Mr. John C. Brennan and Rev. Thomas R. Bevan, Two Hundred Twenty Years. Robert L. Keesler, both of Laurel, Maryland, who A History of the Catholic Community of the Fred- provided me information dealing with Maryland erick Valley (Frederick, Md., 1977), p. 82. geography and bibliography. 10. Isaac Douglas Surratt (1841-1907) was the oldest 15. According to Mr. James O. Hall of McLean, Vir- Surratt child. He served as an officer in the Con- ginia, the fire referred to occurred in the house federate cavalry during the Civil War and went to inhabited by the Surratts before 1852, when con- Monterey, Mexico, when the fighting ended. struction began on the Surratt tavern. The fire When he learned that his mother had been exe- ruined the house and forced the Surratts to live cuted as an accomplice in the assassination of with neighbors for a time. Hall to the author, President Lincoln, Isaac left Monterey, sometime Sept. 10, 1984. It is possible that Mrs. Surratt's in September, 1865, intending to avenge his moth- book of religious devotions—Patrick Donohoe, er's death with the private execution of President The Month of May (Boston, 1854), now in the Johnson, or so Gen. Philip H. Sheridan explained possession of the Surratt Society, was the keep- in a telegram from New Orleans to the War De- sake sent her in response to the postscript of this partment. Sheridan described Isaac as "five feet letter. BOOK REVIEWS

Latrobe's View of America, 1795-1820; Selections era visited, lived in, or commented upon as from the Watercolors and Sketches. Edited by many locales over such a long span of years Edward C. Carter II, John C. Van Home, and as did Latrobe. Second, this English-born Charles E. Brownell. (New Haven and Lon- and European-trained observer, like few don: Yale University Press, 1985. Introduc- others, saw America with both the percep- tion, illustrations, index. Pp. xxi, 400. $35.00.) tive vision of a foreigner and the under- standing of a citizen long resident. Third, Benjamin H. Latrobe has long been recog- he was a man of many talents, and his nized and admired for his seminal role in the personal interests and professional exper- development of the architectural and engineer- tise enabled him to observe with the scru- ing professions in Federal period America. tiny of an engineer, to explain with the Among a wealth of commissions executed be- literary skill of an enlightened European, tween his arrival from England in 1796 and his and to draw with the artistic precision of untimely death in New Orleans twenty-four an architect. Fourth and finally, Latrobe years later, Latrobe's Bank of Pennsylvania and was a traveler who for twenty-five years the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Baltimore are assumed an important, active role in widely recognized as landmarks in American changing the character of the America he architectural history. His equally significant en- viewed. gineering projects include the Philadelphia Wa- terworks and extensive work on the Susque- Carter's excellent introduction and biograph- hanna River improvements, the Washington ical sketch of Latrobe is followed by an equally Navy Yard, and the New Orleans Waterworks. valuable essay by Charles E. Brownell that ex- In recent years, however, the initiation by the amines the art of Latrobe's drawings. Carter's Maryland Historical Society of a project to pub- discussion of what Latrobe drew and his sugges- lish the voluminous collection of Latrobe's jour- tions of why the artist chose these scenes is nals, correspondence and sketchbooks has therefore complemented by Brownell's analysis served as the vehicle to examine yet another of how Latrobe executed the drawings and the contribution that he has made to his adopted relationship of his work to contemporary move- country. Constantly on the move and separated ments in western art. for long periods from his family and friends, It is ironic, in fact, that Brownell quickly Latrobe compiled notes, sketches and studies of establishes a number of qualifying cautions to American life and landscape that offer a unique Carter's essay on the value of Latrobe as an view that transcends the more limited and often unbiased observer and recorder. Specifically, biased accounts of his contemporary travelers Brownell carefully studies the question of artis- and diarists. tic license, and provides a cautionary framework As editor Edward C. Carter II convincingly for historians who might otherwise be inclined demonstrates in his introduction, Latrobe was to embrace Latrobe's work as the gospel. uniquely gifted and ideally suited for his self- We are reminded that many of the handsome assumed task as recorder of the American scene. watercolors were executed at a later date, relying He compiled his thoughts and impressions for a on quick sketches, wash drawings and memory. variety of reasons—for the pleasure and diver- Compositional adjustments were also not un- sion that art and writing provided, to inform usual, though generally confined primarily to family and friends, and to record observations the insertion or rearrangement of framing ele- of local architecture, engineering, and natural ments such as foliage. Simple error is also evi- history. Carter is careful to note that Latrobe's dent, as amply demonstrated by one drawing of work is not the superficial musings of a dilet- the U. S. Capitol, executed while Latrobe was in tante but "careful and precise renderings by a Philadelphia, in which two bays of the building trained artist" with a unique perspective. are accidentally omitted, a mistake that might be less significant if Latrobe had not been su- Although Latrobe, as a well-educated, mid- pervising architect of the building. dle-class man of affairs, resembled the ma- Brownell continues with a discussion of Neo- jority of early nineteenth-century trav- classical elements in Latrobe's art and illus- elers, he nevertheless stands out for several trates his use of contemporary work for both reasons. First, few, if any, travelers in this compositional ideas and specific details in his 406

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80 No. 4, WINTER 1985 Book Reviews 407 drawings. This borrowing is particularly evident 1810 panorama of Clarksburg and Sugar Loaf in an examination of Latrobe's most glaring Mountain, a view "Out of Robb's window Mont- artistic weakness, his difficulty with figure draw- gomery Courthouse" (1811), and a personal fa- ing. The figures that people Latrobe's work vorite of mine, "Two Views of an Elephant, range from stiffly contrived, ghost-like charac- Clarksburg, Maryland" (1811). ters lifted shamelessly from Neoclassical sources The subject of this last drawing was a female to the awkward, almost stick-like figures illus- elephant, the first imported to this country, that trated in his "Nondescripts .. . near the Oaks, landed in New York in 1796, subsequently sold Virginia." for $10,000, and spent more than two decades It is perhaps fortuitous for Latrobe that the as the principal attraction of a traveling road majority of his subjects were backwoodsmen and show. In an accompanying drawing, an amused rough-hewn rural farmers whose unrefined Latrobe records the elephant's departure from looks and casual dress were well suited to his Clarksburg at ten o'clock at night, safely con- figure drawing abilities. Their rough counte- cealed from free observation by the public. In nances and crude features were at times so ex- this drawing, the elephant, viewed from the rear, aggerated that in at least one case Latrobe felt is highlighted by the glow of Sholl's Tavern and compelled to note in his sketchbook that his the Comet of 1811. portrayals of men attending court in Lancaster A few other personal favorites are worth men- County, Pennsylvania "are strong likenesses tioning. For pure aesthetic and historic appeal, and not caricatured." there are Latrobe's views of New Castle, Dela- In the third and final introductory essay, John ware, Richmond, New Orleans, and scenes on C. Van Home reviews the editorial philosophy the roads of Pennsylvania and Ohio, while his that guided this volume and the rationale used "View of Lord Botetourt's mutilated Statue ..." in selecting the 161 drawings illustrated. As this and two views of Norfolk offer a particularly volume provides the broadest overview of the graphic commentary on the lingering evidence Latrobe sketchbooks and will undoubtedly prove of the American Revolution. Genre scenes of to be the single volume most appealing to a ferry men on the Susquehanna, a black family broad general public, the editors have selected preparing for church, and an overseer in Virginia "primarily drawings that are visually striking or offer engaging glimpses of everyday scenes in particularly beautiful as well as those that are the early 19th century. particularly well annotated by Latrobe in his Regardless of the reader's particular field of sketchbooks." interest or level of expertise, the breadth of While broad general appeal is a clearly stated subject material and vast geographical reach goal of the volume, the collection will be equally ensure a rich source of inspiration and amuse- rewarding for a wide spectrum of historians and ment for all who enter Latrobe's world. students of art, architecture, engineering, and ORLANDO RIDOUT V the natural sciences. Included are historical Maryland Historical Trust scenes, land- and seascapes, genre scenes, satir- ical views of American life and studies of indus- trial sites and technological innovations. The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale Illustrations of special interest to Maryland and His Family. Volume I: Charles Willson readers are as diverse as they are numerous. A Peale: Artist in Revolutionary America, 1735- series of detailed studies of the Susquehanna 1791. Edited by Lillian B. Miller, (New Ha- River just north of the Maryland line in Penn- ven: Published for The National Portrait Gal- sylvania are complemented by pen and ink and lery, Smithsonian Institution by Yale Univer- watercolor scenes near Havre de Grace. Other sity Press, 1983. Pp. Iv, 673. Illustrations, scenes in the upper Bay include two landscapes Appendixes, Index. $50.00.) and a sketch diagram at Frenchtown, a view of Charles Willson Peale and His World. By Edgar Welch Point, and an 1813 panorama of Charles- P. Richardson, Brooke Hindle, and Lillian B. town, all in Cecil County. Also executed in 1813 Miller. (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., are a handsome sketch of the Red Lion Inn in Publishers, 1983. Pp. 272. Illustrations, In- Baltimore County and the only known graphic dex.) view of the early town of Bush, in Harford County. The importance of Charles Willson Peale to A second series of Maryland illustrations ex- the American cultural history of the Revolution- ecuted in Prince Georges, Montgomery and ary and Early Republic periods has never been Frederick Counties date between 1806 and 1816. questioned. As James Flexner wrote in 1943, These include an 1806 view of Bladensburg, two "when Copley got on the boat in Boston, the landscapes executed at Great Falls in 1809, an mantel of America's painter passed to Peale." 408 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE But Peale contributed more than his portraits the American Revolution. He enlisted in the of American leaders to our culture; he was also militia, participated in the Battle of Princeton, a Revolutionary soldier, inventor, naturalist, and served in militia units in both Philadelphia and—as Baltimoreans well know—a museum and Annapolis. He also remained active in pol- keeper. Moreover, his family became involved itics and served a stint as a representative in the in these activities. These two volumes nicely Pennsylvania Assembly from Philadelphia. In contribute to our understanding of the man, his January 1779 he was commissioned by the Su- family, and the world they lived in. preme Executive Council of Pennsylvania to They are very different volumes aimed at paint General Washington's portrait, and in the different audiences. The Selected Papers is the summer of 1781 he began construction of the first of eight volumes of primary sources gener- exhibition gallery that would open a year later. ated by that family. By now, this style of pub- His Philadelphia Museum opened in the sum- lishing such materials has acquired the status of mer of 1786, and he specialized in oil portraiture a genre. Maps and selections from broadsides, on canvas and making mezzotint prints from newspapers, and pamphlets are included to com- them through 1791. This volume should be the plement the letters and diary selections gener- first reference to turn to for information about ated by the principals. The volumes are aimed Peale's life and work during this period. at professional scholars (though others will cer- The other volume under review is of a differ- tainly find them useful) and virtually exhaust ent type and format. It grew of an exhibit of the primary information about their subject. If Peale's works at the Metropolitan Museum of this first volume is indicative of the next seven, Art, and a careless perusal would classify it as a the Peale series promises to join the Latrobe, large, coffee-table, color-picture book. It is Jefferson, Madison, etc. multivolume publishing that—and so much more. Richardson is proba- projects as monumental successes. bly the dean of American art historians, Hindle Marylanders should find much to interest certainly pre-eminent in the early history of them in this first volume. Peale's father was American science and technology, and Miller is master of the Kent County School in Chester- Historian of American Culture at the National town from 1742 to his death in 1750. Much Portrait Gallery and editor of the Charles Will- Eastern Shore social and economic, and some son Peale papers. Each has contributed a sub- political, history lay in these materials. Family stantive study of Peale as painter, scientist, and life predominates as two brothers and two sisters contributor to early American culture. A Fore- followed Charles Willson. His father's untimely word entitled "The Unity of a Diverse Career" death strained the family's circumstances and by Charles Coleman Sellers ties the essays to- they moved to Annapolis in 1751. Ten years gether. Best of all, the entire volume is lavishly later Charles Willson finished his apprentice- illustrated with Peale's portraits, portions of ship and set up his own shop as a saddler. Then, essays, his Guide of the Philadelphia Museum, during the tumultuous 1760s, he developed his drawings and broadsides, and other primary interest in painting and politics, and traveled to sources. Each illustration is wonderfully docu- Boston and Newburyport where he met other mented from an historian's point of view and painters, including John Singleton Copley. Pla- aesthetically beautiful. For the armchair histo- gued by debt and threatened with imprisonment, rian, unable to travel to the various repositories Charles Willson left for London, England, in to study these items, this is the best single- December 1766 to study with Benjamin West. volume discussion and demonstration of the cul- He returned to Annapolis in June 1769 and tural significance of Charles Willson Peale. To- began his career as a painter, essentially trav- gether with The Selected Papers, we have a eling between Maryland and Philadelphia. wonderful start at reevaluating and appreciating A member of the Sons of Liberty in Annapolis Peale's role in our early Republic. as early as 1764, Peale was progressively caught GARY L. BROWNE up in the events of the 1770s that culminated in UMBC "A quarter taint of Maryland blood": An Inquiry into the Anglo/Maryland Background of Mrs. John Quincy Adams

JOAN R. CHALLINOR

T,HE ADAMSES ARE NOT USUALLY CON- while taking little notice of the Johnsons sidered a Southern family, yet one part of and their forebears.3 Yet Louisa Catherine this famous family had Maryland roots. was not quite fair. It was not all "maternal The father of Mrs. John Quincy Adams, connections" which disinterested the Joshua Johnson (1742-1802), was born and Adamses, only the Johnson family. Abi- raised in Maryland and for many years gail's family, the Quincys, was well-studied (1771-1789) was a member of and repre- by the Adamses. sented an Annapolis mercantile firm in Louisa Catherine understood her John- London. Joshua Johnson's family became son connections very well, but was unclear prominent in Maryland when his brother about her own "maternal connections." The Thomas served as Governor of Maryland record of her mother's (Catherine Nuth's) during the Revolutionary War. heritage is, to say the least, unaccountably Henry Adams, one of the fourth genera- inaccurate; and it was Louisa Catherine tion of Adamses, realized he had "inherited who recorded the inaccuracies. New evi- a quarter taint of Maryland blood" and dence from recent research about Catherine thought because of that inheritance—so Nuth and Joshua Johnson suggests a pos- different from his Boston legacy—that he sible solution to a part of the mystery; it might be "half exotic."1 It is high time to raises, however, even more tantalizing examine the Maryland inheritance of the questions than it solves. Adams family, which entered that noted Some information about Louisa Cather- New England stock through Joshua John- ine's parents seems beyond question. son, who married a Londoner called Cath- Louisa Catherine's father, Joshua Johnson, erine "Nuth." The second daughter of descended from a Maryland family that had Joshua and Catherine, Louisa Catherine originated in Yarmouth, England. During Johnson (1775-1852), married John the English revolution (1640-1649), his Quincy Adams in 1797. grandfather, Thomas Johnson, an early Louisa Catherine Adams felt the and prominent member of the Puritan Adamses slighted her side of the family. "Eastern Counties Association," turned "All families," she wrote to her son Charles royalist.4 Here, family tradition diverges Francis, "are not as indifferent to their into two slightly different versions. maternal connections as ours are."2 When One version, recorded by James Johnson, she wrote this in 1828, she was referring to nephew of Governor Johnson, and attrib- the extraordinary interest in the Adams uted by him to Louisa Catherine, claims genealogy shown by her husband and his Thomas Johnson's son, a young barrister, parents, John and Abigail Adams. The eloped with a Mary Baker of Liverpool, a Adamses filled page after page with genea- ward in chancery. Wards in chancery were logical studies of their side of the family. forbidden by law to marry without the Chancellor's permission, which the young Dr. Challinor is Research Associate of the National couple did not obtain. However, Mary Bak- Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institu- er's father, a ship's captain, arranged for tion, Washington, B.C. their escape to Calvert County, Maryland, 409

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80, No. 4, WINTER 1985 410 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE where they arrived about 1690. Several idence in London, he met a very young years later, because his brother was in favor woman named Catherine, who had been at the court of Queen Anne, Thomas de- born in London, and together they began a cided to return to England, leaving in family. Louisa Catherine Johnson, born in Maryland his wife and a young son, also 1775, was their second child. named Thomas, born in 1701. After incred- Although the Adamses knew of their ible adventures, including capture by Span- Maryland forebears, it was Henry Adams iards and a winter's trip from Quebec to who was most diligent in seeking them out. Maryland, Johnson reappeared at home No sooner had he begun his search, how- only to find that his wife had died from ever, than he found he had stumbled on a worry and anguish.5 This highly colored mystery. He even hired a London genealo- and romantic story has been quite rightly gist to help him—without finding a solu- questioned by members of the Johnson tion. In 1893, he wrote to his cousin: family and ought to be firmly put aside. Wards in chancery were orphans, and thus My own chief curiosity is to know some- the core of the story is probably false. thing about my great grandmother Cath- erine Nuth, wife of Joshua Johnson and Charles Johnson, another of Louisa mother of Mrs. J. Q. Adams. If any of your Catherine's cousins, recorded a more pe- Maryland genealogists will solve me that destrian version of the family's history in difficulty, I can quite fill out my family 1828; and Louisa Catherine copied this nar- tree, although the other Johnsons are still rative into a letter to her son Charles Fran- troublesome enough.9 cis. According to this account, Thomas Johnson came to America, not because Seven years later, Henry was even more Mary Baker was a ward in chancery, but mystified. He wrote his brother Charles because he had taken "an active part in the Francis: political troubles of that time." In Mary- You ask me a question which is one of the land, he opened a store, traded with the deepest mysteries of metaphysical theol- Indians, and while returning to England for ogy. What [sic] was Catherine (Nuth) merchandise was taken prisoner in Queen Johnson? Her daughter, Louisa Catherine Anne's War and carried to Quebec. From Johnson, our grandmother ought to have there he returned to Maryland to find his known who she was. If any historical rea- 10 house had been burned and his wife so ill soning is sound, that appears so—to me. from anxiety that she died a short time later. From this point on, there is no dis- Henry then summarized for his brother crepancy in the Johnson family history.6 a memorandum Louisa Catherine Johnson A few years later, Thomas Johnson too Adams had written concerning her moth- died, leaving his young son in the care of er's family. He had found this memo im- possible to validate when, in 1895, he went friends, who saw to it that he received a good education. In 1725, this second to London, "taking for granted that a few hours investigation would give me the Thomas Johnson married Dorcas Sedg- whole connection."11 He was never to be wick, whose Puritan ancestors, forced to enlightened about "the whole connection." leave Virginia, had settled in Calvert Many years after she was married, County, Maryland. Johnson rose in Mary- land to elective office and went to the lower Louisa Catherine wrote the memorandum to which Henry Adams referred. She ad- house of the Maryland Assembly as dele- gate from Cecil County. Thomas and Dor- mitted she knew little of her mother's back- ground and virtually nothing about her ma- cas Johnson had eleven children; the eighth ternal grandfather, but gave as much infor- of these children, Joshua, born in 1742, became Louisa Catherine's father.7 mation as she knew (or seemed to know) In 1771, Joshua Johnson, then twenty- about this grandfather: nine, journeyed to England to become the His [her mother's father's] name was Nuth London partner of an Annapolis mercantile and as I have always heard from my Mother firm—Wallace, Davidson, and Johnson.8 he had a Place like that of Charles Lamb During the first years of his long-term res- mentioned in his Memoirs of Writer I think "A quarter taint of Maryland blood" 411

it is termed in the India House I do not there. Further, no cadet named Nuth seems even recollect his Christian Name and am to have been engaged by the company or not sure that I ever heard have been sent on an expedition.14 It is My Grand Mothers name was Mary unfortunate that Louisa Catherine did not Young. She was the daughter of a Brewer recall ever hearing the Christian name of a Partner in the House of Sir Felix Calvert and was engaged to marry his Son—but her grandfather Nuth, but the records of owing to some misunderstanding rejected India House will not supply this lack. him and married Mr. Nuth. They had Her great-grandfather, named Young, twenty two living Children born but only Louisa Catherine wrote, was a partner in reared two My Mother the Calvert brewery. Although in no way Catherine Nuth and conclusive, the 1745 records of a lease for a A Son who at fourteen warehouse by the Calvert firm indicate that years of Age was sent out by the East India Felix Calvert's partners at that time were Company as a Cadet and was always sup- Samuel Smith and Sir William Calvert. posed to have perished in one of the expe- There is no record of a partner named ditions sent up into the back Country 15 I remember my Grandfather who died at Young. the Age of ninety six—I think when I was There is yet another problem about about 12 or 13 years old—He lived at Cam- Louisa Catherine's memoir, this time con- berwell and left at his death the sum of cerning her grandmother, Mary Young, the £500 sterling to my Mother which my Fa- daughter of the London brewer. Writing 12 ther permitted her to use as her own. about her, Louisa never referred to her grandmother as Mrs. Nuth, but always as In her autobiography, Louisa Catherine "Miss Young"16 or "Mary Young,"17 once added another piece of information about even as "Miss Mary Young."18 Why, if she her grandfather: "My .. . Grandfather was married to Mr. Nuth, was she "Miss whose character was I am sorry to say very Mary Young" rather than Mary Nuth or indifferent."13 Mrs. Nuth? A further, more enticing fact If we accept Louisa Catherine's account, is that from records which have been pre- a genealogical chart of her family would served in Nantes, France, it appears that look like this: Mary Young's daughter, Catherine (Louisa Louisa Catherine's Version of Her Genealogy

? Young (partner of Sir Felix Calvert) I Mary Young m. Nuth (clerk at East India House) I (17577-1811) Catherine Nuth m. Joshua Johnson (1742-1802) T Nancy Louisa Carolina Mary Ann Thomas Harriet Catherine Eliza Adelaide b. 1773 Catherine Virginia b. 1777 b. 1779 b. 1781 Maria Janet b. 1788 b. 1775 Marylanda d. 1778 Frances Dorcas m. John Quincy b. 1776 b. 1784 b. 1786 Adams 26 July 1797

Like Henry Adams, the modern re- Catherine's mother), also used the name of searcher finds there are problems in veri- Young, when, if Louisa Catherine's account fying Louisa Catherine's statements. First, is accurate, she should have been called the records at India House do not seem to Catherine Nuth. Louisa Catherine always indicate that anyone by the name of Nuth called her mother Catherine Nuth. was employed by the company between The records in France suggest that Cath- 1750 and 1775, the years in which Louisa's erine Johnson's maiden name was Young, grandfather Nuth might have been working not Nuth. From 1778 to 1783, the Johnson 412 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE family, with four children, lived in Nantes, and working hard at the volatile mercantile France. While they were there, Catherine trade.22 He had just survived a serious Johnson signed two baptismal certificates: credit crisis which was trans-Atlantic in the first for her daughter Harriet Johnson; scope and which had brought down several the second for Bethia Williams, a child of mercantile houses far larger and older than good friends. The French clerk included Johnson's Maryland-based operation.23 In Catherine's maiden name on the certifi- high spirits, he took much of the credit for cates; in both cases Catherine Johnson's surviving the financial crisis, boasting to maiden name was inscribed by the clerk as his firm, "I have a pleasure of informing Young. On one document, the clerk even you that we are in top credit... I am much took the trouble to write "je dis joung" (I elated at our present flattering prospect in say young), spelling out phonetically what good health [and] good spirits."24 What he Catherine Johnson had said; the first time did not tell the firm, or anyone else in any he had misspelled her maiden name "jong." extant letter of 1773, was that he expected If Mary Young, Catherine's mother, had to become a father one month later, in married Mr. Nuth, one would expect that December of that year, and that the mother on these two documents, her daughter of the child was a sixteen-year-old girl would have been recorded as Catherine named Catherine Young.25 Nuth, but the record reads Catherine From the time he arrived in London in Young.19 1771, Joshua Johnson kept his friends in Not only is there a problem with Cath- Annapolis informed about his relations erine Johnson's maiden name and with the with women, but he never mentioned Cath- identity of her father and grandfather, but erine Young. Indeed, the closer the time also with her own marriage to Joshua John- came for the birth of the child, the more son. The genealogist hired by Henry Adams firmly he asserted to his friends that he was unable to find the marriage record of was not married. He found, on first arriving Catherine Young (Nuth) Johnson and in England, that there were "Quantum ... Joshua Johnson, Louisa Catherine's exceedingly pretty and genteel," whose mother and father. The genealogist's inves- great advantage was that he could use them tigations, Henry told his brother, "contin- with impunity.26 The London ladies pleased ued for two years through all the Parish him and he was paying "tribute at the Tem- records, and the India office, and every ple of Venus," but still yearning for "a sober where he could think; but not a trace has way of living."27 Marriage for a struggling he ever found of Nuth or Young or Johnson, young merchant, with shaky prospects, in marriage or out."20 My own researches seemed to be out of the question. His close through some of the records of London friend, Matthew Ridley, must have warned parishes have also failed to find this impor- him about women because, in January tant document. No marriage between a 1773, Johnson thanked him for his caution Joshua Johnson and Catherine Young or and told him he did not "even dare wish to Catherine Nuth is recorded at the church wish—form any acquaintance."28 In Feb- of St. Bartolph without Aldgate, within ruary 1773, a letter to his brother said which parish Joshua Johnson was living nothing about a marriage, and a month and where, normally, he would have been later Johnson assured his old friend. Den- married. Matthew Ridley, a friend living ton Jacques, that although it was rumored with Johnson, was married at this church.21 back home that "I shall get Married, this I Where Catherine Young was living before assure you that it is the least of my she met Johnson is unknown, although it Thoughts, & if I continue in the same mind was probably London, as she was, according I believe I never shall."29 Johnson must to the French baptismal certificate of her have known of Catherine Young's preg- daughter, born in London. nancy, and a cryptic reference in an August Odd as it is that no marriage certificate 1773 letter home raises some questions can be found for the Johnsons, odder still about his commitment to Catherine. He was Joshua's attitude about Catherine wrote his partner, upon hearing that his Young. In 1773, he was living in London brother Thomas Johnson was ill, that he "A quarter taint of Maryland blood" 413 would go to Maryland immediately, even the years during which he lived in London "if I am obliged to run away, that I may and met Catherine Young (Nuth).36 A law have it in my power to Assist his Chil- suit, which Johnson brought against his dren."30 In September 1773, he wrote to partners in 1798, necessitated the preser- John Davidson to inquire about "private vation of this letterbook. This book was matters ... that I might regulate myself published in 1979 by the London Record respecting other Matters," but did not elu- Society and can be scrutinized for clues cidate the "other Matters."31 He informed concerning Joshua Johnson's comings and John Davidson (Catherine Young was goings in 1772 and 1773. It comes as no within three months of giving birth) that surprise to discover that in none of his letters does he mention Mary Young, Cath- some of my good friends had been busy erine Young or her pregnancy, or the child, with me & the Crehold Ladies, a Man must or a marriage. The letterbook is as silent as possess true Courage indeed to ingage [stc] the Matrimonial way in those [sic] hard the London marriage records. times. ... [I] am content to let the more This letterbook is particularly revealing interprizing [sic] Injoy [sic] the Charmer about Johnson's life in London because he with all her Charms.32 felt he had to instruct his partners in An- napolis about his end of the business. He Even in November, when Catherine wrote voluminously and with a garrulous Young was more than seven months preg- wealth of detail about his associates and nant, Johnson again denied that he was doings in London. A close reading of these married. "You say that you have heard I letters indicates many business acquaint- was to be married, I pawn my Honour to ances, but none who can be positively iden- you that there is nothing in it," he wrote tified as the father of Catherine Young. home.33 In the same month, Johnson wrote Neither Henry Adams nor any other re- to the firm that he was renting a "house of searcher seems to have found even a hint my own," so that he could "entertain (when of the true identity of Louisa Catherine's convenient) our Country Men."34 He also grandfather, whom she called "Nuth." began to separate his living expenses from Therefore, no clue, however circumstantial his "House Rent, Taxes, Clerks wages and or tangential, should be overlooked in re- charges of Merchandize" and admitted the searching Louisa Catherine's background. expense of the furniture for the new house If we discard what seems to be untrue in should be his, not the firm's. Then on 22 Louisa Catherine's account of her grand- December 1773, after denying in March, father, we are left with the following details: September, and November that he was even his name was something other than Nuth; contemplating marriage, Joshua Johnson's he left Louisa Catherine's mother (Cath- daughter Nancy was born. She was duly erine Young) a legacy; he was born in 1690 baptized at the church of St. Bartolph with- or 1691; Louisa Catherine was taught that out Aldgate, and her parents were recorded his character was suspect; he lived in Lon- as Catherine and Joshua Johnson. Al- don. though no marriage record for Catherine Close scrutiny of the letterbook does pro- Young and Joshua Johnson has ever been vide us with one character who seems to fit found, the child was registered as legiti- these five descriptions. On 25 March 1772, mate. The legal penalties for presiding min- Johnson dispatched a letter to his firm in isters who registered as legitimate illegiti- Maryland discussing business prospects.37 mate children were severe. Therefore, Among those whom Johnson dealt with in Nancy Johnson's baptismal record is a good London there seems to have been a Mr. indication that the Johnsons were married Lookup, recently dead in The Hague. It is sometime, in as yet an undiscovered place, not clear from Johnson's letter that he even before her birth.35 knew Lookup, but he seems at one time to To disentangle the threads of this com- have thought Lookup worth £60,000—an plicated story would be an almost impossi- enormous sum in 1772. Instead of a fortune, ble task were it not for the preservation of Johnson reported. Lookup had left a "few Joshua Johnson's letterbook dealing with trifling legacies" and "a character far from 414 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE aimiable." To whom these legacies were left £40 interest. This money was to be used for was not specified in the letter, but Johnson his daughter's "Maintenance, Clothing and mentioned that Lookup had a relative, also Education." The £1,000 would come to her called Lookup, in Annapolis. Johnson only when she was married with the con- wrote to his firm: "Mr. Lookup's relation sent of two of her guardians or reached the died at the Hague in October last and in- age of twenty-one. If she married before stead of being worth £60,000, he hardly left the age of twenty-one without consent of enough to pay his debts and discharge a the guardians or died before she reached few trifling legacies, though he has left a her majority, the money was to be given to character far from an aimiable one."38 Andrew Lookup, George's brother. Two facts about Lookup are of interest. In the corpus of the will. Lookup ex- First, he left a legacy and, second, Johnson plained why he bound his daughter's money did not like him. In her genealogical mem- so tightly. He meant "to prevent her falling orandum and her memoir, Louisa provided a prey to her own passions or a Villain." two pieces of information about her grand- Why he feared "Georgina's" own passions, father. First, he left her mother, Catherine we do not know; but concerning the "Vil- Young, a legacy and, second, he had an lain," he was probably prudent. A girl with "indifferent character." These two slight a fortune of £1,000 might well have been similarities, the legacy and an "indifferent married merely for her money. One of the character," were sufficient merely to raise guardians to carry out the terms of this will an interest in this Mr. Lookup. For the was George's cousin John Lookup, attor- time being, the question is merely raised ney. John Lookup was then in Annapolis, whether the Lookup in the letter could be Maryland, a very prominent member of Louisa Catherine's so far unidentifiable Annapolis society, an officer of the most grandfather. prestigious social club in that town, and Further research has revealed other sim- undoubtedly well known to the Annapolis ilarities between George Lookup and the partners of Joshua Johnson, Charles Wal- man Louisa Catherine reported was her lace, and John Davidson.42 grandfather. The full name of the Mr. Suppose that the "Georgina Lookup" of Lookup's relation in the letter was George the will is, in fact, Catherine Young. Cath- Lookup. He was born in 1691, apparently erine Young is thought to have been under in Scotland. He became a surgeon at some age in 1771 because, according to Louisa time in his life and lived for a while in Bath. Catherine, her mother was not yet twenty- He married a woman named Katherine, one in April 1778.43 If Catherine Young who owned property in Bath, and they lived Johnson turned twenty-one in 1778, she in Covent Garden, London. As Joshua would have been born in 1757 and been Johnson wrote, George Lookup died at The only fourteen in 1771. We know from Hague on 27 October 1771.39 He was then Louisa Catherine's writings that her eighty and left a will which had been writ- mother had a legacy, and we further know ten in London, proved on 3 November 1771, from Johnson's 1782 letterbooks that Cath- and contained some legacies.40 erine Young Johnson was conducting busi- George Lookup left his whole estate to ness with her own money, so she did inherit his brother, Andrew Lookup, who lived in some money from somewhere.44 Johnson Jedburgh, County Roxburgh, in Scotland. thought Lookup a shady character, and Of the additional legacies, the first is par- Louisa Catherine recorded the same opin- ticularly interesting. George Lookup left ion of the grandfather, whom she called £1,000 to his natural daughter, whom he "Nuth." Louisa Catherine also wrote her called "Georgina Lookup."41 But this nat- grandfather was ninety-six when she was ural daughter was not yet of age, and so he twelve or thirteen. Since Louisa Catherine left the money with several strings at- was born in 1775, this grandfather would tached. The £1,000 was to be invested to have been born in 1691 or 1692. George yield 4 percent per annum; he appointed Lookup was born in 1691. several guardians for the girl and gave min- Suppose further that Joshua Johnson ute instructions as to the use of the annual and Catherine Young had been clandes- "A quarter taint of Maryland blood" 415 tinely married.45 Such things were still pos- when Catherine Young Johnson came of sible although more difficult after Lord age. One Johnson daughter, born in 1776, Hardwick's Marriage Act in 1753. Johnson was named, in a burst of patriotism, Caro- wrote insistently to Maryland that he was lina Virginia Marylanda. The other three not married and had no intention of being girls were named Nancy, a derivative of married. Could he have wanted to conceal Ann, Louisa Catherine, and Mary Ann. The his relationship with Catherine Young from similarity of names in the Johnson and John Lookup, the Annapolis attorney and Lookup families (Catherine, Ann, Mary, guardian of "Georgina Lookup"? If "Geor- Louisa), although in no way definitive evi- gina" married before twenty-one, she dence of Catherine Johnson's background, would forfeit her legacy. If Catherine is at least suggestive. Young and "Georgina" are identical, and In November of 1778, Joshua Johnson Catherine married clandestinely, then if wrote a letter to the firm in which he John Lookup heard of Catherine's mar- claimed "my Children [will be] Beggars riage, she would have forfeited her legacy. whilst yours will be rich & happy."50 He In other words, did Johnson write to Mary- also spoke of "the very heavy Expense that land that he was not married for the pur- has attended the removal of my Family pose of keeping John Lookup in the dark? from England" and hoped in a few years, In February 1774, when their first child he wrote, to "take [his] Family on the heav- was two months old, an associate of John- ing Pond" and spend the rest of his life in son's wrote to a mutual friend in Baltimore Maryland.51 The question naturally arises, (who could be counted on to keep the secret why should it have been safe to inform the if necessary) about Johnson's "wife."46 firm of his family in 1778, but seeming not Whatever was Johnson's marital status in in 1777, when his 1774-1777 letterbook London, he seems to have lived openly with ends? Catherine Young. Their children, including There may be two reasons for Johnson's the first, were baptized at the local church willingness to inform Annapolis of his fam- and registered as legitimate. A slight pos- ily in 1778. First, if Louisa's statement sibility exists that Joshua and Catherine about her mother's age is accurate and Johnson were not, in fact, married, al- "Georgina" was Catherine Johnson, then though they were recognized as man and she should have received her money in wife by the community in which they lived. spring 1778. It would then have been safe Common-law marriages were becoming to inform Maryland of his family. Second, rarer in the late eighteenth century, but a lawsuit in Edinburgh in February 1775, they certainly did exist. After 1776, John- brought by two collateral heirs of John son wrote to his correspondents about Lookup, claimed that he had died in Wil- "Mrs. Johnson," but to the firm in Annap- liamsburg, Virginia.52 John Lookup's heirs olis, he mentioned his family only in 1778.47 were not sure of the date of his death, but Alternatively, Catherine and Joshua John- thought it had been in 1775. If John Lookup son may have married later, perhaps after was dead, there was less reason for Johnson the first child was born. Great care must be to keep Maryland in the dark about his taken in even considering the possibility of relationship with Catherine. There is, how- a common-law marriage for the Johnsons. ever, a discrepancy between 1775 and 1778, A missing record does not mean that one during which time Johnson seemingly did never existed.48 not write of his family; so the first reason, One more aspect of this story must be that Catherine may have received her full considered. George Lookup's wife, Kather- legacy in spring 1778, seems the more likely ine Lookup, died in 1762; and she, too, left explanation. It is also possible that Joshua a will.49 She left her money to her own Johnson did not feel safe to write home daughters, Mary and Ann (no mention is about his family until Catherine had the made of "Georgina Lookup"), and cited money, whether John Lookup was alive or Mary's daughter Louisa as a collateral le- dead. gatee. Joshua and Catherine Johnson had What new knowledge of the maternal four daughters born between 1771 and 1778 line of Louisa Catherine do we now pos- 416 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE sess? First, Catherine Johnson, mother of have been illegitimate. The Adamses lived Louisa Catherine, was born in London and by a very strict moral code and considered was probably illegitimate. Second, the man all Europe morally corrupt. Further, to Louisa Catherine called Mr. Nuth may pos- Louisa Catherine's overwhelming and ev- sibly have been George Lookup, a London erlasting shame, after years of living far surgeon. If George Lookup is not Louisa above his income, Joshua Johnson went Catherine's grandfather, then we must look bankrupt only a few weeks after she mar- for another man born in 1691 or 1692 and ried John Quincy. She may, understanda- who also left a legacy to a London-born bly, have lacked the courage to admit finan- girl. Further, some explanation would have cial irresponsibility on one side of her fam- to be found, other than the terms of George ily and possible illegitimacy on the other. Lookup's will, to account for Joshua John- In an era when biography plays so great son's continual assertions, even in the face a part in historical work, it is necessary to of the imminent birth of his daughter, that question Louisa Catherine's background. he was not married. Until now her early life has been glossed We may never know the truth about over in favor of her later life with John Catherine Johnson's background. There is Quincy. Yet if she knew that there was no clue to whom George Lookup's legacy something shameful about her mother's was paid. Further, parish records must be family, how much greater must have searched in England (especially near Lon- seemed the disgrace of her father's financial don) for that most important document, collapse. It is impossible to understand the marriage record of Joshua Johnson and Louisa's devastating feelings of inferiority Catherine Young. Until then, we can say and mortification which damaged her mar- only that it seems as if they were married; riage until we know more about how she but as yet we have not found the evidence. understood her heritage. No true picture of So much supporting evidence for Louisa Louisa Catherine can emerge from the nu- Catherine's reminiscence about her grand- merous biographical works about her and father is lacking that her motives for writ- John Quincy until her genealogy is better ing it must be scrutinized. Her memoir is understood.53 not dated, but is clearly in her hand. Why Most of Louisa Catherine's maternal would she have reported details impossible connections are still obscure. Whether to verify and perhaps spurious? Several George Lookup proves to be or not to be answers suggest themselves: pride of fam- Louisa Catherine's grandfather is of sec- ily, fear of Adams disapproval, insecurity ondary importance to the discovery that about her own background. Certainly, mar- she may have had something in her back- ried to an Adams, she needed a genealogy, ground to hide. For anyone, even of great if only to match the efforts of her husband's financial probity and unimpeachable back- family. The highly colored, romantic details ground, marriage to an Adams was a daunt- she gave about her grandfather, linking him ing prospect. Louisa Catherine's chances at to India House, Charles Lamb, and the happiness as John Quincy's wife may have report of a brother who died on an expedi- been lessened years before, when a certain tion are typical of her attempts throughout Mary Young did or did not marry a Mr. all her writings to enhance her own expe- Nuth and Louisa Catherine's father did or riences and those of her family. Did she not did not marry her mother. In most lives, know that her mother was perhaps illegiti- genealogy plays a minor role; in Louisa mate? Was she, as a gullible child, taught Catherine's it may have been of great im- stories about her grandfather which were portance. not true and which she in all good faith Enough evidence now exists to make ad- repeated? Did she not notice that she called ditional genealogical study of Louisa Cath- her grandmother Mary Young, when she erine's maternal line valuable. Admittedly should have written Mary Nuth? It would many pieces of the puzzle are still lacking, certainly have been difficult to admit that but we now know a great deal more about her mother, who became a close friend of the Johnsons than ever before. Louisa her in-laws John and Abigail Adams, might Catherine's life must be studied in an en- "A quarter taint of Maryland blood" All tirely new light and new questions asked was the son of Thomas Johnson and Mary his about her character and attitudes. Because wife." Another letter, written by Adele Moody of Washington, D.C., a great-great-granddaughter of she is so important a member of the Adams Joshua Johnson, claimed that Louisa Catherine family, her life should now be put into the never gave out this information. Adele Moody to larger context of the family's history, using Charles Stein, 8 May 1963, Johnson File, filing these new insights to explain her own life cabinet A, Maryland Historical Society. Edward and her impact on her husband, sons, and S. Delaplaine took the information on the Johnson family from the James Johnson document and grandsons. Indeed, Lyman H. Butterfield, published it, without recording that some details first editor of the Adams Papers, wrote of may not be historically accurate, in The Life of Louisa Catherine that no figure "in the Thomas Johnson, p. 8. entire span of the Adams dynasty is more 6. LCA to CFA, 5 July 1828, APM, reel 486. 54 7. Delaplaine, Life, p. 10. central." 8. On Johnson's early career, see Edward C. Papen- It is difficult to accept a lacuna in any fuse. In Pursuit of Profit: The Annapolis Mer- genealogical search, especially in the back- chants in the Era of the American Revolution, ground of Mrs. John Quincy Adams, the 1763-1805 (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Uni- versity Press, 1975), p. 53. mother of Charles Francis Adams and the 9. HA to Maria Louisa Crane, 27 May 1893, Fourth grandmother of Henry and Brooks Adams. Generation, Adams Papers, Boston, Mass. Future scholarship will undoubtedly find 10. Letter from HA to CFA2, 12 July 1900, Fourth more information. When the editors of the Generation. Adams Papers, Boston, Mass. The Adams Papers come to edit Louisa Cath- question Henry Adams asked, "What was Cath- erine Nuth Johnson?" is oddly phrased. He should erine's writings, they may discover facts have written, "Who was Catherine Nuth John- now unknown. Until then, we are left with son?" Perhaps Henry knew more than he admitted a somewhat revised, but still highly tanta- to knowing about her. I have no clue what he could lizing account of the Maryland and London have meant by this question. 11. Ibid. background of Louisa Catherine Johnson 12. Undated genealogical note on the Johnson family Adams. in LCA's handwriting, APM, reel 603. Interest- ingly, Louisa Catherine first wrote "I do not even REFERENCES recollect his name," and then crossed out "name" Following the lead of the Adams Papers publica- and wrote "Christian name." tions, I have used the following abbreviations: 13. LCA, "Record of a Life or My Story," APM, reel Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams LCA 265. Charles Francis Adams CFA 14. Records at the India House Library, London, Rec- Henry Adams HA ord L/AG/9/4/13-20. The librarian at India House Charles Francis Adams (son of CFA2 searched for a cadet named Nuth, without finding Charles Francis Adams) any in the records. Letter to Joan R. Challinor Joshua Johnson JJ from Miss M. Meaden, India Office Records, 30 1. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams January 1980. For a description of the kind of life (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1961), p. 19. Louisa Catherine Adams envisioned for her moth- 2. LCA to CFA, 5 July 1828, Adams Papers Micro- er's father, see Samuel Mckechnie, "Charles Lamb film (hereafter cited as APM), reel 486. of the India House," Notes and Queries 141 (July- 3. For examples of the Adams's genealogical interest, December 1946):178-80, 204-6, 252-56, 277-80; see APM, reel 603. and 142 (January-December 1947):9-13, 25-29, 4. Edward S. Delaplaine, The Life of Thomas John- 53-56, 72-73, 103-6. These are ten studies of the son (New York: F. H. Hitchcock, 1927), p. 8. ordinary work life of Charles Lamb as a clerk at 5. This version of the Johnson family history is India House. taken from "A letter of Information from James 15. Letter from C. R. H. Cooper, Keeper of Manu- Johnson, nephew of Governor Johnson (son of scripts, the Guildhall Library to Joan R. Challinor, James and Margaret Skinner Johnson) to his chil- 7 November 1979. A search for a will of a "Mr. dren. September, 1842," Johnson file, filing cabi- Young" of Camberwell was made for me by Marie net A, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, McMahon of The American University. None Md. Referring to the details, apparently given by could be located in Camberwell or any other part Louisa Catherine Adams, James Johnson wrote, of London. Records searched are in the Public "such is the very romantic account given by family Record Office and the Prerogative Court of Can- tradition, and since the greater part—if not the terbury. whole—of it came from Mrs. John Quincy Adams, 16. "My grandmother was a Miss Young," LCA, "Rec- the great-granddaughter of the immigrant, it must ord of a Life or My Story," APM, reel 265. contain some kernel of truth, though what this is 17. "My grandmother's name was Mary Young," un- would be difficult to decide ... it is certainly true dated genealogical note on the Johnson family in that the family came from Yarmouth, and that LCA's handwriting, APM, reel 603. Thomas Johnson, born in Calvert County in 1692, 18. "Your [great] GrandMother was a Miss Mary 418 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Young," LCA to CFA, 5 July 1828, APM, reel 486. 24. JJ to the Firm, 29 November 1773, Price, Joshua In a chart of her family's genealogy, Louisa Cath- Johnson's Letterbook, p. 109. erine wrote " Joshua Johnson married Miss Nuth," 25. Catherine Young seems to have, according to the APM, reel 603. French records, been born in London. "Catherine 19. "Dame Catherine young, nee a Londre," baptismal young, nee a Londre," baptismal certificate for certificate for Harriet Johnson, 3 January 1782, Hariett Johnson, 3 January 1782, Archives Mu- Archives Municipal de Nantes, France, and nicipal de Nantes, France. Catherine's age at the "Dame Catherine yong (je dis joung) de Johnson" birth of her first child is computed from two baptismal certificate for Bethia Williams, 7 Au- sources: John Quincy Adams's Diary for 25 May gust 1782, Archives Municipal de Nantes, France. 1796, APM, reel 27, and Louisa Catherine's state- The second certificate was found for me by Mary ment that her mother was "not yet twenty-one" E. Challinor. when the family left for Nantes in April 1778. 20. HA to CFA2, 12 July 1900, Adams Papers, Fourth 26. JJ to Denton Jacques, 20 July 1771, Joshua John- Generation, Boston, Mass. Quoted by Lyman H. son's Letterbook, 1771-1774, original in Maryland Butterfield in "Tending a Dragon-killer: Notes for Hall of Records. "Quantum" seems to have been the Biographer of Mrs. John Quincy Adams," Pro- Johnson's way of spelling "Quartern," which in ceedings of the American Philosophical Society 118 the eighteenth century meant either one-fourth or (April 1974):165-78. four of something. 21. In the 1970s members of the Morman Church, 27. JJ to Lloyd Tilghman, 3 September 1772, Joshua Salt Lake City, Utah, made a listing of names and Johnson's Letterbook, 1771-1774, Maryland Hall dates of baptisms and marriages of many of the of Records. Record Books of the London churches. These lists 28. Johnson told Matthew Ridley the reason he could were then alphabetized and put on microfiche. A not "form an acquaintance" was, cryptically, that set of this microfiche exists in the London Guild- "Mrs. B has grown an Armful." Who Mrs. B hall Library. Great care must be taken in using - was, and what Johnson meant by "an arm- these records as they are not always accurate, but ful" is obscure. JJ to Matthew Ridley, 6 January they do contain thousands of names. All the John- 1773, Joshua Johnson's Letterbook, 1771-1774, son girls but Harriet (baptized in France) are Maryland Hall of Records. included on these records. The fact that a marriage 29. JJ to Denton Jacques, 18 March 1773, Joshua does not appear on these records does not mean Johnson's Letterbook, 1771-1774, Maryland Hall there was no marriage. For instance, the records of Records. of All Hallows Church, Barking, do not appear in 30. JJ to the firm, 20 August 1773, Joshua Johnson's the Mormon lists, so that the undoubted marriage Letterbook, 1771-1774, Maryland Hall of Records. between Louisa Catherine and John Quincy 31. JJ to John Davidson, 4 September 1774, Joshua Adams does not appear on these records, although Johnson's Letterbook, 1771-1774, Maryland Hall it took place on 26 July 1797. However, these of Records. Mormon records can be helpful in any genealogical 32. Ibid. search. Matthew Ridley's marriage took place on 33. JJ to Matthew Ridley, 3 November 1773, Joshua 16 April 1776, at St. Bartolph's without Aldgate, Johnson's Letterbook, 1771-1774, Maryland Hall the church where the first four Johnson children of Records. were baptized. Register of Marriage, 1767-79, Ms. 34. JJ to the Firm, 29 November 1773, Joshua John- 9230/4, St. Bartolph without Aldgate, Guildhall son's Letterbook, 1771-1774, Maryland Hall of Library, London. Records. 22. For Joshua Johnson's career in London, see Ed- 35. Nancy Johnson's baptism appears in the record ward C. Papenfuse, In Pursuit of Profit: The An- book at the Church of St. Bartolph's without napolis Merchants in the Era of the American Aldgate as having taken place on two different Revolution, 1763-1805 (Baltimore, Md.: Johns dates. The first is 2 January 1774, and the second Hopkins University Press, 1975); and Jacob Price, is 16 January 1774. I have no explanation for the "Joshua Johnson in London, 1771-1775: Credit two different dates. On Lord Hardwick's Marriage and Commercial Organization in the British Ches- Act (1753) and its results on eighteenth-century apeake Trade," in Anne Whiteman, J. S. Bromley, demography, see Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex P. G. M. Dickson, eds.. Statesmen, Scholars and and Marriage in England 1500-1800 (New York: Merchants: Essays in Eighteenth Century History Harper & Row, 1977), pp. 35-37. Another view of Presented to Dame Lucy Sutherland (Oxford: At the results of this act is taken by Belinda Mete- the Clarendon Press, 1973), pp. 153-80; and Jacob yard, "Illegitimacy and Marriage in Eighteenth- M. Price, ed., Joshua Johnson's Letterbook, 1771- Century England," Journal of Interdisciplinary 1774: Letters from a Merchant in London to His History 10 (Winter 1980):479-89. Mrs. Meteyard Partners in Maryland (London: London Record warns in this article that the rise in the numbers Society, 1979). Some of Johnson's private letters of illegitimate births in the eighteenth century are left out of this last book. The spelling and may have been exaggerated because the same kind punctuation of Johnson's letters has been modern- of birth (i.e., children of unmarried parents) was ized. sometimes registered as legitimate before Lord 23. Concerning the crisis, see Richard B. Sheridan, Hardwick's Marriage Act and illegitimate after the "The British Credit Crisis of 1772 and the Amer- Act. See, also, M. Dorothy George, London Life in ican Colonies," Journal of Economic History 20 the Eighteenth Century (Harmondsworth, Eng- (June 1960):161-86. land; Penguin Books, 1965), p. 305. "A quarter taint of Maryland blood" 419

36. Price, ed., Joshua Johnson's Letterbook. son's Adventures," in a letter from the firm to JJ, 37. JJ to the Firm, 25 March 1772, Price, ed., Joshua 3 July 1782, ibid. Johnson's Letterbook, p. 30. 45. On 2 December 1772, Johnson wrote to the firm, 38. Ibid. "I have been very poorly this fall and compelled 39. Letter to the author from C. W. Delforterie, Cu- to leave town." He certainly could have been mar- rator, Central Bureau for Genealogy, The Hague, ried when he left London. Price, ed., Joshua John- The Netherlands, reports the following informa- son's Letterbook, p. 55. On "fleet marriages," see tion in the municipal archives of The Hague: M. Dorothy George, London Life, p. 305. "George Lookup died in the Hague on Oct. 27, 46. "A most divil of a dust in J-'s. family between 1771, and was buried there (Grote Kerk) on Oct. himself, his wife and P-y." Daniel Bowly to Mat- 31,1771,80 years old. He was unmarried and lived thew Ridley, 20 February 1774, Binder #5, Ridley with Hendrick Constaple, bookseller in 'de Poten.' Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society. According to the notorial archives of the Hague 47. The first mention I can find of Catherine Young (inventory number 4553, act of Dec. 6, 1771), Johnson in Joshua Johnson's letters is to Captain George Lookup was 'Esquire' of the parish of St. George Buchanan, 19 July 1776, Joshua Johnson's Paul Covent Garden, in the county Middlesex Letterbook, 1774-1777, Maryland Hall of Records. (England). He had a brother, Andrew Lookup, who Unfortunately, Joshua Johnson's letterbook for was executor of his will. In this context Andrew 1777-1779 seems to be no longer extant. It may Lookup had a procuration of notary Joseph Cor- never have existed since Johnson was doing very lisses of London." Letter from C. W. Delforterie little business at that time. to Joan R. Challinor, 6 March 1980. 48. A record exists in the London Guildhall Library, 40. George Lookup's will is #Prob 11/972-8431 Public of a Lookup-Johnson marriage. The register of St. Record Office London, England. I am greatly in- Andrew's Holborn, shows that on 1 August 1773, debted to Vera J. Ledger, a London genealogist, Ann Lookup (aged 23) married William Johnson. who found all the English wills and researched Since neither the names nor the ages fit, this innumerable "dead ends" for me. cannot be the marriage record of Catherine Young 41. There is no record of "Georgina Lookup" in the and Joshua Johnson. baptismal records collected by the Mormons at 49. Katherine Lookup's will is referenced under Prob. the Guildhall Library, London, England. Letter #11 873, The Public Record Office, London. from Vera J. Ledger to Joan R. Challinor, 10 50. JJ to the Firm, 18 November 1778, Chancery December 1980. Papers 2893, Exhibit A #3, Maryland Hall of Rec- 42. For John Lookup in Annapolis, see the records of ords. the Hominy Club, Maryland Historical Society, 51. Ibid. Baltimore, Md. 52. Case #234 L/4/13, Lookup vs. Lookup. The West 43. On 25 May 1796, John Quincy Adams wrote it Register House, Edinburgh, Scotland. I am in- was Mrs. Johnson's birthday. John Quincy Adams, debted to Margaret Sinclair, genealogist of Edin- "Diary," APM, reel 27. LCA wrote, that her father burgh, Scotland, for her help to me when I was in "removed with his family to Nantz in France with Edinburgh researching George Lookup. his Wife then not one and twenty and four Chil- 53. James Truslow Adams, The Adams Family (New dren." Since the family moved in April 1778, if York: Literary Guild, 1930); Jack Shepherd, Can- Louisa Catherine's information is correct, then nibals of the Heart: A Personal Biography of Louisa Catherine Young was born in 1757. LCA, Journal Catherine and John Quincy Adams (New York: Fragment, 2 March 1834, APM, reel 499. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1980); Paul C. Nagle, 44. Joshua Johnson gave orders to the firm concern- Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the John ing Catherine Johnson's money in his letter to Adams Family (New York: Oxford University John Muir, 15 May 1782, Wallace, Johnson and Press, 1983); Butterfield, "Tending a Dragon- Muir Letterbook: 1781-1783, New York Public killer," pp. 165-78. Library. The firm, in reply, referred to "Mrs. John- 54. Butterfield, "Tending a Dragon-killer," p. 165. BOOK NOTES

The 1960s and 1970s saw a burgeoning of Spring, Maryland, 20904, are welcome additions interest in genealogy across the country. This to any researcher's Maryland bookshelf. rapid growth was due partly, but not entirely, to Roll Call: The Civil War in Kent County, the publication of Alex Haley's Roots, and Amer- Maryland, by Walter J. Kirby, Text by Lanetta ica's celebration of the Bicentennial of the Dec- W. Parks (c.r. 1985; ii, 181 pp.; indexed; illus.) laration of Independence. The 1980s are seeing is a compilation of the Civil War activities, on this interest sustained by the appearance on the either side, of the inhabitants of Kent County. market of a number of reasonably priced publi- Illustrated with photographs of individuals, cations containing abstracts of source materials weapons, houses, churches, and tombstones, the and/or materials long out of print. No doubt book contains biographical sketches of the par- word processors and other manifestations of the ticipants, with each entry documented so that computer age have made these publications pos- researchers can go back to original sources. The sible. Whatever the reason the result has been appendices contain a number of interesting that genealogical research is becoming much items including the roster of the Second Regi- easier to do. In this essay a number of recently ment Eastern Shore Infantry, and other docu- published county sources will be examined. ments. Genealogists and Civil War buffs will A Guide to Genealogical Research in Carroll want this book. (Copies can be ordered from the County, published by the Carroll County Gene- publisher, address above, at $14.50 postpaid for alogical Society in Westminster Maryland (c.r. soft cover; $19.50 postpaid for hard bound; 1984; 107 pp.; indexed; illus. with maps) can Maryland residents add 5% sales tax). serve as a model for other local genealogical Abstracts from the Land Records of Dorchester societies considering publishing a guide for their County, Maryland, Volume E, 1756-1763, by county. Chapters dealing with facilities at the James A. McAllister, Jr. (c.r. 1963; 114 pp.; court house, public library and repositories out- indexed) is the fifth in the series of reprints of side the county, chapters giving names and lo- McAllister's abstracts of Dorchester County cations of churches and cemeteries, and sections land records. Land records are one of the few on cartography, towns, and newspapers, along types of records that survived the courthouse with the maps showing the locations of cemeter- fire of the 1850s. Indexed by names of grantors, ies, will make this an extremely helpful book for grantees, and witnesses, and by name of tract, researchers in the Carroll County area. (Copies these volumes may be almost the only source for may be ordered from the Carroll County Gene- reconstructing the families of the 18th and early alogical Society, % Carroll County Public Li- 19th century in Dorchester County. (Copies may brary, 50 East Main Street, Westminster, Md., be ordered from the publisher at $12.00 postpaid; 21157). Maryland residents add 5% sales tax). Revolutionary Patriots of Harford County, Heirs and Orphans: Anne Arundel County, Maryland, 1775-1783, by Henry C. Peden, Jr. Md., Distributions, 1788-1838 by Walter E. (Bel Air; 1985: viii, 266 pp.; indexed) combines Arps, Jr. (c.r. 1985; ii, 134 pp.; indexed) lists the information from a variety of sources to give heirs of Anne Arundel County estates who re- data in one place on the men and women of ceived a share of the residue. Many times the Harford County who rendered patriotic service, deceased was intestate, so these records fill in served in the military, and otherwise supported the gaps left by individuals who left no wills or the Revolutionary cause. The author has used who left wills stating "the rest of my estate to publications of the State, local sources, mate- my children," without naming the children in rials at the Hall of Records, the Maryland His- the wills. The compiler has worked with records torical Society, and publications of the DAR and that are now fading almost to the point of illeg- SAR, to compile data on over 3600 individuals. ibility, so his work is doubly important. The Each entry gives the references used so that the book is enhanced by a summary of the law researcher will be able to go back to other dealing with intestacies. (Copies may be ordered sources. (Copies may be ordered from the com- from the publisher, address above, at $13.00 piler, 707 Bedford Road, Bel Air, Md., 21014, postpaid; Md. res. add 5% sales tax). for $25.00). Sketches of Maryland Eastern Shoremen: The following titles from Family Line Publi- Genealogical Abstracts from "Portrait and Bio- cations, 13405 Collingwood Terrace, Silver graphical Record of the Eastern Shore of Mary- 420

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80 No. 4, WINTER 1985 Book Notes 421 land" by F. Edward Wright (c.r. 1985; iii, 287 lished by the Maryland Genealogical Society pp.; indexed). The compiler has condensed the through Family Line Publications (c.r. 1985; 172 biographical entries that appeared in this 19th pp.; indexed). This volume contains tombstone century "mug book." The original publication inscriptions of over 61 cemeteries in the central was produced by a corps of writers who inter- and northern part of the county. The inscrip- viewed the subjects of the biographical entries, tions were copied over a number of years by and genealogists have long known that the in- volunteers at the Baltimore County Historical formation contained, especially as it relates to Society. A surname index assists the researcher. This is the first in a series of projected volumes early generations, must be used with care. Nev- of cemetery inscriptions of Baltimore County. ertheless, there is a great deal of helpful data (Copies may be ordered from the publisher, ad- and the compiler has made it available in this dress above, or from the Maryland Genealogical new publication. One advantage of this work Society, 201 West Monument Street, Baltimore, over the original is the complete index, which Md., at $14.00 a copy). the earlier work did not contain. (Copies may be All of the above volumes are worth having; ordered from the publisher at $18.50 postpaid; all make a worthwhile contribution to genealog- Md. res. add 5% sales tax). ical research in Maryland. Baltimore Cemeteries, Volume I, Collected by ROBERT BARNES the Baltimore County Historical Society, pub- Perry Hall, Md. NEWS AND NOTICES

Dr. Edward C. Papenfuse, Maryland State University of Maryland Archivist and Commissioner of Land Patents College Park, Maryland 20742 was recently honored with the National Gover- nors' Association Distinguished Service Award. Dr. Papenfuse was one of five state officials and CALL FOR PAPERS five private citizens from across the United SYMPOSIUM ON MARYLAND POLITICAL States who received their awards on August 4, CULTURE 1985 in Boise, Idaho, during the National Gov- SEPTEMBER 1986 ernors' Association annual meeting. Dr. Papen- fuse was commended for implementing a well- "From Torchlights to Television: Two organized, cost-effective, service-oriented state Hundred Years of Maryland Political Cam- archival program during his ten years as State paigns"—The Maryland Historical Soci- ety—Baltimore, Maryland Archivist. Under his direction, the Maryland State Archives is now able to service twice the Papers welcome on all aspects of Maryland's number of requests and four times the number evolving political culture and changing political of records as it did in 1975, with only a slight life-styles, with emphasis on the nature and increase in staff. In his introduction of Dr. Pa- spirit of political campaigns and the artifacts penfuse, Maryland Governor Harry Hughes they produced, rather than the results of elec- said, "Dr. Papenfuse has transformed what had tions. Suggested topics include, but are not lim- been a little-used, much-ignored state agency ited to: into a highly efficient operation, heavily relied - the evolution of the franchise in Maryland upon by both government and the private sec- - manners of voting and electioneering tor." - the changing background and nature of our political leaders, with emphasis on the ways in which they packaged themselves and communicated with the electorate OF CONSUMING INTERESTS: - Maryland's close relationship with the na- THE STYLE OF LIFE IN THE tional political scene AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY ERA - national party conventions held in Balti- more The United States Capitol Historical Society - Maryland's crucial political role during the and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, in Civil War era cooperation with the United States Congress, - the colorful cast of Maryland characters will sponsor a symposium entitled "Of Consum- who have played prominent roles in na- tional politics ing Interests: The Style of Life in the American - the artifacts of Maryland political cam- Revolutionary Era" on March 20 and 21, 1986. paigns The meeting will be held in the Senate Caucus Room, SR325, in the Russell Senate Office Abstracts of 500 words or less due by April 30. Building, Washington, D.C. The program will Send abstracts to: consist of four sessions and a concluding lecture, Dr. Mary Ellen Hayward followed by a reception. Speakers will include The Maryland Historical Society Kenneth Ames, Timothy Breen, Richard Bush- 201 West Monument Street man, Karin Calvert, Barbara Carson, Cary Car- Baltimore, Maryland 21201 son, Edward Chappell, David D. Hall, Brooke It is the expectation of the conference plan- Hindle, Cynthia Adams Hoover, Margaretta ners that the symposia papers will be published Lovell, Loretta Valtz-Mannucci, Stephanie G. in a special issue of the Maryland Historical Wolf, and Michael Zuckerman. All proceedings, Magazine. Such decisions, however, remain the including the reception, will be open to inter- right of the Editorial Board of the Magazine. ested persons free of charge, and no advance registration is required. For additional infor- CALL FOR PAPERS mation, write: Professor Ronald Hoffman The Society for Historians of the Early Amer- Department of History ican Republic will hold its 8th conference on the 422

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80 No. 4, WINTER 1985 News and Notices 423 early republic July 24-26, 1986, at the Univer- de Recherches les Sources du Passe Enr. offers sity of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. genealogical searching help on the spot in both Proposals for papers or entire sessions on any printed sources (marriage indexes) and in the aspect of American history from about 1789 to vital, church, and census records. More infor- 1850 should be sent to Dr. Barbara Oberg, Box mation about search fees and details may be 348-A, Baruch College, 17 Lexington Avenue, obtained by sending a SASE to: Institut de New York, NY 10010, before January 15, 1986. Recherches les Sources du Passe Enr. Address inquiries about membership in B. P. 1293 SHEAR to Dr. James H. Broussard, Depart- Trois-Rivieres ment of History, Lebanon Valley College, Ann- Quebec, Canada G9A 5L2 ville, PA 17003. Dues are $15 annually and Services are given in English. include a subscription to the Journal of the Early Republic. NEW VOLUME OF THE NORTH CAROLINA CIVIL WAR ROSTER PROJECT

CALL FOR PAPERS Volume X of North Carolina Troops, 1861- 1865: A Roster, edited by Weymouth T. Jordan, Oral History in the Mid-Atlantic Region Jr., has been published by the Historical Publi- (OHMAR) will hold its spring conference in cations Section of the North Carolina Division Baltimore, Maryland at Morgan State Univer- of Archives and History. The 549-page volume sity on March 22. The theme of the meeting is contains histories of the 38th, 39th, and 42nd- oral history and the Afro-American experience. 44th Regiments, N.C. Infantry, and the names If you wish to chair a session or present a paper and service records of the approximately 7,000 on oral history as it has been used to document Confederate soldiers who served in those units. and/or interpret an Afro-American related Individual service records include information event, an individual, community or institution, such as county of birth and residence, age a time please contact Spencer Crew, Archives Center, of enlistment, prewar occupation, promotions, Room C-340, The National Museum of Ameri- desertions, instances of injury and capture, and can History, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- place, date, and cause of death. The volume is ton, DC 20560. Deadline for submission of pro- fully indexed and features a preface by the Gov- posals for sessions or papers is December 1, ernor of North Carolina, an introduction by the 1985. editor, and a frontispiece. Volume X of the North Carolina Civil War Roster Project may be purchased for $22.00, plus $2.00 for postage and handling, from the His- GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH IN QUEBEC torical Publications Section, Division of Ar- chives and History, 109 East Jones Street, Ra- A new genealogical research center is avail- leigh, N.C. 27611, or telephone 919-733-7442. able for U.S. residents seeking ancestral roots Checks should be made payable to the Depart- in the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Institut ment of Cultural Resources. MARYLAND PICTURE PUZZLE

Each installment of the Maryland Pic- from ca. 1745, though a 1734 date appears ture Puzzle shows a photograph from the in the photograph. The Palo Alto was the collection of the Prints and Photographs last place a traveler journeying north could Division of the Maryland Historical Soci- indulge in spirits before going to the dry ety's library. This issue's puzzle has been town of Hyattsville; hence the "Last identified as the United Pentacostal Home, Chance" sign. The building was razed dur- July 1920. Test your knowledge of Mary- ing the early 1960s. land and help us to document our collection Congratulations and thanks to the fol- by identifying the location of this site. lowing individuals for submitting correct The Fall 1985 puzzle has been identified responses to the Fall 1985 Picture Puzzle: as the Palo Alto Hotel and Restaurant, Robert A. Crawley, Frederick S. DeMarr, located in Bladensburg, Prince George's Joseph Shepperd Rogers, and James T. County, Maryland. The structure dates Wollon, Jr.

Figure 1. 424

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80 No. 4, WINTER 1985 INDEX TO VOLUME 80

Names of authors and titles of articles appearing in the Magazine are set in capitals. Titles of books are set in italics. An 'f preceding a page number indicates that the material is facing the numbered page; an 'n' following the page number indicates that the entry was taken from a footnote reference. Cynthia H. Requardt

Baltimore: The Nineteenth Century Black Capital by Abel, John Jacob 41-42 Leroy Graham, reviewed, 178 Baltimore Cemeteries, Volume I collected by the Bal- abolition 139-50 (18th C.) Abstracts from the Land Records of Dorchester County, timore County Historical Society, reviewed, 421 Maryland, Volume E by James A. McAllister, Jr., Baltimore Chemical Company 20 Baltimore Chrome Works 20-21, 22 reviewed, 420 Baltimore County Historical Society, Baltimore Adams, I. J. W. 92 Cemeteries, Volume I, reviewed, 421 Adams, Louisa Catherine (Mrs. John Quincy) 409-19 Bantz: G. 83, 89; S.A. 76, 78 Adams family 409-19 Barker: F. 82; J. 71 Addison, E. R. 77 agricultural exhibitions 347-54 (1904) Barnes: James 394; Robert, review by, 114, 199, 307, Aiken, William E. A. 34-35 308, 420-21 Barnitz, C. D. 78 air defense 240-60 (1950-74) Allen, J. 92 Barrett, A. 76, 77 Almeida, Joseph 394 Base, Daniel 43 Batson: J. W. 76, 79, 92; L. 76 Amelung, John Frederick 19 American Ancestors and Cousins of the Princess of Battle Town, Md. 371-76 (17th C.) Wales by Gary Boyd Roberts and William Ad- Baty, Laurie A., review by, 97-98 dams Reitweisner, reviewed, 199 Baughman, L. Victor 347, 348, 352 Amoss, William L. 347-53 Beach, W. 72, 74, 76, 79, 84 Anderson: E.H. 72, 76; GEORGE M., S.J., "The Civil Beall: Elisha 169-70; Frances McCleery 167, 168-69, War Courtship of Richard Mortimer Williams 170; Jane Elizabeth 126, 137n; William Murdoch and Rose Anderson of Rockville," 119-38; James 167, 169-70, 171 Beall family 167-74 136 n; John Wallace 120, 121, 132; Myra Magru- der 120, 132-33; Rose 119-38; J.H. 76 The Bean Family of Maryland by Margaret Bean Andrew, W. 76, 78 Langley, reviewed, 114 Andrews, R. S. 78 Beaumont, W. D. 75 Bennett: E. 88; Richard, III 385, 390 Annapolis, Md. 157-66 (18th C.) Benson, B. S. 81, 89 "ANNUAL REPORT: JULY 1, 1984-JUNE 30,1985. MUSEUM AND LIBRARY OF MARYLAND Bentley, C. W. 91 Bentz, S. 78, 90, 92 HISTORY, MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCI- BERENT, IRWIN M., "The East European Jewish ETY," 313-46 Immigrant in America: An Index to the 1900 "AN ARCHAEOLOGIST'S PERSPECTIVE ON THE ANCIENT TOWN OF DONCASTER" by Baltimore Census," 280-306 Kit W. Wesler, 383-91 Berry: Benjamin 139; Elizabeth Powell 142-43, 146n, archaeology: Talbot Co., Md. 383-91 147n; James 139, 142-43, 146-47n, 148n; Joseph architecture 374 (17th C.) 139; William 371, 372, 373, 374 Armsworthy, Harriot 58 Berry family 139, 142-43, 146-47n Arnold, Joseph L., review by, 94-96 Bickell, C. 83 Aeps, Walter E., Jr., Heirs and Orphans: Anne Arundel Bigger, James 373 County, Md., Distributions, 1788-1838, reviewed, Binny, Archibald 51, 59-60 420 Birchead, Christopher 147n Arthur, W. C. 83 Birley, V. 71 Asbury, Francis 140 Black, W. 85 Ash, J. B. 78 Blacks: employment 54, 57, 58, 59 (1810-60); 378-79, Ashburner, John 237, 239n 380 (1850-1917); free 141, 142-45, 148n, 149n, Ashburner & Place 228, 229 151-56 (18th C); 377-82 (1850-1917); political Ashdown, W. 73 action 379-81 (19th C); relations with whites 377-82 (1850-1917) Austin, A. H. 81 Blackshear, Charles Cotton 38-39 Ayres, L. 77 Blair, H, 76, 84 Blake, William Phipps 20 Blanchard, E. 75 Bain, D. 75 Bland, Theodorick 397-98 Baker, E. J. 81, 83 Blandy, A. A. 90 Ballard, Henry 380 Blocher: D. 71; G. M. 71 425

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 80, No. 4, WINTER 1985 426 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Blunt, S. F. 71 BOCCACCIO, MARY, "Maryland at the St. Louis World's Fair," 347-54 Calligan, A. 92 BODENSTEIN, WILLIAM G., "St. Michaels, Mary- Calvert: Benedict 1-2, 3, 6; Benedict Leonard, 157-59; land: An 18th Century Speculative Development," Frederick (6th Lord Baltimore) 180-84 228-39 Calvert family 180-98 Boemicke, C. 91 Calvert Co., Md. 371-76 (17th C.) Bogle, R. 77 Calverton, Md. 371-76 (17th C.) Bohannan, W. 84 "CALVERTON, CALVERT COUNTY, MARY- Bolivar (ship) 399 LAND: 1668-1725" by Dennis J. Pogue, 371-76 Bolles, Caroline Carroll 100, 109 Campbell, Duncan 233, 237 Bollman, W. 72 canals: inventions 72 Booth, John Wilkes 402, 403 Canby, S. 78, 92 Boteler, Charles 371 Cannon, J. Gibson 121, 125, 127, 130, 131, 135-36n Bouis, J. 80, 87 Cansler, W. W. 71 boundaries: Boundary Award of 1877 355, 362-64,366, Capper, John, et al. Chesapeake Waters: Pollution, 368-69; Compact of 1785 361-62, 366, 367; Deak- Public Health, and Public Opinion, 1607-1972, ins line 358, 360-61, 368; dispute with Virginia reviewed, 94-96 355, 356-66, 367-69; dispute with West Virginia Carlock, W. 80, 89 356-69; in original charter 355-56, 360; Mason Carroll: Adeline Van Rensselaer 107; Alida Van Rens- and Dixon line 356, 360; Micher line 359, 360, selaer 100, 106, 107; Ann Sprigg 99, 100, 102-3; 361, 365, 368; riparian rights 361-64, 367; Shen- Charles Holker 100, 102, 103, 105, 106-7, 109; andoah River 365-66; southern Maryland 361-66, Charles of Belle Vue 99-113; D. 88; Daniel Joseph 367-69; western Maryland 356-61, 365-66, 367- 100, 107-8; Daniel of Duddington II 100, 101; 69 Hannah Lee 100, 102, 107; Henry 100, 102, 103- Bowers, G. W. 78 4; KENNETH L., "An Eighteenth-Century Ep- Bowie, Richard Johns 119-20, 126, 128, 134, 135n, iscopalian Attack on Quaker and Methodist Man- 138n umission of Slaves," 139-50; Samuel Sprigg 100, Bowlus, N. 71 109; T. W. 81; William Thomas 100, 108-9; Wil- Boyd, J. H. 87 liam Thomas, Jr. 109 Boyle, Thomas 394 Carroll County, Genealogical Society, A Guide to Braddock, James 228-39 Genealogical Research in Carroll County, reviewed, Braman, J. 87 307 Brandywine Conservancy, Protecting Historic Prop- Carter: Edward C, II, et al., eds., Latrobe's View of erties: A Guide to Research and Preservation, re- America, 1795-1820: Selections from the Water- viewed, 178-79 colors and Sketches, reviewed, 406-7; R. 84; V. 91 Brannon, R. 84 Carvalho, S. M. 90 Brant, J. G. 75 Carver, Edward 380-81 Brayshaw, W. 82 Caspari, Charles C, Jr. 43 Breslaw, Elaine G., review by, 277-78 Cassell, Frank A., review by, 278-79 Brian, William 59 Cathcart, R. 73 brickmaking: inventions 71-72 Catholic Church: mixed marriage 103, 104,106, 110 Bridendolph, B. 76, 80 Catholic Families of Southern Maryland by Timothy Briding, E. W. 75 J. O'Rourke, reviewed, 199 Brinn: Henrietta 58; Jane 58 Catlett, Charles 24 Brockett, J. L. 84 Caton, Louisa 103-4 Brooke, Richard 163 Centella (schooner) 399 Broughton, Levin Bowland 37 CHALLINOR, JOAN R., "'A Quarter taint of Mary- Brown: Alida Carroll 100,109; C. F. 78; D. 74; Edward land blood': An Inquiry into the Anglo/Maryland 2; I. 87, W. 90 Background of Mrs. John Quincy Adams," 409- Browne: Arthur Lee 23; Gary L., review by, 94, 178- 19 79, 277, 407-8 Chapin, P. 87 Brownell, Charles E., et al., eds., Latrobe's View of Chapman: H. D. 75; J. L. 75, 81 America, 1795-1820: Selections from the Water- Chappell: P. S. 83; W. H. 83 colors and Sketches, reviewed, 406-7 Charles Willson Peale and His World by Edgar P. Bruce: J. A. 78; Normand 2-6 Richardson, Brooke Hindle, and Lillian B. Miller, Bruff: C. S. 87, 88; John 232, 236, 239n; Thomas 384 reviewed, 407-8 Bruff s Island 384, 390 Chase: M. 74, 92; M. L. 83 Bucey, J. 91 Chassaing, E. 91 Buchanan, R. C. 85 Chayter: Daniel 394; James 394 Bullock, J. 75 chemical industry and trade 19-47 Burgee, S. F. 74 chemists 19-47 Burnham, N. F. 92 Chenoweth: G. E. 79; R. B. 85 Burns, R. D. 86 Chesapeake Waters: Pollution, Public Health, and Pub- Burr, J. 75 lic Opinion, 1607-1972 by John Capper, Garrett Index to Volume 80 427

Power and Frank R. Shivers, Jr., reviewed, 94-96 Danels: Eugenia 393, 400; John Daniel 392-401 Child, W. 86 D'Arcy and Didier 392, 393, 394 chrome industry and trade 20, 22 DAVIDSON, THOMAS E., "Free Blacks in Old So- city planning: St. Michael's, Md. 228-39 (18th C.) merset County, 1745-1755," 151-156 Civil War: civilian life 119-38 Davidson: J. 81; W. 93 "THE CIVIL WAR COURTSHIP OF RICHARD Davidsonville, Md. 240, 248-56 (1950-74) MORTIMER WILLIAMS AND ROSE ANDER- Davis: A. 74; F. 73, 74, 75, 90; H. 73; J. 73; Lewis 231, SON OF ROCKVILLE" by George M. Anderson, 233; P. 71, 73; W. 80; W. A. 73; William 232, 236 S. J„ 119-38 Davison: W. 71; William 21 Clampitt, E. 83 Davison Chemical Company 21, 31 Clark: J. 76, 88; John 394; L. 73; L. P. 89, S. P. 76; Dawson, Lawrence 126, 137n William Mansfield 32-33 Deakins, Francis 358, 360-61 Clarkson, W. W. 85 Dean, W. F. 87 Claude, D., Jr. 78 De Bibory, L. S. 76 Clay, Henry 103, 109 DeButts, Elisha 34 Cleveland, G. W. 73 Decker, J. 81 Clezy, E. 85 Delille (schooner) 393 Clifton factory 48-65 demography: Edmondson Avenue 211-21 (19515-45) "CLIFTON FACTORY, 1810-1860—AN EXPERI- Denn, C. S. 82 MENT IN RURAL INDUSTRIALIZATION" by Dennis, Samuel K. 347, 352 Bayly Ellen Marks, 48-65 Deville, F. 92 Coale, Robert Dorsey 35 Dickinson, D. B. 87 Cochran: J. 84; S. M. 73 Dieter, John 394 Cochrane, J. 71, 76, 83, 91 Digges: Edward 2, 5-6; William, Jr. 2 Cohill, William J. 349 DiLisio, James E., Maryland: A Geography, reviewed, Colbert, L. A. 92 94 Colburn, L. H. 79, 87 Dillihay: John B. 59; Thomas G. 59 COLE, MERLE T., "W-25: The Davidsonville Site Dobbin, G. W. 79 and Maryland Air Defense, 1950-1974," 240-60 Dohme, Alfred 41 Cole, S. W. 92 Doncaster, Md. 383-91 (18th C.) Coleman: J. 91; W., Jr. 78 Donelan, John P. 404, 405n colleges and universities 157-66 (18th C.) Dooley, Sr. Denise 40 Collier, R. 77 Dorgan, John 232-33, 236, 237, 239n Columbia: naval engagements 398-99 (1820s) Dorsey: O. 79, 86; Remus G. 133, 138n Combs, William 56, 59 Doyle, J. 88 confiscated property 189-94 (1780) Drake, Nathan Lincoln 37 Conradt, G. M. 89 Driscoll, Cornelius 394 Cook, J. F. 75 Drott, H. F. 77, 80 Cooper: G. E. 79, 87; I. 78, 80, 81, 86 drug industry and trade 19-47 Corthan, J. 88 Drury, Benedict 58, 59 Cosden, Thomas 372, 373, 374 Dryden: Abraham Lincoln 380; Littleton T. 380 Cottman, Isaac 380 Ducatel, Jules Timoleon 34 cotton industry and trade 48-65 Duer, Edward F. 380 Coughlan, W. 88 Duff, W. 73, 88, 91 courtship 119-38 (1863) Dukehart, W. 75, 79 Cox, John 394, 395 Dulfez, Andrew Grover 43 Coyle, T. 74 DUNCAN, RICHARD R., comp., "Master's Theses Craddock: J. T. 77, 87; Thomas 277-78 and Doctoral Dissertations on Maryland His- CRAPSTER, BASIL L., "Hampton Furnace in Colo- tory," 261-76 nial Frederick County," 1-8 Dunning, Henry Armitt Brown 42 Cresap, Thomas 364 Duval: W. J. 90; Z. 92 Cromwell, L. 83 Duvall: A. 88, 92; W. I. 92 Crosby, G. 77 Dyer, Mary 59 Crosley, T. J. 80 Crouch, William 384 E Crout, H. 81 Eagle (ship) 393 Culver, J. 81 The Early History of St. John's College in Annapolis Cushwa, B. 87 by Tench Francis Tilghman, reviewed, 175-77 "A CYCLE OF RACE RELATIONS ON MARY- "THE EAST EUROPEAN JEWISH IMMIGRANT LAND'S EASTERN SHORE: SOMERSET IN AMERICA: AN INDEX TO THE 1900 BAL- COUNTY, 1850-1917" by John R. Wennersten, TIMORE CENSUS" by Irwin M. Berent, 280- 377-82 306 Eastman, J. S. 76, 90 D Eddy, O. T. 85 Dailey, W. F. 91 Eden, Robert 183-84, 187-90 428 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Edgar, Catherine 219-20 Fleury, A. L. 81 Edgewood Arsenal 43-44 Flook, J. 75 Edmondson Avenue: demography 203-27 (1915-45) Flower: Jane 58; Susan 58 education: academies 157-66 (18th C.) "FOR FLAG AND PROFIT: THE LIFE OF COM- Ehrhart: Catharina Laur fll9; Georg fll9; Johan Val- MODORE JOHN DANIEL DANELS OF BAL- atin fll9 TIMORE" by Fred Hopkins, 392-401 Eichelberger, F. 78 Forbes, C. P. 76 7850 Census of Dorchester County, Maryland by Debra Force: C. 74; D. C. 73 Smith Moxey, reviewed, 307 Forrest, Ann M. 126, 137n 1860 Census of Talbot County, Maryland by Janet Fonvood, W. W. 77 Wilson Riley, reviewed, 307-8 Fouse: H. D. 89; J. M. 89 "AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY EPISCOPALIAN Frazer, Joseph Christie Whitney 29-30 ATTACK ON QUAKER AND METHODIST Frederick Co., Md.: land 1-8 (18th C.) MANUMISSION OF SLAVES" by Kenneth L. Frederick, Md. 167-74 (19th C.) Carroll, 139-50 "FREE BLACKS IN OLD SOMERSET COUNTY, Eisenbrandt, Christian H. 67-68, 73, 75, 82, 83 1745-1755" by Thomas E. Davidson, 151-56 Elgar, J. 72, 73, 78, 80, 86, 92 Freeman, S. H. 83 Ellicott: A. 87; S. N. H, 92; W. 92 Frese, P. C. 89 Elliott, G. M. 71 Frick, G. P. 74 Eltonhead, T. 89 Friends, Society of: abolition 139-50 "EMINENT CHEMISTS OF MARYLAND" by Rob- Frieze, S. 91 ert F. Gould, 19-47 Fuller: Cornelia Granger Carroll 100, 107; Edward P. "AN ENDOWED KING WILLIAM'S SCHOOL 100, 107 PLANS TO BECOME A COLLEGE" by Char- Fulton, G. W. 85 lotte Fletcher, 157-66 Furley, W. 71 England, J. T. 73 English, H. 81 G Erb, J. E. 90 Gambel, W. 71 ERLICK, DAVID P. "The Peales and Gas Lights in Gambrill: H. N. 76, 93; H. W. 74 Baltimore," 9-18 Game: Betty 152,154; Bridget 152; Daniel 152; George Erwin, A. 77 152; Henry 152; Robert 152; Rose 152; Sambo 154 Eugenia (schooner) 394 Game family 152, 154 Evans: H., Jr. 88; Jane 58 Gantt: Mary Carroll Tabbs 100, 105; Thomas Tasker EVERSTINE, CARL N., "The Potomac River and 105 Maryland's Boundaries," 355-70 Gardner, Bettye J., review by, 178 Garrett Co., Md.: boundary 359-60, 365 Garretson, Freeborn 140, 146n Fahlberg, Constantin 28-29 Garver, I. 92 Fahrney: A. 92; S. 78, 81, 87, 90, 92 Garvin, H. C. 80 Fairfax Stone 357-58, 359, 360-61, 362, 364, 365, 367, Gas Light Company of Baltimore, 13-17 368, 369 gas lighting 9-18, 19 Fales, S. M. 78, 81 Gatchel, J. L. 92 Farmers Institute 347, 349, 353 (1904) Geddes, J. W. 80 farms and farming: inventions 71-93 Gehr, J. 80, 85 Feaga: G. 78; G. W. 78 Geiser, P. 78 Fenwick, R. W. 75 Gentry, Richard 102, 104 Ferguson, J. H. 74 GEORGE, JOSEPH Jr., "'A True Childe of Sorrow.' fertilizer industry and trade 21, 22 Two Letters of Mary E. Surratt," 402-5; W. S. 88 Fields, Matthew 135n, 136n Gildart & Gawith 228-29, 236-37 Fink, A. 72 Gilmore, James 60 Finlay, J. 85, 86 Giraud, J. J. 77, 78, 83, 85, 90 Finley, J. 88 Glass, V. 87 Finotti: G. M. 405n; Joseph Maria 402-5 Gleave, George 230 fires 373, 374 (17th C.) Glenn, Elias 398 Fisher, William R. 40 Glynn, H. 83, 84 Fissore, L. 84 Godman, T. J. 80 Fitzhugh: Ann Elizabeth Carroll 100, 107; Anna 110; Goldsberry, Benjamin 58 B. G. 79, 86; Charles Lane 100,110-11; Elizabeth Goldsborough: John 141-42; N. 76, 90 Barbara Carroll 100, 110-11; Gerrit Smith 100, Gordon: J. W. W. 81, 83; John 160, 161; Neil Elbridge 110; Henry 100, 110; Henry, Jr. 110; Robert 36-37 Hughes 111; William, Jr. 101, 107, 110; William Gornall, R. 72, 78 Dana 107 Gosnell, L. W. 90 Flannigan, A. 86 Gough, Peter 51-65 FLETCHER, CHARLOTTE, "An Endowed King GOULD, ROBERT F., "Eminent Chemists of Mary- William's School Plans to Become a College." land," 19-47 157-66; review by, 175-77 Graham, Leroy, Baltimore: The Nineteenth Century Index to Volume 80 429

Black Capital, reviewed, 178 Herron, J. 86 Grant, R. 74, 87 Hershey, I. S. 80, 82 Grantz, S. 71 Hewes, James 229, 230 Grason, J. 89 Heygel, J. 88 Green, E. H. 74 Heyser, J. H. 79 Grieb: F. 90; H. 90 Heywood, R. W. 81 Griffin: John Joseph 39-40; Sarah Carroll 100, 109 Higgins: James John 22; John 126, 137n Griffith: Elizabeth Anderson 135n; Philemon 135n; T. Hindle, Brooke, et al., Charles Wiltson Peale and His F. 81 World, reviewed, 407-8 Griscom, P. 82 Hoake, S. 76 Groveland, N. Y. 101-2, 106-7, 110, 111 Hodges: B. T. 127, 132, 133, 137n; Henry 130, 138n Groves, Thomas 233, 234, 236, 237, 239n Hoen: A. 77; Frank 347, 352 A Guide to Genealogical Research in Carroll County by Hollister, D. S. 76 the Carroll County Genealogical Society, re- Holmes, W. 92 viewed, 307 Hooper, R. 89 Guither and Tarlton's Great Mill 50-51 Hopkins, FRED, "For Flag and Profit: The Life of Gwynn, William 13-14, 15 Commodore John Daniel Danels of Baltimore," 392-401; Hugh 233; John Johning 230; S. B. 72 H Horn, P. 84 Hagerstown, Md. 100-1 (18th C.) Home, D. 81 Haines, J. H. 84 Homer: Arnold 152; Charles 152; George 154; George, Hall: Lyman Beecher 29; Robert L., review by, 177- Jr. 152; Matilda 152, 154; Robert 152; Samuel 152 78 Hoener family 152, 154, 155 Hallowell, B. 72 Hottman, D. 81 Hambleton, William, Jr. 233 Houck, J. 83, 84 Hamilton, John 232 Houlton, W., Jr. 74 Hammond, S. 77 housing: rowhouses 203-27 (1914-45) Hampton Furnace 1-8 Howard, W. 86 "HAMPTON FURNACE IN COLONIAL FREDER- Hubball, E. 75 ICK COUNTY" by Basil L. Crapster, 1-8 Huffer, A. 92 Hant, S. 92 Hunt: M. J. 84, 85; Martha Beall 168-69, 170; S. 79; Hardesty, T. G. 91 Samuel 170, 172 Harford, Henry 180-98 Hunter: D. 89; J. R. 78 Harford family 180-98 Hurst, John E. 347 Harley, J. L. 88 Hussey, O. 79, 83, 86, 90 Harper, J. S. 76 Hutchinson, H. M. 73 Harrison: Jonathan 232; Joseph 232; Orlando 347, 352; Hutchison, E. 77 S. T. 77; Thomas, Jr. 232; Thomas of Joseph 232; Hutton, W. 82 William 232, 234, 236, 237; William, Jr. 232 Hyde, Joseph 55 Hartley, Joseph 140, 143-44, 149n Hynson, Westcott & Dunning 42, 43 Hartye, H. 84 Harvey, T. 75, 88 Harworth, William 55-56, 59-60 immigration and emigration: Russia 280-306 Haskell, J. H. 82 "IN SEARCH OF THE CARROLLS OF BELLE Haslup, R. 71 VUE" by Robert F. McNamara, 99-113 Hawley, R. K. 87 Industrial Evolution: Organization, Structure, and Hayden, H. H. 19 Growth of the Pennsylvania Iron Industry, 1750- Hayward, Thomas 141 1860 by Paul F. Paskoff, reviewed, 96-97 Haywood: I. N. 90; N. P. 90 inventors: 19th C. 66-93 Heald, W. H. 90 iron industry and trade 1-8 (18th C); Pennsylvania Hearn, G. W. 87 96-97 Hearne, Thomas 157-58 La Irresistable (brig) 395-98 Heath, 8. P. 82 Irvine, R. 89 Hebb, William 51, 60 Heck, J. 83 Heckendorn, J. 85 Jackson, W. R. 72, 73 Heirs and Orphans: Anne Arundel County, Md., Dis- Jacot des Combes, C. 92 tributions, 1788-1838 by Walter E. Arps, Jr., re- Jacques, Lancelot 2, 6 viewed, 420 Jaeger, W. G. W. 76, 81, 87 Henderson: H. 76; T. 79; W. M. 73, 85, 91 James: T. 72; W. 81 Henfrey, Benjamin 9-10 Jenifer, W. H. 87 "HENRY HARFORD—ONE OF MARYLAND HIS- Jenkins: M. W. 90; S. M. 75 TORY'S 'LOST ONES' FOR 200 YEARS" by Jennings, S. K. 84 Vera Foster Rollo, 180-98 Jews: immigration 280-306 (1881-1900) Heritage, G. 88 Johns Hopkins University: chemistry department 27- Hermange, Anthony 37-38 31, 32, 430 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Johnson: A. L. 73,80,88; Abigail 152; Dorcas Sedgwick Lavender, B. A. 73 410; G. M. 80; Harriet 412; J. 81; Joshua 409-19; Lawton, J. L. 87 R. 76, 78; Thomas 409-10 lawyers, 119-38 (1863) Johnson family 409-19 Leach, J. H. 88 Johnson (ship) 228, 237n leather industry and trade 56-57 Jones: F. H. 77; Harry Clary 29; J. 72, 75; Jacob 152; Lee: E. 85; John 169, 173n Robert 371, 374; S. R. 84 Leitch, R. 75 Jordon, J. M. 77 letters-of-marque 393-98 (1812-20) "LETTERS TO AND FROM FREDERICK MARY- LAND (1833-1848)" by Alexandra Lee Levin, 167-74 Kaminkow, Marion J., Maryland A toZ: A Topograph- LEVIN, ALEXANDRA LEE, "Letters To and From ical Dictionary, reviewed, 277 Frederick, Maryland (1833-1848)," 167-74 Keach, L. P. 84 Lewis: R. F. R. 74; Richard 157-59 Keelty, James 206-11 Liebig, Gustav A. 21 Keithly, James 233 Lilly, John 3 Kelley, Louise 39 Lindsay, S. A. 79 Kelsick: Amey 154; Grace 152, 154 Linton, W. 71, 75, 77 Kemp, Isaac 381 Lithuanians in the U.S. 280-306 Kendall, H. L. 84 Littlejohn: Alida M. Tabbs 100, 105-6; DeWitt Clin- Kennedy: J. 88; James 2-3, 5, 6 ton 105-6; Elizabeth C. 105; Hugh 106; Lucy A. Kenny, Hamill, The Placenames of Maryland, Their 105 Origin and Meaning, reviewed, 277 Loane, H. E. 73 Kephart, P. 78, 81 Lockwood, John Alexander 38 Keplinger, S. 77 Logan: Ann 152, 154; Cassa 154; Elizabeth 154; Lucy King: H. 93; J. H. 80; J. T. 92 152 King William's School 157-66 Long: D. W. 73; Robert Cary 13-14, 15; S. H. 72 Kinkead, W. 73 Look, A. 78 Kirby, Walter J., Roll Call: The Civil War in Kent Lookup: George 413-16, 419n; John 414, 415, 419n County, Maryland, reviewed, 420 Lorman, William 13-14 Kirk, J. W. 88 Loughridge, W. 72, 73 Kirkpatrick, J. 91 Louisiana Purchase Exposition 347-54 Kisinger, S. H. 76 Lovegrove, T. J. 81 Kittlewell, John 21 Lowe, H. 73, 84 Knight: Frances Zeruiah Susannah Beall 167-74; I. Loyalists, 188-93 73, 86, 89, 91; John 167-74 Lukens, E. 72, 92 Knodle, J. 85 Lyndhurst 218 Knox: Samuel 168, 172-73n; Zeruiah McCleery 168, Lyon, J. H. 75, 89 169, 172n Krause, F. W. A. 73 Krebs, C. W. 84, 88 Kugler, Benjamin 10-17 McAllister, James A., Jr. Abstracts from the Land Kuhn, A. 79 Records of Dorchester County, Maryland, Volume E, reviewed, 420 McAvoy, H. L. 86, 87 McCleery, Robert 169, 173n Laing, J. 85 McCollum, Elmer Verner 31-32 Lambdin: Daniel 234; Elizabeth 233; Thomas 233 McComb, Alexander 170 Lamdin, T. J. 83 McCoy, D. G. 90 LaMotte, Frank Linton 33 McCrae, G. 82 Landers, J. 87 McCrea, T. 78 Landis, E. 85 McCauley, W. L. 71 Lane: Ann Rebecca Carroll 100, 102,109-10; Hardage McCrone, J. 87, 93 100, 109-10; Hardage, Jr. 110; Harvey 110 McDonnell, Henry Barnett 35-36 Langley, Margaret Bean, The Bean Family of Mary- McGregor, J., Jr. 84 land, reviewed, 114 McMahon, W. 73 Larchar, E. B. 79 McMullen, J. 83, 89 Larrabee, E. 86, 88 McNAMARA, ROBERT F., "In Search of the Carrolls Latent Image: The Discovery of Photography by Beau- ofBelleVue," 99-113 mont Newhall, reviewed, 97-98 Madison, Dolley 101, 107-8 Latrobe: Benjamin H. 91, 406-7; John H. B. 67, 77, Magee: Fortune 154; James 152; Janney 152; Maudlin 89 154; Nelly 152; Sue 152 Latrobe's View of America, 1795-1820: Selections from Magers, L. 71, 75 the Watercolors and Sketches edited by Edward Maipu (brig) 395 C. Carter II, John C. Van Home, and Charles E. "THE MAKING OF A BATLIMORE ROWHOUSE Brownell, reviewed, 406-7 COMMUNITY: THE EDMONDSON AVENUE Latvians in the U.S. 280-306 AREA, 1915-1945" by W. Edward Orser, 203-27 Index to Volume 80 431

Malavery: David 152; Dorcas 152; Elijah 152; Harry Mobley: E. 87; E. M. 79 152 Montgilion, I. 71 Marchand, L. 89 Montgomery: L. 72; J. 73, 77, 85, 87, 88, 89, 92; W. S. Marchant, Edward D. 170-71, 173n 88 Mardin, J. 87 Montgomery Co., Md.: families and residents 119-38 Marine Bank of Baltimore 396, 397 (1863) MARKS, BAYLY ELLEN, "Clifton Factory, 1810- Morfit, C. 88 1860—An Experiment in Rural Industrializa- Morris, G. W. 91 tion," 48-65 Morrow, J. H. 84 Marshall: Elijah 233; Meredith 233 Morse, Harmon Northrop 28 Martin: J. 75; J. L. 83; Stephen 59 Mosher, James 13-14, 15 Maryland: A Geography by James E. DiLisio, reviewed, Moulton, E. P. 77 94 Moutrop, L. 87 Maryland A to Z: A Topographical Dictionary by Mar- Moxey, Debra Smith, 1850 Census of Dorchester ion J. Kaminkow, reviewed, 277 County, Maryland, reviewed, 307 Maryland Agricultural College 347, 353 Mullican family 146n "MARYLAND AT THE ST. LOUIS WORLD'S Mulliken, John 141, 142 FAIR" by Mary Boccaccio, 347-54 Murdoch, R. 74 Maryland Historical Society 313-46 Murdock: C. 75; R. 80, 91 "MARYLAND INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS, Murphy, J. D. 74 1830-1860" by Mark Walston, 66-93 Murphy: J. D. 71; T. 91 Maryland Portland Cement Company 24-25 Murray: A. G. 76; J. 76, 87; W. 84 Maryland v. West Virginia 357-58, 360, 361, 362, 363, Murrill, S. H. 90 364, 367-68 (1910) museums 10-17 (19th C.) Mason, S. 72 Musser, W. R. 91 "MASTER'S THESES AND DOCTORAL DISSER- Myers: A. 79; E. 84 TATIONS ON MARYLAND HISTORY" com- piled by Richard R. Duncan, 261-76 N Matthew, D. 88 National Guard missile sites 244-56 (1950-74) Matthews, Bessie 152 Nebinger, W. 74 Matthias, J. 90 La Nereyda (brig) 396-98 Maxwell: F. G. 75; S. 79, 88 Nesbitt, J., Jr. 80 Maynard, R. F. 76, 80, 90 Neutrality Acts 395, 398 (1817, 1818) Mears, H. D. 74 New Hygeia Dairy 350 The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in Newhall, Beaumont, Latent Image: The Discovery of the Age of Revolution, 1763-1812 by Charles G. Photography, reviewed, 97-98 Steffen, reviewed, 278-79 Newman: Harry Wright, To Maryland from Overseas, Medcalfe, W. H. 74 reviewed 199; J. 74, 84, 85 Megraw, W. A. 72 Newsham, H. 72 Melville, J. G. 82 Newton, A. B. 75 Mercer: C. S. 92; Violetta Lansdale Carroll 100, 109 Nichols, J. 92 Merchant, John 233, 237 Nicholson, F. 79 Merrill, J. H. 73, 77, 85 Nickerson, C. V. 77 Merritt, C. 71 Norris: Catherine 58; Matilda 58 Metee, M. 85 North Branch (of the Potomac River) 365 Methodist Episcopal Church: abolition 139-50; So- Norton, J. B. S. 348, 361, 352 merset Co., Md. 377, 379 Null, S. 80 Michler, N. 359, 360, 361 Nusbaum, Jacob 170 Middlekauf, D. S. 79, 87 Nuth, Catherine Young 409-19 Mifflin, Warner 143, 145, 148n Milburn: Eloise 219-20; Stephen 57 O Miles, W. 92 Ober, Gustavus 21 Miller: C. F. 82; J. G. 77; J. W. 92; L. H. 87; Lillian Offley, M. 84 B., ed.. The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Ogle: J. 72; W. 85 Peale and His Family. Volume I: Charles Willson Oney: Elinor 152, 155; Lavinia 152 Peale: Artist in Revolutionary America, 1735- Orb (ship) 394 / 797, reviewed, 407-8; Lillian B., et al., Charles Orem, Andrew 232, 233 Willson Peale and His World, reviewed, 407-8; S. O'Rourke, Timothy J., Catholic Families of Southern 75 Maryland, reviewed, 199 Millholland, J. 73 Orr, A. V. B. 83 Milligan, P. F. 86 ORSER, W. EDWARD, "The Making of a Baltimore Mills, R. 80 Rowhouse Community: The Edmondson Avenue mills and milling: inventions 71-93; St. Mary's Co., Area, 1915-1945," 203-27 Md. 48-65 Otis, C. 75 Minifie, J. 82 Otto, Henrich fll9 Mitchell, J. G. 83, 84; W. P. 88 Owen, T. G. 76 432 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Protecting Historic Properties: A Guide to Research Page: G. 71, 84, 87; G. F. 87 and Preservation by The Brandywine Conser- Painter: C. 78, 83; M. 78, 83 vancy, reviewed, 178-79 Palmer: G. M. 75; Henry L. 59; J. B. 90; M. 81 Protestant Episcopal Church: abolition 139-50 Parker, E. 76, 84 Prouty, D. O. 76 Parkhurst, G. T. 81 Puckham: David 152; John 152, 154; Jone 154; Mary Parks, Gary W., review by, 307 152; Matthew 152; Richard 152; Richard, Jr. 152; Partridge, W. 78 Solomon 152 Parvin: Benjamin 148n; Sarah Powell 139, 143, 148n Puckham family 152, 154, 155, 156n Paskoff, Paul F., Industrial Evolution: Organization, Purden, F. 83 Structure, and Growth of the Pennsylvania Iron Pyfer, P. M. 74 Industry, 1750-1860, reviewed, 96-97 Q Patrick: A. 74; Walter A., 31 Patterson: H. J. 348, 349, 350; Harry Jacob 35; J. W. "'A QUARTER TAINT OF MARYLAND BLOOD': 79; James 3 AN INQUIRY INTO THE ANGLO/MARY- Peake: Elizabeth Lane 100, 110; John 59; Samuel S. LAND BACKGROUND OF MRS. JOHN 100, 110 QUINCY ADAMS" by Joan R. Challinor, 409-19 Peale: Charles Willson 10-18, 407-8; Rembrandt 9- Quimby, A. G. 89 18; Rubens 9-18 Peale Museum 12-17 R "THE PEALES AND GAS LIGHTS IN BALTI- race problems and relations 377-82 (1850-1917) MORE" by David P. Erlick, 9-18 railroads: inventions 67, 71-93 Peden, Henry C, Jr., Revolutionary Patriots of Harford Randall, John 393 County, Maryland, 1775-1783, reviewed, 420 Ray, B. F. 79 Peggy Stewart (brig) 349 Reasin, J. F. 85 Pelton, S. 80 Redding: Mary 152; Patience 152, 155 Penniman: J. 82; William Bose Dobbin 23 Reed, L. 85 Perkins: E. 85; T. 73, 82 Reeder, C. 86 Person, L. B. 84 Reekers, J. J. 78 Peter, George 127, 137n Reese, T. 78 Peters, W. 85 Regester, J. 83 Pettit, Jane Mary Ann Beall 167 Reid: Ebenezer Emmet 30-31, 32; T. N. 84 Phillips, J. T. 72 Reinhardt, C. C. 89, 91 Piggot, R. 90 Reitweisner, William Addams and Gary Boyd Roberts, Pilson, R. 92, 82 American Ancestors and Cousins of the Princess Place, Thomas 229 of Wales, reviewed, 199 The Placenames of Maryland, Their Origin and Mean- Remington: J. 92; J. R. 75 ing by Hamill Kenny, reviewed, 277 Remsen, Ira 26-29 Pleasants, B. B. 74 Renouf, Edward 29 Poe, G. 71 Reuckert, L. 84 The Poetic Writings of Thomas Cradock, 1718-1770 Revere, John P. 25-26 edited by David Curtis Skaggs, reviewed, 277-78 Revolutionary Patriots of Harford County, Maryland, POGUE, DENNIS J., "Calverton, Calvert County, 1775-1783 by Henry C. Peden, Jr., reviewed, 420 Maryland: 1668-1725," 371-76 Rhoads, W. 85 Poles in the U.S. 280-306 Richardson: E. 91; Edgar P., et al., Charles Willson Pollit, George 380 Peale and His World, reviewed, 407-8; J. 79; Rob- Pollock, H. 75 ert 229, 230, 234, 237 Poole: John Dickerson 129, 130, 137n; R. 73, 74, 77, Ricketts, L. 84 86 Ridgeway: S. M. 77; W. 83 Pope, J. D. 75 Ridout, Orlando, V, review by, 406-7 Porter: Harold Mitchell 25; John Jermain II 23-25 Riggin, J. 86 Porter Chemical Company 25 Riley, Janet Wilson, i860 Census of Talbot County, Post, J. W. 77, 85 Maryland, reviewed, 307-8 Potomac River 355-70 Ringgold, S. 87 "THE POTOMAC RIVER AND MARYLAND'S roads: Frederick Co., Md. 4 (18th C.) BOUNDARIES" by Carl N. Everstine, 355-70 Robbins, H. R. 72, 89 Potomac Stone 358, 360, 362, 368 Roberts, Gary Boyd and William Addams Reitweisner, Potts, Richard 169, 173n American Ancestors and Cousins of the Princess Powell: Ann [Birchead Shappe Brooke] 147n; Daniel of Wales, reviewed, 199 142, 146n, 147n; T. 87; T. M. 81 Robertson, T. A. 76 Power, Garrett, et al., Chesapeake Waters: Pollution, Robinson: J. 80, 84, 85; Lambert 232, 233; S. H. 82; Public Health, and Public Opinion, 1607-1972, W. 82 reviewed, 94-96 Rockville Academy 121, 127, 134n, 135-36n, 137n Pratt, W. 81 Rockville, Md. 119-38 (1863) Price: G. I. 90; J. 72; J. D. 90 Rochester, Nathaniel 101 privateering 392-98 Rochester, N.Y. 99, 101, 107 Index to Volume 80 433

Rogers: C. 79; H. I. 90; H. J. 77, 90; S. W. 76, 91 Shenandoah River 365-66 Rognel Heights 209 Sherfy, J. 89 Rohrer, J. 87 Sherman, D. 75 Roland, E. N. 83 Shermer, J. 92 Roll Call: The Civil War in Kent County, Maryland by ships: Bolivar 399; Centella 399; Delille 393; Eagle 393; Walter J. Kirby, reviewed, 420 Eugenia 394; Lalrresistable 395-98; Maipu 395; Rolle, John 232 La Nereyda 396-98; Orb 394; Romp 394; Rossie Roller, G. 75 393; Syren 393-94; Vacunia 394, 395; Venecedor ROLLO, VERA FOSTER, "Henry Harford—One of 399; Voiimtorio 399 Maryland History's 'Lost Ones' for 200 Years," Shivers, Frank R., Jr., Chesapeake Waters: Pollution, 180-98 Public Health, and Public Opinion, 1607-1972, Romp (ship) 394 reviewed 94-96 Rose: Elizabeth 152; Samuel 152 Shriver, T. 75 Rossie (schooner) 393 Shrote, J. H. 72 Routzahn, N. 75 Sides, H. C. 73 Rowe: D. 85; S. 72; W. 90; W. N. 74, 76 Silver, J. P. 350 Royer, J. 78 Simon, William 21-22 Ruddach, W. 83 Sinclair, R., Jr. 90 Runaway Slave Advertisements: A Documentary His- Singleton, John 141 tory From the 1730s to 1790. Volume 2 Maryland Skaggs, David Curtis, ed.. The Poetic Writings of compiled by Lathan A. Windley, reviewed, 177- Thomas Cradock, 1718-1770, reviewed, 277-78; 78 review by, 96-97 Russell: G. H. 89; H. R. 79; I. S. 79 Sketches of Maryland Eastern Shoremen: Genealogical Russians in the U.S. 280-306 Abstracts from "Portrait and Biographical Record of the Eastern Shore of Maryland' by F. Edward S Wright, reviewed, 420-21 Skinner, Richard 233 St. Anne's Parish 159, 166n slavery: fugitives 177-78; Somerset Co., Md. 151-56, St. Ignatius Church, Oxon Hill, Md. 402, 404, 405n 378 St. John's College 175-77 Sheer, W. 74 St. Louis World's Fair 347-54 Smith: Bridget 152; D. 75; F. H. 72, 82; G. B. 75; I. 81; St. Mary's Co., Md. 48-65 (19th C.) J. 82; Johnson 152; Joseph 167, 172n; Richard St. Michaels, Md. 228-39 (18th C.) 373 "ST. MICHAELS, MARYLAND: AN 18TH CEN- Smith Island 366 TURY SPECULATIVE DEVELOPMENT" by Smith Point 362, 363, 366 William G. Bodenstein, 228-39 Snell, B. M. 85 St. Peter's Parish, Talbot Co., Md. 139-50 Snider, D. E. 77 Saloman, J. C, Jr. 76, 83 social mobility 203-27 (1915-45) Saloman, J. C. F. 91 Somerset Co., Md. 377-82 (1850-1917); Blacks 151- Salomen, J. C. F. 78 56 (1755) Salomon, J. C, Jr. 87 Somerville, William Clarke 51 Saunders: James 55, 59; William 59 South America: trade with Baltimore 392 Sawyer, N. 72 South Branch (of the Potomac River) 357, 359, 364- Sayer, Peter 384, 385, 390 65, 367 Schafer, L. B. 85 South Carolina Genealogical Research by George K. Schaum, F. 78 Schweitzer, reviewed, 308 Schieferdecker, C. C. 89 Speights, J. S. 71 Schnebly: T. 83, 85, 87; W. 83, 85, 87 Spencer: Jonathan 234, 239n; Perry 232, 234, 236 Schweitzer, George K., South Carolina Genealogical Sprigg, Samuel 103, 108, 109 Research, reviewed 308; War of 1812 Genealogy, Sprigg Family 102-3, 108-9 reviewed, 308 Stabler, J. P. 86 Seibert, G. 85 Stahl, J. 80 The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Stansbury, J. 83 Family. Volume I: Charles Willson Peale: Artist in Steffen, Charles G., The Mechanics of Baltimore: Revolutionary America, 1736-1791 edited by Lil- Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution, lian B. Miller, reviewed, 407-8 1763-1812, reviewed, 278-79 Seltzer, A. 83 Steiner, Lewis Henry 26 Sexton, S. B. 80, 89, 90 Stem, S. 80 Shanks, T. 81 Stephens (Stevens), Edward 141 Share, P. T. 80, 89 Sterns, E. I. 86 Sharp, Alpheus Phineas 40-41 Stetson, W. S. 77, 79, 80, 86 Sharp & Dohme 40-41 Stevens: A. 92; J. 76, 83; Thomas 141 Shaver, Leah 152 Stewart: D. 77; J. 91; W. F. 73 Shaw: D. W. 72; E. M. 82, 83, 90; G. W. 78; John 33- Stieff, Frederick 347 34 Stiles, J. S. 76 Sheckels, R. W. 86 Stimpson: J. 74, 82, 84, 86, 89; J. H. 72, 73, 84 Sheetz, I. 77 Stinson, W. H. 90 434 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Stone, S. 90 U.S. Army: Davidsonville, Md. 240-60 (1950-74) Stoner, David 3 University of Maryland: chemistry department 35-37 Stonesifer, J. 81 University of Maryland Medical School 33-35 Strause, G. 80, 83 Uruguay: privateering 395-98 streetcar suburbs: Edmondson Avenue 203-27 Stuart: J. E. B. 123, 126-27; W. H. 85 Surratt: Elizabeth Susanna 403, 404, 405n; Isaac Vacunia (brig) 394, 395 Douglas 403, 404, 405n; John Harrison 404, 405n; Van Gundy, Charles Philip 23 John Harrison, Sr. 403, 404, 405n; Mary E. 402- Van Home, John C, et al., eds., Latrobe's View of 5 America, 1795-1820: Selections from the Water- Suter, J. S. 75 colors and Sketches, reviewed, 406-7 Button, James D. 60 Van Ness, W. J. 72 Swoop/Swope, Michael 4, 7n Varden, R. B. 80 Swope, Benedict 4, 7n Vargo, Virginia 220-21 Syberry, Jonathan 384 Varle, C. 81 Sykes, W. 89 Vaughn, H. 82 Sykes and Conradt 89 Veirs, William A, 129, 137-38n Symington, T. 71 Veirs' Mill 126, 137n Syren (schooner) 393-94 Venecedor (brig) 399 Venezuela: naval engagements 398-99 (1820s) Verdin, M. W. 82 Verleger, C. F. 74 Tabbs: Elizabeth 105; Jane Maria Carroll 100, 104-6; Vermillion, H. 85 Moses 103, 104-6, 109 Vincennes, Indiana 104-5 Talbot Co., Md. 139-50 {18th C); archaeology 383- Virdin, W. W. 72 91; land 228-39 (18th C.) Virginia: boundary dispute with Maryland 356-66 Taliaferro, W. T. L. 348, 349 Voluntario (schooner) 399 Taney, Roger Brooke 169, 170, 172 Von Bonhurst, C. 81 Tatum, J. H. 84 Tawny, Michael 372-73, 374 W Taylor; A. 85; Daniel B. 51; T. 87; William Anthony 33 "W-25: THE DAVIDSONVILLE SITE AND MARY- Tea, Ann 55 LAND AIR DEFENSE, 1950-1974" by Merle T. Tenant, Samuel 238n Cole, 240-60 textile industry and trade 48-65 Wagner, E. 79 Thompson: A. 80; Jerome B. 171,173n; John 229, 232, Waite, G. W. 15 234, 236, 237; Joseph H. 59 Wakeman, L. B. 87 Thomsen, Alonzo L. 41 Wales, John 229 Tice, I. P. 76, 77, 83 Walker: D. 73; S. T. 81 Tilghman: N. J. 76; Tench Francis, The Early History Walker-Gordon Dairy 350 of St. John's College in Annapolis, reviewed, 175- Wallace, Davidson, and Johnson 410 77; S. H. 81 WALSTON, MARK, "Maryland Inventors and In- Titcomb, B. 80 ventions, 1830-1860," 66-93 To Maryland from Overseas by Harry Wright New- Walton, John 55, 60 man, reviewed, 199 Wampler, J. M. 78 tobacco industry and trade 349, 350, 351 War of 1812 Genealogy by George K. Schweitzer, re- Toope, Ephraim Chick 233, 237 viewed, 308 Tough: J. L. 81; J. S. 74, 81, 83, 87 Ward: James A. 38; Thomas F. 56 Toulemin, A. I. 86 Warner, T. E. 75 Toulmie, A. F. 73 Washington, J. H. 89, 91 town planning: Calverton 371-76; Doncaster 383-91 Watchman, J. 81 Trayser, P. P. 89 Waters, O. H. 75 Trimble, I. R. 86 Watkins Point 355, 356, 366, 369 Troost, Gerard 19 Ways, D. F. S. 90 "'A TRUE CHILDE OF SORROW.' TWO LETTERS Weaver, D. 91 OF MARY E. SURRATT" by Joseph George, Jr., Weems, J. W. 91 402-5 Weishampel, J. F. 78 Tuesday Club 160-61 Welby, Amelia 235, 236 Turbutt, N. 88 Welch, W. T., Jr. 74 Turnbull, W. C. 71 Wells, J. 83 Turne, I. W. 71 WENNERSTEN, JOHN R., "A Cycle of Race Rela- Tyson: A. H. 82; Isaac, Jr. 19-20, 71, 85; N. 77; Philip tions on Maryland's Eastern Shore: Somerset Thomas 22-23 County, 1850-1917," 377-82 WESLER, KIT W. "An Archaeologist's Perspective u on the Ancient Town of Doncaster," 383-91 West: C. 81; S. 75, 91 Ugly Club 160-61 West Virginia: boundary dispute with Maryland 356- U.S. Army Air Defense Command 240-60 66 Index to Volume 80 435

Westbrook, C. 90 Wise, J. J. 84, 85, 91 Wetheral, Philip 229, 230, 236, 237-38n, 238-39n Whithered, J. 89 Wethered: C. E. 89; J. 89; S. 74, 80, 89 Wolfe, T. J. 85 White: Benjamin Stephen 129, 138n; Joseph 55; women: Blacks 151-56 (18th C); employment 54, 55, Thomas 55 58-59 (1810-60) Whitehill, J. 80 Woodward, D. A. 88 Whitehille, J. 91 Woodworth, O. H. 77 Whitman: E. 76, 91; L. 91 Woolman, John 139 Whitney, R. 88 Wooster, J. R. 77 Widerman, S. 71 workers: Baltimore, Md. 278-79 (1763-1812); Mills Wierman, D. 80 54-60 Wiget, Bernardin 404, 405n Worman, A. D. 78 Wignal, James 229, 236-37, 239n Wright: F. Edward, Sketches of Maryland Eastern Wilcoxen, Ursula 121, 130-1, 135n Shoremen: Genealogical Abstracts from "Portrait Wild, G. L. 83 and Biographical Record of the Eastern Shore of Wildwood, Baltimore, Md. 208-9, 218 Maryland," reviewed, 420-21; W. D. 72 Wilhelm, Abraham 57 Wrightson, Thomas 236 Willard (Willerd), J. 72, 88 Wrightston, J. 91 Williams: H. B. 78; Richard Mortimer 119-38; Richard Walter 119, 135n; Rose Anderson 119-38 Williamson, P. 71 Yellott, G. 79 Wilson: Thomas 123; W. H. 79, 80 Wilt, S. 85 Young: Catherine 409-19; J. 85; M., Jr. 79, 80, 86; W. D. 71; W. G. 71, 81 Winans: Ross 67, 71, 73, 74, 78, 82, 84, 89; T. 74, 82, 89, 91, 92 Winchester: O. F. 88; Stephen 6 Winder, D. 92 Ziegler, J. 71 Windley, Lathan A., comp.. Runaway Slave Advertise- ZoU, B. 88 ments: A Documentary History from the 1730s to Zolikoffer, W. 80, 92 1790. Volume 2 Maryland, reviewed, 177-78 Zwisler, J., Jr. 90 US. Postal Sarvica STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION RtquinJ by J9 U.S.C. 3M5I IA.TITLEOF PUBLICATION IB. PUBLICATION NO 2. DATE OF FILING MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE oez* 42^ October 1, 1985 3. FREQUENCY OF ISSUE 3A. NO, OF ISSUES PUBLISHED 3B. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION ANNUALLY PRICE Quarterly: Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter 4 S1A.00 t. COMPLETE MAILING ADDRESS OF KNOWN OFFICE OF PUBLICATION ISIrert, Cily. Cuunly. Sun Jnd Ziy-H Code) (Nat primers) 201 West Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21201

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GENEALOGICAL PUBLISHING CO., INC. 1001 N. Calvert St. / Baltimore, Maryland 21202 GARY L. BROWNE, Editor, University of Maryland, Baltimore County KAREN A. STUART, Associate Editor, Maryland Historical Society

BOARD OF EDITORS JOSEPH L. ARNOLD, University of Maryland, Baltimore County JEAN BAKER, Goucher College JOHN B. BOLES, Rice University GEORGE H. CALLCOTT, University of Maryland, College Park JOSEPH W. COX, Northern Arizona University CURTIS CARROLL DAVIS, Baltimore RICHARD R. DUNCAN, Georgetown University RONALD HOFFMAN, University of Maryland, College Park EDWARD C. PAPENFUSE, Maryland State Archives BENJAMIN QUARLES, Morgan State University

FORMER EDITORS WILLIAM HAND BROWNE, 1906-1909 LOUIS H. DIELMAN, 1910-1937 JAMES W. FOSTER, 1938-1949; 1950-1951 HARRY AMMON, 1950 FRED SHELLEY, 1951-1955 FRANCIS C. HABER, 1955-1958 RICHARD WALSH, 1958-1967 RICHARD R. DUNCAN, 1967-1974 JOHN B. BOLES, 1974-1977

Maryland Historical Magazine is published quarterly by the Maryland Historical Society, 201 West Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, for its members. There are various classes of membership: individual, $20; family, $30; contributor, $50; patron, $100; sponsor, $250; associate, $500; benefactor, $1,000. Membership benefits include free admission to the Museum and Library, invitations to lectures and exhibit openings, a 10% discount in the Museum Shop and Bookstore and on all Society publications, and subscriptions to News and Notes and Maryland Historical Magazine. For additional membership information please write or telephone the Society, (301) 685-3750. Correspondence concerning submission of manuscripts, books for review, and all editorial matters should be sent to the Editor, Maryland Historical Magazine, at the Society's address. Manuscripts should be submitted in duplicate, double-spaced, and prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style (University of Chicago Press, 1982). Because manuscripts are evaluated anonymously, the author's name should appear only on a separate title page. For return of manuscript, please include a self-addressed, stamped envelope. The Maryland Historical Society disclaims responsibility for statements, whether of fact or of opinion, made by contributors. ESCEIVEO

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The Museum and Library of Maryland History The Maryland Historical Society 201 W. Monument Street Baltimore, Maryland 21201

Museum and Library: Tues.-Fri. 11-4:30; Sat. 9-4:30 For Exhibition Hours and Information, Call (301)685-3750