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The Woodward factor: Arthur Smith Woodward’s legacy to geology in Australia and Antarctica

SUSAN TURNER1,2,3* & JOHN LONG4 1Queensland Museum Ancient Environments, 122 Gerler Road, Hendra, QLD 4011, Australia 2Department of WA-OIGC/ Applied Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia 3School of Geosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia 4School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia *Corresponding author (e-mail: paleodeadfi[email protected])

Abstract: In the pioneering century of Australian geology the ‘BM’ (British Museum (Natural History): now NHMUK) London played a major role in assessing the palaeontology and strati- graphical relations of samples sent across long distances by local men, both professional and ama- teur. Eighteen-year-old Arthur Woodward (1864–1944) joined the museum in 1882, was ordered to change his name and was catapulted into vertebrate palaeontology, beginning work on Austra- lian fossils in 1888. His subsequent career spanned six decades across the nineteenth to mid-twen- tieth centuries and, although Smith (renamed to distinguish him from NHMUK colleagues) Woodward never visited Australia, he made significant contributions to the study of Australian fos- sil fishes and other vertebrates. ‘ASW’ described Australian and Antarctic Palaeozoic to Quater- nary fossils in some 30 papers, often deciding or confirming the age of Australasian rock units for the first time, many of which have contributed to our understanding of fish evolution. Smith Woodward’s legacy to vertebrate palaeontology was blighted by one late middle-age misjudge- ment, which led him away from his first-chosen path. ASW’s work, especially on palaeoichthyol- ogy with his four-part Catalogue of Fossil Fishes, was one of the foundations for vertebrate palaeontology in Australia; it continues to resonate, and influenced subsequent generations via his unofficial student Edwin Sherbon Hills. Some taxa, however, have never been revisited.

Australia was still virtually an unknown continent, at the connections and paths travelled to get those at least in terms of geology, in the late nineteenth specimens to him (summarized in Tables 1 & 2). century when Arthur Smith Woodward (ASW) The latter comprise what Klemun (2012) has termed entered the scientific ‘stage’ in London. There were the ‘Spaces in Between’, and address the circulation no trained vertebrate palaeontologists employed in of natural objects in those spaces between the place the budding colonies and territories at the time of collection and their destination. The problem for (Moyal 1986). Prior to his series of papers and the far Southern Hemisphere – Australasia and Ant- books documenting the Australian fossil fish fauna, arctica especially – is not only the shortage of scien- starting in 1890 and going through to the early tific people on the ground but also the terrible 1940s, only e´migre´ Paul Strzelecki from Poland tyranny of distance, measured as a cost in terms of (Turner 2011b), American visitor James Dwight either time or money, to get the specimens to the Dana (1848), Charles Moore of Bath, appointed right place for study (Vickers-Rich & Archbold Immigration Minister for Queensland (Turner 1991; Long 2000; Turner 2011a). Specimens from 1988), and Irish e´migre´ Frederick McCoy (1890) the Australasian region had to cross enormous dis- had made meagre direct contributions to the study tances to reach ASW. This consideration might of Australian Mesozoic and Palaeozoic fish (Long counter recent claims of those, such as the blogger & Turner 1984; Long 1995, 2011, see below). quoted below, who have assessed ASW’s reputation McCoy’s fossil fish works, sadly missing from on only one aspect of his work, the Piltdown Man Grey & Evans (2001), were largely small papers or debacle. This damning blog, which totally ignores single-page descriptions accompanied by large lith- his major contributions to vertebrate palaeontology, ographic illustrations within his Prodromus of the proclaims: Palaeontology of Victoria (McCoy 1874–82). Woodward was a powerful and influential figure at the Here we consider the content and character of time, though not a wise one. He gained a reputation for ASW’s Australian scientific contributions and look using his influence to marginalize promising younger

From:Johanson, Z., Barrett, P. M., Richter,M.&Smith, M. (eds) Arthur Smith Woodward: His Life and Influence on Modern Vertebrate Palaeontology. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 430, http://doi.org/10.1144/SP430.15 # 2015 The Author(s). Published by The Geological Society of London. All rights reserved. For permissions: http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/permissions. Publishing disclaimer: www.geolsoc.org.uk/pub_ethics Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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Table 1. Arthur Smith Woodward: Australian and Antarctic fish taxa studied

Original name Date/Ref New name if any

Acanthodes australis 1906a Acentrophorus? sp. 1908a to Promecosomina formosa (Woodward) Wade, 1940 (see Long & Turner 1984) Aetheolepis mirabilis 1895a scales noted by ASW in 1893 – see Appendix Apateolepis australis 1890e Aphnelepis australis 1895a Archaeomaene robustus 1895a Madariscus robustus (Woodward) Wade, 1942 Archaeomaene tenuis 1895a Atherstonia australis 1902a Belonorhynchus gigas 1890e Saurichthys gigas (Woodward) (Stensio¨, 1925) Belonorhynchus gracilis 1890e Saurichthys gracilis (Woodward) (Stensio¨, 1925) Belonostomus sweeti 1892 Richmondichthys sweeti (Etheridge Jnr & Woodward), Bartholomai, 2004 Ceratodus avus 1907b ‘cestraciont’ 1890e unknown, presumed hybodont shark Cladocyclus sweeti 1894 Cladocyclus? (Long & Turner, 1984); ‘indeterminate teleost’ Berrell et al., 2014 Cleithrolepis altus 1890e Cleithrolepis alta (Woodward) Wade, 1935 Cleithrolepis granulatus Egerton, 1890e, 1908a 1864 Coccolepis australis 1895a coelacanth indet. 1895a Ctenodus breviceps 1906 Delatitia breviceps (Woodward) Long & Campbell, 1985 Ctenolates avus 1902a Dictyopyge illustrans 1890e Dictyopyge robusta 1890e Dictyopyge symmetrica 1890e Elonichthys armatus 1908a Elonichthys davidi 1940b (but see Mitchell 1925) Elonichthys gibbus 1906 Novogonatodus gibbus (Woodward) Long, 1988 Elonichthys semilineatus 1908a Elonichthys sweeti 1906 Mansfieldiscus sweeti (Woodward) Long, 1988 Elopopsis marathonensis (Etheridge 1908b Woodward introduced the new genus name Jr, 1905) Elpisopholis dunstani 1908a Eoserranus hislopi 1908a Indian taxon used by ASW for comparison taxon in Australia Eupleurogmus cresswelli M’Coy, 1906 1890 Gosfordia truncata 1890e Gyracanthides murrayi 1906 Lepidotus souzai 1908a Brazilian taxon used by ASW for comparison in Australia Lepisosteus indicus 1908a Indian taxon used by ASW for comparison in Australia Leptolepis gregarius 1895a ¼ Cavenderichthys talbragarensis (Arratia, 1997) Leptolepis lowei 1895a ¼ Cavenderichthys talbragarensis (Arratia, 1997) Leptolepis talbragarensis 1895a Cavenderichthys talbragarensis (Woodward) Arratia, 1997 Myriolepis latus 1890b Myriolepis lata (Woodward) Wade, 1935 Myriolepis pectinatus 1908a Myriolepis pectinata (Wade, 1931, 1935) Notopetalichthys hillsi 1941 ‘ostracoderm’ or ‘psammosteid’ 1921 ¼ Turinia antarctica Turner & Young, 1992 Palaeoniscus crassus 1908a Palaeoniscum crassus (Woodward) (re genus see Turner & Long 1987) Palaeoniscus feistmanteli 1890a Palaeoniscum feistmanteli (Woodward) (re genus see Turner & Long 1987) (Continued) Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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Table 1. Continued

Original name Date/Ref New name if any

Peltopleurus dubius 1890e Tripelta dubia (Woodward) Wade, 1939 (in Wade 1940) Pholidophorus australis 1908a to Promecosomina formosa (Woodward) Wade, 1940 (see Long & Turner 1984) Pholidophorus gregarius 1890b Platysomus summetrica 1908a Pleuracanthus parvidens 1908a Mooreodontus? (Woodward) sensu Ginter et al., 2010 Portheus australis 1894 Xiphactinus australis (Woodward) Bardack, 1962 Pristisomus crassus 1890e Pristisomus gracilis 1890e Pristisomus latus 1890e Sagenodus laticeps 1908a to Ceratodus avus (Woodward) Kemp, 1982b (see Kemp 1991) Semionotus australis 1890e Zeuchthiscus australis (Woodward) Wade, 1939 (in Wade 1940) Semionotus formosus 1908a Promecosomina formosa (Woodward) Wade, 1940 Semionotus tenuis 1890e Strepsodus decipiens 1906 Barameda decipiens (Woodward) Long, 1989 Urosthenes latus 1931

palaeontologists who he saw as a threat to his status, could access a copy, see e.g. Mather 1986) and and had an unscientific tendency towards self promo- more restricted monographs, such as Newberry’s tion, attaching himself to newsworthy discoveries (1889) Paleozoic Fishes of North America, or relied and burying others. He was eventually discredited by on popular literature such as Hugh Miller’s (1841) the Piltdown forgery (Bauwens 2012). The Old Red Sandstone. Australian-based scientists G. G. Simpson (1944) countered, cited the CFF as soon as it was available (e.g. Jack & Etheridge 1892, p. 296). The fact that it [Piltdown Man] was an out-and-out fake Here we record the details of ASW’s work chro- was not established until nine years after Sir Arthur nologically and stratigraphically and look at how died. This was the one great mistake in all of Smith he interacted with local workers. Prior to 2012, Woodward’s extremely voluminous work. He certainly his work in Australasia and Antarctica had not never knew that his Eoanthropus dawsoni was a hoax. been assessed historically, although contemporary I am happy that he did not know this. I am also dis- reviews can be found, and an appreciation of his gusted that he is now remembered mostly for this one big mistake and not for his thousands of correctly long-term and pervasive influence is well overdue named and identified specimens in his hundreds of pub- (Turner 2012a). We hope to provide insights into lications [our emphasis]. the factors that made him the pre-eminent palaeon- tologist for decades in Australia. The last few We agree with Simpson’s view and so to balance decades have seen a resurgence in the study of fossil the sometimes-negative reviews of ASW’s work, vertebrates, and particularly fossil fish palaeontol- we record his main scientific achievements in ogy in this region, with significant increases in our Australian geology and palaeontology and assess understanding of the evolution of major groups their relevance today. Smith Woodward wrote 13 such as the placoderms, sharks and ray-finned fishes major studies on the geology and palaeontology of (e.g. Long 2011). This modern research has been Australian fossil fishes over a period of 50 years built on a strong foundation, including that provided and his contributions to Australian and Antarctic by ASW’s work, and often necessitates revisiting palaeontology are summarized in Table 1 and the the scientific conclusions he presented. Appendix. Figure 1 shows the major localities within Australia that ASW worked on. He also used Australian data in other ways, including for Eminent and accessible at least three parts of his magnum opus, the Cata- logue of Fossil Fishes (CFF). Before the publication Until the end of the nineteenth century ‘great’ scien- of this work, the English-speaking world made use tific men were mostly lacking from the homegrown of Louis Agassiz’s (1833–44) major five-volume scientific community in the farthest outposts of the work Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles (if they growing British ‘Empire’. Although geological Table 2. List of Arthur Smith Woodward’s connections and co-workers in Australia and Antarctica helping to span the ‘spaces in between’, the long distance to the Natural History Museum, London

Year Link/co-author Collector/sender Age Stratigraphy Site Taxa Artist Place

Pre-1888 Reginald Murray Late Devonian– Mansfield ‘Fish’ MV Carboniferous Vic 1888 Fred McCoy Late Devonian– Mansfield Gyracanthides n.g. Dr Wild Ann Rep Carboniferous Rytidaspis murrayi Mines Downloaded from Glyptolepis NHM Cosmolepides sweeti Chiropalus lantreei Eupleurogmus cresswelli Pteraspis? mansfieldensis 1880s Rev. Arthur William Late Devonian– Mansfield fish MV

Cresswell Carboniferous http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ 1880s George Sweet Late Devonian Mansfield fish MV 1890 Edgeworth David Bernard Dunstan Triassic Narrabean Gosford Cleithrolepis Berjeau & NHM LONG J. & TURNER S. Group NSW Pristisomus Highley GSNSW Saurichthys AM Gosfordia 1892 Robt Etheridge Jr George Sweet Cretaceous Rolling Qld Richmondichthys F. H. Michael NHM Downs ‘Belonostomus’ QM sweeti

1895 Mr Arthur Lowe of Jurassic Talbragar ‘Leptolepis’ lowei AM byguestonOctober30,2015 Wilberforce NSW 1895 Charles Cullen Jurassic Talbragar GSNSW C. S. Wilkinson Govt geologist NSW 1902 Govt geologist NSW Permian Atherstonia australis A. H. AM late Tertiary Ctenolates avus Searle 1906 Nat Museum Vic. Board Mansfield Gyracanthides murrayi Dr Wild MV ‘Elonichthys’ Acanthodes Edward Pittman Govt geologist NSW Talbragar GSNSW 1908 W. S. Dun Govt geologist NSW ‘Pleuracanthu’ parvidens NHM GSNSW 1931 late Permian Urosthenes australis 1940 Mr John Mitchell late Permian Newcastle ‘Elonichthys’ davidi Photo Mitchell Coal 1925 Measures 1941 J. A. Watt ‘Middle’ Taemas Notopetalichthys hillsi Photo Govt geologist Edwin Devonian Group Sherborn Hills Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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Fig. 1. Locality map for major fossil fish research projects by A. Smith Woodward in Australia.

e´migre´s visited Australia, and a few stayed, most when sea was the only means of transport between rocks, minerals and fossils were sent back to the them (Moyal 1986; Turner 1986, 1988, 2011a, b). ‘home country’ and, after its construction in the By the end of the century a young employee late nineteenth century, especially to the premier at the NHMUK, Arthur Smith Woodward from Victorian geoscientific institution, the British Macclesfield, Cheshire took over Owen’s former Museum of Natural History (BM(NH), now Natural role of colonial scientific doyen. To the Australian History Museum, NHMUK; e.g. Mozley Moyal community especially, ASW became the font of 1976; Strahan 1979; Mather 1986; Turner 1986, knowledge on vertebrate palaeontology. We can- 2011a; Fortey 2008). In the field of vertebrate palae- not underestimate the importance of this far-flung ontology, one man, Richard Owen, dominated the expert to the growth of geological knowledge in early development of the subject in the Empire, the burgeoning late-nineteenth-century British col- and was later knighted for his ‘creation’ of the ony and later after Australian Federation in 1901. BM(NH), which opened in 1881 (e.g. Stearn By this time ASW had already prepared an auto- 1981). This ‘cathedral of science’ became the biographical extract, and awards, a knighthood and home to almost all important Australian fossils Fellowship of the Royal Society were to come in the pioneering 150 years of Australian palae- (Smith 2011, 2012). His role spanned five decades ontology (Sheets-Pyenson 1988; Young 2015). in its direct influence (see the Appendix) and the Nineteenth-century discoveries of fossil fish were work that he did has endured even though many of made but, as noted above, scientific descriptions of his taxonomic and geological assessments have these are relatively rare, and specimens sometimes been modified (e.g. Long & Turner 1984; Table 1). came to grief as they crossed the ‘tyrannical’ dis- Reviews of his life and works were provided by tance between Australia and the UK, at a time Sir C. Forster Cooper (1945) and ASW’s successor Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

S. TURNER & J. LONG

Errol I. White (1945), by E. S. Hills (1958) in time indispensable to the Institution, if I am able to Australia, and several new assessments are pre- obtain from Mr. D. all or part of this information (quo- sented in this volume. Assessments of his fossil tations from ASW’s first letter home to his mother: fish work were few until last year’s special sympo- Townsend 1962). sium celebrating the 150 years since ASW’s birth In order to learn more about comparative anatomy (e.g. Wade 1935; Turner 1982; Long 1991, 1995, and vertebrate palaeontology, ASW attended the 2011, Forey 2004, 2015; Lopez-Arbarello 2004; Swiney Lectures given at the NHMUK by Scottish Smith 2014), but in general his taxa have either fossil fish expert, Ramsay Heatley Traquair (1840– stood up well to scrutiny or else have not been revis- 1912) in 1883. George Swiney (1786?–1844) was ited until very recently, with new cladistic and educated at Edinburgh University, whence he grad- morphological analyses coming into play and the uated M.D. in 1816; he left £5000 to the British application of novel techniques such as CT Museum to found a lectureship in geology, the lec- scanning. turer to be an Edinburgh M.D. ASW would often ‘wrangle’ with Traquair later in his career but at this stage he considered him his teacher, especially Feeling his feet at the ‘BM’ for Palaeozoic fishes (Paton 2004). Right at the beginning of his career, ASW fell in Even a brief look at his background (e.g. Forster ‘among the Invertebrata’, associating closely with Cooper 1945; Smith 2011) shows that ASW was Messrs Robert Etheridge Sr (1819–1903) and his not one of the chosen (aristocratic) few, but came son Robert Etheridge Jr (1846–1920; Fig. 2b). from the provincial upper middle class. The Wood- Etheridge Jr joined the Geology Department in ward family were prominent in the silk industry. His 1878 to help with the packing and transportation parents Edward Woodward and Margaret Smith had of the NHMUK collection from Bloomsbury to four children; Arthur was the oldest, born in Mac- South Kensington. In 1887 he left the Museum to clesfield, Cheshire on 23 May 1864. He grew into take up the post of Palaeontologist to the Geological a lively, intelligent boy who did well at school and Survey of New South Wales (GSNSW) and later in examinations, and showed an early grasp of sci- became Director of the Australian Museum (Dun ence (Wymer 1999). However, despite attending 1927; Strahan 1979; Walsh 1981; Sheets-Pyenson Owens College, Manchester in his mid-teens, and 1988). In Sydney he would become one of ASW’s coming under the influence of vertebrate palaeontol- future, rare, co-authors (see Tables 1–3) and a per- ogist William Boyd Dawkins, ASW did not take a sonal link between the far ‘spaces’ of scientific con- degree at this stage. Young Arthur Smith Woodward nection (cf. Klemun 2012). was, like so many of the Victorian-educated mid- After learning the basic tenets of curation in his dle class, competent and hard working and able to chosen discipline and having passed his probation, take and make the most of opportunities offered to ASW was put to work by the Keeper on the newly him (e.g. Allen 1976; Briggs 1983). His prime acquired collections of fossil fish purchased from opportunity came in the form of an opening to join Sir Philip Malpas de Grey Egerton (1806–82) and the scientific staff of the NHMUK in 1882 (Stearn his friend Lord Cole, William Willoughby, 3rd 1981; Smith 2011), and this led to his lifetime Earl of Enniskillen (1807–86), in 1882 and 1883, employment (Shindler & Smith 2015). and to undertake a major catalogue of NHMUK fos- ASW came to London to begin his job just three sil fishes. This task set ASW’s major research objec- months past his eighteenth birthday. Dr Henry tives from this point onwards (e.g. White 1945; Woodward (1832–1921), the Keeper of Geology, Stearn 1981; Forey 2004, 2015; Smith 2012). superintended ‘all, and he again – with the other These two very important fossil fish collections con- chiefs – is under the direction of Prof. Owen’. tained many type specimens figured by Agassiz in Dr. Woodward said he had been wondering whether it Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles (1833–44) would not be better for me to change my name, but he plus many other specimens of the highest quality. thought by putting ‘Smith’ always in full with it there Noteworthy is that Egerton was one of ASW’s would be no confusion. rare ‘predecessors’ in receiving colonial fish speci- As ASW reminisced further after his first day, mens from New South Wales (e.g. from the Rever- end William C. B. Clarke, ‘Father of Australian I am to be the special assistant of Mr. Davies, and there Geology’; Egerton 1864; Moyal 2003; Young is no-one else but us two in the Vertebrata Section. 2011). Dr. Woodward says that Mr. Davies, after being there so long, knows a very great many things about the his- ASW asked for or was encouraged to take on tory of the specimens that no one else does, and that if the Keeper’s daughter, Gertrude Mary Woodward his assistant does not perpetuate all he can learn about (1854–1939), to illustrate this major work. Already them these details will be lost to the Museum when an experienced artist, for the next three decades Mr. D. leaves. Thus, he says, I can make myself in she drew extensively for ASW, including the Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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Fig. 2. A. Smith Woodward and some of his connections and co-workers in Australia and Antarctica: (a) A. S. Woodward, at a time of his maximum authority as fossil fish expert to the British Empire; (b) Robert Etheridge Jr; (c) T. W. Edgeworth David; (d) Reginald Murray; (e) George Sweet; (f) Sir Frederick McCoy; (g) Benjamin Dunstan; (h) William S. Dun; (i) Frank Debenham; (j) Edwin Sherbon Hills. Portraits from Wikipedia Commons or by courtesy of NHMUK and Royal Society of Victoria. Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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Table 3. Arthur Smith Woodward’s journal strategy for scientific publication

Year Subject Journal Co-author Plates Figs Place

1888 Varanus priscus Annals & Magazine of London Meiolania Natural History 1890 Triassic Annals & Magazine of London Hawkesbury NSW Natural History abstract only ×2 1890 Triassic Geological Magazine London Hawkesbury NSW abstract only 1890 Triassic Report of the British ? Hawkesbury NSW Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) 1890 Triassic chondrich., actinopt, Memoir of the Geological TWED 12 1 Sydney sarcopt Survey of NSW Hawkesbury NSW 1892 Cretaceous actinopt Transactions of the Royal Etheridge Jr 1 Melbourne Qld Society of Victoria 1893 Triassic actinopt Natural Science London? scales 1894 Cretaceous actinopt Annals & Magazine of 1 London Qld Natural History 1895a Jurassic actinopt Memoir of the Geological Pittman 7 1 map Sydney Talbragar Survey of NSW TWED 1900 Permian shark WA Geological Magazine Review only London 1902a L Carb. Geological Magazine London Vic 1st abs only 1902b Carb./Tertiary actinopt NSW Records of the Geological 1 Sydney Survey of NSW 1903a L Carb. Gyracanthides Geological Magazine London Vic abstract only 1903b L Carb. Vic. Report of the BAAS London 1904 L Carb. Vic. Report of the BAAS 1906 Cret. Lungfish Annals & Magazine of ? dino* Vic Natural History abstract only 1906 L Carb. Memoir of the Nat. Mus. 11 3 Melbourne Vic acanthodians sarcopt 1907b Cret. lungfish Records of the Geological 1 Melbourne dino* Vic Survey of Victoria 1908 Triassic actinopt Memoir of the Geological W. S. Dun 4 Sydney xenacanths Survey of NSW 1909 tetrapod* Records of the Geological 1 Sydney Meso? Survey of NSW 1910 Cret. dino* Report of the BAAS ? megalosaurian 1916 Devonian Proceedings of the Australia Geological Society Antarctica abstract only 1921 Devonian British Antarctic (‘Terra 1 London? Antarctica Nova’) Expedition 1931 Permian actinopt Annals & Magazine of 1 London coal NSW Natural History 1940b Permian actinopt Annals & Magazine of 1 London coal NSW Natural History 1941 Devonian placoderm Annals & Magazine of 1 1 London NSW Natural History

*See Milner & Barrett (2015). Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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Fig. 3. Triassic fishes from the Sydney Basin, Gosford site. Plate from Woodward (1890e): (a, b) bony fish Myriolepis;(c) lungfish Gosfordia;(d) Egerton’s (1864) Cleithrolepis granulata (J. A. Long photograph); (e) Cleithrolepis granulatus specimen from the Australian Museum; (f) Cleithrolepis granulata from Woodward (1895b), reconstruction by ASW and his illustrator Gertrude Woodward. illustrations for all four parts of the CFF. palaeoanthropological papers. Sadly no portrait of Second-eldest daughter of Henry Woodward and Gertrude has yet been found (Turner et al. 2010). Sophia (ne´e Page), Gertrude’s work, formally The CFF is still in use over 100 years later. noted (by her father) in his preface to Volume III No Australian specimens were entered into Part I of the CFF (H. Woodward 1895), includes plates but it typifies ASW’s (and Gertrude’s) achieve- and reconstructions (e.g. Australian Cleithrolepis ment, with no less than 3620 registered specimens in Fig. 3) executed under ASW’s direction. This described or mentioned covering 21 families, 80 was the start of their long working relation- genera of the 104 included and 291 species (Wood- ship and she later went on to illustrate his ward 1889a); this volume includes 15 woodcuts Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

S. TURNER & J. LONG and 17 plates with 205 figures by Gertrude. Part II discussion of a point that was settled more than fifteen was published just 2 years later (Woodward 1891) years ago; and, instead of adding to the burden of syn- and by that time ASW’s scientific reputation world- onymy, he might have been able to contribute an item wide was assured (White 1945). Glowing testimoni- to the broad philosophy of the subject. As a matter of als poured in from eminent palaeontologists of fact, the doubly-armoured herrings were discovered in 1877 by Professor E. D. Cope, who established for the day, including: NHMUK Director Edwin them the genus Diplomystus – a genus now so widely Ray Lankester (e.g. Lankester 1891), ASW’s men- recognised that it has already found a place in the ele- tor Traquair in Edinburgh; A. Milnes Marshall of mentary handbooks (Woodward 1892). Owens College, Manchester; John Strong New- ASW then went on to elucidate the really important berry of Columbia College, New York; Theodore point that Ogilby had completely missed, namely Gill of the Smithsonian Institution; and Edward that Drinker Cope in Philadelphia (Smith 2012). By the 1890s, ASW was firmly established as one of Diplomystus is one of the earliest known types of her- the NHMUK’s vertebrate palaeontologists. Besides ring, having a very wide range in space during the latter numerous papers (Smith 2011), ASW began to part of the Cretaceous and the early part of the Tertiary contribute definitive texts, such as Woodward & period. It was evidently a characteristic fish of those Sherborn (1890), his own textbook (Woodward times, and no trace of the genus at a later period seems to have been recorded until the publication of 1898), and later the translation of the fish section Mr Ogilby’s recent paper (Woodward 1892). of Zittel’s Textbook of Vertebrate Palaeontology (Woodward 1902a), books that became the stan- ASW continued ‘The occurrence of Diplomystus at dard reference in all parts of the Empire. Perhaps the present day in the freshwaters of Australia is thus his ‘northern’ English background also made him another interesting case of the survival of ancient more approachable to the new class of overseas pro- types in remote places of refuge’ (Woodward fessional and amateur scientists. 1892). Smith (2012) stated that ‘I am assured that ASW rose rapidly to be Assistant Keeper of the the manner in which ASW criticised Mr Ogilby Department of Geology in 1892, when he was would be unusual in the extreme in a publication only 28 years old. With his public service career today’. This, of course, is not quite right as banter guaranteed, in 1894 he married Maud Leonora Ida between scientists does go on, but it is clear that Seeley (1874–1963), the daughter of fellow verte- Ogilby’s paper had ‘hit a nerve’ with ASW. brate palaeontologist, Harry Govier Seeley (1839– In 1901, ASW became both Keeper of Geology 1909) and Eleanora Jane Mitchell of Bath. Maud and FRS; in 1917 he was awarded a Royal Medal was well versed in the discipline of geology; she by the Royal Society, the premier scientific body. helped him in all of his work henceforward. The At this time, he was known for his imposing pres- Smith Woodwards seem to have had a happy life ence and iron constitution (Stearn 1981, p. 236). together, rich in experience and with a wide circle With his position secure, for the next 23 years he of friends and colleagues, many of whom were dis- worked on many major projects, including fossil tinguished in their own right. The NHMUK pro- fish from the farthest corners of the Empire (e.g. vided little financial support outside of his salary, Woodward 1915). so ASW had to fund almost all of his own travel and accommodation costs. The Smith Woodwards Australian work begins became well travelled and enjoyed field pursuits such as Geologists’ Association excursions (Smith ASW’s first paper on Australian fossils, in 1888, 2011). Nevertheless, ASW did not visit Australia was on endemic fossil reptiles from Queensland and so never did see the in situ preservation or strat- and Lord Howe Island, namely the giant lizard Var- igraphy of the material he studied, relying instead on anus (¼Megalania) prisca and the horned turtle local knowledge (see below). Meiolania oweni (see Milner & Barrett 2015). The Some Australian-based workers, however, were first reptile found in the earlier wave of colonization not so favoured, at least not in the scientific was originally described by Richard Owen (Rupke exchanges at this time in ASW’s life. Smith 1994). ASW’s study was cited and discussed by (2012) noted that, in a response to a paper published Jack & Etheridge Jr in their seminal Geology of in the Records of the Australian Museum in which Queensland (1892: pp. 633, 649–651); such mega- newly appointed Australian Museum ichthyologist, lizards and turtles were some of the first obvi- Irishman James Douglas Ogilby 1853–1925 (Ware ous finds on the Australasian continent (Mozley 2013) described a new species and (tentative) new Moyal 1976; Moyal 1986). ASW’s paper, written genus of herring (Ogilby 1892), ASW intoned, as it was after some years in the department and If Mr Ogilby had not shared in that lamentable igno- after many working on fossil fishes, is something of rance of extinct animals so conspicuous in a certain an anomaly. Homegrown workers emerged shortly school of zoologists, he might have been spared the after this date and went on to tackle descriptions Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

SMITH WOODWARD’S AUSTRALIAN WORK of the marsupial and reptile bones (e.g. Mather based on some of the Welshman’s early stratigraph- 1986; Turner 1986, 2005) and so ASW did not fur- ical work in New South Wales (e.g. see Branagan ther pursue this line of research on Australian fos- 2005). At first ASW thought the Hawkesbury fishes sils. With respect to Australian material, he were Jurassic in age, but by the time he had submit- strayed ‘higher’ than fishes on only a few more ted his monograph to the Memoirs of the Geological occasions, with an article on a Triassic amphibian, Society of New South Wales (Woodward 1890e), he a curatorial article on the NHMUK Diprotodon, was favouring a Triassic age, confirming the pres- and one of the earliest references to dinosaurs and ence of deposits from this period in the state. Cretaceous lungfish (Ceratodus) in Australia (see This diverse fauna of 19 species consisting Appendix; Woodward 1907a, b, 1909, 1910; mostly of actinopterygians, with one indeterminate, Kemp 1991; Long 1998; Milner & Barrett 2015). probably hybodont, shark (‘cestraciont’; Turner By the beginning of the second volume of the 2011b, 2012b, NHMUK original specimen still CFF, ASW had expanded his work beyond the con- undetected), and one lungfish, Gosfordia truncata, fines of Britain and away from the agnathan and was the first significant fauna of this age recorded ‘primitive’ fishes to understand those with a wider from Australia. The lungfish (Fig. 3c), further distribution. His knowledge of Southern Hemi- described by Kemp (1991), was the first fossil sphere fishes began first with African material in dipnoan to be found in Australia; its discovery con- the 1880s (e.g. Woodward 1889b; Anderson 1999). firmed the long history of this group in the region In 1890, Etheridge Jr, by then director of the (Ritchie 1981; Long 1991) and the relationship Australian Museum, and another Englishman, Wil- to the living lungfish, Neoceratodus (‘Ceratodus’) liam Sutherland Dun (1868–1934; then govern- forsteri, which had only relatively recently come ment palaeontologist; see Fig. 2c, h), assembled a to light in Queensland in the late nineteenth century list of Hawkesbury Series species within the Sydney (e.g. Kemp 2012). Today we know that the fish Basin of New South Wales. With no one in Austra- fauna from the Terrigal Formation at Gosford is of lia up to the task, some of the best fossil fish speci- Spathian/Bithynian age (Anisian, early Middle Tri- mens were sent to London for formal description. assic). Figure 3 shows examples of the fishes men- By this time, ASW was probably the most experi- tioned in ASW’s paper. enced fish palaeontologist in the world, and so was ASW revisited the Triassic fishes of NSW as the most qualified person to write descriptions of other sites were discovered and more material was the fossils. ASW had turned his attention to the sent on the long sea journey to London. He New World, especially to the antipodean continents described the fossil fishes Atherstonia australis during his early researches for the second volume of and others from the St Peter’s sites in NSW (Wood- the CFF in the late 1880s. This research culminated ward 1902b, 1908a). In his introduction to the CFF in a series of four abstracts and papers on the Austra- Part II (Woodward 1895b), ASW acknowledges lian ‘Hawkesbury Sandstones’ fishes, firstly from New South Wales Government geologists, first the rocks outcropping in a quarry at Gosford, opened late Charles Smith Wilkinson (1843–91; Branagan to obtain railway ballast (Woodward 1890a–d). 2005) and his successor Mr Edward F. Pittman Figure 2 shows portraits of some of the people in (1849–1932; Johns 1976; Vallance 1988; see Australia who assisted and worked with ASW, as Table 2). Further specimens from Triassic sites well as those collectors he named taxa for (see were later added to the state geological collection also Table 2). and described in further detail by the Dublin-born This first major monograph (Woodward 1890e), Reverend Robert Thompson Wade of Australia which encompassed the Hawkesbury ‘Series’ bony (1884–1967; see also below; Wade 1931, 1935, fishes and a shark, was accompanied by a geological 1940, 1942). More recently, the late Peter Hutchin- chapter by the young Tannatt William Edgeworth son revised certain Brookvale taxa (Hutchinson David (1858–1934; Fig. 2c), who had recently 1973). Several of ASW’s determinations have with- decided to apply for the vacant chair of geology stood the test of time, including the validity of his and palaeontology at the University of Sydney; he genera Apateolepis and Pristisomus. was selected by the local committee, against the Most significant was Smith Woodward’s (1908a) choice of a London fraternity appointed by the uni- work on a ‘Lazarus’ xenacanth shark from the Syd- versity to review overseas applicants. Gardiner ney Basin (Fig. 4). ASW began looking at Triassic (1985) emphasized that ASW knew personally sharks in the late 1880s, publishing on the British almost all those connected with the subjects in xenacanth ‘Diplodus’ moorei (Woodward 1889c; which he was interested and that he and TWED, Ginter et al. 2010). This led to his next major work Edgeworth David’s nickname (Branagan 2005), on well-preserved xenacanth specimens emerging became friends as a result of this first collaboration. from the newly federated Australia. Some 20 sites David (1890) put forward a sedimentological and around Sydney were quarried in the late nineteenth palaeontological summary to assist ASW; this was to twentieth centuries for shale and clay and are Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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Fig. 4. ASW’s Triassic ‘Pleuracanthus’ parvidens:(a) re-discovered in GSNSW register in 2012 with entries for further type material. (b) NHMUK collection labels from one of Benjamin Dunstan’s 1927 paratype specimens. (c) Holotype Pleuracanthus parvidens from Woodward (1908a), a specimen set in concrete, now in GSNSW Lidcombe and never sent to London; note: ASW saw the illustrations only. known collectively as the St Peter’s brick pits or When he died, his widow sold his remaining speci- quarries. They proved a rich source of fossils, mens to the NHMUK (Fig. 4b). most collected by amateurs. Fish and amphibian This xenacanth is only now being re-assessed material collected from the ‘Hawkesbury Sand- based on the original type GSNSW collection stone’ by Benjamin Dunstan (1864–1933; Fig. 2g) and new material found by local collectors since in the 1890s, went to GSNSW (Fig. 4a), and illustra- the 1960s, including Anne Howie (Warren), Alex tions were sent to ASW, who eventually described a Ritchie, Mike Turner and Steve Avery. Ginter new species, ‘Pleuracanthus’ parvidens, based on a et al. (2010) placed this taxon, based on teeth, into reasonably complete type specimen (Fig. 4c), part the European xenacanth genus Mooreodontus, but and counterpart and associated specimens (Wood- work on the fin spine as well as the teeth suggests ward 1908a). This discovery was the first articulated a more basal position (Turner 2012b). and oldest-known Triassic xenacanth at the time and ASW revisited these interesting Triassic faunas the first from the Southern Hemisphere. The find later in life, writing short papers on xenacanth confirmed that these sharks not only were large (pre- sharks (Woodward 1940a) and describing ‘palaeo- vious Triassic xenacanths were known only from niscoid’ fishes from the Upper Permian Newcastle small isolated teeth, first discovered in Britain Coal Measures (Woodward 1931, 1940b). by Charles Moore some 60 years earlier; Duffin 1978), but also had survived well into the Mesozoic On to Talbragar at the far end of the world. Dunstan was in NSW until 1896, then came to Queensland from 1897 to Charles Cullen, who worked for the Mines Depart- 1931 and joined the Geological Survey of Queens- ment of NSW, collected about 400 complete fish land (GSQ), later becoming Government Geologist specimens from a new site near Gulgong, NSW. and then Director of that institution (Johns 1976). He had followed up on the finds of a local man, Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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Fig. 5. The Jurassic teleostean fish Cavenderichthys talbragarensis (Woodward, 1895a): (a) top specimen in Australian Museum collection; (b) reconstruction after Bean (2007).

Arthur Lowe of Wilbertree, who first communicated ASW’s fossil fish descriptions and analysis of with Charles S. Wilkinson FGS, at GSNSW (Bean the Talbragar fishes helped to confirm the presence 2007; Beattie & Avery 2012). Wilkinson then of Jurassic rocks and faunas in Australia (Wood- ordered Cullen, the fossil collector, to proceed. ward 1895a; Bean 2006; Beattie & Avery 2012). The Talbragar Fish Beds, located about 250 km This conclusion was supported by the geologists NW of Sydney (NSW), are now known to be a TWED, now Professor of geology at Sydney Uni- deposit laid down in a limited freshwater lake that versity, and Edward Pittman. They assisted with has produced many hundreds of fossil fish since its background local geological material (Pittman & discovery in 1890 (e.g. Ritchie 1987; Turner et al. David 1895) and together made a trip to the area 2009). The most abundant species is Cavenderich- in 1895 to study the relationship between the Fish thys talbragarensis (Woodward, 1895a) (Fig. 5), Beds and other nearby rocks. first named by him as three new species of the ubi- Wade (e.g. 1940, 1953) later traversed the globe quitous genus Leptolepis, but later renamed and to work on the Talbragar and Triassic faunas. revised (Bean 2007). ASW examined the bony Ritchie (1987) made a short assessment of some of fishes and noted first the unusual nature of the scales the Talbragar bony fishes. In the last decade, much of one holostean (Woodward 1893), a fish he later new work has been done by professional, student described and named Aetheolepis mirabilis (Wood- and amateur palaeontologists working together ward, 1895a). ASW continued to make use of this (e.g. Bean 2007). The age of the fossil bed has pivotal fauna in his wider work, both in the CFF been determined as Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) and later using Archaeomene as an exemplar of by radiometric (SHRIMP) dating of an ash fall the ‘pholidophorids’ (Woodward 1942). just below the fish layer, as approximately 151 Ma Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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Fig. 6. Two 1904 letters of exchange between A. S. Woodward in London and Robert Etheridge Jr in Sydney regarding research questions on Cretaceous fish (courtesy NHMUK Fossil Fish section archives).

(Bean 2006); numerous immature fish fossils in a that ASW described is now thought to be Teleosti higher layer, perhaps the remains of a fish nursery, incertae sedis (Table 1). were probably killed by a further ash-fall from a An example of how this long-distance co- nearby volcano (Bean 2006, 2007). operation took place can be seen by examining two letters exchanged between ASW and Etheridge Cretaceous of Queensland (Fig. 6). ASW does not ‘lay down the law’ and is quite happy to take criticism from his senior British In the early 1890s Smith Woodward began descrip- colleague. Of course until the mid-twentieth century tions of the well-preserved fishes from the Creta- there were few techniques to prepare the specimens ceous limestones and shales of the ‘Rolling Downs and sending photographs was the norm. Until the Formation’ of central Queensland. In 1891 ASW development of the acetic acid preparation method joined former British colleague Robert Etheridge by Toombs (1948), ASW was necessarily a pioneer Jr to describe a new Early Cretaceous bony fish in Cretaceous bony fish research, with little compar- from western Queensland from Albian marine ative material, except perhaps from Brazil. Ether- deposits; it was named Belonostomus sweeti Ether- idge Jr described the next Cretaceous fish from idge & Woodward, 1892, for its amateur collec- Australia (Etheridge 1905); ASW corrected both tor George Sweet (1844–1920; MacCallum 1990, its familial and generic status (Woodward 1908b) Fig. 2e), although a D. P. Ryan also found a fine and later Bardack (1962) confirmed ASW’s specimen at Hughenden. This taxon extended ‘still assessment. further the ascertained geographical range of this genus during Mesozoic times’ (Jack & Etheridge 1892, p. 407). Bartholomai (2004) redescribed this Into the Palaeozoic fish as an endemic genus Richmondichthys sweeti. Using material collected by Sweet, ASW identi- A small band of homegrown amateurs appeared in fied Portheus australis (Woodward, 1894, p. 97 pl. the Australian colonies in the late nineteenth to x, fig. 1) from Clutha Station, near Hughenden and early twentieth centuries; several of these helped Cladocyclus sweeti, taxa originally based on North- ASW directly or indirectly with their collecting ern Hemisphere genera. The work was beautifully skills (Fig. 2; Table 2). Palaeozoic fish remains illustrated with a plate by F. H. Mitchell. Work in had been found in the Drummond Ranges of central the late twentieth century on this and new material Queensland as early as 1890 by the recently arrived by Lees & Bartholomai (1987) showed that one of Nottingham man Charles Tucker Musson FLS these fish was endemic to Gondwana, and it was (1856–1928) and presented to the GSNSW Mining reassigned to new genus, Cooyoo australis. More Museum in Sydney. Etheridge Jr made preliminary recently, Berrell et al. (2011, 2014) claimed to be assessments of these with help from his friend the first to describe Cladocyclus, and the specimen ‘Mr. A. S. Woodward’, to whom he sent drawings. Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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Fig. 7. Gyracanthides murrayi Woodward, 1906, from the Early Carboniferous Devils Plain Formation, Mansfield, Victoria: (a) plate showing holotype, from Woodward (1906); (b) isolated pectoral fin spine form Booroolite locality (Museum of Victoria specimen VP10255); (c) reconstruction of fish, modified after Warren et al. (2000).

ASW confirmed that there were palaeoniscid scales north in the Star Basin, Queensland and this identi- closely resembling those from other Carboniferous fication was also confirmed by ASW (Jack & Ether- localities (Jack & Etheridge 1892, p. 139). This idge 1892, p. 136). The lovely specimen, named first glimpse of Palaeozoic material led later to sev- ‘Palaeoniscus Randsi’ by Etheridge Jr for its dis- eral expeditions in the same area (by the authors coverer (Jack & Etheridge 1892, pp. 186, 296), is and others in the 1980s–90s) and subsequently still in taxonomic limbo (Turner & Long 1987). to one of the major Australian vertebrate finds of Nevertheless with ASW’s expertise, the presence the twentieth century – the first-ever Carboniferous of Carboniferous strata in Australia was recognized. tetrapod in the Southern Hemisphere, within the George Sweet, the above-mentioned English- palaeoniscid-rich Ducabrook Formation (e.g. War- born amateur, was investigating fossils in the Mans- ren & Turner 2004). field district of NE Victoria for Irish-born Professor Another Englishman (from Northampton), (later Sir) Frederick McCoy (1817–99; Grey & GSQ’s William Henry Rands FGS (1861–1914), Evans 2001; Fig. 2f): both men had arrived in the was a self-taught vertebrate palaeontologist. Rands colony mid-century. Sweet was mine manager of found an almost complete palaeoniscid fish further the Brunswick Brick, Tile & Pottery Co. at Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

S. TURNER & J. LONG

Mansfield and he built up an extensive fossil collec- rush in 1855, joined the Geological Survey of Victo- tion and worked for McCoy from 1888 to 1895. ria as a 16-year-old and went on to write an impor- McCoy (1890) in his short report on the fossils tant treatise on state geology (Murray 1895). noted that Sweet had ‘generously placed time and Gyracanthides is now considered to be a wide- experience at disposal of the NMV [‘National’ ranging genus with its possible origin and wide- Museum of Victoria] at his own expense except spread occurrences throughout Gondwana regions for some paid labourers’; plates showing the best in the Middle Devonian (e.g. Aztec Siltstone, Ant- specimens were drawn and made under McCoy’s arctica), with Gyracanthus appearing later in the supervision by a Swiss(?) illustrator, Dr Wild (e.g. Laurentian regions following the major continental Fig. 7). ‘With great skill’, McCoy had selected collisions of the mid- to Late Devonian (Long nearly all of the more important specimens to be 1993; Turner et al. 2005). drawn, although his preliminary determinations The other fishes in this fauna are all assigned to were ‘for the most part erroneous’ (quotes Wood- Osteichthyes. ASW readily placed all of these spec- ward 1906, p. 1). When McCoy died with the imens into well-known Northern Hemisphere gen- work incomplete, the beautiful lithographic plates era but in new species, including the rhizodont were sent by the Melbourne ‘National’ Museum Strepsodus decipiens, the lungfish Ctenodus brevi- of Victoria (NMV) Trustees to ASW in London ceps and the basal actinopterygians Elonichthys for him to finish the job. By the time of this first sweeti and E. gibbus. Subsequent revision of this major find of Australian Palaeozoic fishes, ASW fauna has seen these species reassigned to new had already written about agnathans, placoderms, endemic genera (Table 1). The large rhizodont acanthodians and ‘sharks’ since he had completed was redescribed as Barameda decipiens using new his study night classes in the early 1880s. material, and this genus was one of the first rhizo- By 1902 ASW had made his first assessment of dontids to have its skull, cheek and palate described the material sent to him from Melbourne. Although in detail (Long 1989; Long & Ahlberg 1999). This he would not have been happy with having plates genus has featured prominently in many major already drafted for publication without his scientific analyses of osteichthyans, sarcopterygians and, guidance, ASW accepted them to complete the in particular, tetrapodomorph relationships (e.g. descriptions started by McCoy (Woodward 1902c, Johanson & Ahlberg 1998; Jeffrey 2002; Long 1906). Sweet (1889) had thought that the Mansfield et al. 2006; Holland & Long 2009; Friedman & Bra- strata were Late Devonian in age based on the lithol- zeau 2010; Lu et al. 2012). Other rhizodontid ogy and aspects of the fossils and McCoy (1890) had remains from the district were described by Garvey followed this; Smith Woodward (1906) disagreed et al. (2005) and Holland et al. (2007b), including with Sweet and McCoy in thinking that the fauna erection of a new smaller species, Barameda mitch- contained elements seen in the Lower Devonian, elli (Fig. 8a). The lungfish was redescribed by Long Upper Devonian and the Calciferous Sandstones & Campbell (1985) as Delatitia breviceps. The (Lower Carboniferous) series and demonstrated identification of the palaeoniscoid taxon Elonich- based on his knowledge of gyracanth acanthodians thys in Australia was refuted by Long & Turner that the fauna was Carboniferous in age (although (1984) and these fish were then referred to two modern reassessment favours latest Devonian new endemic Australian taxa, Mansfieldiscus again; Turner et al. 2005). ASW (1906) compared (Fig. 8b) and Novogonatodus (Long 1988). Holland the fauna with taxa better known from the Northern et al. (2007b) further described Novogonatodus Hemisphere, including the new acanthodians (now based on a new specimen with a complete skull claimed as stem-chondrichthyans or osteichthyans) roof and cheek. The fauna from Mansfield is consid- Gyracanthides and Eupleurogmus, and a new spe- ered highly significant as one of the best preserved cies of Acanthodes (see Table 1, the Appendix). and diverse faunas of this age from anywhere in Of these Australian taxa only the genus Gyracan- the Southern Hemisphere, with strong links to thides (Fig. 7) is accepted as valid today, having important tetrapod-bearing faunas in the Northern been revised by Warren et al. (2000) and Turner Hemisphere, such as Red Hill (Turner et al. 2012). et al. (2005); the other taxa are currently regarded ASW’s acanthodian work was noted by Miles as nomina dubia. Gyracanthides murrayi, then the (1973), but it was not until the 2000s that all of only known articulated species of this large unusual the Australian and other Gondwanan material was acanthodian, was especially noted by Woodward re-examined and compared with that of classical (1903, 1904) for its similarities to the Northern Northern Hemisphere Coal Measures gyracanths Hemisphere taxon Gyracanthus. ASW used the spe- (e.g. Warren et al. 2000; Turner et al. 2005). cies name given in McCoy’s manuscript in honour One of Henry Woodward’s children, his only of the geologist and early collector Reginald Augus- son, Harry Page Woodward, went to Western Aus- tus Frederick Murray (Branagan & Vallance 1974: tralia in 1883. In 1886 he described a major, fasci- Fig. 2d), who came to Australia during the gold nating find from Late Palaeozoic rocks: a fine Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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Fig. 8. Reconstructions of osteichthyans from the Early Carboniferous Devils Plain Formation, Mansfield, Victoria: (a) Barameda mitchelli (Holland et al., 2007a), artwork by Peter Schouten; (b) Mansfieldiscus sweeti Long, 1988 (from Long 1995, artwork by J.L.).

toothwhorl of Helicoprion (‘Edestus’) davisii from Permian Newcastle Coal Measures of Taroo in the ‘Permo-Carboniferous’ (now known to be Early New South Wales in honour of his late friend Permian) of the Gascoyne River (H. Woodward TWED (Woodward 1940b) and fulfilling Mitchell’s 1886). Sadly, no details of the site are known and no (1925) intention. These taxa have not been revisited. further examples have come to light (Turner 1993; Long 1995, 2011). ASW subsequently reviewed Last but not least helicoprionids (e.g. Woodward 1900, 1903). Towards the end of his scientific life ASW The Revd William B. Clarke was the first to record described further Australian Palaeozoic actinoptery- fossil fish remains from the Burrinjuck area of gians discovered during a mid-twentieth-century New South Wales in 1878 (Fig. 1, Taemas; a bone wave of coal mining activity. The first of these in limestone collected by local squatter, Hamilton was Urosthenes latus from the Permian Upper Hume, and a fish spine sent to Egerton, noted Coal Measures of Lithgow, New South Wales above; see Moyal 2003, p. 1138; Young 2011). (Woodward 1931). Later, ASW named a ‘palaeonis- The discovery by C. A. Sussmilch of Sydney Tech- coid’ ‘Elonichthys’ davidi (see Long & Turner nical College of a fossil lungfish skull near old 1984, p. 242 for note about the genus) based on a Taemas Bridge on the Murrumbidgee River was specimen found by John Mitchell (1848–1928) of reported by Etheridge (1906); this was then the old- Newcastle Technical College from the Upper est record and another important example at the time Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

S. TURNER & J. LONG of a Devonian dipnoan. The significance of the Tae- inland to Mt Suess, and since then several expedi- mas skull resulted in it becoming the holotype of the tions have expanded the known areas of Devonian new genus Dipnorhynchus when ASW encouraged fossil beds (see Willis 2007; Stilwell & Long upcoming Australian researcher Edwin Sherbon 2011) and recovered many significant fossils Hills (1906–86: Fig. 2j) of Melbourne University (Young 1989a), including thelodonts (Turner & to tackle the description of this lungfish (Hills Young 1992), acanthodians (Young 1989b; Burrow 1933, 1941). Dipnorhynchus eventually became et al. 2009), antiarchs (Young 1988), arthrodires known from many additional skull finds, which (Young & Long 2014), sharks (Young 1982) and have made a valuable contribution to our under- osteichthyans (Young et al. 1992; Long et al. 2008). standing of earliest dipnoan neurocranial anatomy ASW had recognized eight different types of (Campbell & Barwick 1982). fish, three of which were named as new species A further Burrinjuck fish skull was collected by (Woodward 1921). He made a reasonable stab at student Mr J. A. Watt of Sydney University around the taxonomy, identifying what he thought were the same time, and this was sent by the NSW Gov- ‘ostracoderms’, possibly psammosteid remains – a ernment Geologist to London for examination by reasonable assumption given the associated placo- ASW. He exhibited this specimen at the Geological derms that clearly spoke to him of the Late Devo- Society of London (Woodward 1916) but did not nian given the current knowledge of the Northern describe it until 25 years later, during his retirement. Hemisphere Old Red Sandstone fishes. ASW also He named it Notopetalichthys hillsi in honour of realized that this grouping of fish species was essen- Sherbon Hills, and this was the first formal descrip- tially identical to those found in contemporaneous tion of a placoderm fish from Burrinjuck (Wood- Devonian deposits in Britain, North America and ward 1941) and the first known petalichthyid to be Europe. This was the first time this assemblage described from Australia. Sherbon Hills cited had been recognized in the Southern Hemisphere, ASW’s (1916) paper in his first paper on Devonian providing a hint at the ancient connections of the fishes in 1932. Thus, it is possible that ASW’s last continents that later investigations would reveal taxonomic work may have been prompted by the (e.g. Turner & Young 1992; Turner 1997; Stilwell arrival of postgraduate Hills in London when he & Long 2011). However, ASW himself did not came to tackle his doctorate (Turner & Long leap to any palaeobiographical conclusions. From 1989). In the preceding two decades ASW had that later work, we now know that ASW illustrated clearly been preoccupied with the Piltdown material the first thelodont scales from Gondwana, where and his rising interest in palaeoanthropology (e.g. they are now known to be widespread throughout Reader 1981). Notopetalichthys remains a valid the Devonian (Turner 1997). After study of the orig- and important genus of Early Devonian petalich- inal specimens and further material from later expe- thyid placoderm (Long & Turner 1984; Turner & ditions, Turner & Young (1992) described Turinia Long 1989). Today the Taemas–Wee Jasper fish antarctica from the Devonian Aztec Siltstone, fauna includes the most diverse assemblage of its where it is associated in the Givetian to early Fras- age (Pragian–Emsian), with over 70 known spe- nian(?) with bothriolepid placoderms (e.g. Young cies of thelodonts, sharks, placoderms, acantho- 1989a). dians, lungfishes and other primitive osteichthyans (Young 2011). Importance of people

Antarctica One of ASW’s earliest associations was with Edge- worth David (TWED); he later taught the next In the latter stages of his working life at the great palaeoichthyologist on the continent, Robert NHMUK, ASW described fish from the British T. Wade, who went to the University of Sydney Exploring Expedition to Antarctica, the first Devo- in 1901 and graduated with Honours in Geology nian fish from the continent (Woodward 1921). and Mathematics (BA, 1905; MA, 1924). Between A young Australian geologist, Frank Debenham 1925 and 1929 Wade collected hundreds of fossil (1883–1965; Walsh 1993, Fig. 2i), joined Captain fish from the Brookvale brick pits: he sent some to Scott’s ill-fated Terra Nova expedition in the sum- the newly retired ASW, but decided to continue his mer of 1911–12. He collected rocks from erratic own studies in vertebrate palaeontology following material that bristled with the macro- and micro- the award of a grant from the Australian National remains of armoured fish from a site near Granite Research Council. Wade entered Clare College, Harbour; the original material was found in the Cambridge, gaining his PhD in 1931 (Walsh debris left behind by ice melt from the Mackay Gla- 1990). He returned to Australia to collect more spec- cier (e.g. Long 2000). A New Zealand expedition in imens and sold his own collection of Australian 1957–58 traced the origin of this deposit further Mesozoic fishes to the NHMUK, the Trustees of Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

SMITH WOODWARD’S AUSTRALIAN WORK which published his memoir, The Triassic Fishes of skull from the Darling Downs in Queensland was Brookvale, New South Wales (Wade 1935). Wade assessed at the meeting by TWED (Branagan published six papers on Triassic and Jurassic fishes 2005; Allen 2010). As a result of missing this meet- in the Journal and Proceedings of the local Royal ing, ASW did not get to describe the fine new Trias- Society between 1930 and 1953 (see above). His sic amphibian recently found in the Sydney Basin. valuable descriptive work enlarged on that of ASW. Instead it went to D. M. S. Watson at University In the modern era, ASW’s Triassic bony fish work College London, although the skeleton was later was utilized to assess the identifications of isolated donated to the NHMUK (cf. Milner & Barrett scales from Queensland (e.g. Northwood 1999). 2015, and see Young 2015 for a bid for the return The only Tertiary Australian fish studied by of the specimen). ASW was awarded the 1914 ASW was the bony fish ‘Ctenolates’ avus from Clarke Medal of the Royal Society of New South Miocene diatomite at Nimbin, NSW (Woodward Wales for his contributions to Australian geology. 1902b), now placed in the genus Macquaria (see Unmack 1997), based on comparison with conge- neric fish from the Darling–Murray river system. Broader philosophical questions Sherbon Hills (1946) provided further work on such fish, describing Maccullochela from the east- What were ASW’s thoughts on Darwinian evolution ern Australian diatomites (Long & Turner 1984; (e.g. Woodward 1885) and on Wegener’s continen- Turner & Long 1989). Hills visited the Smith Wood- tal drift hypothesis and the position of the southern wards at Haywards Heath while a PhD student and continents? He did ‘see’ the similarities across signed Lady Smith Woodward’s famous tablecloth Gondwanan continents, as reflected in his naming (ESH to ST pers. comm, August 1986; Gardiner of some Australian fossils in relation to genera 1985; Milner 2015). already found in South Africa, such as Atherstonia As noted above, Devonian fish became the sub- (Woodward 1889b). Moreover, he did regard some ject of Hills’s PhD and he worked on some of the of the Australian taxa as almost identical to those material that had been sent earlier to ASW, with found in Britain, such as Gyracanthides and Gyra- the latter’s encouragement (Hills 1932). Hills went canthus, although McCoy (1890) had already recog- on to inspire the next generation of fossil fish nized this similarity. When it came to Antarctica, workers (e.g. Turner & Long 1989), including ASW had framed the taxa he named in relation to Judy Sullivan and Gavin Young; Sullivan worked ‘northern’ ones, just as most palaeontologists do for a Masters degree (unpublished) on the gyra- when they transfer their thinking from the Northern canths (Turner et al. 2005); Young went on to Hemisphere to the Southern; only later did endemic study Smith Woodward’s Antarctic material and ‘Gondwanan’ features become more apparent. By other Palaeozoic fish (see citations above and 1935 he was espousing continental drift ideas, Young 2015). and was an early exponent of this theory in Britain (cf. Le Grand 1988), and this can be seen also in Outreach his more cosmopolitan thinking in his paper on the beginnings of teleosts (Woodward 1942; see ASW travelled widely and attended many scientific Appendix). meetings. In 1909 he was President of the British G. G. Simpson (cited in Gardiner 1985) summa- Association for the Advancement of Science rized ASW’s achievements by saying that he was (BAAS) meeting, which was held in Canada. In indisputably best known for his voluminous and his address (Woodward 1909), he mentioned the detailed studies of fossil fishes, and considering evolution of fish and distribution, including refer- also that ASW’s book on fossil vertebrates (Wood- ence to Australian fish between the Upper Car- ward 1898) was for its time the best available in boniferous (having recently finished the work on English for students. ASW’s oeuvre of c. 600 gyracanth acanthodians) and the Triassic (with the works speaks for itself and few can match his com- xenacanth and actinopterygian volumes completed; mitment and sustained energy for science, although Woodward 1906, 1908a). he was perhaps not driven by any particular ideol- The one opportunity ASW might have taken to ogy, such as religion (in contrast to his contempo- visit Australia occurred with the mid-1914 BAAS rary von Huene; Turner 2009) or Darwinism. meeting, which was held in Melbourne. He did Interestingly, like other driven men, ASW had few offer a presentation on Scottish Late Devonian co-authors (Fig. 2; Tables 2 & 3). ASW’s methodol- fishes but it seems likely that the expense, his Keep- ogy does not accord with today’s high-tech and er’s responsibilities and his new ‘passion’ for palae- computer-driven analysis of fossils; rather he was oanthropology prevented him from attending. There a slow thinker who liked to look at objects from was a great deal of interest in his Piltdown finds at several viewpoints. He preferred to place the fossils the BAAS, however, especially when the Talgai on a windowsill and ponder all aspects of them Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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(Forster Cooper 1945). ASW’s publication ‘strat- encompasses the different cultural activities of egy’ was also not one that would be espoused acquiring, gaining, preserving, documenting, curat- today, nor would it fit today’s ‘publish or perish’ ing, understanding, promoting and mediating attitude; he did not target so-called ‘top journals’, objects. Until the point when the collected objects but preferred to link work to an audience with an reach a museum location, they undergo a variety appropriate journal type (Table 3). Perhaps this of cultural transformations; they cross physically affected his promotional aspirations; maybe he the vast space between the field and the museum should have chosen such important contemporary or other institutions. The ultimate inclusion of journals as the Royal Society’s Proceedings, espe- objects in a museum display or whether they are cially after gaining his Fellowship. given a new taxonomic name often rests on the Others contributions in this volume will put vagaries of this space, the ‘space in between’ (Kle- ASW’s attempts at anthropology into perspective mun 2012). In the case of Australia this has always (Dean et al. 2015). What ASW thought of as his meant a long and difficult ‘birth’ as the country and greatest triumph was the announcement in Nature its rocks are often difficult of access, then a similar on 5 December 1912 of early Pleistiocene hominid journey through the space between the Australian remains from near Lewes, Sussex, but this would locality and the destination (in ASW’s case the ultimately prove to be the body blow to his reputa- NHMUK). Whatever the scenario, a variety of dif- tion, albeit posthumously. His later career was over- ferent skills and actors were involved in the acquisi- shadowed by his work on Piltdown Man, which tion and circulation of Australian objects (Table 2). ultimately sullied his scientific reputation – he These ‘spaces’ include not only the scientists, but was ‘led astray’ (Stearn 1981, p. 235). Putting the also the different forms of packing and preparation record straight, Reader (1981) noted that, as Keeper, techniques, the instructions transmitted (by word ASW had the remit for all palaeontology and anthro- or letter), and the documentation and letters accom- pology in the NHMUK and Wymer (1999) noted panying the journey (e.g. see the labels on Dunstan that ASW was devoid of a sense of humour and specimens; Fig. 4b); these items (the ‘paper-trail’) this may have provided a motive for the hoax. Did were often lost in the long-distance transport or dis- the knighthoods received, ASW’s in 1924 and carded by later generations of museum workers, those of his contemporary and sometime supporters especially if untrained. These intangible and tangi- such as Arthur Keith in 1921 and Grafton Eliott ble aspects of knowledge production played a con- Smith (the not-quite establishment Australian) in siderable role in ASW’s work because he never 1934, reflect a shade of patriotic pride in the convic- went to Australia himself; he was the hub of receipt tion that the ancestor of man was an Englishman across the thousands of miles that allowed the (Reader 1981, p. 70)? ASW’s prestige and status unfolding of so many strands of Australia geology gave Piltdown Man respectability. As noted by (Table 3). Further work could be done on this Simpson (1944), ‘That was of course long before front by analysing the museum registers and letters the discovery that “Piltdown Man” was a hoax’. that passed between the colonial directors and We will emphasize that ASW spent his last 2– NHMUK or later to ASW in his retirement home, 3 years in blindness, but Maud encouraged, took but that is another story. dictation, edited and organized his last book pub- lished in the very apt ‘Thinker’s Library’ on The Earliest Englishman (Woodward 1948), which Conclusions was finished the day before he died (Maud Wood- ward in Preface). Although ASW’s Piltdown work Arthur Smith Woodward left a lasting legacy for the proved a failure, it did touch all parts of the Empire, geology and palaeontology of Australia, notably in influencing and inspiring people as far away as the discipline of palaeoichthyology with the first Heber Longman in Brisbane – a budding verte- descriptions of many Palaeozoic and Mesozoic brate palaeontologist and keen follower of ASW chondrichthyans and osteichthyans, and the use of (Turner 2005). those fish to date economically important rocks in The growth in knowledge of natural history in Australia (see Tables 1–3 and the Appendix). His the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries cannot be contribution to Australian palaeontology is some imagined without reference to objects or specimens 21 genera and species ranging from the Devonian and their circulation. In all corners of the globe to Tertiary and to the Devonian of Antarctica, with natural objects were collected and transported four major monographs written on Carboniferous, to knowledge centres, moved between locations Triassic and Jurassic faunas (see the Appendix). and added to collections. Closely related to these He had a broad knowledge of all fossil fish groups activities is the establishment of scientific ‘spaces’ thanks to his curatorial training and research work – how knowledge concerning distant entities is for the Catalogue of Fossil Fishes; ASW thus produced: apart from museums, this question became the focus for all of the fossil fish in the Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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‘British’ world and they passed to him through time hope to have reconsidered this eminent life and and space, enabling him to gain a global perspective. ‘fleshed’ out the ‘living fossil’ of ASW by showing The Australian oeuvre comprises a relatively how he should be considered for more than his ‘Big small percentage of the .600 papers and articles Mistake’. ASW’s achievements helped to unravel he wrote on fossil fish and other aspects of verte- Australian geological history with his contributions brate palaeontology, but the Mesozoic results in par- to stratigraphy across three states and the evolution- ticular (spanning 1890–1940) include several new ary history of vertebrates in general. ASW’s status taxa and influenced the understanding of eastern as Vertebrate Palaeontologist to an Empire is well Australian geology (Table 1; Appendix). illustrated by the 50 years of work that he carried In his powerful position as researcher and then out on Australian problems. Keeper of Geology at the NHMUK he control- We give many thanks to Mike Smith, NHMUK Earth led the influx and aided the identification of sci- Sciences, who inspired this study when ST worked at the entific specimens from the far corners of the NHM in December 2011 to February 2012. There she British Empire, including Australia and Antarctica. found a volume of ASW photographs in the Fossil Fish Although he never visited the far Southern Hemi- library, which led to a look at ASW’s life, a lecture sphere, he inspired the next generation of Austra- given at the 34th International Geological Congress in lian fossil fish workers, Wade and Sherborn Hills, Brisbane and a poster at the 150th anniversary symposium the latter in turn proving pivotal in the careers of in celebration of Smith Woodward’s birth. Mike and the late twentieth century students and researchers. NHM Librarians gave much archival support; John Reassessment of the work that ASW began goes Clark, Oxford University, helped source photographs; the Tom Vallance Database and Ruth Niblett provided bio- on today. We can only speculate whether or not graphical detail. We thank also two reviewers and editor ASW would eventually have made a journey to Paul Barrett for comments that improved the manuscript. the Australo-Pacific region: perhaps if his eldest The paper is dedicated to Guy Alexander Thulborn child had lived, ASW might have done so. His (1986–2012), for his research assistance and help with son, Cyril Randolph Woodward, Assistant Magis- logistics for the IGC and palaeontological contributions, trate serving in the Borneo Public Service, died and to our esteemed colleague David Oldroyd (1936– tragically of septicaemia aged 24 in 1924 (White 2014), inspiring historian, both sadly missed. 1945; Ruth Niblett pers. comm. July 2015), the event coinciding with, and perhaps even contribut- ing to, ASW’s retirement and removal from the Appendix NHMUK ‘stage’. Why did ASW not write his own biography? Arthur Smith Woodward’s contributions to Up to a point he did, both in manuscript form and Australasian geology via his own compilations of his papers, as did his wife with her unpublished manuscript (M. S. Wood- ASW, in a 53-year span, considered Australian and Antarc- ward n.d.; Smith 2011, 2012; Smith & Shindler tic fish/lower vertebrate/tetrapod specimens in around 30 2015). Supporting Oldroyd’s (2012) claim, ASW books and papers covering Palaeozoic to Pleistocene fos- was more famous ultimately for his ‘dabblings’ sils (see also Milner & Barrett 2015). in palaeoanthropology. The Piltdown ‘affair’ has piqued many biographers’ interest, people who (1) 1888. Note on the extinct reptilian genera Megala- otherwise would not have cared about his scientific nia, Owen and Meiolania, Owen. Annals & Maga- work. zine of Natural History, Series 6, 1, 85–89. Anatomist and palaeoanthropologist Sir Arthur (2) 1890a. On the discovery of a Jurassic fish-fauna in Keith (1948) said of ASW: the Hawkesbury Beds of New South Wales. [Abstract.] Annals & Magazine of Natural History, My friend ...died at Hill Place, Sussex, on Saturday 2, Series 6, 6, 423. 1944; he had entered his 81st year ...he had laboured (3) 1890b. The fossil fishes of the Hawkesbury Series at BMNH for 41 years. ... His career was crowded at Gosford, New South Wales. [Abstract.] Annals with one discovery after another; how full these years & Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 6, 423– were is vividly illustrated by the fact that the mere 424. list of additions he made to the knowledge of his time occupies 24 pages of The Proceedings of the (4) 1890c. On the discovery of a Jurassic fish-fauna in Royal Society’. [Our underlining.] the Hawkesbury Beds of New South Wales. [Abstract.] Geological Magazine, Decade 3, 7, Sir Arthur Smith Woodward has for 60 years been 565–566. the victim of a myth – that of Piltdown Man – (5) 1890d. On the discovery of a Jurassic fish-fauna in and thus his hagiography has been a ‘functional, the Hawkesbury–Wianamatta Beds of New South emotionally loaded culture of remembering’, almost Wales. Report of the British Association, 60 a ‘fossilized life’ sensu Klemun (2013). Here we (1890 for 1889), 822. Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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(6) 1890e. The fossil fishes of the Hawkesbury Series at National Museum Melbourne, 1, 1–32, pl. 1–11, Gosford, with Geology by T.W. Edgeworth David. 3 text-figs. Memoir of the Geological Survey of New South (22) 1906b. On a tooth of Ceratodus and a dinosaurian Wales, Palaeontology, 4, xiii + 57 pp., 12 pls, 1 claw from the Lower Jurassic of Victoria, Austra- text-fig. lia. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series (7) 1891. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British 7, 18,1–3. Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. (23) 1907a. On a reconstructed skeleton of Diproto- Part II. Elasmobranchii (Acanthodii), Holocephali, don in the British Museum (Natural History). ichthyodorulites etc. London. xliv + 567 pp., 16 Geological Magazine, Decade 5, 4, 337–339, pls, 58 text-figs. pl. 15. (8) 1892. Doubly-armoured Herrings. Annals & (24) 1907b. On a tooth of Ceratodus and a dinosaurian Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 10, 412– claw from the Lower Jurassic of Victoria, Austra- 413. lia. Records of the Geological Survey of Victoria, (9) 1892 (with R. Etheridge, Jr). On the occurrence of 2, 135–137, pl. 14. the genus Belonostomus in the Rolling Downs For- (25) 1908a. The fossil fishes of the Hawkesbury mation (Cretaceous) of central Queensland. Trans- Series at St Peter’s; with note by W. S. Dun. actions of the Royal Society of Victoria, 2, Part 2, Memoir of the Geological Survey of New 1–7, pl. 1. South Wales, Palaeontology 10,i–v+ 1–30 (10) 1893. [Aetheolepis scales] Natural Science, Lon- pp., 1.p 1–4. don, 3, 449: see Cat III, p. 157. (26) 1908b. On fossil fish remains from Snow Hill and (11) 1894. On some fish-remains of the genera Por- Seymour Island. Wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse theus and Cladocyclus, from the Rolling Downs der Schwedischen Su¨dpolar-Expedition 1901– Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Queensland. 1902, III, Geologie und Pala¨ontologie (1916) 1– Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 5 figs, 1 pl. (see Harrington 1965). 6, 14, 444–447, pl. 10. (27) 1909. On a new Labyrinthodon from Oil-Shale at (12) 1895a. The fossil fishes of the Talbragar Beds Airly. Records of the Geological Survey of New (Jurassic?). Memoir of the Geological Survey of South Wales, 8, 317–319, pl. 51. New South Wales, Palaeontology, 9, xiii + 31 (28) 1910. On remains of a megalosaurian dinosaur pp., 7 pls, 1 map. from New South Wales. Report of the British Asso- (13) 1895b. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British ciation, 79 (1909), 482–483. Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. (29) 1916. [...Devonian fish remains from Australia Part III. London. xlii + 544 pages, 18 plates. 45 and the Antarctica regions ...] Abstracts of the text figs. Proceedings of the Geological Society (1915– (14) 1900. Reviews. Helicoprion – spine or tooth? Geo- 1916), 65–66. logical Magazine, Decade 4, 7, 33–36. (30) 1921. Fish-remains from the Upper Old Red Sand- (15) 1901. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British stone of Granite Harbour, Antarctica. British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. Museum (Natural History), London, British Ant- Part IV. London. xxxviii + 636 pp., 19 pls, 22 arctic (‘Terra Nova’) Expedition 1910, Natural text-figs. History Report Geology, 1, 51–62, pl. 1. (16) 1902a.OnAthersonia australis and Ctenolates (31) 1931. On Urosthenes, a fossil fish from the Upper avus, two new species of fossil fishes from Coal Measures of Lithgow, New South Wales. New South Wales. Records of the Geological Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, Survey of New South Wales, VII, 2, 88– 8, 365–367, pl. 14. 91 + pl. XXIV. (32) 1940a. The affinities of the Palaeozoic pleuracanth (17) 1902b. Preliminary note on a Carboniferous fish sharks. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, fauna from Victoria, Australia. Geological Maga- Series 11, 5, 323–326. zine, Decade 4, 9, 471–473. (33) 1940b. A palaeoniscid fish (Elonichthys davidi, sp. (18) 1903a. On a Carboniferous acanthodian fish, Gyra- nov.) from the Newcastle Coal Measures, New canthides. [Abstract.] Geological Magazine, Dec- South Wales. Annals & Magazine of Natural His- ade 4, 10, 512–513. tory, Series 11, 6, 462–464, pl. 17. (19) 1903b. Preliminary note on a Carboniferous fish- (34) 1941. The head shield of a new macropetalichthyid fauna from Victoria, Australia. Report of the Brit- Fish (Notopetalichthys hillsi, gen. et sp. nov.) from ish Association, 72 (1902), 615–616. the Middle Devonian of Australia. Annals & Mag- (20) 1904. On a Carboniferous acanthodian fish, Gyra- azine of Natural History, Series 11, 8, 91–96, pl. 1, canthides. Report of the British Association, 73, 1 text-fig. 662–663. (35) 1942. The beginning of the teleostean fishes. (21) 1906a. On a Carboniferous fish fauna from Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, the Mansfield district, Victoria. Memoir of the 9, 902–912, 7 text-figs. Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on October 30, 2015

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