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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17944-8 — Evolution and Development of Fishes Edited by Zerina Johanson , Charlie Underwood , Martha Richter Index More Information Index abaxial muscle,33 Alizarin red, 110 arandaspids, 5, 61–62 abdominal muscles, 212 Alizarin red S whole mount staining, 127 Arandaspis, 5, 61, 69, 147 ability to repair fractures, 129 Allenypterus, 253 arcocentra, 192 Acanthodes, 14, 79, 83, 89–90, 104, 105–107, allometric growth, 129 Arctic char, 130 123, 152, 152, 156, 213, 221, 226 alveolar bone, 134 arcualia, 4, 49, 115, 146, 191, 206 Acanthodians, 3, 7, 13–15, 18, 23, 29, 63–65, Alx, 36, 47 areolar calcification, 114 68–69, 75, 79, 82, 84, 87–89, 91, 99, 102, Amdeh Formation, 61 areolar cartilage, 192 104–106, 114, 123, 148–149, 152–153, ameloblasts, 134 areolar mineralisation, 113 156, 160, 189, 192, 195, 198–199, 207, Amia, 154, 185, 190, 193, 258 Areyongalepis,7,64–65 213, 217–218, 220 ammocoete, 30, 40, 51, 56–57, 176, 206, 208, Argentina, 60–61, 67 Acanthodiformes, 14, 68 218 armoured agnathans, 150 Acanthodii, 152 amphiaspids, 5, 27 Arthrodira, 12, 24, 26, 28, 74, 82–84, 86, 194, Acanthomorpha, 20 amphibians, 1, 20, 150, 172, 180–182, 245, 248, 209, 222 Acanthostega, 22, 155–156, 255–258, 260 255–256 arthrodires, 7, 11–13, 22, 28, 71–72, 74–75, Acanthothoraci, 24, 74, 83 amphioxus, 49, 54–55, 124, 145, 155, 157, 159, 80–84, 152, 192, 207, 209, 212–213, 215, Acanthothoracida, 11 206, 224, 243–244, 249–250 219–220 acanthothoracids, 7, 12, 74, 81–82, 211, 215, Amphioxus, 120 Ascl,36 219 Amphystylic, 148 Asiaceratodus,21 Acellular Bone, 130 Anablepidae, 203, 214 aspidin, 3 Achoania,20 Anableps, 200 Aspidorhynchiformes, 19 Acipenser, 154 Anal fin, 12, 103, 105, 107, 191, 194–195, 201, aspiration pump, 255 Acraniate Chordates, 145 205, 207–211, 214, 217–218, 220, Astatoreochromis alluaudi, 130 Acrodus, 16, 102 224–225 Asteracanthus,16 Actinistia, 3, 20, 210, 259–260 Anaspida, 5 Asterodermus,16 actinistians, 78–79, 194–195, 254, 260 anaspids, 150 Asterolepis,12 actinolepidoids, 12 anaulacorhize, 103 Astraspida, 5 actinopterygian skull anatomy, 145 Andreolepis, 17, 23, 67–68, 77, 83 Astraspis, 5, 24, 60–62, 68–69 actinopterygians, 3, 17–20, 24, 27, 75, 97, 118, Androgen, 217, 224 atavisms, 126 148, 153–155, 177–178, 182, 188–193, Androgen Receptor, 217 Ateleaspis, 6, 27, 49, 55 195–197, 199, 201–203, 207, 210, Androgen Response Element, 217 Atlantic salmon, 128 213–214, 218, 220–221, 245, 247–248, angelfish, 19 Atoh, 31, 46 252–253, 255–258 angular, 77, 155 atubular dentine, 134 Actinopterygii, 3, 22, 25–26, 28–29, 139, anosteocytic, 129 Australia, vi–vii, 1, 3, 5–8, 10–29, 60–61, 64, 152–154, 157, 171–172, 177, 182, 185, 201 antarctaspidids, 12 69–70, 82–85, 107, 109, 157–158, adameloid, 134 anterior oblique et rectus Muscle,37 203–204, 209–210, 221, 223, 225, adductor mandibulae muscle, 173, 175, 177–182 Antiarchi, 11, 83–85, 211, 225, 261 259–261 adductores branchiales, 173, 176–178 antiarchs, 8, 11, 71–72, 74–75, 81, 83, 85–86, Austrophyllolepis, 13, 73, 212 adenohypophyseal Placode,47 152, 199, 207–208, 211, 214, 219, 222 Austroptyctodus, 12, 209 adenohypophysis, 47, 52, 57 antibodies, 121 autapomorphic, 105 adipose tissue, 126 anurans, 97 Autostylic, 148 admedian spine, 89 Anzaldo Formation, 61, 63 Axelrodichthys, 253 Adololopas,21 AP,36 axial skeleton, 2, 6, 48, 114, 116, 124, 128, Aethaspis,13 Apedolepis,7 133, 138, 142, 145, 188–190, 192–194, Aethenaegis,5 Apical Ectodermal Ridge, 216 202, 204, 206, 239, 257, 259 Aggrecan, 137 apoptosis, 122, 135–136, 217–218 axolotl, 146 agnathan vellum, 151 apopyle Clasper, 213 agnathans, 160, 173 appendicular skeleton, 1–2, 112, 118, 188–189, Bapx, 36, 47, 120 air-breathing, 252, 256, 258 213 Barwickia, 210, 256–258 Akmonistion, 89, 102 Arandaspida, 5 Barx, 36, 47 Alcian blue, 110 arandaspidids, 150 basibranchial copula, 103 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17944-8 — Evolution and Development of Fishes Edited by Zerina Johanson , Charlie Underwood , Martha Richter Index More Information 264 Index basibranchial skeleton, 88 buccal pump, 13, 21, 24, 252, 255–259 cement, 134 basicranial carotid-aortic circuit, 100 buccohypophyseal opening, 74–75, cementoblasts, 135 basicranium, 97, 103, 105 80–81, 95 central nervous system, 31, 145 basihyal, 104 buccohypophysial canal. Parasphenoid,74 Centropristes,77 basioccipital fovea, 101 buccohypophysial opening, 74 cephalaspidomorphs, 150 basipharyngeal joint, 131 Buchanosteus, 13, 29 Cephalaspis,7 basipterygium, 100, 104, 201, 212–213 Bukkanodus,20 cephalochordate, 120, 145 basipterygoid, 96 Burgess Shale, 4, 146, 150 Cephaloscyllium ventriosum, 114 batoids, 97, 100, 114 Bythitidae, 214, 224 ceratobranchial, 98, 155 Batomorphii, 16 Ceratodontidae, 21 Bayesian tip-dating, 7 Cad IA,36 Ceratodus,21 Belemnobatis,16 Cad IIA,36 ceratohyal, 98 Belén Formation, 90, 93 calcification in Chondrichthyes, 118 cervical spinal nerves, 176 BGN/DCN,31 calcium phosphate, 152 cestracionts, 101 bichirs, 17 calcium phosphate deposition, 128 channelling adaptive radiation, 129 Big Five extinctions, 59 calcium storage, 128 Charles Doolittle Walcott, 60 birds, 1, 20, 181, 217 calcium-phosphate, 113 Charles Lapworth, 60 Birgeria, 210 Callorhinchus, 100 Cheirolepis,17–18, 22, 25, 27, 190, 193, 195, Black River Group, 61 Callorhinchus milii, 115, 120 201, 255 blastocoel, 42, 44 Cambrian, 145–146, 155 Chengjiang fauna, 4 blastopore, 42–44, 56 Cambrian Explosion, 59 chicken, 115 blastula, 41, 44 Campbellodus, 12, 73, 84, 211–212 Chiloscyllium, 169, 217 Bmp, 120 Campbellton Formation, 88 Chimaera, 149 Bobasitrania,19 Camuropiscis, 212 chimaeras, 13, 87, 99, 104 Bolivia, 5, 60–61, 63, 68, 84, 88, 90, 92–93, Canada, vi, 4–6, 11, 14–15, 20, 22, 24, 27–28, chimaerid, 16 95–98, 107–108, 223 48, 53, 60, 63, 65, 68–69, 83, 88, 106–109, chimaeriform, 16 bone, bony armour, 3, 5–8, 11–13, 15, 17, 20, 124, 137, 201, 203, 210, 221, 223–224, chimaeroids, 60, 75, 79, 81, 88, 90, 97, 22, 28, 61–63, 66, 72, 74, 77, 80, 98, 250, 255, 257 100–103, 109, 113–115, 119–120, 104–105, 110, 112–114, 116, 124–131, Canyonlepis,64–65 152–153 133–144, 147, 149–150, 152–154, 173, cap-stage, 162 China, vii, 1, 3–8, 10–14, 17, 19–29, 56, 67, 188–192, 199, 202, 204–208, 210–212, Carangidae, 132 69–70, 79, 82–86, 144–145, 151, 153, 214, 219–220, 225, 228, 234, 236–237, Caranx caninus, 132 156–157, 159, 206, 211, 214, 225–226 239–240, 247, 255 Carboniferous, 3, 14–15, 17, 19–22, 24–27, 66, Chirodipterus, 21, 77, 210, 224 Boreaspis,6 100, 106–107, 109, 150, 157, 194–195, chismopnés, 99 Bothriolepis, 12, 22, 25, 72–73, 81, 83, 85, 205, 210, 214, 222, 224, 253–254, 257, Chlamydoselachus, 176 209, 211, 220–222, 224, 226, 253, 260–261 choana, 21 259–262 Carchariniformes, 110 Chondrenchelys, 100 Brachydegma,19 Carcharocles, 16, 27 chondrichthyan crown, 99 brachythoracids, 12–13, 74 Carcharodon, 16, 24, 165, 170 chondrichthyans, 1, 3, 7, 11, 13–16, 64–65, brain regionalization, 30, 40, 46, 50, 145 Cardabiodon,16 67–68, 75, 79, 82, 87, 89–90, 97–99, 101, braincase branchial arches, 7–8, 12–13, 15–16, Cardiac, Mesoderm,37 103–105, 108, 110, 113–116, 119–122, 18, 21–24, 47, 54, 69, 72, 74–75, 81–82, Carmichael Sandstone, 61 124, 146–150, 152–153, 167, 169, 85, 88, 90, 92, 94–95, 97–98, 102, cartilage, 3, 6–8, 16, 47–48, 50–51, 55, 62, 75, 172–173, 176–177, 181, 188–189, 104–106, 108–109, 121, 123, 144–147, 77, 79, 89–92, 95–100, 104–105, 107, 191–192, 194–199, 201, 204, 207–208, 150–153, 155–156, 176, 178, 181, 210, 110–128, 130–131, 134–140, 144, 210, 213–215, 217–220, 224, 245, 248, 215, 221, 223, 245, 248, 257 146–149, 152–153, 156, 158, 168, 173, 255 branchial basket, 150 188–192, 194–195, 202–206, 216, 228, Chondrichthyes, 7, 13, 22, 25, 27, 29, 64–65, branchial muscles, 172–173 230–234, 236–237, 239–240, 244, 67–68, 83, 85, 87–88, 100, 104, 106–110, branchial openings, 61, 145 249–250 114, 118, 120–125, 144, 147, 149, branchial pouch, 30 cartilaginous anlagen, 127 152–153, 158–160, 171–173, 184–187, branchiomeric muscles, 172, 182, 184, 186 cartilaginous kinethmoid, 131 203–204, 206, 208, 214, 220–221, branchiostegal ray, 77, 80 Cassidiceps,64 223–224, 249, 251 Branchiostoma, 144 catshark, 110, 116, 169 chondrification, 35–36, 40, 96, 193 Brindabellaspis,7,11–12, 199 caudal et ventral rectus, 35 chondroblasts, 112 Britain, 5–6, 29, 159 caudal mesoderm, 32 chondrocrania, 146 Brn- B,36 Cavenderichthys, 19, 22 chondrocranium, 30, 40, 42, 48–50, 55, 112, Brochoadmones, 64, 68 cell labeling, 30, 50 144, 146–148, 152–153, 194 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17944-8 — Evolution and Development of Fishes Edited by Zerina Johanson , Charlie Underwood , Martha Richter Index More Information Index 265 chondrocytes, 31, 35, 112–113, 115–116, core gene set, 162 dentary, 8, 17, 21, 77–81, 136, 139, 149, 118–123, 125, 134–138, 189, 240 coronoid, 77–78 152–153, 155, 173 chondrogenesis, 131, 134 Corvaspis,5 denticles, 11, 15, 21, 71, 74–75, 81–82, 84, 89, chondroid bone, 126, 136 cosmine, 17, 20–21, 195, 205 100, 102–103, 146, 160–161, 169–170, chordacentra, 191–192 cotylus, 97 201, 213 chordocytes, 134 co-variation of non-plastic traits, 129 dentine, 3, 5–7, 13, 20–21, 61–63, 66, 79, 96, chordoid, 134 Cowralepis, 13, 23, 28, 73–74, 82–84, 184, 209, 99, 126, 128, 134–135, 160, 188–190 cichlid fishes, 129 225 depressor hyomandibulae, 174 cichlid pharyngeal jaws, 136 cranial ganglia, 35, 38 dermal armour, 128 Cladarosymblema,22 cranial nerves, 7, 11, 42, 51, 53–54,
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    Phylum Chordata SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA Metameric chordates Linear series of cartilaginous or boney support (vertebrae) surrounding or replacing the notochord Expanded anterior portion of nervous system THE FISHES SCALES & TAILS SCALE TYPES 1. COSMOID (most primitive) First found on ostracaderm agnathans, thick & boney - composed of: Ganoine (enamel outer layer) Cosmine (thick under layer) Spongy bone Lamellar bone Perhaps selected for protection against eurypterids, but decreased flexibility 2. GANOID (primitive, still found on some living fish like gar) 3. PLACOID (old scale type found on the chondrichthyes) Dentine, tooth-like 4. CYCLOID (more recent scale type, found in modern osteichthyes) 5. CTENOID (most modern scale type, found in modern osteichthyes) TAILS HETEROCERCAL (primitive, still found on chondrichthyes) ABBREVIATED HETEROCERCAL (found on some primitive living fish like gar) DIPHYCERCAL (primitive, found on sarcopterygii) HOMOCERCAL (most modern, found on most modern osteichthyes) Agnatha (class) [connect the taxa] Cyclostomata (order) Placodermi Acanthodii (class) (class) Chondrichthyes (class) Osteichthyes (class) Actinopterygii (subclass) Sarcopterygii (subclass) Dipnoi (order) Crossopterygii (order) Ripidistia (suborder) Coelacanthiformes (suborder) Chondrostei (infra class) Holostei (infra class) Teleostei (infra class) CLASS AGNATHA ("without jaws") Most primitive - first fossils in Ordovician Bottom feeders, dorsal/ventral flattened Cosmoid scales (Ostracoderms) Pair of eyes + pineal eye - present in a few living fish and reptiles - regulates circadian rhythms Nine - seven gill pouches No paired appendages, medial nosril ORDER CYCLOSTOMATA (60 spp) Last living representatives - lampreys & hagfish Notochord not replaced by vertebrae Cartilaginous cranium, scaleless body Sea lamprey predaceous - horny teeth in buccal cavity & on tongue - secretes anti-coaggulant Lateral Line System No stomach or spleen 5 - 7 year life span - adults move into freshwater streams, spawn, & die.
  • New Placoderm Fishes from the Early Devonian B U C H a N G R O U P , E a S T E R N V I C T O R

    New Placoderm Fishes from the Early Devonian B U C H a N G R O U P , E a S T E R N V I C T O R

    PROC. R. SOC. VICT. vol. 96, no. 4, 173-186, Decemb er 1984 NEW PLACODERM FISHES FROM THE EARLY DEVONIAN BUCHAN GROUP, EASTERN VICTORIA By J ohn A. L ong Department of G eology, Australian National Universi ty, P.O . Box 4, Canberra, A.C .T. 2601 A bstract : Three new placoderms are described from the McLarty Member of the Murrindal Limestone (Early Devonian, Buchan Group). M urrindalaspis wallacei gen. el sp. nov. is a palae- acanthaspidoid characterized by having a high m edia n dorsal crest and lacking a m edian ventral keel. M. bairdi sp. nov. differs from the type species in having a low median dorsal crest and a median ventral groove. Taem asosteus m aclarliensis sp. nov. differs from the type species T. novaustrocam bricus W hite in the shape of the posterior region of the nuchal plate, the presence of canals between the infranuch al pits and the posterior face o f the nuchal plate, th e shape of the paranuchal plate, and the developm en t of the apronic lam ina of the anterior lateral plate. The placoderm s, A renipiscis westoUi Young, Errolosleus cf. E. goodradigbeensis Young, W ijdeaspis warrooensis Young, are recorded from the Buchan Group indicati ng close sim ilarity to the ichthyofauna of the contem poraneous M urrumbidgee Group, New Sout h W ales. Few fossil fishes have been studied from the Early been described from the Murrumbidgee and Mulga Devonian Buchan Group. M cCoy (1876) described some Downs Groups in New South Wales and the Cravens placoderm plates from this region as Asterolepis ornata Peak Beds in Queensland, with numerous sites yielding var.
  • ORDOVICIAN FISH from the ARABIAN PENINSULA by IVAN J

    ORDOVICIAN FISH from the ARABIAN PENINSULA by IVAN J

    [Palaeontology, Vol. 52, Part 2, 2009, pp. 337–342] ORDOVICIAN FISH FROM THE ARABIAN PENINSULA by IVAN J. SANSOM*, C. GILES MILLER , ALAN HEWARDà,–, NEIL S. DAVIES*,**, GRAHAM A. BOOTHà, RICHARD A. FORTEY and FLORENTIN PARIS§ *Earth Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; e-mail: [email protected] Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; e-mails: [email protected] and [email protected] àPetroleum Development Oman, Muscat, Oman; e-mail: [email protected] §Ge´osciences, Universite´ de Rennes, 35042 Rennes, France; e-mail: fl[email protected] –Present address: Petrogas E&P, Muscat, Oman; e-mail: [email protected] **Present address: Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada; e-mail: [email protected] Typescript received 25 February 2008; accepted in revised form 19 May 2008 Abstract: Over the past three decades Ordovician pteras- morphs from the Arabian margin of Gondwana. These are pidomorphs (armoured jawless fish) have been recorded among the oldest arandaspids known, and greatly extend from the fringes of the Gondwana palaeocontinent, in par- the palaeogeographical distribution of the clade around the ticular Australia and South America. These occurrences are periGondwanan margin. Their occurrence within a very dominated by arandaspid agnathans, the oldest known narrow, nearshore ecological niche suggests that similar group of vertebrates with extensive biomineralisation of Middle Ordovician palaeoenvironmental settings should be the dermoskeleton. Here we describe specimens of arandas- targeted for further sampling. pid agnathans, referable to the genus Sacabambaspis Gagnier, Blieck and Rodrigo, from the Ordovician of Key words: Ordovician, pteraspidomorphs, Gondwana pal- Oman, which represent the earliest record of pteraspido- aeocontinent, Sacabambaspis, Oman.
  • Ornamentation of Dermal Bones of Placodermi from the Lower Devonian of Morocco As a Measure of Biodiversity

    Ornamentation of Dermal Bones of Placodermi from the Lower Devonian of Morocco As a Measure of Biodiversity

    Mateusz Antczak, Błażej Berkowski Geologos 23, 2 (2017): 65–73 doi: 10.1515/logos-2017-0009 Ornamentation of dermal bones of Placodermi from the Lower Devonian of Morocco as a measure of biodiversity Mateusz Antczak1*, Błażej Berkowski1 1Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Institute of Geology, Department of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Krygowskiego 12, 61-680 Poznań, Poland * corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Dermal bones are formed early during growth and thus constitute an important tool in studies of ontogenetic and evo- lutionary changes amongst early vertebrates. Ornamentation of dermal bones of terrestrial vertebrates is often used as a taxonomic tool, for instance in Aetosauria, extant lungfishes (Dipnoi) and ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), for which it have been proved to be of use in differentiating specimens to species level. However, it has not been utilised to the same extent in placoderms. Several features of the ornamentation of Early Devonian placoderms from Hamar Laghdad (Morocco) were examined using both optical and scanning electron microscopy to determine whether it is possible to distinguish armoured Palaeozoic fishes. Four distinct morphotypes, based on ornamentation of dermal bones, are dif- ferentiated. These distinct types of ornamentation may be the result of either different location of dermal plates on the body or of ontogenetic (intraspecific) and/or interspecific variation. Keywords: Arthrodira, interspecific variation, ontogeny, fishes, North Africa 1. Introduction both between species and ontogenetic stages (Tri- najstic, 1999); acanthodians are almost exclusively Dermal bones, or membranous bones, form known by scale taxa (Brazeau & Friedman, 2015), as without a chondral stage; in extant fish taxa these are many sharks (e.g., Martin, 2009).