Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17944-8

Home , Arandaspis, Asterolepis (fish), Buchanosteus, Ceratodontidae, Chirodipterus, Cosmine

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17944-8 — Evolution and Development of Fishes Edited by Zerina Johanson , Charlie Underwood , Martha Richter Index More Information

Index

abaxial muscle,33 Alizarin red, 110 arandaspids, 5, 61–62 abdominal muscles, 212 Alizarin red S whole mount staining, 127 Arandaspis, 5, 61, 69, 147 ability to repair fractures, 129 Allenypterus, 253 arcocentra, 192 Acanthodes, 14, 79, 83, 89–90, 104, 105–107, allometric growth, 129 Arctic char, 130 123, 152, 152, 156, 213, 221, 226 alveolar bone, 134 arcualia, 4, 49, 115, 146, 191, 206 Acanthodians, 3, 7, 13–15, 18, 23, 29, 63–65, Alx, 36, 47 areolar calcification, 114 68–69, 75, 79, 82, 84, 87–89, 91, 99, 102, Amdeh Formation, 61 areolar cartilage, 192 104–106, 114, 123, 148–149, 152–153, ameloblasts, 134 areolar mineralisation, 113 156, 160, 189, 192, 195, 198–199, 207, Amia, 154, 185, 190, 193, 258 Areyongalepis,7,64–65 213, 217–218, 220 ammocoete, 30, 40, 51, 56–57, 176, 206, 208, Argentina, 60–61, 67 Acanthodiformes, 14, 68 218 armoured agnathans, 150 Acanthodii, 152 amphiaspids, 5, 27 Arthrodira, 12, 24, 26, 28, 74, 82–84, 86, 194, Acanthomorpha, 20 amphibians, 1, 20, 150, 172, 180–182, 245, 248, 209, 222 Acanthostega, 22, 155–156, 255–258, 260 255–256 arthrodires, 7, 11–13, 22, 28, 71–72, 74–75, Acanthothoraci, 24, 74, 83 amphioxus, 49, 54–55, 124, 145, 155, 157, 159, 80–84, 152, 192, 207, 209, 212–213, 215, Acanthothoracida, 11 206, 224, 243–244, 249–250 219–220 acanthothoracids, 7, 12, 74, 81–82, 211, 215, Amphioxus, 120 Ascl,36 219 Amphystylic, 148 Asiaceratodus,21 Acellular Bone, 130 Anablepidae, 203, 214 aspidin, 3 Achoania,20 Anableps, 200 Aspidorhynchiformes, 19 Acipenser, 154 Anal fin, 12, 103, 105, 107, 191, 194–195, 201, aspiration pump, 255 Acraniate Chordates, 145 205, 207–211, 214, 217–218, 220, Astatoreochromis alluaudi, 130 Acrodus, 16, 102 224–225 Asteracanthus,16 Actinistia, 3, 20, 210, 259–260 Anaspida, 5 Asterodermus,16 actinistians, 78–79, 194–195, 254, 260 anaspids, 150 Asterolepis,12 actinolepidoids, 12 anaulacorhize, 103 Astraspida, 5 actinopterygian skull anatomy, 145 Andreolepis, 17, 23, 67–68, 77, 83 Astraspis, 5, 24, 60–62, 68–69 actinopterygians, 3, 17–20, 24, 27, 75, 97, 118, Androgen, 217, 224 atavisms, 126 148, 153–155, 177–178, 182, 188–193, Androgen Receptor, 217 Ateleaspis, 6, 27, 49, 55 195–197, 199, 201–203, 207, 210, Androgen Response Element, 217 Atlantic salmon, 128 213–214, 218, 220–221, 245, 247–248, angelfish, 19 Atoh, 31, 46 252–253, 255–258 angular, 77, 155 atubular dentine, 134 Actinopterygii, 3, 22, 25–26, 28–29, 139, anosteocytic, 129 Australia, vi–vii, 1, 3, 5–8, 10–29, 60–61, 64, 152–154, 157, 171–172, 177, 182, 185, 201 antarctaspidids, 12 69–70, 82–85, 107, 109, 157–158, adameloid, 134 anterior oblique et rectus Muscle,37 203–204, 209–210, 221, 223, 225, adductor mandibulae muscle, 173, 175, 177–182 Antiarchi, 11, 83–85, 211, 225, 261 259–261 adductores branchiales, 173, 176–178 antiarchs, 8, 11, 71–72, 74–75, 81, 83, 85–86, Austrophyllolepis, 13, 73, 212 adenohypophyseal Placode,47 152, 199, 207–208, 211, 214, 219, 222 Austroptyctodus, 12, 209 adenohypophysis, 47, 52, 57 antibodies, 121 autapomorphic, 105 adipose tissue, 126 anurans, 97 Autostylic, 148 admedian spine, 89 Anzaldo Formation, 61, 63 Axelrodichthys, 253 Adololopas,21 AP,36 axial skeleton, 2, 6, 48, 114, 116, 124, 128, Aethaspis,13 Apedolepis,7 133, 138, 142, 145, 188–190, 192–194, Aethenaegis,5 Apical Ectodermal Ridge, 216 202, 204, 206, 239, 257, 259 Aggrecan, 137 apoptosis, 122, 135–136, 217–218 axolotl, 146 agnathan vellum, 151 apopyle Clasper, 213 agnathans, 160, 173 appendicular skeleton, 1–2, 112, 118, 188–189, Bapx, 36, 47, 120 air-breathing, 252, 256, 258 213 Barwickia, 210, 256–258 Akmonistion, 89, 102 Arandaspida, 5 Barx, 36, 47 Alcian blue, 110 arandaspidids, 150 basibranchial copula, 103

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17944-8 — Evolution and Development of Fishes Edited by Zerina Johanson , Charlie Underwood , Martha Richter Index More Information

264 Index

basibranchial skeleton, 88 buccal pump, 13, 21, 24, 252, 255–259 cement, 134 basicranial carotid-aortic circuit, 100 buccohypophyseal opening, 74–75, cementoblasts, 135 basicranium, 97, 103, 105 80–81, 95 central nervous system, 31, 145 basihyal, 104 buccohypophysial canal. Parasphenoid,74 Centropristes,77 basioccipital fovea, 101 buccohypophysial opening, 74 cephalaspidomorphs, 150 basipharyngeal joint, 131 Buchanosteus, 13, 29 Cephalaspis,7 basipterygium, 100, 104, 201, 212–213 Bukkanodus,20 cephalochordate, 120, 145 basipterygoid, 96 Burgess Shale, 4, 146, 150 Cephaloscyllium ventriosum, 114 batoids, 97, 100, 114 Bythitidae, 214, 224 ceratobranchial, 98, 155 Batomorphii, 16 Ceratodontidae, 21 Bayesian tip-dating, 7 Cad IA,36 Ceratodus,21 Belemnobatis,16 Cad IIA,36 ceratohyal, 98 Belén Formation, 90, 93 calciﬁcation in Chondrichthyes, 118 cervical spinal nerves, 176 BGN/DCN,31 calcium phosphate, 152 cestracionts, 101 bichirs, 17 calcium phosphate deposition, 128 channelling adaptive radiation, 129 Big Five extinctions, 59 calcium storage, 128 Charles Doolittle Walcott, 60 birds, 1, 20, 181, 217 calcium-phosphate, 113 Charles Lapworth, 60 Birgeria, 210 Callorhinchus, 100 Cheirolepis,17–18, 22, 25, 27, 190, 193, 195, Black River Group, 61 Callorhinchus milii, 115, 120 201, 255 blastocoel, 42, 44 Cambrian, 145–146, 155 Chengjiang fauna, 4 blastopore, 42–44, 56 Cambrian Explosion, 59 chicken, 115 blastula, 41, 44 Campbellodus, 12, 73, 84, 211–212 Chiloscyllium, 169, 217 Bmp, 120 Campbellton Formation, 88 Chimaera, 149 Bobasitrania,19 Camuropiscis, 212 chimaeras, 13, 87, 99, 104 Bolivia, 5, 60–61, 63, 68, 84, 88, 90, 92–93, Canada, vi, 4–6, 11, 14–15, 20, 22, 24, 27–28, chimaerid, 16 95–98, 107–108, 223 48, 53, 60, 63, 65, 68–69, 83, 88, 106–109, chimaeriform, 16 bone, bony armour, 3, 5–8, 11–13, 15, 17, 20, 124, 137, 201, 203, 210, 221, 223–224, chimaeroids, 60, 75, 79, 81, 88, 90, 97, 22, 28, 61–63, 66, 72, 74, 77, 80, 98, 250, 255, 257 100–103, 109, 113–115, 119–120, 104–105, 110, 112–114, 116, 124–131, Canyonlepis,64–65 152–153 133–144, 147, 149–150, 152–154, 173, cap-stage, 162 China, vii, 1, 3–8, 10–14, 17, 19–29, 56, 67, 188–192, 199, 202, 204–208, 210–212, Carangidae, 132 69–70, 79, 82–86, 144–145, 151, 153, 214, 219–220, 225, 228, 234, 236–237, Caranx caninus, 132 156–157, 159, 206, 211, 214, 225–226 239–240, 247, 255 Carboniferous, 3, 14–15, 17, 19–22, 24–27, 66, Chirodipterus, 21, 77, 210, 224 Boreaspis,6 100, 106–107, 109, 150, 157, 194–195, chismopnés, 99 Bothriolepis, 12, 22, 25, 72–73, 81, 83, 85, 205, 210, 214, 222, 224, 253–254, 257, Chlamydoselachus, 176 209, 211, 220–222, 224, 226, 253, 260–261 choana, 21 259–262 Carchariniformes, 110 Chondrenchelys, 100 Brachydegma,19 Carcharocles, 16, 27 chondrichthyan crown, 99 brachythoracids, 12–13, 74 Carcharodon, 16, 24, 165, 170 chondrichthyans, 1, 3, 7, 11, 13–16, 64–65, brain regionalization, 30, 40, 46, 50, 145 Cardabiodon,16 67–68, 75, 79, 82, 87, 89–90, 97–99, 101, braincase branchial arches, 7–8, 12–13, 15–16, Cardiac, Mesoderm,37 103–105, 108, 110, 113–116, 119–122, 18, 21–24, 47, 54, 69, 72, 74–75, 81–82, Carmichael Sandstone, 61 124, 146–150, 152–153, 167, 169, 85, 88, 90, 92, 94–95, 97–98, 102, cartilage, 3, 6–8, 16, 47–48, 50–51, 55, 62, 75, 172–173, 176–177, 181, 188–189, 104–106, 108–109, 121, 123, 144–147, 77, 79, 89–92, 95–100, 104–105, 107, 191–192, 194–199, 201, 204, 207–208, 150–153, 155–156, 176, 178, 181, 210, 110–128, 130–131, 134–140, 144, 210, 213–215, 217–220, 224, 245, 248, 215, 221, 223, 245, 248, 257 146–149, 152–153, 156, 158, 168, 173, 255 branchial basket, 150 188–192, 194–195, 202–206, 216, 228, Chondrichthyes, 7, 13, 22, 25, 27, 29, 64–65, branchial muscles, 172–173 230–234, 236–237, 239–240, 244, 67–68, 83, 85, 87–88, 100, 104, 106–110, branchial openings, 61, 145 249–250 114, 118, 120–125, 144, 147, 149, branchial pouch, 30 cartilaginous anlagen, 127 152–153, 158–160, 171–173, 184–187, branchiomeric muscles, 172, 182, 184, 186 cartilaginous kinethmoid, 131 203–204, 206, 208, 214, 220–221, branchiostegal ray, 77, 80 Cassidiceps,64 223–224, 249, 251 Branchiostoma, 144 catshark, 110, 116, 169 chondriﬁcation, 35–36, 40, 96, 193 Brindabellaspis,7,11–12, 199 caudal et ventral rectus, 35 chondroblasts, 112 Britain, 5–6, 29, 159 caudal mesoderm, 32 chondrocrania, 146 Brn- B,36 Cavenderichthys, 19, 22 chondrocranium, 30, 40, 42, 48–50, 55, 112, Brochoadmones, 64, 68 cell labeling, 30, 50 144, 146–148, 152–153, 194

Index 265

chondrocytes, 31, 35, 112–113, 115–116, core gene set, 162 dentary, 8, 17, 21, 77–81, 136, 139, 149, 118–123, 125, 134–138, 189, 240 coronoid, 77–78 152–153, 155, 173 chondrogenesis, 131, 134 Corvaspis,5 denticles, 11, 15, 21, 71, 74–75, 81–82, 84, 89, chondroid bone, 126, 136 cosmine, 17, 20–21, 195, 205 100, 102–103, 146, 160–161, 169–170, chordacentra, 191–192 cotylus, 97 201, 213 chordocytes, 134 co-variation of non-plastic traits, 129 dentine, 3, 5–7, 13, 20–21, 61–63, 66, 79, 96, chordoid, 134 Cowralepis, 13, 23, 28, 73–74, 82–84, 184, 209, 99, 126, 128, 134–135, 160, 188–190 cichlid ﬁshes, 129 225 depressor hyomandibulae, 174 cichlid pharyngeal jaws, 136 cranial ganglia, 35, 38 dermal armour, 128 Cladarosymblema,22 cranial nerves, 7, 11, 42, 51, 53–54, 172, 247, 250 dermal scales, 148 cladistic methodologies, 156 cranial ribs, 21, 26, 252, 257, 261 dermal skeleton, 104 Cladodoides, 97 cranial skeleton, 188 dermocranium, 148–149 cladodonts, 99 craniate, 144 dermomyotome, 216 Cladoselache, 3, 11, 16, 77, 88–89, 99, 206, 214 craniofacial, 40, 57, 157, 160, 162, 184–187, dermopalatine, 77–78 Cladoselachids, 199 249–250 Dermopterotic, 145 Claridae, 133 Cretaceous, 11, 16, 19–22, 25–26, 28–29, 102, Dermosphenotic, 145 clasper, 2, 11, 22, 88, 99–100, 104, 124, 199, 107–108, 194, 198, 221, 253, 260–261 deuterostomes, 134 201, 205, 207, 210–214, 217–220, 222, Cretoxyrhina,16 developmental biology, 144 224 CRISPR, 30, 169 developmental dynamics of cartilage, 117 claustrum, 227, 230–232, 234, 237–239 Cristibatis,16 developmental plasticity, 129, 131 cleavage, 30, 40–44 Crown chondrichthyans, 103 Devonian, 3–8, 10–15, 17, 19–29, 48–49, 53, cleithrum, 199 cryostat, 110 56, 59–62, 64, 66–69, 74, 77, 79, 82–85, Climatiiformes, 14 cryptic genetic variation, 129 87–88, 90, 92, 106–109, 124, 148, Climatius, 14, 23, 90, 104–106, 221 Ctenacanthus, 15, 90, 100 150–151, 153, 155–159, 192, 194–195, cloaca, 213, 217–218 Ctenodus, 257 201–207, 210–211, 214, 220–226, cloacal signalling centre, 217 cucullaris Muscle, 172–173, 176, 178, 182, 184, 249–250, 253, 255–262 Cobelodus, 97, 100 209, 215 Diabolepis, 79, 85 Coccoderma, 253 cucullaris fossa, 215 Diademodus, 214, 222 Coccosteus, 8, 212, 224 Culmacanthus,14 Dialipina, 195 cochliodontiforms, 17 curly ribs, 133 Dicentrachus labrax, 130 Cochliodus,17 cyathaspids, 5, 27 Dicentrarchus, 191 coelacanth, 11, 20, 24–26, 28–29, 54, 77, 79, 83, cyclicity of the tooth programme, 167 Dicksonosteus,13 155, 157, 204–205, 221, 225–226, 245, Cyclostomata, 52, 149–150, 207 Dictyorhabdus,60 252, 254–255, 258–260 cyclostomes, 1, 30, 40, 45–51, 53–54, 56, 85, diphyodont, 167–168 coelacanths, 3, 20, 29, 40, 155, 182, 188, 190, 107, 145, 147, 150, 157, 173, 176–177, diplacanthid, 105 193, 196, 207–208, 210, 221, 226, 180, 187, 196, 207, 218, 222 Diplacanthus,14 252–255, 257–258, 261 Cyclostomi, 30 Diplocercides,20 Col a,47 cypriniforms, 131 Diplomystes, 234, 238 Col A a,31 Cyprinodon diabolis, 128 Diploselache,15 Col A b,31 Cyprinodon macularius, 128 diplospondily, 115 Col aI, 134 Cyprinodontiformes, 204–205, 213, 220, Diplurus, 254 Col C,36 224–225 dipnoan, 3, 11, 21–24, 26–29, 77–79, 85, colinearity, 217 122, 138, 148, 150, 155, 182, 188, collagen, 55, 58, 112, 116, 119–122, 125, 134, Danio rerio, 112, 130, 132, 138–139, 141–144, 190, 193, 195, 201, 221, 224, 252, 138, 143, 188, 190, 197, 206, 239–240 174–175, 177, 180, 202, 206, 228–229, 259, 261 collagen antigen, 121 232–233, 238–239, 250 Dipnoi, 20, 23–26, 155–156, 177, 204, 221, 249, collagenases, 121 Dartmuthia,7 259–261 Compagopiscis, 11, 210, 212 de novo condensation, 135 Dipnomorpha, 3 Comparative Dental Evo-Devo, 169 Debeerius, 103 dipnomorphs, 78, 257 computerized tomography, 156 dedifferentiated chondrocytes, 120 Dipnorhynchus, 21, 28 Conchopoma, 258 deep developing successional lamina, 163 Dipterus, 21–22, 24, 195, 210, 220, 258 conodont elements, 145 Deltodus,17 direct development, 208, 218 constrictor dorsalis, 173, 175, 181–182 Deltoptychius, 102 Discoserra,19 convergent plasticity, 131 Denaea, 100 Dlx, 47, 52–54, 57, 147, 170, 182, 184–185, Copodus,17 dendrodont, 21 244, 249 coracobranchiales, 173, 176, 178, 181 dental lamina, 162–163 dogﬁsh, 146 coracoids, 88, 90 Dental progenitor cells, 165 dolichothoracids, 74

266 Index

Doliodus, 15, 64, 87,88–90, 97, 99–100, Emsian, 88 Euphanerops, 6, 49, 53, 192, 194, 203, 211, 103–105, 104–105, 106, 108, 152, 195, EmxB,32 218, 220, 244, 247, 250 217–218, 223 EnA, 36, 49 Euporosteus,20 Doliodus latispinosus, 91 enamel, 7, 20–21, 62, 65, 126, 134–135, 160, Euramerica, 5, 13 Dongfangaspis,6 169, 188, 195, 205 Europe, 5 Donnrosenia,18 enameloid, 3, 5, 15, 62–63, 100–102, 106–109, European sea bass, 130 dorsal aorta, 103 126, 134–135 Euselachii, 99 dorsal fin, 12, 14–17, 36, 39, 89, 102–103, 108, EnB,37 Eusthenopteron, 22, 28, 76, 83, 155, 194, 255, 191, 194–195, 212 EnC,37 257–259 dorsal fontanelle, 103 EnD,37 Evo-Devo, 160 dorsal oral ectoderm. Ectoderm,34 Endeiolepis, 247 Evo-Devo models for oral tooth development, Dorsal pharyngeal mesoderm. Mesoderm,36 endocasts, 150 162 dorsal rectus. Muscle,37 endochondral bone, 3, 110, 126, 149, 189–190, evolution and developmental biology, 160 dorsal root. Ganglia,36 211, 234 evolution of cartilage, 115 dorsal somite. Somite,34 endolymphatic duct, 7 evolutionary plasticity, 131 Doryaspis,5 endolymphatic foramen, 103 evolutionary transition, 105 Drepanaspis,5 endolymphatic fossa, 101 experimental embryonic modification, 169 Duffichthys,20 endostyle, 32, 34, 37–39, 44, 55 external fertilization, 207–208, 210, 219 Dunkleosteus, 13, 73–74, 82 endothelin, 47, 57, 251 extracellular matrix, 112 durophagous feeding, 75, 79 Entelognathus, 3, 8, 10, 71, 77, 79–82, 152 extraocular muscles, 35, 172, 175 Duyunolepis, 151 enteric nervous system, 47, 56 Extrascapulars, 145 Dwykaselachus, 97 enteropneusts, 146 entheses, 215 facial nerve, 96, 172–173, 245 Eastern Gondwana, 13 entopterygoid, 77, 79 Fadenia,17 Ebenaqua,18–19 environmental control of development, 129 Falcatus, 15, 27, 210, 223 Ectoderm, 36–37 epaxial, Muscle,49 Pucapampellidae, 88 ectomesenchyme, 31, 45–49, 155, 161, 204, 249 EphB,37 Somniosidae, 167 ectopic (heterotopic), 132 EphC,37 fertilization, 130 ectopterygoid, 77–79 epibranchial ganglia, 38 Fgf, 189, 216 Edeiolepis, 244 epibranchial muscles, 172–173, 176, 177 fibroblasts, 119, 135 edestoids, 16 epidermis, 126 fibrocyte-like cells, 118 Edestus,17 epigenetic, 146, 156 fibrous braincase, 146 Egertonodus, 105 epigenetic factors, 126, 129 fibrous mineralisation, 110 egg capsule, 42, 222 epigenetics, See epigenetic fibrous perichondral tissue, 113 egg cases, 207–208, 210, 220 epiphysis, 32, 34, 37, 39, 46 filter feeder, 13 Elasmobranchii, 99 epithelial dental lamina, 164 fin bud, 216–218 Elasmobranchiomorpha, 152 epithelial progenitor cells, 164 fin mesenchyme. Mesenchyme,31 elasmobranchs, 98 epithelial to mesenchymal transition, 216 fin spines, 100 elastic externa, 100 epithelium, 31, 34, 71, 134, 162–163, 165, 168, fins, 194 electron microscopy, 114 170, 251 fish dentitions, 160 elegestolepids, 65 Eptatretus, 30, 40, 42, 54–55, 57 fish skull, 144 Elegestolepis, 15, 65, 67–68 eriptychiids, 62 flattened crushing teeth, 164 Eleochera,63 Eriptychius,60–63 Fleurantia, 210, 257–258 Elginerpeton, 22, 258 Erpetoichthys, 149 floor plate, 31–32, 120, 205 Elgonaspis,5 Errivaspis,5 Follistatin,37 Ellesmereia,15 Erriwacanthus falcatus, 91 forebrain, 34, 37, 39, 55–56, 204 elopocephalans, 19 Escuminac Bay. Nursery site, 209 Fox, 22, 25 Elpistostegalids, 22 Escuminac Formation, 209, 223 fringing fulcra, 18 Elpistostege,22 ethmoid region, 105 functional adaptation, 126 embryo, 1, 8, 12, 26, 30, 36, 40, 42, 44–46, ethmosphenoid, 20, 90, 92, 98 Fundulus heteroclitus, 132 49–50, 52–53, 55, 57, 101, 109–110, Etmopterus, 97 Furcacauda,6 116–118, 120–121, 132, 138–139, eubrachythoracid arthrodires, 13, 71, 74 Furcacaudiformes, 6 146–147, 155, 171, 175, 185–186, euchondrichthyans, 88 207–210, 212, 216–218, 221, 223–226, Euchondrocephali, 16 G. oosthuizeni, 95 241–243, 246–248, 250–251 euconodonts, 145 Galeaspida, 5, 7, 25 embryology, 1, 30, 40, 50–51, 54–55, 140, 144, Eugeneodontida, 100 galeaspids, 150 155, 157–158, 203, 224, 248 Eugeniodontiforms, 16 galeomorphs, 101 embryonic origin of chondrocytes, 118 euhyostyly, 149 Galeorhinus galeus, 116

Index 267

Gambusia, 217 Gogoselachus, 153 heterocercal, 15, 18, 133, 196 ganglia, 32, 34–37, 46, 54, 147, 243, 249 Gondwana, 14, 18, 21–22, 25, 64, 68, 210 heterochrony, 48, 129–130, 133, 141, 155, 178, ganoid, 17–18, 214 gonopodia, 2, 207, 213, 220 236 ganoine, 17, 27, 195, 205 gonopodium, 201, 206–207, 210, 214, 217–218, Heterodontus, 101 gars, 17, 214 224 heterostracans, 3, 5, 7, 61–62, 66–67, 69, 114, Gasterosteus aculeatus, 133, 162 Goodrichichthys,15 150, 156, 192, 194, 196 gastrula, 42, 44 Gorgonichthys,13 Heterostraci, 5 gastrulation, 30, 42–43, 51–52 Gosfordia,21 heterotopic shift, 81 Gavinia,20 Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, 1, Hexanchiformes, 16, 187, 251 Gemuendina, 11, 75, 83 59, 67, 70 Hexanchus,16 gene duplication, 53, 215–217 Green River Shales, 11, 16 Hh, 46, 120 gene expression, 36 Greenland, 5, 12, 20, 28, 83, 85, 107, 167, 170, hindbrain, 32, 34, 36–39, 45–46, 50, 54–55, gene expression techniques, 156 225 145, 242–243, 249–251 gene flow, 129 Gregorius, 102 Hiodon, 196, 199 genes, 120 Griphognathus, 11, 21, 195, 210, 221, 224 Hirnantian extinction event, 59, 67 genetic accommodation, 129 Groenlandaspis, 13, 27 Hirnantian glacial episode, 62 genetic assimilation, 129 Grossius, 20, 255 holoblastic. Cleavage,40 geniculate. Placode,33 Gsc,37 Holocephala, 100 genital bud, 217 GshA,37 holocephalan, 3, 11–12, 15–16, 71, 82, 84, 87, genital plates, 12 Guiyu, 3, 11, 17, 20, 67, 77–78, 84 97, 99–100, 102–104, 107, 110, 119, genital swellings, 217 gular, 72, 74, 77–78, 80–82, 256 148–149, 152–153, 157, 173–174, genital tubercles, 217 Gutturensis, 89 176–177, 187, 190, 192, 194, 199, 201, genitalia, 203, 217, 222, 225 Gydo Formation, 92 210, 214 genitalia organizing centre, 217 Gydoselache oosthuizeni, 92, 95, 97 Holocephali, 79, 83, 85, 99–100, 107, 123–124, genomic data, 110 Gyracanthides, 14, 90, 109 174, 184, 202, 204 genomic evolution, 120 Gyrinocheilus aymonieri, 136 holocephalomorphans, 13, 16 gill arches, 4, 13, 71, 105, 137, 151, 257 Holodipterus,21 gill rakers, 98 haemal arch, 126, 127, 134, 191 Holonema, 13, 27, 212 Gillicus,19 hagfish, 1, 4–5, 30–31, 40, 42, 44–55, 57, 144, Holopterygius,20 gills, 128 147, 150, 157, 176–177, 180, 186–187, Holoptychius,20 Ginglymostoma cirratum, 165 191, 196, 205, 207–208, 218, 222–224, Holostylic, 104, 148 Gla protein, 121 244, 250 homeostasis, 128 Gladbachus, 15, 99 Haikouella, 146 homocercal, 196 glands, 2, 12, 42, 46, 246–249 Haikouichthys, 4, 28, 49, 146, 159, 191, 196, homology and homoplasy, 133 glenoid fossa, 98 206, 225 Homosteids, 13 GliA,37 halecomorph, 154 Hormones, 227–228 globular calcification, 114, 118 Hamiltonichthys, 15, 89, 102, 105, 108 Howidipterus, 210, 256–258 globular calcified cartilage, 62, 104 Hand, 201, 217 Howittacanthus,14 globular Mineralised Cartilage, 113 HandA, 32, 49 Howqualepis, 18, 255 glossopharyngeal canal, 101 Harding Sandstone, 5, 7, 15, 28, 60, 62–65, 67, 70 Hox,46–47, 51, 55, 57, 83, 116, 124, 133, 147, glossopharyngeal nerve, 93, 95, 97, 105, 109, Harpacanthus, 100 156, 189–190, 195, 199, 205–206, 216, 245 Harpagofututor, 16, 27, 210, 223 243, 245–246, 249–251 Glyptolepis, 20, 83, 107 Harrytoombsia,73 Hunsrück Shales, 5 Gnathostome, 1, 3–4, 6–7, 23, 25–26, 29–30, head development, 146 Hyaline cartilage, 113, 127 46–50, 52–53, 55–56, 59–60, 62, 64–66, head mesoderm. Mesoderm,31 hyaluronic acid, 121 68–72, 74–76, 78–79, 81–87, 90, 92, 97–98, headshield, 7, 11–13, 61, 209, 215 hybodontid, 16 105–107, 109, 113–114, 116, 119–120, heart, 1, 3, 36, 38–39, 42, 44, 46, 52–53, 172, Hybodontida, 15 122–123, 125, 145–146, 148, 151–152, 182–183, 185–187 hybodontiforms, 102, 191, 210 156–158, 160, 168, 170–173, 175–182, 184, Hedgehog, 46, 52, 56, 120 hybodonts, 99–100 186–190, 192, 194–197, 199, 202–203, Heimenia,20 Hybodus, 14, 16, 108 205–208, 211, 214–215, 217–223, 226, Helicoprion, 17, 28, 79, 84–85 hydrodynamic adaptation, 131 241–242, 244–246, 248, 250, 253, 256–257, Heliobatis,16 Hydrolagus, 110, 110–111, 112, 116, 119, 259 Helodus, 102–103 173–174, 184 GOBE, 59, 62, 70 Hematopoietic, 38 hyohyoideus, 174–175, 177–180 Gogo, 8, 10, 13, 19, 21–24, 26–27, 82–83, 107, Hematoxilin-Eosin- Safran (HES), 112 hyoid, 92 158, 204, 209–210, 212, 221, 223, 261 hemicentrum, 101 hyoid arch, 45, 48, 50, 72, 105–106, 123, 148, Gogo formation, 8, 158 Hemicyclaspis,66 152–153, 156, 172–173, 181, 242, 256 Gogonasus, 11, 22, 26, 255, 258 hermaphrodites, 208 hyoid muscles, 173

268 Index

hyoidean arteries, 97 Ischyodus,17 Lateral sensory line, 104 hyomandibulae, 178 Isurus,16 lateral somite. Somite,34 Hyomandibular, 16, 19, 42, 45, 47, 93, 97, 145, iteroparous, 40 Latimeria, 20, 24, 27, 52, 54, 77, 79, 83, 155, 149 157, 182, 190, 221, 225–226, 245, 247, Hyostylic, 148 Jagorina, 73, 75, 192 249–250, 254–255, 260–261 hypaxial. Muscle,49 Jamoytius,6,69 latispinosus, 89 hyperostotic bone, 126, 131 Jaw articulation, 103 Lbx,38 hyperthyroidism, 231, 235 Jaw Suspension, 148 Lebanon, 16, 24, 198 hypnosqualeans, 101 jawless fishes, 147 Lecaniaspis,5 Hypobranchial muscles, 34, 38, 176–177 jawless vertebrates, 29–30, 67, 144–145, 147, Leedsichthys, 19, 26 hypocercal tail, 61 191, 194, 206–207, 210, 223, 226, 244, 248 Lenacanthidae, 65 hypochord, 31 jugal, 17, 80 Leonodus,15 hypohyals, 103 Jugular canal, 103 Lepidaspis,5 hypothalamus, 31–32, 34, 37 jugular vein, 7, 105, 145 Lepidopus caudatus, 132 hypothyroid, 228–233, 235–237 Jurassic, 3, 13, 16–17, 19, 22, 26, 29, 114, 152, Lepidosiren, 21, 258–260 hypotic lamina, 103 194, 204, 210, 253, 260 lepidotrichia, 127, 133, 195 Hypural, 127 Lepisosteus, 97, 177, 180, 185, 199 Kawichthys, 103 leptolepids, 19 Icebox Shale, 60 Kenichthys,21 Leptolepis, 11, 19 ichthyodectids, 19 Kiangyousteus, 74, 86 Lethenteron, 40, 53–54, 57, 251 Ichthyostega, 22, 77, 155, 157, 255, 257–259, kidney, 36 Lethrinus nebulosus, 131 261 kidneys, 216 Leucoraja, 106, 118, 120, 122, 173, 217 Ichthyotomi, 99 kinethmoid, 131 levatores arcuum branchialium, 173, 176 immunohistochemistry, 30, 163, 175 Kosoraspis,74 Ligulalepis, 17, 255 in situ hybridization of mRNAs, 137 Kreisler,37 limb bud, 216, 222, 224 Incisoscutum, 209, 212 Krox,37 Limnoselache, 210 inferognathal, 152 Kujdanowiaspis, 13, 24 lingual apparatus, 31, 42, 47–48, 50 Inferognathal, 145 Lissodus, 210, 222 Infradentaries, 80 Labeobarbus, 228 Living acraniate chordates, 145 infradentary, 8, 17, 77, 81–82 labyrinth, 101 lobe-finned fishes, 153 infragnathal, 8, 72–75 Laccognathus, 20, 255, 262 Lode Quarry. Nursery site, 208 infraorbital, 150 lacertilians, 97 loganiid. Thelodont,62 infraorbital sensory groove, 72 Lacrimal, 145 Lophosteus,67–68, 77, 83 infrapharyngobranchials, 137 Lagerstätte, 23, 61, 68, 221 lordosis, 130 Iniopera, 103 Lamellar calcification, 114 lorical plate, 88 iniopterygians, 16, 100, 103 lamellar mineralisation, 110 Lowville Formation, 60 inner dental arcade, 74, 77–80, 82–83 lamelline, 15 Lukeus,20 inner ear, 6, 11, 90, 108, 227, 235, 237 Lamniformes, 16, 24, 170–171 Lunaspis,12 intercalarium, 234, 236 Lampetra, 40, 44, 48, 51–57, 185, 250 lung, 253, 256 intermandibularis, 173, 175, 177–182 Lampreys, 1, 4–7, 30–31, 36, 40, 44–57, 144, lungfish, 20–24, 26–29, 84, 148–149, 153, 155, intermediate cartilages Claspers, 100 146–147, 149–151, 157–158, 176–177, 158, 181, 185, 204–205, 210, 220, 223, intermediate mesoderm, 216 180, 185, 187, 191, 194, 196, 203, 205, 245, 256, 258–261 internal fertilisation, 6, 11–12, 22, 26, 40, 69, 84, 207–208, 216–218, 222–225, 244, lungfishes, 3, 17, 20–21, 24, 26, 78, 82, 156, 107, 200–201, 207–210, 212–213, 219–220, 247–248, 250–251 195, 224, 252, 255–258, 260–261 223–224, 226 lancelet, 125, 206 lungs, 252 internal spongiosa, 129 Laralepis,63 Luopingcoelacanthus, 11, 210 intracranial dermal or endoskeletal joint, Larapinta Group, 61, 64 Luoxiongichthys, 11, 19 153 Larolepis,62 Lupopsyrus pygmaeus, 91, 102 intracranial joint, 20, 97, 157 larval ontogeny, 129 intramembranous ossification, 126 laryngeal muscles, 173, 176 Ma,49 intromission, 208 lateral cranial canal, 17 Machairaspis,7 intromittent organs, 8, 12, 207–214, lateral line Ganglia, 3, 57, 142, 150 macroevolution, 129 217–220 Lateral myotomes. Myotome,33 macromeric dermal skeleton, 71, 75 investing layer, 113 Lateral plate mesoderm, 32, 34, 36–37, macrophages, 136 Iran, 6 44–45, 49, 55, 112, 118, 133, 145, 182, Macropoma, 20, 253–254 Ischnacanthiformes, 14 187, 189, 194, 199, 211, 215–217, malformed teleost bones, 130 Ischnacanthus, 79, 213 223–225 Malvinokaffric realm, 90, 105

Index 269

mammals, 1, 20, 71, 126, 128–129, 131–132, Microbrachius, 12, 83, 211 myriacanthoids, 102 134, 136, 162, 167, 170, 172, 184, 190, Micro-CT scanning, 145 Myxine, 30, 40, 48, 52, 54–56 216–218 micromeric, 79 mandible, 77, 80, 103, 137, 141, 173, 181 Micromeric’ skull, 104 Nasal, 145. See Placode mandibular arch, 36–39, 47, 52–53, middle ear, 22–23, 249, 255, 259 Nasal capsules, 6–7, 12, 49, 145, 150, 153 71–72, 79, 99, 148, 158, 172, 178, mid-hindbrain boundary, 32, 34–35, 46 nasal sacs, 4, 146 181–182 Miguashaia, 20, 79, 83 Nasogaluakus,21 mandibular muscles, 173 Miguashua, 6, 22, 24 nasohypohyseal organ, 6 mandibulohyoideus, 174 Milesacanthus, 10, 14 nasohypophyseal, Placode,36 marine sticklebacks, 129 Millerosteus, 212 nasohypophyseal canal, 42, 44, 47–48, 50 Materpiscis, 12, 209 Mimipiscis, 11, 19, 76, 255, 257 nasohypophyseal placode, 36, 39 maxilla, 8, 19, 77–81, 136, 149, 152–155 mineral metabolism, 128 Neck canal openings, 66 maxillate placoderms, 3, 71–72, 80–82 mineral resorption, 126 Nectaspis,7 Mazon Creek, 150, 210 Mineralisation, 110 Neeyambaspis,6 Mcmurdodus,15 miniaturisation, 126 Nefudina, 75, 84 mechanical loading, 129 Miocene, 16–17, 193, 202, 261 Negaprion brevirostris, 165 mechanical stress, 129 Mioceratodus,21 Neoceratodus, 21, 26, 177, 180, 185, 195, 204, mechanoreceptors, 149 Mitsukurinidae, 16 223, 249, 258, 260 mechanosensory lateral system, 149 mixopterygia, 201, 207, 213 Neopterygian, 3, 16, 19, 29, 196, 226 Meckelian cartilage, 73–75, 77, 79, 90, 92, 96, molecular mechanisms, 129 Neopterygii, 19, 214 98, 152 Mongolepida, 13 neoselachians, 16, 99, 101, 109 meckelian groove, 105 Mongolepidida, 22, 65, 67–68, 220 Neoselachii, 16, 28–29, 106, 109, 123 medaka, 130 mongolepids, 7, 63–65, 68 Neoteleostei, 19 medial ganglionic eminence, 32, 46 Mongolepis, 14, 65, 68 neotenic, 105 Median dorsal plate, 145 monodontode scales, 100 neotenic forms, 150 Meemania, 17, 153, 159 mononucleated cells, 130 nephridia, 37 Mef,38 monophyletic, 4, 11, 21, 65, 72, 74, 79, 87, 99, nephrotome, 37, 39 Megalichthys,22 105, 192, 220 Nerepisacanthus,14 Megalicthyidae, 22 monophyodont, 168 nerves, 172 Megalocoelacanthus,20 monospondily, 115 Neural arches, 110, 116, 118, 122, 127, Megamastax, 20, 67 Morocco, 13, 260 230–232, 234–239 melanocytes, 36, 39 morpholino, 30, 40 neural crest, 30–31, 44–47, 49–52, 54–57, mental plate, 72, 81 morphological evolution, 104 71, 83, 85, 112, 123, 126, 134, 139, meristic characters, 126 Moythomasia,18–19, 23, 25, 83, 157, 203, 255, 142, 144–145, 147, 151, 155, 157–159, meroblastic. Cleavage,40 260 161, 170, 182, 185–186, 188, 196, Mesacanathus,14 MrfA,49 203–204, 215, 241–246, mesencephalon, 103 Mrf-A,38 248–251 mesenchymal condensation, 126 mucocartilage, 40, 48, 57, 251 Neural ectoderm, Ectoderm,35 mesenchyme, 31–32, 34–36, 38–39, 42, 48, Mulgaspis,74 neural fold, 44–45 71, 112, 147, 161–162, 189, 204, 206, mummichog, 132 neural plate, 36, 38–39, 44–46, 56, 145, 217, 250 Murrindalaspis, 211 147 mesoderm, 32, 35–37, 39, 44, 47, 49, 52–53, muscles, 1, 3, 33–34, 36, 38, 49, 52–53, neural tube, 31–32, 34–37, 39, 42, 44–46, 116, 116, 118, 122, 124, 128, 146–147, 172, 55–56, 133, 159, 172–188, 195, 197, 189, 216, 242–243, 250 182–186, 189, 196, 203–204, 216–217, 201–202, 212, 215–216, 221, 250, neurocranium, 131, 149 241–244 255 neuromast receptor, 149 Mesozoic, 3, 11, 13–16, 18–23, 25–26, 28, 70, Musculotendinous System, 196 neuromasts, 150 83, 108–109, 142, 153, 202, 204, 221–223, Myb, 38, 49 neurula, 42, 44, 46 239, 254, 257, 261 MyHC,33 New Brunswick, vi, 15, 88, 108–109 metalloproteases, 121 MyHCA,33 New Head Hypothesis, 49 metamorphosis, 30, 46, 48, 50, 150, 155, 185, MyLC,45 NgnA,38 218, 240, 245, 247–248 Myliobatiformes, 16, 107 Nibil Formation, 61, 69 metaplasia, 126, 134 Myliobatis sp, 165 Niobrara Chalk, 19 metapterygium, 100, 199, 201, 212–213 Myllokunmingia, 4, 49, 146 Nkx, 34, 38, 46, 183, 186–187 Metapterygoid, 145 MyoD, 33, 182, 186–187 n-Myc,38 Metaspriggina,4,48–49, 51, 146, 150, 191, myomeres, 4, 49, 196–197 Non-neural ectoderm, Ectoderm,32 244 myosepta, 49, 196–197, 202–203 non-pharyngeal ectoderm, Ectoderm,31 mice, 112 myotomes, 36, 38–39, 45, 49, 177, 196 nonplastic traits, 129

270 Index

North America, 5, 144 origin of jaws, 151 Pagrus pagrus, 128 notochord, 3, 31–32, 34–36, 39, 44, 48, 97, 100, origin of the brain, 144 paired appendages, 17, 147, 185, 199, 201, 110, 112–116, 118–119, 121, 123, origin of true teeth, 160 205, 208, 210, 213–216, 218, 221, 126–128, 134–135, 138, 143, 145, 189, Ornithoprion, 100 224–225 191–194, 196, 203 Orodontids, 17 Palaeospondylus,48–50, 52, 150, 155, 157 Notochordal sheath, 100 Orodus,17 Palaeozoic, 3–5, 13–17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 55, 62, Notopetalichthys,12 oro-pharyngeal cavity, 160 64–65, 67, 69–70, 88, 99, 103, 108–109, Notorynchus, 100 oropharyngeal endoderm, 161 144–145, 150, 152–156, 158, 190, Npn,38 oropharyngeal floor, 32 193–194, 196, 202, 221–222, 254, 257 Nuchal plate, 145 oropharyngeal region, 102 palatoquadrate, 16, 47, 72–75, 79, 83, 89, 93, nursery sites, 207–208, 210, 219 oro-pharyngeal teeth, 160 95–96, 98, 103, 105, 108, 148, 152–153, Orthacanthus, 97 174 occipital, 7, 18, 88–90, 92–93, 95–97, 101, 103, Oryzias latipes, 130, 133, 162 Panderichthys,22–23, 247, 255, 257–258 105, 146, 157, 184, 187, 215, 225 ossification, 74, 112–113, 119, 122–124, 126, Parabuchanosteus,8,13 occiput, 103 130, 136, 141, 149–150, 152, 154–155, Paraceratodus, 257–258 Odontaspididae, 16 179, 189–190, 193, 197, 204, 206, 223, parachondral cartilage, 152 Odontode, 4, 14, 63, 65–66, 71, 74, 89, 102, 230–232, 234–238, 240, 256 parachordal cartilage, 97 104, 126, 141, 160, 168, 170 Ostariophysi, 19, 138, 142, 202, 239–240 parachordal mesoderm, 48 odontogenesis, 161 osteichthyans, 1, 3, 8, 14–15, 17, 29, 48, 67, 69, Parachordal plate, 90, 94, 101 odontogenic band, 162–163 71, 74–75, 77, 79–82, 96, 98, 101, 104, paraffin, 110 odonto-gustatory band, 163, 168 112–113, 119, 121–122, 146–148, 150, paralogous genes, 31, 36 Ohiolepis,15 152–155, 170, 172–174, 176–178, 182, paraotic dental plate, 77 Old Red Continent, 5 185, 189–191, 195–196, 199, 201, paraphyletic, 4, 7, 11, 21, 65, 72, 74, 79, 87, 99, Old Red Sandstone, 29, 60, 83–84, 209–210, 205–206, 208, 210–211, 213, 215, 219, 105, 150, 152–153, 189, 218 222, 224, 226 226, 253, 255, 258 parasitic feeding mode, 150 ophthalmic, Placode,47 Osteichthyes, 7, 17, 20, 25–26, 29, 65, 71, 84, parasphenoid, 20, 71, 73–75, 77–79, 81–83, olfactory bulb, 89 87, 107, 141, 152–153, 155, 157, 160, 172, 137, 254, 256 olfactory organs, 145 208, 227, 261 Paratarassius,19 olfactory tracts, 103 osteoclasts, 130 parathyroid, 2, 246–251 Omalodontidae, 88 osteocyte canaliculi, 131 paraxial mesoderm, 146–147, 185, 194, 196, Omalodus,15 osteocytes, 3, 112–113, 116, 122, 125–127, 216, 223–224, 249 omosternum, 91 129–131, 134–136, 138–139, 189–190, Parayunnanolepis, 211 Onchopristis,16 203 Parexus, 14, 23, 106 Oncorhynchus kisutch, 133 osteodentine, 100 Parietals, 20, 145 Oncorhynchus mykiss, 130, 162 Osteogenic genes, 137 parthenogenesis, 40, 52 onset of feeding behaviour, 131 Osteolepiformes, 21 Patch, 120 ontogeny, 130 Osteolepis,21 pathological bone, 132 Onychodontiformes, 3, 26, 84 osteostracans, 6–7, 49, 61, 114, 150, 156, 189, pathologies in humans, 155 onychodontiforms, 20, 78, 196, 258 192, 196, 198–199, 208, 210, 214 Paucicanthus, 14, 25 Onychodus, 20, 22, 25, 82, 255, 260 Osteostraci, 5, 7, 28 Pax, 34, 38, 54, 120, 184, 187, 244, 250 Opercular, 145 Ostracoderm head anatomy, 145 Pectoral fins, 6–7, 11–16, 18, 23, 25, 87–90, ophthalmic, Placode,34 ostracoderms, 60–61, 84, 150, 156, 158, 188 103–105, 114, 124, 128, 135–136, 138, optic chiasma, 35 otic capsule, 31, 42, 49, 89–90, 96, 101, 103, 191, 194–195, 198–199, 201, 203, 208, Optic pedicel, 103 105, 150, 152 211, 213–215, 220, 223–224 optic stalk, 34 otic vesicle, 31, 35–39, 52, 242 pectoral girdle, 14, 20, 22, 89–90, 100, 157, 176, oral cavity, 50, 71–73, 77, 79–80, 82, 164 otico-occipital fissure, 97, 103 181, 194, 199, 209, 211, 215, 224, 256, 258 oral epithelium, 163 otoccipital, 20 Pederpes, 257 oral funnel, 48 otoliths, 13, 214 Peltopleurus, 210, 214 oral hood, 44, 46 OtxC,34 pelvic fin spines, 105 Orbit, 145 outer dental arcade, 77–78, 80–81 pelvic fins, 12, 14, 133, 194, 198, 200, 203, Orbitonasal lamina, 103 oviparity, 207, 210, 219–220 207–208, 211, 213–215, 218–220 orbitostylic, 101 ovoviparous, 207, 209 pelvic girdle, 11, 102, 104, 133, 190, 198–199, Ordovician, 1, 3, 5–7, 13, 15, 22, 25–26, 28–29, 201, 204, 207, 209, 211–215, 223 59–65, 67–70, 84, 147, 150, 188, 205, 207, Pachycormiformes, 19 Pentlandia, 21, 23, 257, 259 220 Pachycormus,19 Perca flavescens, 136 Ordovician Plankton Revolution, 59, 70 paddlefish, 147 perch, 131 organogenesis, 120 paedomorphic adults, 155 pericardium, 45

Index 271

perichondral, 3, 6, 8, 104, 113–114, 118–119, Placodes, 46, 145 pristiophoroids, 101 121–122, 126, 149, 189–190, placoid scales, 7, 14, 84, 104, 189 Pristiurus, 115 192–193, 199, 207, 211–212, 214, Placolepis, 13, 27 Prohalecites,19 219–220 plagiostomes, 99 Promesacanthus, 64, 68 perichondral bone, 3, 104, 149, 189 plaice, 132 pronephric tubules, 35 perichondrally ossified cartilage, 144 plastic traits, 129 protacrodontid, 102 perichondrium, 112 Plasticity of skeletal cells, 126 Protochordates, 144–145 Perilymphatic fenestrae, 101 Pleural ribs, 254, 256–257 Protopterus, 21, 149, 195, 258, 260–261 perioral ectoderm, Ectoderm,36 Pleuronectes platessa, 132 protopterygium, 18 periosteum, 113 Plourdosteus canadensis, 114 protostomes, 120 peripheral nervous system, 31, 187 Poeciliidae, 214, 225 protractor dorsalis pectoralis, 176 Peru, 90 Polyacrodus, 102 protractor pectoralis, 173, 176, 179–180, 182 Petalichthyida, 12, 211 Polybranchiaspis, 66, 151 protrusible mouth, 19 petalichthyids, 7, 12, 75, 81, 152, 219 Polymerolepis, 14, 102, 107 Prrx,39 petalodonts, 17 Polyodon, 154 Psammodus,17 petrodentine, 21 Polyodon spathula, 162 Psarolepis, 15, 20, 29, 67 Petromyzon, 30, 40, 45, 51–57 Polyodontode scales, 64, 100 Pseudopetalichthyida, 11 pharyngeal, Mesoderm,35 polyphyletic group, 150 Pseudopetalichthys,75 pharyngeal arches, 31, 172, 182–183, 186, polyphyodont system, 167 PtcA,39 242–243, 250 polyphyodonty, 160 pteraspidiforms, 5 pharyngeal denticles, 100 polypterids, 153 pteraspidomorphs, 23, 61, 150 pharyngeal ectoderm, Ectoderm,31 Polypterus, 153, 155, 174–175, 177, 179–181, Pterichthyodes, 12, 72, 83, 211, 222 pharyngeal endoderm, Endoderm,32 185–186, 193, 196, 202, 257, 259–262 pterygoid, 155 Pharyngeal jaws, 129, 131, 155 polyspondily, 115 Ptf a, 39, 46 Pharyngeal pouches, 34, 37, 39, 42, 44–45, Porolepiformes, 20, 82–83, 107, 259 Ptomacanthus, 64, 67, 79, 82, 105, 152 47–48, 242–243, 245–248 Porolepiforms, 3, 20, 29, 98, 255, 257–258 Ptyctodontida, 12, 28, 84, 194, 225 pharyngeal segments, 186, 244–247, 249–250 Porolepis,20 ptyctodontids, 7, 11–12, 27, 81 pharyngo-epibranchial plate, 102 Porophoraspis,5 ptyctodonts, 71, 75, 79, 82, 152, 207, 209, Pharyngolepis,6 postcranial skeleton, 188 211–212, 215, 219, 223 pharyngula, 42, 44–47 Postemporal, 145 Pucapampella, 15, 64, 87–88, 90, 92–93, pharynx, 30, 34, 49, 54, 161, 164, 169, 177, 241, Posterior dorsolateral plate, 145 95–99, 104–105, 152 243–245, 247–248, 253 posterior tuberculum, 34 Pucapampella-like fossil from South Africa, 88 phenotypic plasticity, 128–129 Posterior ventrolateral plate, 145 pucapampellids, 104 phlyctaeniid, 13 posthypophyseal process, 31, 44, 47–48, 50 Pholidophoridae, 19 Postinfraorbitals, 145 Qilinyu, 3, 8, 71, 77, 80–82, 152 phosphatase, 121 postsplenial, 77 Qingmenodus, 20, 255 Phosphate storage, 127 Potanichthys,19 quadratojugal, 77–78, 80 Phox,38 Powichthys, 21, 25 quantitative RT-PCR, 137 phylctaenaspids, 13 Prdm,38 quasipetalichthyids, 12 Phyllolepids, 7, 13, 26, 74 prearticular, 21, 77, 149, 155 Quebecius,21 Phyllolepis,13 Precerebral fontanelle, 103 pineal opening, 6 pre-chondrogenic cells, 120 rabbit fishes, 13 Pircanchaspis,61 prechordal plate, 35 radials, 135 Pircanha Formation, 61 Predation, 132 Radotina, 74, 85 Pisacaviña, 99 premandibular crest cells, 151 rainbow trout, 130 Pituriaspida, 5 Premaxilla, 8, 77–81, 131, 145, 152, 154–155 Raja, 110–111, 115–117, 119, 124, 149, 165, Pituriaspis,6 premaxillary protrusion, 131 169, 177 Pitx, 133 premedian plate, 77 Raja asterias, 115 Piveteauia, 253–254 Preopercular, 145 Raja clavata, 110, 112 placoderm claspers, 104 Preoral gut diverticulum, 32 Raja erinacea, 112, 119 placoderm gnathal plates, 72, 80 preorbital recess, 12 Ramirosuarezia, 73, 75 Placodermi, 152 preorbitalis, 173, 175, 178, 181 RANK and RANK-ligand, 130 placoderms, 2–3, 7–8, 11–15, 26, 28, 48, 63, 65, Prepelvic spines, 89, 105 ray-finned fishes, 152 69, 71–75, 77, 79–85, 104, 107, 114, pretectum, 34, 38 rays, 100 148–149, 152, 156, 158, 172, 176–177, 189, Priscomyzon riniensis, 150 regenerating antlers in deer, 136 191–192, 194, 198–199, 201, 206–209, Prismatic calcification, 114 regeneration of fish dentitions, 160 211–215, 217–220, 223, 225, 260 prismatic cartilage, 113, 147 regenerative cyclicity, 167

272 Index

regulatory sequences, 120 Scapulocoracoid, 6–7, 100, 135, 198–199, 209, Somites, 31, 33–39, 42, 44–45, 49, 112, 115, Remigolepis, 12, 72, 84 211, 215 122, 124, 132–133, 141, 146, 172, remodelling, 105, 126 Scaumenacia, 210, 257–258 182–183, 186, 189, 204, 215–217 repair of fractures, 130 Schwann cell, 47 somitic Mesoderm,49 reporter expression assay, 30, 45 Scleral cartilage, 134 somitogenesis, 45, 138–139, 189, 196 Reproduction, 207 sclerotic bones, 7 somitomeres, 147 reptiles, 1, 11, 20, 170, 172 sclerotomal cells, 120 Somniosus microcephalus, 167 resorption, 105, 129 sclerotome, 30, 112, 115, 118, 120, 128, 192 Sonic hedgehog, 201 reticulatus, 90 Scyliorhinidae, 116 Soom Shale, 61, 67–68 retina, 37 Scyliorhinus, 110–111, 115–124, 161–162, Sorbitorhynchus, 21, 29 Rhabdoderma, 210 166–167, 169–170, 175, 177–178, South Africa, 15, 20, 27, 60–61, 87–88, 90, 92, Rhadinacanthus,14 180–181, 184, 187, 193, 200, 202, 205, 98, 106, 108, 150, 157, 203, 209, 221–222 Rhamphodopsis, 27, 29, 84, 209, 211–212, 224, 213, 215, 249–250 South America, 1, 3, 21, 25, 68, 90, 106–107, 226 Scyliorhinus canicula, 112, 116 210 Rhenanida, 11, 194 secondary cartilage, 126, 136 South China, 5, 12 rhenanids, 71, 75, 81 Selacha, 99 Southern hemisphere, 105 Rhinochimaera,77 Sema,39 Sox, 35, 39, 47, 55, 57, 120, 228 Rhinodipterus, 21, 256, 258 semelparous, 40 Sp / A,39 Rhinopristiformes, 16 Semicircular canals, 6, 11, 92–93, 97, 101 Sparalepis,20 Rhinoptera, 213 semidentine, 74, 134 Sparus auratus, 137 Rhinopteraspis,5 Sensory Ganglia,37 Spathobatis,16 Rhizodontida, 21 sensory organs, 3–4, 17 spawning, 30, 40, 143, 208–209 Rhizodus,21 Sepulturas Formation, 61 Speonesydrion, 21, 23 Rhombic lip, 31, 34, 46 Serenoichthys, 257 Sphenonectris,6 rhombic scales, 3, 17 Seretolepis,15 spiracle, 17, 155, 174, 248, 254–256 rhombomere, 34, 37, 46, 242 sesamoids, 131 spiracular notch, 255 Rhynchodus, 212 sevengill shark, 16 spiral intestine, 12 Ritchieichthys,61 sexual dimorphism, 12, 27, 210, 212, 214, Spitzbergen, 5, 159 RNA sequencing, 122 223 splanchnic Mesoderm,37 Robinsondipterus, 11, 21 sharklike ﬁshes, 99 splanchnocranium, 147 Robo,39 Sharpey’s ﬁbres, 128, 215 splanchnopleure, 216 Romundina,6–7, 11, 24, 69, 74, 83, 85, 199 Shearsbyaspis,12 splenial, 77, 154 rostral subpallium, 34 shh, 120, 162, 201, 217, 228, 248 SproutyA,39 rostronasal capsule, 74 Shiqianolepis,65 Squalicorax,16 Rostrum, 145 shoulder girdle, 100 Squaloraja, 102 Rowena Formation, 61 Shuyu,6 Squalus, 89, 121, 173–174, 176, 222 Runx, 47, 228 Siamodus,15 Squalus acanthias, 121 Russia, vi–vii, 5–6, 11–12, 17, 23, 26, 69, Siberia, 5–7, 17, 70 squamates, 217 255 Sibirhynchus, 100 Squatina,13 Silurian, 1, 3, 5–8, 10–11, 13–14, 17, 20, 23, Srianta, 102 Sacabambaspis, 5, 61, 63, 67–69, 205 26–29, 55, 58–59, 62–70, 75, 77, 79, 84, ß-catenin expression, 167 Sagenodus, 258 86, 90, 107, 109, 153, 159, 207, 221, 226, Stairway Sandstone, 61, 64 Salmo salar, 162 252 statoliths, 153 Salvelinus alpinus, 130 sinacanthids, 63 stem cartilage, Claspers, 213 SAM – sequential addition model, 167 Sinacanthus,7,14 stem cells, 164 Sandalodus,17 Sinosaurichthys, 11, 19 Stem Chondrichthyan, 87 Sandivia,61 Six, 244, 250 stem gnathostomes, 3, 8, 11, 28, 47–48, 71–72, Sarcopterygians, 3, 11, 15, 17–18, 20–22, 29, skeletal plasticity, 129 79, 81, 115, 119, 145, 189, 192, 194, 196, 75–79, 82, 84, 97, 153, 155, 178, 182, skeletogenesis, 115 198–200, 206, 215, 219, 225 190–191, 194–199, 201, 203–204, 206, Skiichthys,7,63 stem vertebrates, 146 210, 245, 247, 250, 252–256, 258–259, skin denticles, 102 Stensioella,75 261 skull bauplan, 153 Stensioellida, 11 Sarcopterygii, 3, 17, 23–26, 29, 83–84, 153, skull segmentation, 146 Stethacanthus, 102 156, 172, 177, 182, 221, 260 Snail,46 stop-start epithelial regeneration, 167 Saudi Arabia, 15 SnailA,35 strict patterning mechanism, 163 Saurichthys, 210, 225 Solinalepis,63–65 Stroinolepis,61 scanning, 104 somatopleure, 49, 112, 216 Stromateidae, 133

Index 273

Strunius, 20, 255 terminal cartilages. Claspers, 213 Triassic, 3, 11, 15, 19, 22, 29, 101, 106, sturgeons, 147, 190, 193, 214 Tesakoviaspis fauna, 7 108–109, 153, 194, 202, 205, 210, 214, Styloichthys,20 tessellate, 27, 62 221, 225–226, 253–254, 260 Submandibulars, 77, 80 Tessellated calciﬁed cartilage, 104 Tribodus, 102 Subopercular, 145 tesserae, 75, 104, 110, 112–114, 116, 118–119, trigeminal ganglia, 39 Suborbital, 145 121–122, 124, 131, 149, 152–153, 204 trigeminal nerve, 172, 245 suborbital plate, 72, 145 Tetanopsyrus, 105 trigeminal neural crest cells, 30 subotic dental plate, 77 Tetraodontidae, 168 Trigeminofacialis recess, 103 subperichondrium, 116 tetrapod tracks, 22 Trikias semifasciata, 165 successional lamina, 164 Tetrapodomorpha, 3, 20–21, 25 Triodus, 104 Superognathals, 145 tetrapodomorphs, 17, 21, 78, 155, 255 Tristychius arcuatus, 98 supragnathal, 72–75, 78, 81, 152 tetrapods, 2–3, 17, 20, 22, 28–29, 71, 78, 82, trophic niches, 160 Supragnathals, 8, 12–13, 74–75, 78, 81, 152 112–113, 118, 128–129, 131–133, 138, trunk ectoderm. Ectoderm,36 supraorbital, 150 142, 148, 153, 155, 165, 172–173, 176, trunk neural tube, 34 Supraorbital shelf, 103 182, 185, 188, 190–191, 195, 197, 201, trunkshields, 12 supraorbitals, 155 241, 245, 247–249, 252–253, 255–262 Tullimonstrum, 49, 51, 150 Surangular, 145 Tezakia,64–65 Tungsenia,21 Swenzia, 254 Thalamus, 37, 39 tunicates, 145 Symmoriforms, 97, 199 The Bear Gulch Limestone, 16 Turinia,6,68 Symmoriida, 153 The great white shark, 165 Tuvalepis,65 Symmoriiformes, 100 The holocephalan total group, 103 Twist, 35, 48 Symmoriium, 100 Thelodonti, 5, 27, 68 type I collagen, 121 synarcual, 112, 114–116, 119, 123, 191, 194, thelodontid thelodonts, 62 type II collagen, 112 202, 204 thelodonts, 6, 24–25, 29, 61–62, 66, 68–69, 85, Tyr,39 Synauchenia,7 150, 160, 194, 196, 198, 208 synchronized tooth succession, 105 THs, 228, 230–232, 234–237 Undina, 210, 226 synchrotron, 27, 65, 69, 74, 215, 225 Thyestes,7 United States of America, 60 synchrotron X-ray tomography, 65 Thyroid, 142, 227–228, 239–240, 248 unmineralised matrix, 119 Tiaraspis, 13, 28 Uranolophus, 21, 23–24 Tail bud, 37, 39, 42, 44–45 Tiktaalik, 11, 22, 28, 155, 247, 255–258 Urobatis halleri, 118 Takifugu rubripes, 133 Tioga County. Nursery site, 208 urochordates, 182–183, 243 Talimaa’s Gap, 59, 67 Titanichthys,13 urogenital papilla, 213 Tamiobatis, 97 Tlamaspis,74 urostyle, 133 Tantalepis,64–65 Toarcibatis,16 Tarrasius, 257 Toluidine blue staining, 127 vagal crest, 47 taste buds, 163 Tolypelepis,5 vagus nerve, 7, 245 Taxic atavisms, 133 tomographic scanning, 104 vascularity, 129 Tbx, 39, 215–216, 225 tooth morphogenesis, 162 velar cartilage, 48 Tchunacanthida, 65 tooth placode, 162 Velum, 32, 34, 36, 44, 47–48, 56 Tchunacanthidae, 65 tooth plates, 8, 12–13, 17, 21, 24, 31, 75, 77–79, Vengastega, 255 teeth, 1, 3–4, 13, 15–17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 64, 82, 84, 102–103, 155, 256 Ventastega, 22, 255, 258 67, 69, 74–75, 77–85, 88–90, 95–96, 98, tooth replacement, 167 ventral ectoderm, Ectoderm,37 101–103, 105–106, 127–128, 130, 134, Tooth whorls, 17, 20, 27–28, 69, 77, 79, 85, 88, vent-to-vent reproduction, 207 142–143, 145, 152, 155–156, 159–171, 160 Vernicomacanthus uncinatus, 91 190, 205, 207, 225 Torpedo, 173, 191 vertebrae, 4, 16, 48, 112, 114–116, 121, 124, Tegeolepis, 19, 24 total data approach, 152 126, 131–133, 137, 139–140, 146, 184, tegmentum, 37 trabecula, 151 188–191, 193–194, 197, 204–206, 215, telencephalon, 31–32, 34, 37, 39, 56, 103 trabecular struts, 75 227, 229, 233–235, 237, 240 telencephalus, 145 transcriptome sequencing, 169 Vertebral centra, 100, 113 Teleost Dentition, 164 transcriptomic data, 120 vertebral column, 18–19, 50, 123–124, 127, teleost vertebrae, 131 transcriptomic tools, 110 132, 141, 143, 147, 188, 191–194, teleostean, 3, 191, 193, 196, 199–201, 205 transdifferentiation, 126 196–197, 203–204, 206–207, 227, 233, Teleostei, 18–19, 22, 138–142, 174, 177, transition to freshwater, 129 235, 259 202–203, 205, 217, 221, 235, 239–240 transverse sensory lines, 145 vertebral theory of the skull, 146 Teleosts, 154 Trapiche Group, 61 Vietnam, 5–6 Tellerodus, 258 traquairaspids, 5 Vinctifer,19 temperature-induced plasticity, 129 Traquairaspis,5 Viola Limestone, 60

274 Index

Visceral arches, 96, 105 Wolff’s law, 129 yunnanozooans, 144 viscerocranium, 144 wuttagoonaspidids, 12 Yunnanozoon, 146 viviparity, 201–202, 207, 209–210, 219–222, 224, 226 Xenacanthiformes, 210 Zamponiopteron, 90 viviparous, 207, 210, 214, 224–225 xenacanths, 88, 99 zebraﬁsh, 52, 112, 115, 123–124, 127, 130–136, vomer, 77 Xeradipterus, 21, 24 138–144, 156, 169, 177–178, 181–182, Xiphactinus,19 185–187, 190, 201–202, 204–206, Waterloo Farm Nursery site, 209 X-ray micro-CT, 65 216–217, 227, 229, 231–232, 234–237, Weberian Apparatus, 227, 229 X-ray microtomography, 118 239–240, 243, 248, 250 Weberian ossicles, 227, 231, 235, 240 Xyphotrygon,16 Zellknorpel, 134 Whatcheeria, 257 Zic, 39, 45 Wijdeaspis,12 Youngolepis, 20, 23 zona limitans intrathalamica, 31, 46 Winnepeg Formation, 60 yunannolepidoids, 12 zone of ﬁn competence, 216, 218–219 Winnipeg Formation, 63 Yunnan, 3–4, 8, 10, 17, 20, 23–24, 29, 67, 70, Zygote, 44 Wnt/ß-catenin and Notch pathway, 167 83–85, 226 Wnt, 39, 46 yunnanolepiformes, 72 β cartilages Claspers, 213