DOCSLIB.ORG

A Life Span Approach to the Relationship Between Cholesterol, Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease, and Cognitive Functioning Among

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Life Span Approach to the Relationship Between Cholesterol, Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease, and Cognitive Functioning Among University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Gerontology College of Public Health 2014 A LIFE SPAN APPROACH TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHOLESTEROL, LATE ONSET ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AMONG OLDER ADULTS Brian Downer University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Downer, Brian, "A LIFE SPAN APPROACH TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHOLESTEROL, LATE ONSET ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AMONG OLDER ADULTS" (2014). Theses and Dissertations--Gerontology. 7. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gerontol_etds/7 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Public Health at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Gerontology by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Brian Downer, Student Dr. John Watkins, Major Professor Dr. John Watkins, Director of Graduate Studies A LIFE SPAN APPROACH TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHOLESTEROL, LATE ONSET ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AMONG OLDER ADULTS _____________________________________ DISSERTATION _____________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Gerontology at the University of Kentucky By Brian G. Downer Lexington, Kentucky Co-Directors: John F. Watkins, Professor of Gerontology and David W. Fardo, Assistant Professor of Biostatistics Copyright © Brian Gregory Downer, 2014 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION A LIFE SPAN APPROACH TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHOLESTEROL, LATE ONSET ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AMONG OLDER ADULTS There is evidence that cholesterol presents an important risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the direction of this relationship is modified by age. High cholesterol during midlife and low cholesterol during late life are both associated with an increased risk for AD. This dissertation research engaged a life span approach to study the relationship between cholesterol, AD and cognitive functioning among older adults. The purpose of this research was to determine if trajectories of cholesterol from midlife through late life differ according to AD status and if these trajectories are associated with cognitive functioning during old age. This research employed a secondary analysis of cognitive, phenotypic and genetic data collected from subjects of the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) Original and Offspring Cohorts. Aim One involved creating three summary scores of the FHS neuropsychological battery. ROC analysis was used to determine which score best differentiated between cognitively normal, impaired and dementia subjects. Aim Two used generalized additive mixed models to examine trajectories of total, HDL and total/HDL cholesterol ratio according to AD status in the Original Cohort. Aim Three used mixed-effects models to examine the relationship between subject-specific trajectories of total cholesterol and cognition during old age. Aim One determined that a summary score that provided equal weight to each assessment in the FHS neuropsychological battery best differentiates between subjects classified as cognitively normal, cognitively impaired and dementia. The findings from Aim Two indicated that there are subtle differences in the longitudinal trajectories of total, HDL and total/HDL ratio according to AD status. The findings from Aim Three provide limited evidence for a relationship between subject-specific trajectories of total cholesterol and cognitive functioning later in life. Older adults in the highest quartile for cognitive functioning had lower total cholesterol at approximately 55 years of age, but there were no differences in the mean trajectories of total cholesterol according to cognitive functioning later in life. The findings from this research suggest that older adults with high cognitive functioning have lower total cholesterol during midlife, but life span cholesterol trajectories do not appear to be associated with AD status or cognitive function. KEYWORDS: Life span, Cholesterol, Alzheimer’s Disease, Cognition, Older Adults A LIFE SPAN APPROACH TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHOLESTEROL, LATE ONSET ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AMONG OLDER ADULTS By Brian Gregory Downer David Fardo, PhD Co-Director of Dissertation John Watkins, PhD Co-Director of Dissertation John Watkins, PhD Director of Graduate Studies June 2, 2014 DEDICATION To My Grandparents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and guidance of a countless number of individuals. I first want to thank my dissertation committee, Drs. John Watkins, David Fardo, Frederick Schmitt, Steven Estus, and Wayne Sanderson, as well as Dr. Glen Mays who served as outside examiner, for their mentorship throughout this entire process. I especially want to acknowledge the efforts of my dissertation co-chairs, Dr. Watkins and Dr. Fardo. First, John Watkins who challenged me intellectually and pushed my thinking to a level a never thought was possible. Second, David Fardo who patiently guided me throughout the duration of my research and who made himself available at a moments notice. I also want to thank Dr. Faika Zanjani who served as my primary advisor and mentor. Dr. Zanjani exemplifies what it means to be an advisor and mentor, and I will be forever grateful for the opportunities she provided me while a student in her lab. I also need to acknowledge the unending encouragement that I received from my friends and family. First, my girlfriend Paige Birkelbach, who supported me through all of the ups and downs of my research, and often times had more confidence in my abilities than I did. Next, my friend, Jared Neumann, who I could always count on too distract me from the stress of trying to complete my dissertation. Also, I need to recognize my classmates and colleagues who supported me in immeasurable ways throughout my time at the University of Kentucky. Finally, my parents, Jane and Greg Downer, and my brother, Ben, and sister, Lorraine, who gave me unconditional love and support through this entire process. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii Chapter One: Introduction and Background ................................................................................... 1 Alzheimer’s Disease Research: A Brief Historical Review ............................................... 3 Understanding Plaques and Tangles ..................................................................... 7 Do Plaques and Tangles Cause Alzheimer’s Disease? ......................................... 8 An Increase in Public Awareness of Alzheimer’s Disease ................................. 10 The Future of Alzheimer’s Disease Research ...................................................... 14 Purpose and Objectives of Dissertation Research ............................................................ 17 Chapter Two: Review of the Literature ........................................................................................ 25 Background ...................................................................................................................... 25 Types of Cholesterol ........................................................................................... 26 Maintaining Cholesterol Homeostasis ................................................................ 26 Effects of Diet on Cholesterol Homeostasis .........................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410
    no nonsense Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410 – interpretation ltd interpretation Contract number 1446 May 2011 no nonsense–interpretation ltd 27 Lyth Hill Road Bayston Hill Shrewsbury SY3 0EW www.nononsense-interpretation.co.uk Cadw would like to thank Richard Brewer, Research Keeper of Roman Archaeology, Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, for his insight, help and support throughout the writing of this plan. Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47-410 Cadw 2011 no nonsense-interpretation ltd 2 Contents 1. Roman conquest, occupation and settlement of Wales AD 47410 .............................................. 5 1.1 Relationship to other plans under the HTP............................................................................. 5 1.2 Linking our Roman assets ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Sites not in Wales .................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Criteria for the selection of sites in this plan .......................................................................... 9 2. Why read this plan? ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Aim what we want to achieve ........................................................................................... 10 2.2 Objectives.............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Isurium Brigantum
    Isurium Brigantum an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough The authors and publisher wish to thank the following individuals and organisations for their help with this Isurium Brigantum publication: Historic England an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough Society of Antiquaries of London Thriplow Charitable Trust Faculty of Classics and the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge Chris and Jan Martins Rose Ferraby and Martin Millett with contributions by Jason Lucas, James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven Verdonck and Lacey Wallace Research Report of the Society of Antiquaries of London No. 81 For RWS Norfolk ‒ RF Contents First published 2020 by The Society of Antiquaries of London Burlington House List of figures vii Piccadilly Preface x London W1J 0BE Acknowledgements xi Summary xii www.sal.org.uk Résumé xiii © The Society of Antiquaries of London 2020 Zusammenfassung xiv Notes on referencing and archives xv ISBN: 978 0 8543 1301 3 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to this study 1 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data 1.2 Geographical setting 2 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the 1.3 Historical background 2 Library of Congress, Washington DC 1.4 Previous inferences on urban origins 6 The moral rights of Rose Ferraby, Martin Millett, Jason Lucas, 1.5 Textual evidence 7 James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven 1.6 History of the town 7 Verdonck and Lacey Wallace to be identified as the authors of 1.7 Previous archaeological work 8 this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • Consent Calendar
    2018 Statewide Endorsements U.S. Senate Attorney General Secretary of State State Treasurer No Consensus No Consensus Alex Padilla Fiona Ma Governor State Controller Superintendent of Public Board of Equalization No Consensus Betty Yee Instruction Dist. 1 – No Consensus Tony Thurmond Dist. 2 – No Consensus Lt. Governor Insurance Commissioner Dist. 3 – No Consensus No Consensus Ricardo Lara 2018 Consent Calendar State Assembly AD 41 Chris Holden* CD 18 Anna Eshoo* AD 1 No Candidate Filed AD 42 DeniAntionette Mazingo State Senate CD 19 Zoe Lofgren* AD 2 Jim Wood* AD 43 Laura Friedman* SD 2 Mike McGuire* CD 20 Jimmy Panetta* AD 3 Sonia Aery AD 44 Jacqui Irwin* SD 4 No Candidate Filed CD 21 Emilio Huerta AD 4 Cecilia Aguiar-Curry* AD 45 No Consensus SD 6 Richard Pan* CD 22 Andrew Janz AD 5 Carla Jean Neal AD 46 Adrin Nazarian* SD 8 Tom Pratt CD 23 Tatiana Matta AD 6 Jackie Smith AD 47 Eloise Reyes* SD 10 Bob Wieckowski* CD 24 Salud Carbajal* AD 7 Kevin McCarty* AD 48 Blanca Rubio* SD 12 Anna Caballero CD 25 No Consensus AD 8 Ken Cooley* AD 49 Ed Chau* SD 14 No Consensus CD 26 Julia Brownley* AD 9 James Cooper* AD 50 Richard Bloom* SD 16 Ruth Musser-Lopez CD 27 Judy Chu* AD 10 Marc Levine* AD 51 Wendy Carrillo* SD 18 Bob Hertzberg* CD 28 Adam Schiff* AD 11 Jim Frazier* AD 52 No Consensus SD 20 Connie Leyva* CD 29 Tony Cardenas* AD 12 No Candidate Filed AD 53 Miguel Santiago* SD 22 Michael Eng CD 30 Brad Sherman* AD 13 Susan Eggman* AD 54 Sydney Kamlager SD 24 Maria Elena Durazo CD 31 Pete Aguilar* AD 14 Timothy S.
    [Show full text]
  • California Legislative Pictorial Roster
    ® California Constitutional/Statewide Officers Governor Lieutenant Governor Attorney General Secretary of State Gavin Newsom (D) Eleni Kounalakis (D) Rob Bonta (D) Shirley Weber (D) State Capitol State Capitol, Room 1114 1300 I Street 1500 11th Street, 6th Floor Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 445-2841 (916) 445-8994 (916) 445-9555 (916) 653-6814 Treasurer Controller Insurance Commissioner Superintendent of Public Instruction Fiona Ma (D) Betty T. Yee (D) Ricardo Lara (D) Tony K. Thurmond 915 Capitol Mall, Room 110 300 Capitol Mall, Suite 1850 300 Capitol Mall, Suite 1700 1430 N Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 653-2995 (916) 445-2636 (916) 492-3500 (916) 319-0800 Board of Equalization — District 1 Board of Equalization — District 2 Board of Equalization — District 3 Board of Equalization — District 4 Ted Gaines (R) Malia Cohen (D) Tony Vazquez (D) Mike Schaefer (D) 500 Capitol Mall, Suite 1750 1201 K Street, Suite 710 450 N Street, MIC: 72 400 Capitol Mall, Suite 2580 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 445-2181 (916) 445-4081 (916) 445-4154 (916) 323-9794 ® LEGISLATIVE PICTORIAL ROSTER — 2021-2022 California State Senators Ben Allen (D), SD 26 — Part of Bob J. Archuleta (D), SD 32 Toni Atkins (D), SD 39 — Part Pat Bates (R), SD 36 — Part of Josh Becker (D), SD 13 — Part Los Angeles. (916) 651-4026. —Part of Los Angeles. of San Diego. (916) 651-4039. Orange and San Diego.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman North-West England: the Process of Annexation
    ROMAN NORTH-WEST ENGLAND: THE PROCESS OF ANNEXATION David Shatter Read 19 October 1996 A quarter of a century ago it was the normal practice of historians to attribute the annexation of north-west England without question to Gnaeus Julius Agricola, governor of Britain between A.D. 77 and 83. This was in effect a ringing endorsement of the art of the 'spin doctor'; for Tacitus, Agricola's son-in-law and biographer, successfully omitted or relegated into the background evidence which would have supported the propositions that the process of annexation was more cumulative and gradual and that others, besides Agricola, made significant contributions to it. Further, in his Histories (published c. A.D. 106), Tacitus presented as fact the suggestion that, after Agricola's recall from Britain (which, in the Life of Agricola, he had indicated as an extremely devious and unreasonable act), Roman activities in Britain represented, at best, a lost opportunity and, at worst, a sell-out.' It is the purpose of the present paper to re-examine these views in the light of the greater body of evidence that is now available to us; whilst it will concentrate on the area of north-west England, this will, where appropriate, be related to the wider context of northern Britain. Since the late 1960s, archaeologists and historians have come increasingly to question older propositions, subjecting Tacitus, Histories, 1.2,1; Tacitus, Life of Agricola, 39 II 2 David Shatter them to the evidence resulting from new programmes of survey and excavation, and from greater refinement in handling the artefactual material.- Consequently, we can now appreciate that the annexation of the north-west not only pre­ dated Agricola's governorship, but also in some aspects the Flavian period (A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tribes of Wales Reconsidered1, by E.W.Williams
    J.E.Lloyd and his intellectual legacy; the tribes of Wales reconsidered1, by E.W.Williams In an earlier article, the present author considered the manner in which the racial model of history developed by the Oxford school of Germanist historians in relation to England was adopted by J. E. Lloyd and applied to Wales. This article is focused on the way in which that racial model was employed by Lloyd in his analysis of the tribes of Wales and contributed to the establishment of a widely accepted view of the location of those tribal territories. The major challenges that emerged to this facet of his work in the period to 1939 are then outlined. Subsequently, the manner in which Lloyd’s historical work influenced Welsh archaeology is delineated, before considering the erosion of his hypothesis within that field in the period through to 2010. A number of longstanding archaeological perspectives which diverged from the orthodox historical view developed by Lloyd are then outlined. These provide a basis for a significantly different concept of the territories accorded to the tribes of Wales. The implications of this alternative view of the tribal structure of Wales with regard to both the Roman conquest and the subsequent integration of the western tribes into the Roman civil system are then briefly considered. The historian, J.E.Lloyd is commonly regarded as having established the foundations of modern Welsh History.2 In an earlier article, this author drew attention to key weaknesses in his analysis and highlighted the fact that in 1939 Lloyd had acknowledged that his earlier hypothesis regarding the formation of pre-Roman Wales could not be sustained.3 Accordingly, in the third edition of his A History of Wales, he replaced the initial three chapters of his first and second editions with a very different introduction.4 One of the aspects which led to Lloyd’s decision to establish new foundations for his work lay in the inadequacies of his analysis of the tribal structure of pre-Roman Wales.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Northern Britain David Shotter
    Contrebis Vol )OOV 1999 Cerialiso Agricola and the Conquest of Northern Britain David Shotter as incoming emperors must have carried out O* chief source for the Roman conquest of reviews of on-going activities. northern Britain is, of course, the historian, The chief purpose of the present paper is to Cornelius Tacitus, in his eulogistic biography of attempt to create a more realistic account of the his father-in-law, Gnaeus Julius Agricola. Not conquest of northern Britain, bearing in mind surprisingly, Agricola's achievements, the whole assemblage of evidence that can be culminating with those in Britain, provide the derived from literary, epigraphic and centrepiece of this work. The impression that archaeological sources and the observation, Tacitus clearly wished to give was that it was made many years ago by Professor Barri Jones very largely down to Agricola that Roman arms and which pointed the way to the present progressed from the north Midlands almost to exercise, that 'Agricolan is a much overworked the very north of Scotland, and that it was a adjective'. short-sighted and envious emperor (Domitian) who ordered a retreat from much of this When the Romans came to Britain in AD. 43, it likely that they very soon forged a mutually territory. is beneficial relationship with Canimandua, the It has long been suspected that this account is, leader of the northern tribe of the Brigantes. to say the least, 'economical with the truth'; in Her name suggests that she may have been recent years, however, we have begun to intrusive from further south, as the mandu put the test acquire the means to the matter to element is reminiscent of Mandubracius, a rather more confidently.
    [Show full text]
  • Ardunie Roman Signal Station
    Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC050 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90331) Taken into State care: 1982 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2005 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ARDUNIE ROMAN SIGNAL STATION We continually revise our Statements of Significance, so they may vary in length, format and level of detail. While every effort is made to keep them up to date, they should not be considered a definitive or final assessment of our properties. Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH ARDUNIE ROMAN SIGNAL STATION BRIEF DESCRIPTION The property at Ardunie, near Auchterarder, is a Roman signal-station or watchtower of the late 1st century AD. It is situated 10m to the south of a Roman road. The monument forms part of a Roman military system, now termed the Gask Ridge frontier. The Gask Ridge frontier is regarded as the earliest example from the Roman Empire of a frontier system of roads, forts and watchtowers/signal stations. It stretches over 37km from Glenbank, north of Dunblane, along the Gask Ridge, to Bertha on the Tay. CHARACTER OF THE MONUMENT Historical Overview Site probably constructed during the initial Roman invasion of Scotland in AD 79- 80 by Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Governor of Britain (AD 77/8 – 83/4), during the reigns of the Emperors Vespasian (AD 69-79) and his sons Titus (AD 79-81) and Domitian (AD 81-96). Gask Ridge sites abandoned c. AD 87/88 when the Roman Army withdrew from Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • Gnaeus Julius Agricola Was Born in A.D.40 in Modern Day Southern France of Parents Who Were from Families of Senatorial Rank
    Gnaeus Julius Agricola was born in A.D.40 in modern day Southern France of parents who were from families of Senatorial Rank. Both of his Grandfathers served as Imperial Governors and his father Julius Graecinus became a member of the Roman Senate. Between August 40 A.D and January 41 A.D, the Roman Emperor Caligula ordered Graecinus’ death because he refused to prosecute the Emperor’s second cousin Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus. Agricola’s mother was Julia Procilla. The Roman Historian Tacitus described her as “A Lady of singular virtue“. Agricola was educated in Massilia, now Marseille, and showed what at that time was considered an unhealthy interest in Philosophy. Agricola began his career in Roman public life as a military tribune, serving in Britain under Gaius Suetonius Paulinus from 58 A.D to 62 A.D. and participated in the suppression of Boadica’s uprising in 61. Returning to Rome in 62 he married Domitia Decidiana, a woman of noble birth. Their first child was a boy. Agricola was appointed as a quaestor in 64, and he served in the province of Asia. Whilst there his daughter Julia Agricola was born, but unfortunately his Son died shortly afterwards. He was tribune of the Plebs in 66 and Praetor in 68. During this time he was ordered to take an inventory of the Temple treasures. In June 68 the emperor Nero was deposed and committed suicide, and the period of civil war known as “The Year of the Four Emperors” began. Galba succeeded Nero, and was murdered by Otho, who then became the next Emperor.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricola, Tacitus, and Scotland
    AGRICOLA, TACITUS, AND SCOTLAND David Shotter Despite its status as a work devoted to a single subject, Tacitus' Life of Agricola has left much unclear regarding both Flavian policy in Britain and the part played in it by Tacitus' father-in-law, Cnaeus Julius Agricola. The purpose of the present note is to address two of these difficulties - the initial penetration of Caledonia and the circumstances of Agricola's recall in AD 83. Dendrochronological analysis in the 1980s of timbers taken from the southern gateway-complex of the earliest fort at Carlisle demonstrated that the fort could not have been constructed much later than AD 72 - that is, during the govemorship of Quintus Petillius Cerialis (Shotter 1997 ,25); this confirmed suspicions that had first been voiced nearly a century ago by JP Bushe-Fox (1913,295ff). The effect of this realisation, however, has been to prompt a debate on the course of the Roman conquest of northern Britain in the 70s and 80s, and on the relationship between this and the account which appears to be given (or, at least, implied) by Cornelius Tacitus inhis Life of Agricola. In particular, an inconsistency appears to exist between a Roman advance as far as Carlisle and, on the basis of the numismatic evidence, probably also as far as Corbridge (Bishop and Dore 1988, 143), as early as 72 and the apparent implication of Tacitus that Agricola's penetration as far north as the river Tay in AD 79 represented a 'first' (Life of Agricola 22, 1). The pro-Roman (or, at least, neutral) stance of the Brigantes, originally brokered by Claudius, finally collapsed in AD 69, although it had clearly been losing stability and, thus, usefulness for a considerable time, as the relationship between the two Brigantian leaders, Cartimandua and Venutius, deteriorated (Tacitus Annals XII, 31-40; Shotter 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Manchester: Its Early Political History
    MANCHESTER: ITS EARLY POLITICAL HISTORY S Bryant and J Walker INTRODUCTION north. The maintenance of such a buffer state in the north was important to Roman strategy at a This chapter provides a brief summary of the Hme when their hold on the south of England was historical and political developments that being consolidated, and the vulnerable western affected Manchester and its region from AD 43 to flank threatened by hostile Welsh tribes was being AD 919, and so provides a broad framework for the pacified. The client arrangement between Rome and assessment of the developments and changes the Brigantes was clearly in force by the mid AD revealed by excavation. 50s for we know from the same source that the Roman governor from AD 52 to AD 57, Callus, THE ROMAN CONQUEST OF THE AREA intervened with his Roman auxiliary troops to prevent Venutius, the anti-Roman consort of From the Roman conquest in the 1st century AD Cartimandua, from taking control of the Brigantes. until the end of the Western Empire, cAD 410, most of the territory of the Celtic tribe of the Archaeological evidence for Roman activity within Brigantes, meaning free, high or upland people Brigantia in the early years of the invasion is (Rivet and Smith 1979, 278-80), which stretched patchy but it does seem to suggest that some from the Derbyshire Peaks virtually to Hadrian's direct military intervention took place. It has Wall, was under direct military control. The been known for some time that the foundation of Brigantes were a loosely confederated tribal group the early fort at Templeborough near Rotherham and it is possible that the Manchester area was (fig 2.1) was probably Neronian (May 1922, I I) the homeland of a tribal sub-group, the Setantii and, in recent years, Claudian and Neronian (Rivet and Smith 1979, 456-7).
    [Show full text]
  • Muir O' Fauld Roman Signal Station
    Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC094 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90333) Taken into State care: 1982 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2005 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE MUIR O’ FAULD ROMAN SIGNAL STATION We continually revise our Statements of Significance, so they may vary in length, format and level of detail. While every effort is made to keep them up to date, they should not be considered a definitive or final assessment of our properties. Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH MUIR O’ FAULD ROMAN SIGNAL STATION BRIEF DESCRIPTION The property at Muir O’ Fauld, near Auchterarder, is a Roman signal-station or watch-tower of the late 1st century AD. It is situated 15m to the south of a Roman road. The monument forms part of a Roman military system, now termed the Gask Ridge frontier. The Gask Ridge frontier is regarded as the earliest example from the Roman Empire of a frontier system of roads, forts and watchtowers/signal stations. It stretches over 37km from Glenbank, north of Dunblane, along the Gask Ridge, to Bertha on the Tay. CHARACTER OF THE MONUMENT Historical Overview Site probably constructed during the initial Roman invasion of Scotland in AD 79- 80 by Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Governor of Britain (AD 77/8 – 83/4), during the reigns of the Emperors Vespasian (AD 69-79) and his sons Titus (AD 79-81) and Domitian (AD 81-96). Gask Ridge sites abandoned c.
    [Show full text]