operate uniquely at high latitudes. One striking pat- Antarctic and Subantarctk tern is a tendency of shallow-water genera to pene- trate deep into the abyss, and a simultaneous tend- ency of the abyssal genera to emerge into shallow MERRILL W. FOSTER water. These two phenomena—polar submergence Museum of Comparative Zoology and polar emergence—remain clearly distinguishable Harvard University from the standpoint of taxonomic perception of the genera involved. Contrary to the situation in tropical seas, the eye-bearing, shallow genera such as Munna, During the past year, I have been engaged in the Gnathia, Antarcturus, Cirolana, Serolis, etc. descend concluding phases of my research on the brachiopods along the antarctic continental slope into the abyss. of the far South. My material consists of undescribed Most often, the deep-sea of these genera lack specimens from many earlier expeditions; however, eyes or bear degenerate eyes. A scanning-microscope the majority of the specimens were taken on cruises of examination of Serolis eye structure has provided cru- USNS Eltanin. Some of my findings are summarized cial data on the minute details of retinula and lens of below. antarctic species from different depths (mss. in prep- At least 21 genera and 38 species are present in the aration). The accompanying figure illustrates a shal- material; two new genera are recognized. Ten new spe- low-water species with very prominent eyes and a cies are recognized in the genera Compsothyris, His- deep-sea blind species (Fig. 1A and B). This predom- panirhynchia (?), Liothyrella, Eucalat his, Arnphithyris, inantly antarctic , Serolis, was subject to a mon- Dallina, Fallax, and Magellania( ?). Six other Speci- ographic study (Moreira and Menzies, submitted to mens which may represent new species have been de- the Antarctic Research Series). scribed in Compsothyris, Liothyrella, and Dyscolia. Polar emergence is exhibited by several blind Asel- Analysis of character variation in large samples has lote isopod genera such as Macrostylis, Haploniscus, led to the placement of one genus and nine species in Desmosoma, Eurycope, Eugerda, Munnopsis, Ilyar- synonymy. This is the first time that Amphit/myris, achna, and Storthyngura, all exclusively deep-sea Dallina, Fallax, and Dyscolia have been reported genera in middle and lower latitudes that emerge to from the far South. New subspecies have been de- moderate depths both in the Antarctic and in the scribed in Neorhynchia, Liothyrella, and Gyrothyris. high Arctic. A significant correlation is evident in the The majority of the Recent species and genera coincidence between the upper limits of these within the family Terebratellidae have been restudied. emerging abyssal genera in high latitudes and the It has been concluded that the admittedly polyphy- start of the Abyssal Faunal Province, identified by a letic, but practical, genera Terebratella and Magel- new method: the abyssal boundary determined on the lania should be retained in the broad sense. I also basis of rate of faunal change showed tropical sub- favor retaining the genera Gyrothyris and Neothyris. mergence or, in other words, polar emergence. The The majority of antarctic species show aspects of vertical faunal zonation in the Antarctic in reduction in punctae density, shell thickness and spic- comparison with other parts of the World Ocean are ulation, as well as coarsening of shell mosaic as coin- elucidated in a manuscript now in progress. A generic pared with related taxa from farther north. These catalogue illustrating all isopod genera known within same changes are seen within the wide-ranging species the Antarctic Convergence is being prepared with Liothyrella uva. Similar trends as well as reduction in maps of distribution of antarctic species. shell porosity are observed in deep-water species at Data from the Scotia Sea offer evidence of a sea- various latitudes. These changes are believed to re- sonal breeding cycle in the deep sea (George and flect the greater difficulty of maintaining and depos- Menzies, 1967). Further investigations of the breeding iting calcite skeletons at locations with greater behavior of abyssal isopods provide new information CaCO3 solubility. The changes in punctae density confirming this cyclic reproductive activity in the lend support to Campbells (1965) suggestion that physically uniform deep sea. The peak breeding pe- Australian Permian terebratuline brachiopods with riod for abyssal isopods in both antarctic and North low punctae densities inhabited cool water. Atlantic deep-sea regions seems to be limited to four Multivariate analyses suggest negative associations months of the year—July-November (George and of foramen diameter, hinge-plate width, and beak Menzies, 1968). height of the terebratellid shell with depth. I believe References these associations reflect adaptations for stabilit y in George, R. Y. and R. J. Menzies. 1967. Indication of cyclic the varying current velocities at different depths. reproductive activity in abyssal organisms. Nature, 215 Dissections of Macandrevia vanhofleni reveal (5103): 878. muscle arrangements quite different from those George, R. Y. and R. J. Menzies. 1968. Further evidence for seasonal breeding cycles in deep sea. Nature, 220 known in other genera in the same family. It is sug- (5162): 80-81. gested that this genus be placed in a different family.

September—October 1969 191 Within the Ross Sea, the greatest diversity of bra- 5% and the total carbohydrate about 1%. In the chiopods occurs on the seaward edge of the shelf. This temperate sea stars, the protein level for the body wall diversity is believed due to an ecotone effect caused h varied from 9.7% of the dry weight in Astropecten the junction of two different water masses at this californicus to 34.2% in Dermasterias imbricata and location. Significant associations (using the chi-square Pycno podia helianthoides. In most of the other test) between different brachiopod species occur in temperate sea stars, the values were closer to those in the Ross Sea only between Crania lecointei—Compso- Astropecten than to Dermasterias—e.g., in Pisaster tliyri.c raco vitzae and Magellania fragilis—Macan- ochraceus, the common ochre star, 14.1%; Pisaster drezia vanhoffeni. I believe these species occur to- giganteus, 18.6% ; Pisaster brevispinus, 13.5% ; and gether commonly onl y because of quite different Patina miniata, the common sea bat, 12.8%. Only in feeding behavior. Orthasterias kohieri do the values approximate those My studies have clearly shown that brachiopods are in Dermasterias and Pycnopodia (22.2%). In the a significant and abundant element of the marine body wall of most of these species, the lipid level per benthos in the southern oceans. The large number of unit dry weight was much lower than in the antarctic specimens available in this study has permitted close stars—around 2%, reaching 4.3% in Pycno podia. examination of species structure and its relationship The carbohydrate level (in this case, glycogen-like to svstematics in various brachiopod species. material) was always less than 1%, and usually about half that amount. Reference Measurements of the oxygen consumption of these Campbell, K. S. W. 1965. Australian Permian terebratu- antarctic sea stars were planned for bids. Bureau of Mineral Resources. Geology and Geo- Eltanin Cruise 38, physics Bulletin no. 68. 113 p. but the ship never reached the area of the continental shelf where the species are found, and none wer caught. The oxygen consumption of the body wall of the General Physiology following six temperate sea stars was determined with of the Body Wall Warburg respirometry: Pisaster ochraceus, Patina miniata, Pycno podia helianthoides, Dermasterias im- with Special Reference to bricata, Ortliasterias kohieri, and Astropecten califor- Asteroids and Echinoids nicus. It ranged from 15 to 35 pd/gram wet weight/ hour, the rate for being the highest and ARTHUR C. GIESE Pycno podia that for Patina and Astropecten the lowest. However, Department of Biological Sciences on the basis of protein level, Astropecten has the Stanford University highest rate while Dermasterias has the lowest. The possible reason for the low oxygen consump- As earlier observations had suggested that the hod tion in the high-protein body wall of Dermasterias wall of the antarctic sea star Perknaster fuscus an tare- may be a result of much inert protein, possibly con- ticus had much more protein than that of the nective tissue. The construction of the body wall in temperate species Pisaster ochraceus and Patina mini- Dermasterias was therefore studied histologically and ata, a study of the biochemistry of the body walls of compared with that of Patina. Preliminary examina- antarctic and temperate-zone sea stars was initiated tion of the material indicates that Dermasterias has to determine whether this high protein level was char- much more connective tissue in the body wall than acteristic of antarctic species or whether it was a pe- Patina. culiarity of only one of the species examined by Oxygen consumption compared for Patina (low chance. Conversely, it was desirable to sample other protein) and Dermastenias (high protein) on the basis temperate sea stars to determine whether some might of DNA level of the body wall proved to he quite not have a high protein level in the body wall com- similar, much more so than on the basis of protein parable to that in Perknaster. It was of interest also to level. If DNA is taken to measure the cell content of determine the oxygen consumption rate for both the tissue, this finding suggests that the oxygen con- temperate and antarctic sea stars as a measure of the sulmmption of the body wall is related to the number of metabolic acitivity of the body wall. cells present, not the protein, much of which is extra- These objectives have been fulfilled in part. It was cellular in the high-protein type of body wall. found that the high protein level (38.3% of the dry It is conjectured that, on the basis of Protein level, weight) of Perknaster was unusual among antarctic the body wall of a sea star like Perknastcr with high sea stars: in Diplasterias brucei it was found to be protein level would probably have a lower oxygen 29.7%; in Cuenotaster involutus, 31.1%; and in consumption than a star like Odontaster with consid- Odontaster validus, 21.7 47c. In the body wall of all of erably lower protein level, but that on the basis of these sea stars, the lipid levels were found to be about DNA level, they would be similar.

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