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Różnorodność Biologiczna – Od Komórki Do Ekosystemu. Rośliny I Grzyby W Zmieniających Się Warunkach Środowiska

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Różnorodność Biologiczna – Od Komórki Do Ekosystemu. Rośliny I Grzyby W Zmieniających Się Warunkach Środowiska Różnorodność biologiczna – od komórki do ekosystemu. Rośliny i grzyby w zmieniających się warunkach środowiska Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne Oddział w Białymstoku Różnorodność biologiczna – od komórki do ekosystemu. Rośliny i grzyby w zmieniających się warunkach środowiska pod redakcją Iwony Ciereszko i Andrzeja Bajguza Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne Białystok 2013 Redakcja naukowa dr hab. Iwona Ciereszko, prof. UwB dr hab. Andrzej Bajguz Recenzenci prof. dr hab. Elżbieta Romanowska; prof. dr hab. Wiesław Fałtynowicz; prof. dr hab. Czesław Hołdyński; dr hab. Iwona Ciereszko, prof. UwB; dr hab. Mirosława Kupryjanowicz, prof. UwB; dr hab. Grażyna Łaska, prof. PB; dr hab. Dorota Nalepka, prof. PAN, Kraków; dr hab. Andrzej Bajguz; dr hab. Agnieszka Gniazdowska-Piekarska; dr hab. Bożena Kiziewicz; dr Anna Matwiejuk Copyright © 2013 by: Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne – Oddział w Białymstoku. Wszystkie prawa zastrzeżone ISBN 978-83-62069-37-8 Korekta językowa: Urszula Glińska Projekt okładki: Magdalena Muśko wykorzystano fotografie autorstwa: Anety Adamczuk; Ewy Żebrowskiej; Piotra Tałałaja Redaktor techniczny: Andrzej Poskrobko Realizacja: Agencja Wydawnicza EkoPress 601 311 838 Spis treści Wstęp ................................................................................................................................................ 7 1. Elżbieta Romanowska, Wioleta Wasilewska, Ilona Bacławska, Alicja Buczyńska, Maksymilian Zienkiewicz Środowiskowe i metaboliczne uwarunkowania fotosyntezy typu C4 ............................. 9 2. Agnieszka Gniazdowska, Katarzyna Budnicka, Urszula Krasuska Regulacja spoczynku i kiełkowania nasion – czynniki endogenne i oddziaływania środowiskowe ........................................................................................... 25 3. Aneta Adamczuk, Irena Siegień, Iwona Ciereszko Udział NO w regulacji wzrostu i morfogenezy roślin w różnych warunkach środowiskowych ........................................................................... 39 4. Andrzej Bajguz, Martyna Pietrasz, Alicja Piotrowska-Niczyporuk Rola brassinosteroidów w odpowiedzi roślin na stres abiotyczny ................................ 53 5. Bożena Kozłowska-Szerenos, Iwona Ciereszko Udział askorbinianu w odpowiedzi roślin na niekorzystne czynniki środowiska ...... 69 6. Ewa Żebrowska, Iwona Ciereszko Odpowiedź roślin na niedobór fosforanów w podłożu ................................................... 83 7. Alicja Piotrowska-Niczyporuk, Andrzej Bajguz Fitoremediacja – alternatywa na czyste środowisko ........................................................ 97 8. Ewa Oleńska Interakcje roślina-bakteria jako czynnik tolerancji roślin naczyniowych na metale ciężkie ................................................................................................................. 111 9. Grażyna Łaska Demografia wybranych populacji roślin zielnych w długoterminowych badaniach eksperymentalnych w zmieniających się warunkach środowiska pod wpływem zaburzeń ..................................................................................................... 125 10. Grażyna Łaska, Aneta Sienkiewicz Stan zachowania i zagrożenie populacji Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. pod wpływem zmiennych warunków środowiska przyrodniczego w Puszczy Knyszyńskiej ........... 143 5 11. Aleksander Kołos, Beata Matowicka Monitoring zagrożonych gatunków roślin na torfowisku Rynki w Narwiańskim Parku Narodowym ................................................................................ 155 12. Izabela Tałałaj, Emilia Brzosko, Ewa Pirożnikow Obce gatunki roślin zagrożeniem dla ekosystemów Biebrzańskiego Parku Narodowego ................................................................................. 169 13. Grażyna Łaska, Monika Kolendo Różnorodność biologiczna – florystyczna i zbiorowisk roślinnych śródmiejskiej strefy Białegostoku ..................................................................................... 183 14. Grażyna Łaska, Łukasz Kolendo Zastosowanie fitoindykacji i technik GIS w ocenie wybranych elementów środowiska przyrodniczego w centrum Białegostoku .............................. 197 15. Mirosława Kupryjanowicz, Magdalena Fiłoc Globalne ocieplenie czy kolejne zlodowacenie? Kilka uwag paleoekologa na temat zmian klimatu w przyszłości ............................................................................ 211 16. Marta Szal, Mirosława Kupryjanowicz, Mariusz Wyczółkowski Puszcza Galindzka – kto i kiedy przyczynił się do jej wylesienia? ............................... 227 17. Bożena Kiziewicz, Paulina Pawłowska Występowanie grzybów i organizmów grzybopodobnych w rzece Świsłocz w profilu granicznym z Białorusią w Bobrownikach .................................................... 245 18. Zofia Tyszkiewicz Wpływ odwodnienia torfowisk na skład zbiorowisk grzybów glebowych ................. 261 19. Katarzyna Kolanko Porosty borów sosnowych w północno-wschodniej Polsce ......................................... 277 20. Anna Matwiejuk, Emilia Wójtowicz Porosty Ełku w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim ................................................ 291 21. Sylwia Kiercul Materiały do bioty porostów Podlasia. I. Wieś Krynickie, gmina Zabłudów (Polska Północno-Wschodnia) ......................................................... 307 22. Alina Stankiewicz Różnorodność biologiczna w edukacji szkolnej ............................................................. 319 6 Wstęp Prezentowana Państwu monografia jest kolejną pozycją wydawniczą cyklu* poświęconego osiągnięciom z zakresu najnowszych badań bioróżnorodności, pro- wadzonych na różnych poziomach organizacji życia roślin, grzybów i porostów – od komórki do ekosystemu. Hasłem przewodnim tegorocznej edycji jest różnorod- ność biologiczna roślin naczyniowych, grzybów i porostów w zmieniających się warunkach środowiska, pod wpływem abiotycznych i biotycznych czynników stre- sowych. Poszczególne rozdziały monografii prezentują szeroki zakres zagadnień naukowych związanych z ekofizjologią, biochemią, biologią rozwoju roślin, ekolo- gią populacji, fitosocjologią, florystyką i systematyką. Autorami rozdziałów są pra- cownicy kilku uczelni, uznani badacze naukowi, w większości członkowie Polskiego Towarzystwa Botanicznego. W monografii omówione zostały szczegółowo, w świetle najnowszych badań, m.in.: dostosowania roślin o typie fotosyntezy C4 do zmiennych warunków środo- wiska, z podkreśleniem znaczenia różnorodności tych roślin, rola czynników śro- dowiskowych i wewnętrznych wpływających na spoczynek i kiełkowanie nasion, funkcje biologiczne fitohormonów (brassinosteroidów), regulacyjna rola tlenku azotu w morfogenezie, znaczenie askorbinianu w zapobieganiu skutkom stresu oksydacyjnego, reakcje obronne roślin w odpowiedzi na niedobór makroelemen- tów czy zanieczyszczenie środowiska metalami ciężkimi. Przedstawiono również analizę zmienności cech demograficznych wybranych populacji roślin oraz aspekty ochrony rzadkich taksonów i cennych typów siedlisk przyrodniczych z uwzględ- nieniem ich roli dla funkcjonowania obszarów sieci Natura 2000. Kolejne rozdziały poświęcone są badaniom cennych przyrodniczo siedlisk i stanowisk chronionych gatunków roślin w strefie śródmiejskiej Białegostoku (m. in. z wykorzystaniem metod fitoindykacji wspomaganych technikami GIS) oraz w regionie północno-wschod- niej Polski. Dodatkowo omówione zostało zjawisko inwazji gatunków roślin obcego pochodzenia, trwale zmieniających strukturę wyjątkowych przyrodniczo ekosyste- mów Doliny Biebrzy. 7 Została również zasygnalizowana problematyka paleoekologiczna dotycząca wpływu osadnictwa człowieka na szatę roślinną oraz wykorzystania danych paleoe- kologicznych do prognozowania trendów zmian klimatycznych w perspektywie najbliższych stu- i tysiącleci. Następne rozdziały przedstawiają stopień różnorodno- ści zbiorowisk grzybów wodnych i glebowych (odwodnionych torfowisk) oraz ana- lizy ekologiczno-florystyczne porostów na obszarach o zróżnicowanej antropopre- sji i na terenach naturalnych. Życząc Państwu miłej lektury mamy nadzieję, że monografia przyczyni się do dyskusji, kontynuacji interdyscyplinarnych badań oraz określenia kierunków dalszych działań powstrzymujących straty w bioróżnorodności w regionie północno-wschod- nim oraz w kraju. Iwona Ciereszko i Andrzej Bajguz * Pierwsza monografia ukazała się drukiem w 2012 roku, pod redakcją Grażyny Łaskiej, „Biological diversity – from cell to ecosystem” (Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne, Oddział w Białymstoku) 8 1 Środowiskowe i metaboliczne uwarunkowania fotosyntezy typu C4 Elżbieta Romanowska / Wioleta Wasilewska / Ilona Bacławska Alicja Buczyńska / Maksymilian Zienkiewicz Uniwersytet Warszawski Wydział Biologii, Instytut Botaniki Zakład Molekularnej Fizjologii Roślin ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa e-mail: [email protected] Streszczenie Rośliny C4 występują w strefie tropikalnej, subtropikalnej oraz strefach o podwyższonej tempera- turze. Uważa się, że szlak C4, który powstał jako odpowiedź na obniżenie stężenia CO2 w atmosferze, jest serią zmian anatomicznych i biochemicznych zwiększających stężenie CO2 oraz eliminujących fotooddychanie. Jest przystosowaniem do wysokich natężeń światła, podwyższonej temperatury i suszy. U roślin C4 występują zwykle dwa typy komórek otaczających wiązkę przewo- dzącą i uczestniczących w fotosyntezie: komórki mezofilu i komórki pochew okołowiązkowych. Jedynie w chloroplastach komórek pochew okołowiązkowych występuje Rubisco i zachodzi cykl Calvina. Natomiast pierwotne wiązanie CO2 odbywa się w komórkach mezofilu, gdzie w chloropla-
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