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Die Donkosaken: Regionalismus Als Komponente Der Rußländischen Erneuerung Gehrmann, Udo

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Die Donkosaken: Regionalismus Als Komponente Der Rußländischen Erneuerung Gehrmann, Udo www.ssoar.info Die Donkosaken: Regionalismus als Komponente der rußländischen Erneuerung Gehrmann, Udo Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Forschungsbericht / research report Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Gehrmann, U. (1996). Die Donkosaken: Regionalismus als Komponente der rußländischen Erneuerung. (Berichte / BIOst, 11-1996). Köln: Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien. https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-42332 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use. anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Die Meinungen, die in den vom BUNDESINSTITUT FÜR OSTWISSENSCHAFTLICHE UND INTERNATIONALE STUDIEN herausgegebenen Veröffentlichungen geäußert werden, geben ausschließlich die Auffassung der Autoren wieder. © 1996 by Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, Köln Abdruck und sonstige publizistische Nutzung - auch auszugsweise - nur mit vorheriger Zustimmung des Bundesinstituts sowie mit Angabe des Verfassers und der Quelle gestattet. Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, Lindenbornstr. 22, D-50823 Köln, Telefon 0221/5747-0, Telefax 0221/5747-110 ISSN 0435-7183 Inhalt Seite Kurzfassung ....................................................................................................... 2 Einleitung ....................................................................................................... 6 1. Die Rekonstitution der Donkosaken als gesellschaftliche Vereinigungen..............................................................................7 2. Die donkosakische Programmatik in historischer Retrospektive.......11 3. Die Wiederherstellung des Donheergebietes als Vision kosakischer Rehabilitierungsforderungen...................................13 4. Der "Große Krug zur Rettung des Don": Regionalismus versus Zentralismus...............................................................................16 5. Die Zerreißprobe donkosakischer Ambitionen vor dem Hintergrund Moskauer Machtkonstellationen...............18 6. Die Lösung der "Kosakenfrage" im machtpolitischen Verständnis des Rostover Gebietssowjets.......................................................21 7. Die Achillesferse der Kosakenbewegung: Ideologisierung und politische Differenzierung in der postsowjetischen Zeit...............23 8. Die ethnische Identität und territoriale Integrität im kontroversen Selbstverständnis der Donkosaken....................26 9. Die militärische Vision im tradierten Spannungsfeld zwischen Regionalismus und Patriotismus ................................27 10. Ausblick: Vom kosakischen Folkloreverein zum rußländischen Staatsdienst.................................................................................31 Summary ....................................................................................................... 33 29. Januar 1996 Die vorliegende Arbeit ist aus einem Forschungsauftrag des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaft- liche und internationale Studien hervorgegangen. Der Verfasser ist Historiker und lebt in Erfurt. Redaktion: Gerhard Simon 2 Berichte des BIOst 1996 Udo Gehrmann Die Donkosaken Regionalismus als Komponente der rußländischen Erneuerung Bericht des BIOst Nr. 11/1996 Kurzfassung Vorbemerkung Der Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion verlieh der Rückbesinnung sowohl auf tradierte Herr- schaftsstrukturen des polyethnischen Imperiums als auch auf nationale und regionale Traditionen und Eigenwege eine gegenwartspolitische und vielleicht auch zukunftsweisende Relevanz. Die Wiedergeburt der Kosaken nimmt dabei einen besonderen Platz ein. Neben der Wiederbelebung von Staatsdienstpflichten vor allem im militärischen Bereich des imperialen Bestandsschutzes birgt die Rekonstitution der Kosakengemeinschaften aber für die rußländische Zentralmacht auch die Gefahr einer Neuauflage nationaler Sonderwege und autonomer Regionalentwicklungen. Die offizielle Rehabilitierung der Kosaken als einer "historisch entstandenen ethno-kulturellen Menschengemeinschaft", das Selbstverständnis als "viertes ostslavisches Volk" und die jüngsten Versuche, eine Donkosaken-Republik als "national-staatliches Gebilde" zu proklamieren, sind deutlicher Ausdruck dieser Intentionen. Der regionale Aspekt der Kosakenrenaissance in Rußland ist Anlaß für eine Studie, in der nicht allein die mit Beginn der neunziger Jahre am Don einsetzende Kosakenbewegung in wesentli- chen Konturen nachvollzogen wird. Vielmehr verfolgt sie das Ziel, die Wiedergeburt der Donko- saken nach den regionalen Traditionen und Visionen zu befragen und diese in den Gesamtkon- text der rußländischen Erneuerung zu setzen. Vor dem Hintergrund der jeweiligen machtpo- litischen Konstellationen im Zentrum und in der Donprovinz schenkt die Studie den Fragen der Rehabilitierung, der regionalen Identität und der territorialen Integrität des Donkosakenlandes sowie nicht zuletzt der militärischen Option der Kosakenheere besondere Beachtung. Als Material- und Quellengrundlage dienen Dokumente (Programme, Satzungen, Resolutionen) und Presseerzeugnisse der Donkosaken sowie anderer zentraler und territorialer Kosakenvereini- gungen. Ergebnisse 1. Das Jahr 1990 ging in die Regionalgeschichte des Dongebietes als Jahr der Wiedergeburt der Kosaken ein. Wie in zahlreichen anderen Landesteilen der Sowjetunion vollzog sich die Kosakenrenaissance auch am Don von "unten" nach "oben". Delegierte der auf Chutor-, Staniza- und Okrugebene gebildeten Kosakenvereinigungen gründeten im November 1990 auf dem "1. Großen Krug" (höchstes Legislativorgan der Kosaken) den "Kosakenbund des Donheergebietes" (Sojuz kazakov Oblasty Vojska Donskogo). Der "Krug" setzte mit der Annahme der Satzung und des Programms sowie von 11 Resolutionen strategische Orientierungspunkte für die Wiederbelebung regionaler Dontraditionen. Erstmals seit über 70 Jahren wählte der "Krug" für die Verwaltung des einstigen Donheergebietes einen Ataman und entsprechende Leitungsgremien. Die Donkosaken 3 Charakteristisch für die Kosakenvereinigungen war, daß sie auf der Grundlage sowjetischer Gesetze jedoch lediglich den formalrechtlichen Status gesellschaftlicher Vereinigungen besaßen. 2. Wesentliche programmatische Forderungen waren die Rehabilitierung der Kosaken, die Wie- derherstellung der territorialen Integrität des Dongebietes und die Restitution von Grund und Boden als Voraussetzungen für die vollständige ethno-kulturelle Wiedergeburt einer regional selbstverwalteten Kosakengemeinschaft. Ungeachtet der beanspruchten Rechts- nachfolge des Donheergebietes von 1918/19 dominierte im Programm analog zu den damals allerdings vergeblichen Hoffnungen der "roten" Kosaken die Überzeugung, daß sich eine kosakische Neuordnung am Don auf der Grundlage des Staatsgesetzes "Über die regionale Selbstverwaltung in der RSFSR" durchsetzen ließe. Weitere Schwerpunkte bildeten die Pflege donkosakischer Kultur, die Einführung traditioneller Bodennutzungsformen sowie das Zusammenwirken mit der Armee. 3. Im Unterschied zu Moskau unterstützten die sowjetischen Machtinstanzen am Don bereits 1990 die Forderungen der Kosaken. Insofern wies die Situation am Don in der Endphase der Sowjetunion eine Reihe regionaler Besonderheiten auf, die auf das engste mit der Ko- sakenrenaissance verbunden waren. Denn selbst das im April 1991 verabschiedete Gesetz der RSFSR "Über die Rehabilitierung der unterdrückten Völker" stellte zwar auch den Kosaken die Rehabilitierung in Aussicht, doch verschaffte es den Kosaken noch nicht den Rechtsanspruch auf Wiedererhalt politischer Autonomie und auf Restitution von Grund und Boden. Diese Option aber spiegelte sich bereits in dem ersten Programm zur Wieder- geburt der Donkosaken wider, das im Sommer 1991 Gegenstand einer Tagung des Rostover Gebietssowjets war. Wenige Wochen nach dem Augustereignissen in Moskau beschloß der "2. Große Krug" des Donkosakenbundes die Wiederherstellung der Don- Republik im Bestand der RSFSR. Der analog dazu verabschiedete Beschluß des Rostover Gebietssowjets wurde jedoch annulliert. Denn Moskau vertrat den Standpunkt, daß die Kosaken als gesellschaftlich-politische und nicht als territorial-administrative Organisationen wirken sollten.
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