Innu Nikamu - L’Innu Chante

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Innu Nikamu - L’Innu Chante Table des matières REMERCIEMENTS – TSHINASHKUMITINAU . XIII INTRODUCTION . 1 Ancrage personnel ..................................... 1 Ancrage social ........................................ 4 Ancrage anthropologique ............................... 7 L’ethnomusicologie et l’anthropologie de la musique ........ 8 Musique et identité ............................... 9 La guérison autochtone . 10 Guérison symbolique .............................. 14 Significations, émotions, identité, pouvoir et transformation 16 Une recherche qualitative ............................... 17 L’ethnographie ..................................... 19 Observation participante . 22 Entretiens et chansons innues........................ 22 Les Innus............................................ 24 Ekuanitshit et Uashat mak Mani-utenam................. 28 Hypothèse et plan .................................... 30 Illustrations .......................................... 31 CHAPITRE 1 LES MUSIQUES TRADITIONNELLES INNUES . 41 Actes relationnels de communication et de communion dans le monde.......................... 41 Caractéristiques sommaires des formes musicales traditionnelles innues .................................. 43 Mode d’être au monde de chasseurs nomades ................ 47 Épistémologie relationnelle et engagement poétique ........ 52 X INNU NIKAMU - L’INNU CHANTE Relation au monde par le son, selon un mode d’être au monde traditionnel innu...................................... 56 Le pouvoir du son . 60 Le teueikan et les chants au teueikan..................... 62 Le teueikan ...................................... 63 Les chanteurs au teueikan et leurs chants . 66 Les makushan .................................... 70 Continuités et transformations ........................... 74 Illustrations .......................................... 77 CHAPITRE 2 RENCONTRES ET APPROPRIATIONS MUSICALES . 81 Parcours historique et musical des Innus .................... 81 Les chants chrétiens en innu-aimun........................ 83 La venue des instruments « étrangers » . 89 Le phénomène country et l’appropriation de la guitare ......... 92 Émile Grégoire, chanteur country innu .................. 98 Les mouvements d’affirmation identitaire et culturelle à travers le rock et le folk ............................... 101 Philippe McKenzie, porteur des revendications innues à travers la chanson engagée . 108 « Mistashipu » de Philippe McKenzie................... 114 « Innu » de Philippe McKenzie ....................... 116 « Ka papeikutesht » et « Mamitunenitamun » de Philippe McKenzie ............................. 117 1985 : la création du Festival Innu Nikamu ................. 119 « Innu nikamu » de Claude McKenzie .................. 124 La tornade Kashtin .................................... 126 Des musiques fortement ancrées dans leur milieu....................................... 134 Illustrations .......................................... 139 CHAPITRE 3 AFFIRMATION IDENTITAIRE . 153 Politiques et poétiques des musiques populaires contemporaines innues ................................. 153 Un art politisé et des poétiques de l’identité.................. 153 TABLE DES MATIÈRES XI L’identité des musiques innues et les lignes de force de l’affirmation identitaire ............................... 161 Les thématiques des paroles . 163 L’expression sonore . 166 L’expression et la valorisation de la langue innu-aimun....... 169 Les acteurs du monde musical innu et la place des femmes ... 175 « Nin au tshitshue ishkueu » d’Hélène McKenzie Vollant . 178 Kathia Rock, chanteuse innue ....................... 180 « Quand le jour se lève » de Kathia Rock................. 184 « Shatshitun » de Kathia Rock . 185 Une thématique identitaire majeure : la référence au territoire, au mode de vie traditionnel, aux ancêtres................. 187 « Tshinanu » de Kashtin (Florent Vollant) . 189 « Ekuan pua » de Philippe McKenzie................... 190 « Eka ashuapatetau » de Rod et Robert Pilot ............. 192 « Tshitshissenitenanu » de Florent Vollant ................ 194 « Nui kushpen » de Shauit ........................... 197 Illustrations .......................................... 201 CHAPITRE 4 VOIE / VOIX DE GUÉRISON SOCIALE . 207 Des chansons et des musiques qui revitalisent le monde ........ 207 L’effet thérapeutique des poétiques politiques et culturelles ...... 208 « Toi qui as pris notre pays » de Réal Vollant .............. 209 « Metshu » d’Ussinniun (Rodrigue Fontaine) ............. 210 La participation sociale, l’engagement poétique et la transformation vers un mieux-être . 213 Katipatshimusht : message et effet-miroir.................. 215 La création et la pratique musicale comme moments de guérison ....................................... 219 Le cercle social et son paradoxe . 223 Sens et expériences de quelques chansons de guérison . 226 « Akua tutu » de Maten (Samuel « Putu » Pinette) ......... 226 « Tshe shatshieku » de Maten (Uapush Vollant) ............ 229 « Ashtam uitshii » de Chantal Bellefleur ................. 231 « Nutaui » de Claude McKenzie ...................... 234 « Eka nta tshi uapimikau » de Petapan (Michel Canapé) .... 236 « Ishpish tshi tutaman » de Bill St-Onge ................. 238 « Miam uapukun » de Kashtin (Florent Vollant) .......... 239 Illustrations .......................................... 241 XII INNU NIKAMU - L’INNU CHANTE CONCLUSION . 247 BIBLIOGRAPHIE Livres et revues..................................... 251 Articles de presse et entrevues radiophoniques ............. 264 Webographie ...................................... 265 Filmographie . 268 Discographie innue ................................. 270 Autre discographie autochtone......................... 277 RÉSUMÉ . 279 PETIT LEXIQUE INNU . 281 Prononciation . 281 Lexique ............................................ 282 Liste des chants et musiques du CD . 285 INNU NIKAMU – L’INNU CHANTE Innu nikamu signifie « L’Innu chante » ou, plus exactement, « Il/ elle chante en innu, à la manière innue ». Innu signifie « être humain ». Pour les Innus (anciennement nommés Montagnais ou Naskapis), le terme désigne leur nation en premier lieu, mais aussi, tout être humain amérin- dien, autochtone, aborigène, pour la relation particulière qu’ils entretien- nent avec la Terre et l’oppression qu’ils ont vécue et qu’ils vivent encore souvent. Nikamu, « il/elle chante », fait référence à une prise de pouvoir et de parole par le chant et la musique. Le terme Innu nikamu est aujourd’hui utilisé couramment pour parler de tous les chants et musiques innus anciens et contemporains. Toutefois, traditionnellement, nikamu se réfère d’abord au chant au tambour (teueikan), à un chant puissant, à une voix forte, chanté par les esprits lors des rêves et associé à l’acquisition de pouvoir et de maturité. Nikamu évoque l’existence d’un pouvoir attribué au son et transmis à travers le son. Ce pouvoir spirituel confère à celui qui le reçoit un pouvoir personnel, social, économique et politique, en tant que guide, messager et pourvoyeur. Innu Nikamu, c’est aussi le nom donné au festival de musique autochtone de Mani-utenam, fondé en 1985 par des jeunes Innus vision- naires. Il donna un grand coup d’envoi à la production musicale innue contemporaine. Jusqu’à aujourd’hui, le festival Innu Nikamu met en valeur les talents artistiques autochtones en présentant les chants, musi- ques et danses traditionnelles et populaires des Innus ainsi que d’autres groupes autochtones du Québec, du Canada et du monde. Tous les mois d’août, il rassemble pendant quelques jours des milliers de spectateurs dans la communauté de Mani-utenam, aux abords de la baie des Sept Îles. Le logo du festival, visible en couverture, est évocateur de son esprit d’affirmation identitaire et de guérison. En toile de fond, il présente un tambour innu (teueikan) rayonnant, se confondant avec le soleil. Les rayons de l’astre/teueikan seraient comme la propagation du son, des ondes sonores, dans toutes les directions. En surimpression, une outarde aux ailes grandement déployées s’envole, voyage et transporte la musique, donnant une forte impression de fierté et de liberté tout en évoquant le nomadisme et la transmission. Son corps se confond avec une guitare, offrant un lien symbolique fort entre la guitare, l’oiseau et l’envol, comme une affirmation identitaire à travers la musique. On y sent une référence à la saison estivale, XVIII INNU NIKAMU - L’INNU CHANTE à l’esprit de rassemblement et de fête. Le teueikan/soleil apparaît comme la fondation, la source d’énergie et d’unité, mettant en valeur l’attachement au territoire et à la culture innue. L’outarde/guitare suggère un acte d’éman- cipation, d’affirmation, un épanouissement, un mouvement, une transfor- mation personnelle, culturelle et sociale, une guérison. Le logo offre ainsi un paysage symbolique significatif où se négocient de nouvelles formes d’identité et d’expression autochtones qui puisent dans la force des tradi- tions, tout en favorisant la liberté, la créativité et le renouvellement. INTRODUCTION Les musiques fascinent. Lieux d’émotion, elles sont objet d’admiration et source de rêves. Elles entraînent les âmes sensibles dans des voyages imagi- naires où les frontières n’existent plus. Lieux de rencontre et de métissage, elles sont intemporelles et universelles… Importants témoins intérieurs d’une culture, les musiques sont aussi des expressions sociales et culturelles qui en révèlent beaucoup sur la commu- nauté d’où elles émergent. En tant qu’éléments de la vie en société, ces témoins culturels
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