Geomechanical Modelling of the Steinernase Landslide (Switzerland)
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Geomechanical modelling of the Steinernase landslide (Switzerland) L. Laloui, A. Ferrari & Ch. Bonnard(*) Soil Mechanics Laboratory (LMS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. (*)Presently independent consultant, PBBG SA, Lausanne. ABSTRACT: A geomechanical model was developed to analyse the behaviour of a natural slope located on the bank of the Rhine River between the towns of Stein and Mumpf in Switzerland. The slope is affected by a landslide and three strategic infrastructure assets are located at its toe. An intense monitoring campaign made it possible to identify pore water pressure evolution as the main cause for movement accelerations and to de- tect the presence of a multiple slip surface system. Advanced coupled finite element hydrogeological and ge- omechanical models have been used to analyse the landslide behaviour. After being calibrated and validated, the model was applied to improve the understanding of the physical processes involved and to predict the slope behaviour under different scenarios. 1 INTRODUCTION finite element models, allows an appropriate answer so such questions. The Steinernase landslide affects a natural slope on In this sense, an extensive study was recently the bank of the river Rhine between the towns of started in which geological, hydrological and geo- Stein and Mumpf in the canton of Aargau (Switzer- technical aspects were addressed (EPFL, 2008). Ad- land) (Figure 1). Slowly-moving slides of limited vanced finite element hydrogeological and geome- size are quite frequent in these mountainous or hilly chanical models were set up using a methodology areas and do not represent a major challenge for land that was already developed a few years ago for the planning, unless they may display occasional crises, La Frasse landslide in Switzerland (Tacher et al., generally due to exceptional climatic conditions. 2005). The La Frasse landslide was much larger than Such a situation is even more critical if major infra- the Steinernase case study and displayed major crisis structure assets cross the slide area; under the effect episodes in its lower part with displacements of of an acceleration phase of the slide, these works nearly 4 m in a few months. The major challenge in may be affected or even blocked, which represents a this present case, extending over an area of some 7 potential serious hazard that cannot be analysed in ha only and affected by minor crises of 1 to 2 cm in terms of probability analysis, as the number of re- winter, was to know beforehand if an appropriate corded past events is generally very small. This spe- model would be precise enough to reproduce the cial situation occurs in the present case study since displacements observed during crisis episodes. Once three infrastructure assets are located at the slope calibrated and validated the model could be used to toe, namely a railway, a highway and a cantonal allow the quantification of expected displacements road connecting Zurich and Basel. in modified conditions, like different rainfall condi- The presence of this slide had been known for tions or the construction of a drainage scheme aim- many years. Due to the strategic importance of the ing at protecting the main highway and the main potentially involved infrastructure, a monitoring railway line between Basel and Zurich. campaign was started in 1986 to assess the dangers The first required condition to solve this problem posed by the landslide, but it was difficult for the au- was to precisely describe the geological conditions thorities to determine if the slide might be liable to and to include the various observed slip surfaces in experience a serious crisis, in which conditions the model, as well as to take the unsaturated condi- (maybe related to climate change), and what would tions into account, which determine the absence of be the consecutive displacements. A simple limit significant movements during most of the year, so as equilibrium model is unable to answer to such ques- to reproduce the proper mechanism of this slide. tions and only a detailed hydro-geological and geo- mechanical approach, implying the development of Germany Basel France Stein Mumpf Zürich Austria Bern Switzerland Lausanne Geneva Italy 40 km Main direction of movements Cantonal road Inclinometer Topographic control point 266200 A R Highway E60 ive r R hin ? e Substable B3a zone limit B7 Railway B3 B3b B3c B3d B1/00 B3e 266000 B20/06 B2 B3f B3/00 320 B5/00,B23/06 B6/00 coordinate (m) B4/00,B24/06 y ? A' ? Sliding mass 265800 limits Road ? Substable zone limit Flue 400 500 265600 637200 637400 637600 x coordinate (m) Figure 1. Location and general plan of the landslide showing the position of inclinometers and topographic control points. Limits of the active and substable zones and main direction of movements are shown. (Coordinates according to the Swiss reference system). 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE LANDSLIDE the infrastructure, during which inclinometers, pie- zometers and topographic control points were in- stalled. The information collected over the last 13 2.1 Geological setting years made it possible to assess the active zone, ap- The Steinernase landslide is situated in the Jura hills proximately 300 m width and 230 m length (Geotest, of Switzerland at the edge of the German Black For- 2006), which is reported in Figure 1. Evidence of est crystalline outcrop. From this location results a superficial instabilities led to the conclusion that this quite variable rock series with Permian siltstones at active zone is part of a wider substable zone which the base of the slope near the Rhine River. The silt- extends longitudinally from the beginning of the stones are superposed by Triassic sandstones on slope main scarp to the cantonal road. which rest Triassic evaporites. The series is termi- nated at the top by Jurassic limestones. The sliding mass itself is composed of quaternary sediments, 2.3 Kinematical features mostly formed of colluvial clays with some alluvial Readings pointed out that the displacements are di- sediments from the Rhine River at the toe of the rected towards the slope fall line (Figure 1). More- slope. The failure mechanism is located in the slope over, inclinometer profiles clearly show the presence clay, close to the bedrock. of a multiple surface failure mechanism. As an ex- ample, data on displacements over time from incli- nometer B3c for two different depths are plotted in 2.2 Morphology Figure 2. The plot indicates that during crisis epi- A systematic monitoring of the landslide started in sodes, the more superficial part of the landslide body 1986, when two inclinometers - still in use - were undergoes noticeable relative movements with re- installed at the slope toe in proximity to the railway spect to the deeper part and a relative displacement and roads. Inclinometer B7, located between the accumulates. railway and the highway, has shown downhill Pore water pressure variation within the slope movements with a fairly continuous rate of about 1.5 was recognized as the main cause for accelerations. mm per year. On the other hand, inclinometer B3, The trend of total head recorded at 10 m depth is positioned close to the railway, has indicated the ex- also plotted in Figure 2 for borehole B3c. Inclinome- istence of a well-defined slip surface and the occur- ter reading delays do not allow to assess the exact rence of episodic accelerations in some winter peri- instants in which movements start and end; however ods. Although the movement rates were not it is worthwhile to note that displacement sudden in- alarming, an extensive measurement campaign, creases coincided with total head peaks. started in 1995 and still under way, was undertaken to comprehensively assess the potential dangers to 324 322 320 Total head (m) head Total 318 80 Displacement at 3m depth 60 Displacement at 13m depth Relative displacement 40 Displacement (mm) 20 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Time (years) Figure 2. Total head at 10m depth and displacements at two different depths registered at the borehole B3c. Soil cover B6/00 Alluvium 360 B3f B20/06 Bedrock B3e Slip surface B3c B3 railway 320 B7 cantonal highway road Elevation (m) Rhine river 280 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Distance (m) Figure 3. Cross section along the centre of the landslide, indicating the multiple slip surface system as interpreted from inclinometer readings. Clay Silt Sand Gravel 2.4 The multi-surface failure mechanism 100 A schematic of the multiple-surface system is de- picted in Figure 3, in which a cross section along the centre of the active zone is reported (profile A-A’ in 80 Figure 1). A detailed position of the slip surface at the slope toe cannot be identified, since no dis- placement measurement has been performed in that 60 zone. However, the general trend of the slip surfaces suggested that the deep-seated sliding surface reaches the slope between the cantonal road and the 40 highway. In this sense, dangers for the infrastruc- tures would be most related to a possible reactiva- tion of deep movements. Percentage passing (%) 20 B3c (18.8 - 19.2 m) B3f (6.2 - 6.4 m) 2.5 Involved materials B3e (12.2 - 12.4 m) Boreholes data pointed out the presence of three 0 main materials in the slope (Figure 3): (i) the soil 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Diameter (mm) cover (ii) the bedrock and (iii) the Rhine Alluvium. The multiple surface failure mechanism develops Figure 4. Grain size distribution of samples obtained from dif- entirely within the soil cover. In spite of some het- ferent boreholes at different depths (after Geotest, 1997). erogeneity in index properties at a local scale, soil of the landslide body is homogenous at the scale of the slope.