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Content
Technical news: 3D Printed 'Smart Cap' Can Sense Spoiled Food -06 New Hybrid Robot Has Soft 'Skin' but Hard 'Guts' -07 June 2016: America and Japan to face off in giant robot combat -09
Innovative Method Improves Strength and Modulus in Carbon Fibers -11 Researchers produce 'building blocks' for ultrathin electronics -13
New study shows how nano particles can clean up environmental pollutants -14 Using sonar to navigate: Bats do it,dolphins do it and now humans can do it, too -16 Wireless data delivery over active TV channels tested -18 5G will revolutionize the radio spectrum -20 Skype runs on Raspberry Pi with a virtual machine -21 Wireless microcontroller with novel Bluetooth LE radio -22 China Mobile tops subscriber league -23 New Certification Rules Will Delay Gadget Launches in India Even Further -24 Apple Could Open Its Exclusive Stores In India -28 Soon you’d search your real-world experiences, courtesy Google -29
Cover story: The Inside-Story of the VLSI Revolution -31 Kudankulam nuclear power plant -37
Project: Charging the mobile using the heat energy -56 Line Follower Robot -61 Protected Security System -66 Robot Providing The Medicine -68 Railway level crossing gate operation remotely by android -71
CONCLUSION: -74 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS
3D Printed 'Smart Cap' Can Sense Spoiled Food
Engineers at the University of spoilage. The 'smart cap' was fitted California, in collaboration with with a capacitor and an inductor to colleagues at Taiwan's National Chiao form a resonant circuit. A flip of the Tung University, have integrated carton allowed a bit of milk to get electrical components, such as trapped in the cap's capacitor gap, and resistors, inductors, capacitors and the carton was then left unopened at integrated wireless electrical sensing room temperature for 36 hours. systems into the 3D printing process. They have put the new technology to The circuit detected the changes in the test by printing a wireless 'smart electrical signals that accompany cap' for a milk carton that detects signs increased levels of bacteria. The of spoilage using embedded sensors. researchers monitored the changes with a wireless radio-frequency probe at the "Our paper describes the first start of the experiment and every 12 demonstration of 3D printing for hours thereafter, up to 36 hours. The working basic electrical components, as smart cap found that the peak vibration well as a working wireless sensor," said frequency of the room-temperature senior author Liwei Lin, a professor of milk dropped by 4.3% after 36 hours. mechanical engineering and co-director In comparison, a carton of milk kept at of the Berkeley Sensor and Actuator 4°C saw a relatively minor 0.12% shift Centre. in frequency over the same time period.
Polymers are used in 3D printing "This 3D-printing technology could because their flexibility allows them to eventually make electronic circuits be formed into a variety of shapes. cheap enough to be added to packaging However, they are poor conductors of to provide food safety alerts for electricity. To get around this, the consumers," Prof Lin said. "You could researchers built a system using imagine a scenario where you can use polymers and wax. They then removed your cellphone to check the freshness the wax, leaving hollow tubes into of food while it's still on the store which liquid metal was injected and shelves." then cured. Lin said his lab is working on The shape and design of the metal developing this technology for health determined the function of different applications, such as implantable electrical components. For instance, devices with embedded transducers that thin wires acted as resistors, and flat can monitor blood pressure, muscle plates were made into capacitors. strain and drug concentrations.
The researchers integrated the Author electronic components into a plastic Tom Austin-Morgan milk carton cap to monitor signs of
6 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS
New Hybrid Robot Has Soft 'Skin' but Hard 'Guts'
It may seem soft and squishy to the unpredictable environments, and a soft touch, but a new robot is tough on the robot that can bend and adapt to such inside and ready to pounce, researchers environments and put up with a lot of say. punishment could be really useful. You could also think of more practical The 3D-printed bot has hard insides but applications, such as search-and-rescue a soft exterior, and this blend of missions in disaster scenarios such as materials makes it much better at collapsed buildings, where a soft robot explosion-powered jumps than droids could go where no wheeled robot could that are either completely hard or navigate." completely soft, according to a new study. Hard vs. soft
Such leaping robots could one day Conventional robots are typically rigid come in handy in harsh environments creations. Although they can be fast, too dangerous for humans, particularly precise and strong, this rigidity makes because the bots are capable of them vulnerable to harm from bumps, surviving hard falls and other scrapes, twists and falls, and also unforeseen circumstances, scientists prevents them from being able to added. [The 6 Strangest Robots Ever wriggle past obstacles. Created] Increasingly, researchers are "One wild potential application would developing robots made from soft, be in space — on the moon or Mars or elastic plastic and rubber, inspired by other planets," said study co-lead worms and starfish. These soft robots author Nicholas Bartlett, a roboticist at are resistant to many kinds of damage, Harvard University. "These are and are able to overcome obstacles that
7 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS can impede hard robots. But, their Weirdest Things Created By 3D floppy nature can make them slow, Printing] weak and clumsy. Moreover, they often are not completely soft, since they Soft robots typically move their limbs require such hard components as by using air compressors that force motors, pumps, batteries and sensors, bursts of air in and out of a series of which also tend to be fragile. pneumatic channels running through their appendages. Recently, the Now, scientists have created a robot researchers pioneered a way to use made up of both hard and soft parts that explosive force to propel rubbery bots combines the best of both types. The more quickly. idea of blending soft and hard materials in a robot's body came from nature, Jumping machine Bartlett said. The robot consists of a soft, three-
"The octopus has an almost entirely legged body that absorbs impacts and a soft body, but a rigid beak, and when core that houses key components such you look at the interface between the as a battery, oxygen cartridge, butane body and the beak, it's not an abrupt cell, air compressor and a combustion transition, but a gradual shift between chamber. The robot's core is made of hard and soft," Bartlett told Live two nested hemispheres — the bottom Science. "Evolution has had a head hemisphere is essentially a soft belly, start on us for many millions of years while the top hemisphere is made of — why not take tried-and-tested nine different layers of material, designs and use them for inspiration ranging from highly flexible to fully with our machines?" rigid, with the hardest layer a thousand times stiffer than the softest one. The researchers created the new robot using 3D printing, which creates items The combustion-powered robot has by layering materials such as rubber three pneumatic legs and a belly that and plastic, just as ordinary printers lay can flex. To move, the robot first down ink. However, 3D printers can inflates its pneumatic legs to tilt its lay flat layers on top of each other to body in the direction it wants to go. It build 3D objects. The droid weighed then ignites a mix of oxygen and about 2.1 lbs. (965 grams). [The 10 butane inside its combustion chamber,
8 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS forcing its belly to flex outward, which maximum height the rigid robot catapults the robot into the air. This reached was able to survive 35 falls, autonomous, untethered bot is capable they added. of completing more than 30 consecutive jumps. The researchers also suggest the hybrid robot is significantly better at surviving The robot is a powerful jumper. In landings than a soft robot. They tests, it reached a height of 2.5 feet calculated that the bodies of the all-soft (0.75 meters) in vertical leaps, which is robots absorbed less than three-quarters about six times its body height. For of the shock of impact that the hybrid lateral jumps, the robot moved 0.5 feet robots did. (0.15 m), which is roughly half its body width, the researchers said. "We believe that bringing together soft and rigid materials will help create a Although this hybrid robot could only new generation of fast, agile robots that jump about a quarter of the height that are more robust and adaptable than a rigid counterpart could, it was much their predecessors and can safely work better at withstanding the impact of side by side with humans," study co- landings, the researchers said. In one lead author Michael Tolley, a roboticist test, the body of the rigid robot at the University of California, San shattered upon landing, surviving a Diego, said in a statement. total of just five jumps; in contrast, a hybrid robot that was dropped from the The scientists detailed their findings in the July 10 issue of the journal Science. June 2016: America and Japan to face off in giant robot combat
"You have a giant robot, we have a countries will face off on neutral soil giant robot – we have a duty to the for the world's first international giant science fiction lovers of this world to robot dual. Two 15-foot-tall steel fight them to the death." America laid gundam suits with one or two pilots down the challenge; Japan has inside, facing each other in battle. accepted. In one year's time, the two There will be guns, there will be giant
9 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS swinging steel fists, and the fight won't The Megabot requires two pilots, one be over until one has pounded the other driver and one gunner to operate its into scrap. Can you hear that sound? huge arm-mounted paintball cannons, It's the gentle foaming of a million which fire oversized paintballs at over anime fans. 120 miles per hour, enough to dent car panels. If the full-contact high-tech weapons fighting of Unified Weapons Master The Kuratas takes just one pilot, who is isn't enough for you, giant robot battles treated to a vastly more high-tech might tickle your fancy. augmented reality heads-up display in America's Megabots threw down the the cockpit, including an automated challenge to Japan's Suidobashi a few target acquisition and tracking interface days ago in this fun video: that keeps its guns trained on an opponent. The guns in this case include And Suidobashi responded almost twin Gatling BB cannons that can fire immediately, raising the stakes to 6,000 BB pellets per minute, and a include melee combat: fairly flaccid-looking water cannon thingy that sends floppy missiles out in So what do the two competitors look more or less random directions. As like at this stage? Well, the Megabot is Suidobashi points out in this adorable 15 feet tall and 12,000 pounds, and promo video, "from time to time, it will Suidobashi's Kuratas is around 13 feet hit its target." and 9,000 pounds. The Megabot moves around on a pair of tank-style tracks, It's fair to say neither robot is currently where the Kuratas is faster and lighter, ready for combat. It's hard to see how and gets around on a set of 4 wheels, the Megabot's paintball cannons will on wide extending legs that can raise trouble the Kuratas pilot in his fully the robot up to get around quickly. enclosed cabin, and I doubt the Kuratas's BB pellets or water missiles
10 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS will even annoy the Megabot team. combat. Everyone knows what's at And both machines look so slow at this stake: Sci-fi fans won't be expecting a point that it's hard to see how their slow Real Steel-like clash of the titans in the punches will do any damage at all. very first giant robot fight, but they won't be impressed if it's not a But each team will have 12 months to spectacle. The future of this sport rests prepare, and work out a set of rules of upon the ability of Megabots and engagement that will include weapons Suidobashi to make these things fighting as well as hand to hand melee exciting to watch. Innovative Method Improves Strength and Modulus in Carbon Fibers Carbon fibers are stronger and lighter Agency (DARPA) to improve the than steel, and composite materials strength of carbon-fiber materials. based on carbon-fiber-reinforced The research was reported recently in polymers are being used in an the journalCarbon. expanding range of aerospace, automotive, and other applications – "By using a gel-spinning technique to including major sections of the process polyacrylonitrile copolymer Boeing 787 aircraft. It’s widely into carbon fibers, we have believed, moreover, that carbon-fiber developed next-generation carbon technology has the potential to fibers that exhibit a combination of produce composites at least 10 times strength and modulus not seen stronger than those in use today. previously with the conventional solution-spun method," said Satish A research team at the Georgia Kumar, a professor in the Georgia Institute of Technology has Tech School of Materials Science developed a novel technique that sets and Engineering who leads the a new milestone for the strength and project. “In addition, our work shows modulus of carbon fibers. This that the gel-spinning approach alternative approach is based on an provides a pathway for even greater innovative technique for spinning improvements.” polyacrylonitrile (PAN), an organic polymer resin used to make carbon Kumar explained that tensile fibers. modulus – a measure of stiffness -- refers to the force needed to stretch a The work is part of a four-year, $9.8 material by a given amount. Tensile million project sponsored by the strength expresses how much force is Defense Advanced Research Projects
11 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS required to actually break the showed fewer imperfections than material. state-of-the-art commercial carbon fibers, such as IM7. Specifically, the In gel spinning, the solution is first gel-spun fibers display a lower converted to a gel; this technique degree of polymer-chain binds polymer chains together and entanglements than those produced produces robust inter-chain forces by solution spinning. This smaller that increase tensile strength. Gel number of entanglements results spinning also increases directional from the fact that gel spinning uses orientation of fibers, which also lower concentrations of polymer than augments strength. By contrast, in solution-spinning methods. conventional solution spinning, a process developed more than 60 Kumar and his team convert the gel- years ago, PAN co-polymer solution spun polymer mix into carbon fibers is directly converted to a solid fiber via a selective treatment process without the intermediate gel state and called pyrolysis, in which the spun produces less-robust material. polymer is gradually subjected to both heat and stretching. This The gel-spun carbon fiber produced technique eliminates large quantities by Kumar’s team was tested at 5.5 to of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen 5.8 gigapascals (GPa) – a measure of from the polymer, leaving mostly ultimate tensile strength – and had a strength-increasing carbon. tensile modulus in the 354-375 GPa range. The material was produced on “It’s important to remember that the a continuous carbonization line at current performance of solution-spun Georgia Tech that was constructed PAN-based carbon fibers has been for this DARPA project. achieved after many years of material and process optimization – yet very “This is the highest combination of limited material and process strength and modulus for any optimization studies have been continuous fiber reported to-date,” carried out to date on the gel-spun Kumar said. “And at short gauge PAN fiber,” Kumar said. “In the length, fiber tensile strength was future, we believe that materials and measured as high as 12.1 GPa, which process optimization, enhanced fiber is the highest tensile-strength value circularity, and increased solution ever reported for a PAN-based homogeneity will further increase the carbon fiber.” strength and modulus of the gel- spinning method.” Moreover, Kumar noted, the internal structure of these gel-spun carbon fibers measured at the nanoscale
12 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS
Researchers produce 'building blocks' for ultrathin electronics
Researchers at the US Department of exposed regions of the crystals with a Energy's Oak Ridge National laser-generated beam of sulphur atoms. Laboratory (ORNL) have combined a The researchers say the sulphur atoms novel synthesis process with replaced the selenium atoms in the commercial electron-beam lithography crystals to form molybdenum techniques to produce arrays of disulphide, which is said to have a semiconductor junctions in arbitrary nearly identical crystal structure. The patterns within a 1nm-thick two semiconductor crystals formed semiconductor crystal. This compares sharp junctions, the desired building to the 10nm-thick crystals currently blocks of electronics. used in leading edge chips. Masoud Mahjouri-Samani, who also David Geohegan, co-leader of the co-led the study said: "In the future, it study, said: "The development of a might be possible to produce different scalable, easily implemented process to patterns on the top and bottom of a lithographically pattern and easily form sheet. Further complexity could be lateral semiconducting heterojunctions introduced by layering sheets with within 2D crystals fulfils a critical need different patterns." for 'building blocks' to enable next- generation ultrathin devices for Next, the researchers will see if their applications ranging from flexible pulsed laser vaporisation and consumer electronics to solar energy." conversion method will work with atoms other than sulphur and selenium. The researchers first grew 1nm-thick "We're trying to make more complex layers of molybdenum diselenide systems in a 2D plane because a crystals on substrates and then complete working device needs deposited protective patterns of silicon different semiconductors and metals oxide using standard lithography and insulators," Mahjouri-Samani techniques. They then bombarded the concluded.
13 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS
New study shows how nanoparticles can clean up environmental pollutants
Nanomaterials and UV light can “trap” chemicals for easy removal from soil and water.
Many human-made pollutants in the suitability for drug delivery, since UV environment resist degradation through light can be damaging to tissue and natural processes, and disrupt hormonal cells, and doesn’t penetrate through the and other systems in mammals and skin. When they learned that UV light other animals. Removing these toxic was used to disinfect water in certain materials — which include pesticides treatment plants, they began to ask a and endocrine disruptors such as different question. bisphenol A (BPA) — with existing “We thought if they are already using methods is often expensive and time- UV light, maybe they could use our consuming. particles as well,” Brandl says. “Then In a new paper published this week we came up with the idea to use our in Nature Communications, researchers particles to remove toxic chemicals, from MIT and the Federal University pollutants, or hormones from water, of Goiás in Brazil demonstrate a novel because we saw that the particles method for using nanoparticles and aggregate once you irradiate them with ultraviolet (UV) light to quickly isolate UV light.” and extract a variety of contaminants A trap for ‘water-fearing’ pollution from soil and water. The researchers synthesized polymers Ferdinand Brandl and Nicolas from polyethylene glycol, a widely Bertrand, the two lead authors, are used compound found in laxatives, former postdocs in the laboratory of toothpaste, and eye drops and approved Robert Langer, the David H. Koch by the Food and Drug Administration Institute Professor at MIT’s Koch as a food additive, and polylactic acid, Institute for Integrative Cancer a biodegradable plastic used in Research. (Eliana Martins Lima, of the compostable cups and glassware. Federal University of Goiás, is the Nanoparticles made from these other co-author.) Both Brandl and polymers have a hydrophobic core and Bertrand are trained as pharmacists, a hydrophilic shell. Due to molecular- and describe their discovery as a happy scale forces, in a solution hydrophobic accident: They initially sought to pollutant molecules move toward the develop nanoparticles that could be hydrophobic nanoparticles, and adsorb used to deliver drugs to cancer cells. onto their surface, where they Brandl had previously synthesized effectively become “trapped.” This polymers that could be cleaved apart by same phenomenon is at work when exposure to UV light. But he and spaghetti sauce stains the surface of Bertrand came to question their plastic containers, turning them red: In
14 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS that case, both the plastic and the oil- Even more exciting, they say, is the based sauce are hydrophobic and wide range of potential uses, from interact together. environmental remediation to medical If left alone, these nanomaterials would analysis. remain suspended and dispersed evenly The polymers are synthesized at room in water. But when exposed to UV temperature, and don’t need to be light, the stabilizing outer shell of the specially prepared to target specific particles is shed, and — now compounds; they are broadly “enriched” by the pollutants — they applicable to all kinds of hydrophobic form larger aggregates that can then be chemicals and molecules. removed through filtration, “The interactions we exploit to remove sedimentation, or other methods. the pollutants are non-specific,” Brandl The researchers used the method to says. “We can remove hormones, BPA, extract phthalates, hormone-disrupting and pesticides that are all present in the chemicals used to soften plastics, from same sample, and we can do this in one wastewater; BPA, another endocrine- step.” disrupting synthetic compound widely And the nanoparticles’ high surface- used in plastic bottles and other area-to-volume ratio means that only a resinous consumer goods, from thermal small amount is needed to remove a printing paper samples; and polycyclic relatively large quantity of pollutants. aromatic hydrocarbons, carcinogenic The technique could thus offer compounds formed from incomplete potential for the cost-effective cleanup combustion of fuels, from of contaminated water and soil on a contaminated soil. wider scale. The process is irreversible and the “From the applied perspective, we polymers are biodegradable, showed in a system that the adsorption minimizing the risks of leaving toxic of small molecules on the surface of the secondary products to persist in, say, a nanoparticles can be used for extraction body of water. “Once they switch to of any kind,” Bertrand says. “It opens this macro situation where they’re big the door for many other applications clumps,” Bertrand says, “you won’t be down the line.” able to bring them back to the nano This approach could possibly be further state again.” developed, he speculates, to replace the The fundamental breakthrough, widespread use of organic solvents for according to the researchers, was everything from decaffeinating coffee confirming that small molecules do to making paint thinners. Bertrand cites indeed adsorb passively onto the DDT, banned for use as a pesticide in surface of nanoparticles. the U.S. since 1972 but still widely “To the best of our knowledge, it is the used in other parts of the world, as first time that the interactions of small another example of a persistent molecules with pre-formed pollutant that could potentially be nanoparticles can be directly remediated using these nanomaterials. measured,” they write in Nature “And for analytical applications where Communications. you don’t need as much volume to Nano cleansing purify or concentrate, this might be interesting,” Bertrand says, offering the
15 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS example of a cheap testing kit for urine Waterloo in Canada, and an expert in analysis of medical patients. nanoengineering for health care and The study also suggests the broader medical applications. potential for adapting nanoscale drug- “When you think about field delivery techniques developed for use deployment, that’s far down the road, in environmental remediation. but this paper offers a really exciting “That we can apply some of the highly opportunity to crack a problem that is sophisticated, high-precision tools persistently present,” says Gu, who was developed for the pharmaceutical not involved in the research. “If you industry, and now look at the use of take the normal conventional civil these technologies in broader terms, is engineering or chemical engineering phenomenal,” says Frank Gu, an approach to treating it, it just won’t assistant professor of chemical touch it. That’s where the most exciting engineering at the University of part is.” Using sonar to navigate: Bats do it, dolphins do it, and now humans can do it, too
Graphene-based microphone, speaker yield lightweight ultrasonic receiver, transmitter Bats have been using sonar to More practically, the wireless navigate and communicate for ultrasound devices complement ages, and now humans can do standard radio transmission using the same, thanks to lightweight electromagnetic waves in areas where and efficient ultrasound radio is impractical, such as microphones and loudspeakers underwater, but with far more fidelity developed by physicists. The than current ultrasound or sonar devices owe their flat frequency devices. They can also be used to response to graphene, which communicate through objects, such as makes a stiff and responsive steel, that electromagnetic waves can't diaphragm far superior to those penetrate. in today's ultrasound receivers and transmitters. Biologists can "Sea mammals and bats use high- even slap one on a bat to record frequency sound for echolocation and its nightly ultrasonic communication, but humans just conversations. haven't fully exploited that before, in my opinion, because the technology University of California, Berkeley, has not been there," said UC Berkeley physicists have used graphene to build physicist Alex Zettl. "Until now, we lightweight ultrasonic loudspeakers and have not had good wideband ultrasound microphones, enabling people to mimic transmitters or receivers. These new bats or dolphins' ability to use sound to devices are a technology opportunity." communicate and gauge the distance and speed of objects around them. Speakers and microphones both use diaphragms, typically made of paper or
16 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS plastic, that vibrate to produce or detect Two years ago, Zhou built sound, respectively. The diaphragms in loudspeakers using a sheet of graphene the new devices are graphene sheets a for the diaphragm, and since then has mere one atom thick that have the right been developing the electronic circuitry combination of stiffness, strength and to build a microphone with a similar light weight to respond to frequencies graphene diaphragm. ranging from subsonic (below 20 hertz) to ultrasonic (above 20 kilohertz). One big advantage of graphene is that Humans can hear from 20 hertz up to the atom-thick sheet is so lightweight 20,000 hertz, whereas bats hear only in that it responds well to the different the kilohertz range, from 9 to 200 frequencies of an electronic pulse, kilohertz. The grapheme loudspeakers unlike today's piezoelectric and microphones operate from well microphones and speakers. This comes below 20 hertz to over 500 kilohertz. in handy when using ultrasonic transmitters and receivers to transmit Graphene consists of carbon atoms laid large amounts of information through out in a hexagonal, chicken-wire many different frequency channels arrangement, which creates a tough, simultaneously, or to measure distance, lightweight sheet with unique as in sonar applications. electronic properties that have excited the physics world for the past 20 or "Because our membrane is so light, it more years. has an extremely wide frequency response and is able to generate sharp "There's a lot of talk about using pulses and measure distance much graphene in electronics and small more accurately than traditional nanoscale devices, but they're all a methods," Zhou said. ways away," said Zettl, who is a senior scientist at Lawrence Berkeley Graphene membranes are also more National Laboratory and a member of efficient, converting over 99 percent of the Kavli Energy NanoSciences the energy driving the device into Institute, operated jointly by UC sound, whereas today's conventional Berkeley and Berkeley Lab. "The loudspeakers and headphones convert microphone and loudspeaker are some only 8 percent into sound. Zettl of the closest devices to commercial anticipates that in the future, viability, because we've worked out communications devices like how to make the graphene and mount cellphones will utilize not only it, and it's easy to scale up." electromagnetic waves -- radio -- but also acoustic or ultrasonic sound, Zettl, UC Berkeley postdoctoral fellow which can be highly directional and Qin Zhou and colleagues describe their long-range. graphene microphone and ultrasonic radio in a paper appearing online this "Graphene is a magical material; it hits week in the Proceedings of the all the sweet spots for a National Academy of Sciences. communications device," he said.
Radios and rangefinders Bat chirps
17 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS
When Zhou told his wife, Jinglin such as the ones used by bats. The use Zheng, about the ultrasound of graphene allows the authors to microphone, she suggested he try to obtain very flat frequency responses in capture the sound of bats chirping at a wide range of frequencies, including frequencies too high for humans to ultrasound, and will permit a detailed hear. So they hauled the microphone to study of the auditory pulses that are a park in Livermore and turned it on. used by bats." When they slowed down the recording to one-tenth normal speed, converting Zettl noted that audiophiles would also the high frequencies to an audio range appreciate the graphene loudspeakers humans can hear, they were amazed at and headphones, which have a flat the quality and fidelity of the bat response across the entire audible vocalizations. frequency range.
"This is lightweight enough to mount "A number of years ago, this device on a bat and record what the bat can would have been darn near impossible hear," Zhou said. to build because of the difficulty of making free-standing graphene sheets," Bat expert Michael Yartsev, a newly Zettl said. "But over the past decade the hired UC Berkeley assistant professor graphene community has come of bioengineering and member of the together to develop techniques to grow, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, transport and mount graphene, so said, "These new microphones will be building a device like this is now very incredibly valuable for studying straightforward; the design is simple." auditory signals at high frequencies, Wireless data delivery over active TV channels tested WATCH transmits data over UHF without interfering with TV broadcasts Rice University engineers have "That's a bitter irony because the demonstrated the first system that demand for mobile data services is allows wireless data transmissions over expected to grow tenfold in the next UHF channels during active TV five years, and the UHF band is broadcasts. If the technology were perfectly suited for wireless data." incorporated into next-generation TVs or smart remotes, it could significantly Knightly, professor and department expand the reach of so-called "super chair of electrical and computer Wi-Fi" networks in urban areas. engineering and director of the Rice Wireless Network Group, said the UHF spectrum, which ranges from 400 to "Due to the popularity of cable, 700 megahertz, is often called the satellite and Internet TV, the UHF "beachfront property" of the wireless spectrum is one of the most spectrum. Unlike the higher frequency underutilized portions of the wireless signals used for existing Wi-Fi spectrum in the United States," said hotspots, UHF signals carry for miles lead researcher Edward Knightly.
18 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS and are not blocked by walls or trees. FCC approval to test it at the Rice Because of these advantages, wireless campus in 2014. data hotspots that use UHF are often referred to as "super Wi-Fi." WATCH requires no coordination with or changes to legacy TV transmitters. In the U.S., TV broadcasters have been Instead, TV signals are broadcast as given preferential access to the UHF normal and the WATCH system spectrum for more than 50 years. If no actively monitors whenever a nearby TV broadcaster has laid claim to a UHF TV is tuned to a channel to avoid channel, the Federal Communications interfering with reception. The Commission allows secondary users to technology to allow this comes in two transmit wireless data on that channel, parts. One aspect of WATCH monitors provided that the transmissions do not TV broadcasts on a channel and uses interfere with TV broadcasts in any sophisticated signal-canceling part of the UHF spectrum. The rules techniques to insert wireless data governing this secondary access are transmissions into the same channel; often referred to as "TV white space" that eliminates TV broadcasts from rules in reference to the industry term interfering with the super Wi-Fi data for used or blank portions of the TV signals being sent to computer users, spectrum. Knightly said.
"Unfortunately, in the most densely The other aspect of WATCH is populated areas of the country, where dedicated to making certain that data the need for additional wireless data transmissions do not interfere with TV services is the greatest, the amount of reception; this part of the technology available white space is extremely would require TVs to report when they limited," Knightly said. "In our most are being tuned to a UHF channel, recent tests in Houston, one channel is Knightly said. In practice, this could be open in parts of the city and none are accomplished with either smart TV available in others. This is fairly typical remotes or next-generation TV sets. In of a large U.S. urban area." the tests at Rice, Zhang constructed a "smart-remote" app that reported Though most of the UHF band is whenever a test television in the lab already taken in U.S. cities, it is largely was tuned to a UHF channel. When underutilized. According to a 2014 that happened, the WATCH system report by the TV rating company automatically shifted its data Nielsen, fewer than 10 percent of U.S. transmissions to another part of the households rely on over-the-air UHF spectrum that wasn't being used. broadcasts for TV programming. "Our tests showed that WATCH could To demonstrate that wireless service provide at least six times more wireless providers could make use of the UHF data compared with situations where spectrum without interfering with TV we were limited only to the broadcasters, Knightly and Rice traditionally available white-space graduate student Xu Zhang developed a spectrum," Knightly said. With technology called "Wi-Fi in Active TV WATCH in use, Knightly said it took a Channels," or WATCH, and received
19 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS fraction of a second longer than normal to the global supply within the previous to tune in a UHF TV broadcast on the year, bringing the global total to 7.4 test television. While the increment billion -- a bit more than number of could be measured -- it was less than a people on Earth, according to the U.S. 5 percent increase -- it was almost Census bureau. Of the 7.4 billion data- imperceptible to the person switching connected devices, Cisco found that channels, he said. more than a quarter were smartphones, which used an estimated 22 times more Zhang and Knightly's report on the data than nonsmart devices. research, titled "WATCH: Wi-Fi in Active TV Channels," won best-paper "Allowing the UHF spectrum to be honors last month at Association of inefficiently used makes little sense Computing Machinery's MobiHoc today and will make even less sense in 2015 conference in Hangzhou, China. the future," Knightly said. "There are Knightly said technology like WATCH already more people in the United will become increasingly important as States who require mobile data services the demand for wireless data services than there are people using broadcast- increases and the number of broadcast only TV. By showing that these two TV viewers decreases. communities can coexist, we hope to spur innovation and a public debate For example, a 2014 Cisco report found about how this valuable resource could that nearly a half-billion mobile devices be used." with data connections had been added
5G will revolutionize the radio spectrum
5G IoT to mobile communications But the technology for 5G is still in the networks will dramatically change the early stages of development and some radio spectrum landscape when it is developers believe a radio channel of rolled out in 2020. 1GHz may be needed if 5G is to realise its full potential. The next generation of wireless communications will require at least Professor Rahim Tafazolli, head of the 500MHz of radio spectrum to support UK’s main 5G technology centre, the necessary radio channels. the 5GIC at the University of Surrey, believes that a minimum of 300MHz of This is more than 20 times the radio radio spectrum is the current thinking bandwidth required for today’s 4G for 5G networks. broadband services.
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But firms were demonstrating 1GHz “We hope that key stakeholders can radio channels at Mobile World reach a consensus on 5G spectrum as Congress in Barcelona earlier this year. soon as possible and identify at least 500MHz of sub-6GHz spectrum for 5G, China-based telecoms networks firm thus creating the right conditions for Huawei has predicted that between 5G’s development globally.” 300MHz and 500MHz of radio spectrum will need to be allocated to Huawei, which is working with each 5G operator. universities around the world on 5G technology development, plans to This is dramatically more than is launch its first pilot 5G network with allocated for today’s 4G networks. partners in 2018 and commercially launch networks in 2020. Huawei’s CEO Ken Hu told Mobile World Congress in Shanghai: The 5GIC is planning on having its 5G test network up an running in 2016.
Skype runs on Raspberry Pi with a virtual machine
A Moscow-based software start-up is based Raspberry Pi simultaneously the latest company to come up with a with common native applications. binary translator which allows x86 applications such as windows and The virtual machine implements virtual Skype to run on Raspberry Pi. x86 Linux container on ARM and makes it possible to run Intel x86 The company, called Eltech, has applications directly on ARM. developed a binary translator that runs applications for the conventional “It is like QEMU but five times faster,” desktop and server x86 processors on said Eltech. ARM-based embedded CPUs without As well as Raspberry Pi, the virtual recompilation. machine will run on any ARM-based Existing offerings for this tend to rely computer module with Linux such as on open-source software. ODROID, CubieBoard, CuBox, Utilite, Jetson TK1, Wandboard and Banana Eltech has developed a virtual machine Pi. it calls ExaGear Desktop which runs Intel x86 applications on the ARM-
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ExaGear Desktop System additionally binfmt_misc kernel Requirements module is required.
Hardware requirements: Eltechs ExaGear Desktop will also run user space 32-bit Linux x86 ARMv6 instruction set with VFP32 for applications. Current version does not Raspberry Pi 1 support applications that require kernel modules. There is no 3D hardware ARMv7 instruction set with VFP32 for support for x86 applications. other ARM devices Also you can run 32-bit Windows for x86 applications that use applications if you install x86 Wine. MMX/SSE support of NEON is also required. Note that if your ARM device does not have NEON, you cannot run x86 Software requirements: applications that use MMX/SSE on it. Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 14.04, Debian 7, Raspbian
Wireless microcontroller with novel Bluetooth LE radio Renesas has introduced a wireless According to ISSCC paper 13.4 ‘A microcontroller that supports Bluetooth 6.3mW BLE transceiver embedded Rx Smart for short-range wireless image-rejection filter and Tx harmonic- communication. The radio technology suppression filter reusing on-chip was revealed at the IEEE ISSCC matching network’, the transmitter uses technology conference this year. direct 2-point PLL modulation and the The chip is one of the firm’s L78/G1D receiver has a ‘sliding IF’ architecture, Group. “Current consumption of the with an on-chip dc-dc converter to RL78/G1D is among the lowest in the reduce power consumption. industry [3.5mA receive, 4.3mA 0dBm A novel on-chip combined T/R switch / transmit]. Adaptable RF technology balun / filter (see diagram below) uses adjusts power consumption during a switch in parallel with an LNA series wireless operation to the optimal level inductor and digitally-controlled to match the communication distance,” capacitors. said the firm. “When wireless The switch is shorted for Tx mode – communication takes place at one- the input impedance of the LNA is second intervals while maintaining a relatively high impedance compared to connected state with another wireless 50Ω at 2.4GHz, and does not affect the device, the BLE functionality can be transmit matching – and open for Rx added with the average current of mode. 10µA.” In Tx mode, the network becomes an output pi-filter, and in Rx mode looks
22 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS like an LNA input notch filter, with 32MHz 16-bit CPU capacitor tuning rejecting image 128, 192 or 256kbyte programme flash components around 1.46GHz. 8kbyte data flash The parallel switch arrangement is said 12, 16 or 20kbyte RAM to reduce signal loss by ~0.5dB, cutting 1.6-3.6V power amplifier and LNA consumption -40 to +85°C by 10-15%. Bluetooth v4.1 single mode For development there is an evaluation master/slave kit, Bluetooth-SIG qualified protocol 4.3mA transmit (3V) 0dBm out max stack, and PC GUI tool. 3.5mA receive (3V) -90dBm sensitivity RL78/G1D MCUs wil be on show at AES/CCM crypto block Bluetooth Europe in London in Software protocol stack (wireless September. updatable) On-chip 32.768kHz oscillator Watchdog timer Real-time clock 10bit ADC (8chan) 1.45V internal ref UART I2C IEC60730 and IEC61508 safety 6x6mm 48pin WQFN industrial or consumer grade Samples now Production October
Renesas Bluetooth RL78/G1D MCU (R5F11AGx) at a glance
China Mobile tops subscriber league
China Mobile has more subscribers followed by Vodafone and Bharti than anyone else, reports Ovum, Airtel. SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS
As China Mobile, with 633 million Following this, Bharti continued to proportionate subscriptions at end- expand in the region: it announced the 1Q15, and China Unicom, with 299 acquisition of Warid Congo in million, only operate in China, November 2013, following on from its Vodafone and Bharti Airtel are the acquisition of Warid Uganda in April largest and second largest international 2013. mobile operating groups in the world, respectively, because they both operate More recently, Bharti Airtel signed a in multiple markets. definitive agreement in September 2014 to acquire Essar At end-1Q15, Vodafone had 408 Telecommunications in Kenya. million proportionate subscriptions and Bharti Airtel had 314 million. Meanwhile, Vodafone has maintained its position as the second largest global Bharti Airtel’s telecoms investments investor over the last five years, with are spread across 20 countries in Asia, its main investments in Africa and Africa, and Europe. The groups’ Europe. America Movil and Telefonica purchase of Zain Africa subsdiaries in at the end of 1Q15 ranked as the fifth early 2010 was its first step in pushing and sixth largest mobile operating the group up the rankings, as it had groups respectively. gained a footprint in 15 new markets.
New Certification Rules Will Delay Gadget Launches in India Even Further
If you're anything like us, then the first thing be sold in India, and this process is often time you ask when you hear about any new consuming. The Department of Electronics, gadget is, "when will it be out in India?" and Information Technology (DeitY), With a few exceptions, most of the gadgets introduced a compulsory BIS certification we're excited about release a little (and requirement in 2012, which went into effect sometimes a lot) later in India than in the in 2013, for a huge number of gadgets West. This trend had started to wane, but in including tablets. the last few years, delays are common again. Video game consoles were also affected, and One of the reasons for this is that electronics the PlayStation 4 saw delays in India thanks now require mandatory certification from the to BIS certification. Atindriya Bose, India's Bureau of Indian Standards before they can PlayStation head, confirmed that the
24 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS newer 1TB PS4 consoles Sony has added number of products that need announced will come to India only around certification will cause problems. Diwali, due to the BIS. "Yes it would. Smartphones are our largest The idea was to check the flood of low-grade segment," said a marketing executive at a products flooding India, and set a minimum consumer electronics company. "We've had standard of quality. In the process though, it to make changes to our forecasts keeping in also affected tablet sales adversely. Now, mind possible delays in terms of BIS certification is required for an even certification." wider number of products, including. While we were not able to get a response Adding mobile phones to this list could see from the BIS on this matter, a DeitY official certification get even slower and less told us off the record that he believes that predictable. companies are merely complaining because The number of smartphones being of the cost of testing. He also said that it was imported keeps growing important to note that the reason for requiring BIS certification was to guarantee quality Indian hardware manufacturer's association products in the market, and ensure the MAIT says that the smartphone sales have public's safety from faulty chargers and grown by 33 percent over the last year. As gadgets that could overheat and even catch anyone who is watching the industry knows, fire. there are several phones being launched every week, and even more phones are How will it work? quietly being brought onto the market With the new DeitY rules, most new without any fanfare. electronic devices now need BIS While the number of products is increasing certification. After the Electronics and dramatically, the BIS is a government Information Technology Goods organisation, and its manpower won't grow (Requirements for Compulsory Registration) to match this rise. Given how the BIS had Order, 2012, laptops, desktops, video games, troubles keeping up with a spate of tablets, printers, tablets, televisions (LCD and LED), will it be able to cope now in the face of a optical disc players, amplifiers, musical torrent of phones? Some worry that the systems, wireless keyboards, microwave ovens, printers, scanners, video monitors,
25 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS answering machines, electronic clocks, and "Bad enough that it's smartphones that need set-top boxes required BIS certification to be certification but chargers have to be certified sold in India. separately, this makes planning tougher than it already is," a product manager at a Smartphones were added to the list and will multinational smartphone firm tells us on the require BIS certification from August 13, as condition of anonymity. "To us it seems like per the DeitY order. Aside from a way for the government to push its Make smartphones, eight more product categories in India agenda by making imports were added, including power adaptors for IT untenable." equipment (which includes your phone and laptop chargers) and other products such as He adds that some models of popular phones UPS backups and LED lighting. Companies won't be released in India simply because the need to get their products tested in BIS additional cost for getting certification recognised labs, and then send in an doesn't justify bringing them in. Each application along with the test results, to get separate model, and accessories like chargers certified. and batteries needs to be certified, and every fresh SKU requires fresh certification. The This seems straightforward, but people in the exact same product manufactured from a industry are not happy with the requirement. different factory also needs fresh The forms themselves are cheap, but the certification. All of this adds up, and so manufacturers have to purchase the industry insiders tell us that the math doesn't standards (which must be adhered to), that support bringing in products unless there's a can cost lakhs. After that, there's the cost of huge demand for them. testing for each product, which varies greatly depending on the product and where the tests A lack of transparency? are done. According to Sudhanshu Kaushik, Needless to say, the revised list of products a partner at ThinkTech Tech Services, a that require BIS certification has ruffled Delhi-based company that offers consultancy more than a few feathers in the tech- services for BIS certification, the typical cost hardware industry. For those like Vinay for testing for a mobile phone can be around Shetty, Country Head of Open System Rs. 50,000, though it can be higher as well. Platform Group at ASUS Technologies India, the new regulations pose serious
26 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS problems. The Open System Platform Group product," he says. "So there is no hard and manages Asus' PC components, monitors, fast rate for testing products. And you can't and projectors brought into the country, and look at the size of a product and say, okay, Shetty tells NDTV Gadgets that this is big so it is more expensive, this is requirements like this make getting the latest small so it is cheap." graphics card or motherboard into India "In the case of an adapter, it is a very critical harder. component," adds Kaushik. "The direct "The process is longer as more components electricity is flowing through it, and there need certification," says Shetty. "We need to have been cases where adaptors [of phones check necessary BIS registered number or laptops] have burst. So the kind of testing before the shipment lands in India. We also that has to be done for certification is more need to plan well in advance before challenging." launching any product. But of course, there Companies are choosing not to import can certainly be delays due to unforeseen products if the demand isn't high obstacles." "Thanks to these added tests and paperwork Some of these "unforeseen obstacles" for adapters and batteries, we now have to include the opacity in costs involved. An figure out if the quantity of headphones we industry veteran told us that testing an all-in- want to order justify the costs involved," the one PC ended up being cheaper than getting business head of a well-known audio brand an adapter cleared. It's not just a flat fee that tells us. needs to be paid, and the lack of transparency has some firms groping in the dark. Some smartphone makers are now following a similar policy. Instead of bringing in every "Yes, the price of testing an adapter can device in their stable, they're choosing to sometimes go higher than a finished focus only on the items that are going to be product," Shetty confirmed. big sellers. Aside from the added costs, However, Kaushik, who consults on BIS companies also tell us that they're worried certification was able to explain why this is about delays in certification making it the case. "There are various standards and impossible to plan out release schedules, and guidelines for different types of products, and effectively making it harder to bring in new the testing you do depends entirely on the products to India.
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Kaushik however dismisses this last worry, moving, things happened much more and says that he sees a bottleneck only in the smoothly. immediate future, as most Indian companies Whether you agree with this view, or that of operate "only on the last minute". He adds the companies though, it brings us back to that a similar problem took place with the our first question about gadgets - "when will tablet certification, but once the process got it be out in India?" Only now, the first question needs to be, "will it be out in India?"
Apple Could Open Its Exclusive Stores In India
The launch of the Apple iPhone 6 in work with policy makers and trade India was not the usual stuff indeed. associations and maintain relationships There were midnight queues outside with key stakeholders for the brand in Apple-authorised retail stores all over India. the country, indicating that India wants If this happens, and Apple is more Apple products and seems to be successful, we could be seeing a lot maturing into a market that can actually more offers, than we currently already afford Apple’s high prices. have on Apple products in the country. While we would not say that Apple is More so, there is also a big chance that the only brand with high-priced we could see exclusive Apple Stores smartphones this year. There’s arrive in India (with the real ‘geniuses’) the Samsung Galaxy S6 edge to prove that will not only bring added offers, that wrong; but Apple is getting serious but will also strengthen buyer about the Indian market. confidence for the brand, in the The Economic Times reports that country. Apple is looking to hire a government This however, is expected to be an affairs officer for India. One who will uphill battle thanks to 30% of local
28 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS sourcing clause that Apple could tackle More so, India even has its own special if it needs to (technically if it impacts price for the Apple Music subscription sales). which is available for Rs 120 instead of Apple’s current iPhone 6 success is the Rs 637 in the US. And if that is not clearly visible from its moves. There convincing enough, Apple's recently are billboards promoting the Shot on published quarterly results shows that iPhone 6 campaign, then come offers Indian sales were moving up much from carriers, then there are also the faster (up by 93%) than China's (up by host of finance schemes that have all 87%) in the last quarter. helped in selling the iPhone 6 this year.
Soon you’d search your real-world experiences, courtesy Google
"We don't remember days, we remember moments," as per a famous quote, but tech giant Google has taken a new step to forget forgetting. Wondering how? Well, Google's new patent could soon allow you to search for your real-life experiences via a wearable device, for instance: the Google Glass, reports on Quartz and the patent text revealed.
As per a Quartz report, "In the patent, the wearable [device] would send its video to a user's paired phone, which would in turn send the video to a server. A user could then head to an online repository to check all their recordings in the cloud, and use keywords to search for specific instances they want to re-watch. It would essentially be like exporting one's memories to the cloud."
Quartz further reports that the patent suggests that in future Google hardware or software, video recording could be triggered by specific events or locations, and videos could be automatically tagged with the time and place they're recorded and
29 SRUJAN TECHNICAL NEWS shared to social networks, and this also includes Google Photos.
The patent notes, "When the user is determined to be within a popular location, preference manager may automatically turn on media capture without intervention of a user. In another embodiment, preferences manager, may be set to continuously or periodically capture media data for a specific interval of time."
If you are wondering, 'how the search will work?', the patent reveals: "The method may also include transmitting a query of the user to the server computer system to initiate a search of the history or real-world experiences, and receiving results relevant to the query that include data indicative of the media data in the history of real-world experiences."
When Quartz approached Google, the tech giant was not immediately available to comment on its plans for the patent.
However, there is no guarantee Google will transform this idea into a reality as it is currently a just a patent. Privacy would also be a concern for many users, keeping in mind that 'real-life' experiences will be searchable.
SRUJAN PROJECTS
INSIDE VLSI REVOLUTION
“\
Covering”:
How We Missed the Inside-Story of the VLSI Revolution*
By Ken Shepard
Professor of Electrical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering
Columbia University
I’m delighted to comment on Lynn Conway’s outstanding piece “ Reminiscences of the VLSI Revolution: How a series of failures triggered a paradigm shift in digital design.” What we often forget in engineering and science is that innovation and technological progress happen because of actions of people, people who have personalities, lives, and life stories that influence them and are influenced by those around them. Lynn’s story provides a case in point.
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I’m writing this from a “younger” perspective having known Lynn personally for only about five years (but having been influenced by her work for more than 25 years). Lynn’s story and work have touched me personally on many levels, as a student, as a Columbia faculty member, as a VLSI educator, as a former IBM employee (I worked for five years at IBM Research after completing my Ph. D., many years after Lynn left), and as a gay man. I’d like to provide commentary from each of these perspectives.
As an electrical engineering student at Princeton
IBM adopted a policy of nondiscrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in 1984 and added “gender identity and expression” in 2002. After 40 years, it is finally recognized that companies cannot afford to do without some of their best talent in the interests of archaic prejudices. Over 50 major companies now from 1984-1987, I was first influenced by Lynn through the famous Mead and Conway text book. I graduated from Princeton in three years (a deal with my parents – they would pay for me to go to Princeton if I worked hard and completely my degree in three years – a good deal, indeed) but this left me
“skipping” a lot of courses that I knew I could teach myself and signing up for the more advanced courses.
This trick worked well for me except when I wanted to sign up for EECS 420 (VLSI Systems) in my senior year, a new course based on the new Mead and Conway textbook. I had skipped the required course in digital logic because I knew that I could just teach myself the material over the summer, and the professor who taught the course at the time would not let me in because I did not have the prerequisite. I was determined to learn the material myself, which I did by reading the Mead and Conway text cover-to-cover. I feel a certain vindication since I now teach VLSI Circuits at Columbia to over 45 students every fall. Wow, that was a good book.
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As a Columbia faculty member, I am very proud to count Lynn among our great alumnae. Columbia’s engineering school and electrical engineering program have a very influential history and
Columbia’s faculty continue to innovate and train outstanding students. The size of our program is small and I often feel that we are really under-appreciated when compared with larger schools such as MIT, Stanford, or Cornell. Columbia’s engineering program also leverages the incredible strengths of the larger university with strong science departments and a culture of out-of-the-box thinking. Columbia provides an intellectual culture to prepare students to do great things. There is no greater testament to that than the life and career of Lynn Conway.
As a VLSI educator, I sense that few students today recognize the impact of the Mead- Conway text and how it led to the “VLSI revolution.” In my own classes, I always make sure to mention the impact
Mead and Conway had on creating the “culture of circuit design” now embodied in our electrical engineering program, including a emphasis on hands-on design projects. Lynn’s contribution to making this happen, it seems, has not been fully appreciated. From that first course in the fall of 1978 that Lynn taught at MIT, things had already exploded to 113 universities worldwide by 1982 (just four short years!). Today, virtually every electrical program in the world has a course in modern VLSI design.
As a former IBM employee, Lynn’s story touches me in two important ways. First, IBM Research was and still is (despite the many changes at IBM and the industry these last 15 years) an amazing place with many amazing people, my husband among them. The time I spent there was very influential on my future career and I still have many productive interactions with IBM – it’s a great place and a great company and I think Lynn would agree.
That being said, the history of what IBM did to Lynn in the 1960s surrounding her gender transition is unconscionable. Fortunately, this is a different time now and IBM has done a 180-degree turn in recognizing and valuing LGBT persons. For those who aren’t in the know, this stands for “lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender” and refers to people whose diversity is manifest through sexual orientation or gender identity.
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have policies of nondiscrimination on gender identity and expression, including tech giants like Apple, Hewlett-Packard, Cisco, Intel, and Oracle.
Last but certainly not least, from my perspective as a gay man, Lynn’s story demonstrates the discrimination that LGBT people have faced (and continue to face) in this society and the negatives this brings. We know about the influence of the “Mead-Conway” book, but no one seemed able to explain what had actually happened. Untold went Lynn’s story as the hidden hand that innovated, shaped and guided the VLSI paradigm-shift through the book, the courses and the MPC79/MOSIS-infrastructure.
It is now becoming clearer why this story was missed. Lynn’s accomplishments as an engineer are remarkable, but when placed in the context of the discrimination and personal struggle she faced as a transgender woman, they are epic and inspirational.
In a time when gender transitioners were pathologized, stigmatized, socially ostracized and virtually unemployable, Lynn found herself the innovator at the center of the VLSI revolution.
Constantly fearing an “outing”, she worked passionately inside the laboratories of Xerox PARC to orchestrate events while minimizing external exposures – thereby remaining a mystery-person to those outside.
Kenji Yoshino, noted law professor at NYU, in his book Covering: The Hidden Assault on our Civil Rights talks about the hidden cost of hiding one’s identity, or “covering,” for LGBT persons. As we see from Lynn’s story, this “covering” not only consumes tremendous time and energy, but the actual contributions of such persons can also go unrecognized, hidden away in the background.
This year would have been the 100th birthday of another computer science pioneer, Alan Turing, who committed suicide at age 41 after been persecuted for his homosexuality. Imagine how many more contributions he would have made to our field had he lived longer. While Corporate America and most universities have come a long way in recognizing the important role that LGBT people play in the diversity discussion, there is still a long way to go; meanwhile many continue to remain in the closet out of intense fear.
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Lynn’s amazing story of accomplishment and personal triumph in the face of personal adversity and overt discrimination should serve as an inspiration to all young engineers. We are thankful that she has shared these memorable reminiscences with us.
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Columbia’s new Northwest Corner Building, location of Prof. Shepard’s research laboratory.About the Author
Kenneth L. Shepard received the B.S.E. degree from Princeton University, New Jersey, in 1987 and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University, California, in 1988 and 1992, respectively. From 1992 to 1997, he was a research staff member and manager with the VLSI Design Department, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, where he was responsible for the design methodology for IBM’s G4
S/390 microprocessors. Since 1997, he has been with Columbia University, New York, where he is a professor of electrical engineering and biomedical engineering. He also was chief technology officer of CadMOS Design Technology, San Jose, California, until its acquisition by Cadence Design Systems in 2001. His current research interests include carbon
electronics, power electronics, and CMOS mixed-signal design for biological applications.He was technical program chair and general chair for the 2002 and 2003 International Conference on Computer Design, respectively. He has served on the Program Committees for ISSCC, VLSI Symposium, ICCAD, DAC, ISCAS, ISQED, GLS-VLSI, TAU,and ICCD. He received the Fannie and John Hertz Foundation Doctoral Thesis Prize in 1992, a National Science Foundation CAREER Award in 1998, and the 1999 Distinguished Faculty Teaching Award from Columbia.
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Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant
Location of Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in India
Country India
Coordinates 8°10′08″N 77°42′45″ECoordinates: 8°10′08″N 77°42′45″E
Construction began 31 March 2002
Commission date 22 October 2013 SRUJAN PROJECTS
Owner(s) Nuclear Power Corporation of India
Nuclear power station
Reactor type VVER
Power generation
Units operational 1 x 1000 MW (13 July 2013)
Units under const. 1 x 1000 MW
Units planned 2 x 1000 MW
Nameplate capacity 6000 MW
Website Nuclear Power Corporation of India
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power station in Koodankulam in the Tirunelveli district of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Construction on the plant began on 31 March 2002, but faced several delays. Long construction times for nuclear reactors are common in India, but this delay was also due to the fishermen's objection Unit 1 was synchronized with the southern power grid on 22 October 2013. The original cost of the two units was 13,171 crore, but it was later revised to17,270 crore. Russia advanced a credit of 6,416 crore to both the units. Construction of units 3 & 4 are being prepared to start in 2015-16.
History
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Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in 2014
Background An Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) on the project was signed on 20 November 1988 by then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and then Soviet head of state Mikhail Gorbachev, for the construction of two reactors. The project remained in limbo for a decade due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. There were also objections from the United States, on the grounds that the agreement did not meet the 1992 terms of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).M.R. Srinivasan, Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman from 1987 to 1990, called the project "a non-starter". However, the project was revived on 21 June 1998.
Construction[edit] Construction began on 31 March 2002, with Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL) predicting that the first unit would be operational in March 2007, instead of the original target of December 2007. A small port became operational in Kudankulam on 14 January 2004. This port was established to receive barges carrying over sized light water reactor equipment from ships anchored at a distance of 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi). Until 2004, materials had to be brought in via road from the port of Tuticorin, risking damage during transportation. In 2008, negotiations on building four additional reactors at the site began. Though the capacity of these reactors has not been declared, it was expected that the capacity of each reactor will be 1200 MW or 1.2 GW. The new reactors would bring the total capacity of the power plant to 6800 MW or 6.8 GW.
Commissioning The first reactor of the plant attained criticality on 13 July 2013 at 11:05 pm.
Design and specification Two 1 GW reactors of the VVER-1000 model are being constructed by the NPCIL and Atomstroyexport. When completed they will become the largest SRUJAN PROJECTS
nuclear power generation complex in India producing a cumulative 2 GW of electric power. Both units are water-cooled, water-moderated power reactors. Four more reactors are set to be added to this plant under a memorandum of intent signed in 2008. A firm agreement on setting up two more reactors was postponed.
Operations The reactor was to begin supplying power to the Central Grid by end of August 2013. The Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) board members have approved signing of a power purchase agreement (PPA) with the Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) for sourcing electricity from the Kudankulam nuclear power project (KKNPP).
KKNPP was first synchronized to grid at 2:45 am on 22 October 2013. Power generation from first nuclear reactor started on the same day. Unit-1 was operating at 73% capacity (680 MW) by April 2014.[21] Unit 1 attained its maximum capacity of 1,000 MWe at 1:20 pm on 7 June 2014. The unit 1 started commercial operation from 31 December 2014. Till April 2015, KNPP-1 generated 2,783 GW·h of electricity at 97% capacity factor.
Opposition[edit] In 2011, thousands from the vicinity of the plant protested against it, fearing a nuclear disaster. According to the protesters, evacuation of people in the event of a nuclear disaster would be impossible. According to S P Udayakumar, of the People's Movement Against Nuclear Energy, "the nuclear plant is unsafe". However, in 2012, the chief of India's nuclear energy program, Dr Srikumar Banerjee, called the plant "one of the safest" in the world In December 2012, The Hindu reported that hundreds of villagers in the region were largely ignorant of the risks and benefits of the plant. A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) was filed in 2011 with the Supreme Court asking for nuclear power development to be delayed until safety concerns were independently assessed. In May 2013, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the plant, stating that the nuclear power plant was in the larger public interest.
In March 2012, nearly 200 anti-nuclear protesters were detained for a few hours by the police. The protesters were set to join protests objecting resumption of work of one of two 1 GW reactors, a day after the local government restarted work on the project.
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There have also been rallies and protests in favour of commissioning this nuclear power plant. On, 24 February 2012, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh blamed foreign NGOs for protests at the power plant. News agencies reported that three NGOs had diverted donations earmarked for religious and social causes to the protests, in violation of foreign exchange regulations.
Supporters of the power plant in Indinthakarai village have been targeted by opponents using improvised explosive devices.
Christian conspiracy There are allegations from various agencies throughout India and officials from Home Ministry that several Christian organisations and Christian NGOs are behind the protest against KKNPP. The Church of South India, The Catholic Bishops Conference of India and the National Council of Churches openly oppose the KKNPP It is also implicitly recognizable that officials in the Catholic Church of these regions too spread rumours through anti-nuclear videos from church premises and through Missionary Schools. The prime motives for opposing the Nuclear Reactor were allegedly multi-faceted. One of the allegations was that the protest was meant to damage the Russiancivil nuclear credibility and to make it impossible for Russia to recover costs of construction, and thereby, artificially creating a state of uncertainty for future foreign investments in India Another was that it was meant to increase the inevitable dependability of India towards the US alone for future foreign investments.
Role of Church[edit]
The role of Church has also come under the scrutiny . The pro-government calls the movement “Church-orchestrated” and foreign funded, .The protest leaders did not deny the support of the Church but dismissed the allegation of foreign funds. As majority where Christian fishermen — called Fernandos in the area — belonging to Most Backward Classes (MBC), Fernandos where the surviving factor of the movement, as the Church’s support was “important and natural” for the movement, The local clergy did not conceal support to the fisherfolks but chose to be on the sidelines, particularly after the government’s accusation.
Supportive civil society figures such as former navy chief L. Ramdas to Binayak Sen as well as artists, singers and activists joined hundreds of residents when children from the villages and cultural troupes from other parts of the country performed on the sprawling porch of the church in support of the anti- nuclear campaign.
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Response from officials Former chairman of Atomic Energy Commission of India Srinivasan said, "The Fukushima plant was built on a beachfront, but the Kudankulam was constructed on a solid terrain and that too keeping all the safety aspects in mind. Also, we are not in a tsunami prone area. The plants in Kudankulam have a double containment system which can withstand high pressure. At least Rs.14,000 crore has been spent. If we don't operate the plant immediately, it will affect the economic stability of our country". A centre panel constituted by the Government of India, which did a survey of the safety features in the plant, vouched for the safety of the Kudankulam reactors. Dr. Muthunayagam, who headed the panel, said that the protesters asked for some documents which are not related to the safety of the reactor.Nuclear scientist and principal scientific adviser to the federal Government of India Rajagopala Chidambaram has said "We have learnt lessons from the Fukushima nuclear accident, particularly on the post-shutdown cooling system," and also added Fukushima nuclear accident should not deter or inhibit India from pursuing a safe civil nuclear program.
The Tamil Nadu state government formed a four-member expert panel which submitted a report to the government after inspecting the safety features of the plant. The Tamil Nadu government in the wake of the acute power shortages in the state has ordered in favour of the commissioning of the plant.
Allocation of power Government of India announced the power allocation from the 2 units of the reactor on 29 August 2013
Beneficiary Power(MW)
Tamil Nadu 925 MW
Karnataka 442 MW
Kerala 266 MW
Puducherry 67 MW
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Not allocated 300 MW
Total 2000 MW
Tamil Nadu may get another 100 MW over its allocation.
3GPP engineers named the technology "Long Term Evolution" because it represents the next step (4G) in a progression from GSM, a 2G standard, to UMTS, the 3Gtechnologies based upon GSM. LTE provides significantly increased peak data rates, with the potential for 100 Mbps downstream and 30 Mbps upstream, reduced latency, scalable bandwidth capacity, and backwards compatibility with existing GSM and UMTS technology. Future developments to could yield peak throughput on the order of 300 Mbps. The upper layers of LTE are based upon TCP/IP, which will likely result in an all-IP network similar to the current state of wired communications. LTE will support mixed data, voice, video and messaging traffic. LTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing) and, in later releases, MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna technology similar to that used in the IEEE 802.11n wireless local area network (WLAN) standard. The higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver enabled by MIMO, along with OFDM, provides improved coverage and throughput, especially in dense urban areas.
LTE is scheduled to be launched commercially in 2010 by Verizon Wireless and AT&T Wireless. T-Mobile and Alltel have also announced plans to roll out 4G capabilities based on LTE. These networks will compete with Clearwire's WiMAX for both enterprise and consumer broadband wireless customers. Outside of the US telecommunications market, GSM is the dominant mobile standard, with more than 80% of the world's cellular phoneusers. As a result, HSDPA and then LTE are the likely wireless broadband technologies of choice for most users. Nortel and other infrastructure vendors are focusing significant research and development efforts on the creation of LTE base stations to meet the expected demand. When implemented, LTE has the potential to bring pervasive computing to a global audience, with a wire-like experience for mobile users everywhere.
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Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G wireless broadband technology developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), an industry trade group. LTE, Long term Evolution uses the modulation format, OFDM - orthogonal frequency division multiplex, adapted to provide a mulple access scheme using OFDMA and SC-FDMA.
One of the key elements of LTE is the use of OFDM, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex, as the signal bearer and the associated access schemes, OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) and SC-FDMA (Single Frequency Division Multiple Access). OFDM is used in a number of other of systems from WLAN, WiMAX to broadcast technologies including DVB and DAB. OFDM has many advantages including its robustness to multipath fading and interference. In addition to this, even though, it may appear to be a particularly complicated form of modulation, it lends itself to digital signal processing techniques. In view of its advantages, the use of ODFM and the associated access technologies, OFDMA and SC-FDMA are natural choices for the new LTE cellular standard.
LTE modulation & OFDM basics The use of OFDM is a natural choice for LTE. While the basic concepts of OFDM are used, it has naturally been tailored to meet the exact requirements for LTE. However its use of multiple carrier each carrying a low data rate remains the same.
Note on OFDM:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is a form of transmission that uses a large number of close spaced carriers that are modulated with low rate data. Normally these signals would be expected to interfere with each other, but by making the signals orthogonal to each other there is no mutual interference. The data to be transmitted is split across all the carriers to give resilience against selective fading from multi-path effects..
The actual implementation of the technology will be different between the downlink (i.e. from base station to mobile) and the uplink (i.e. mobile to the base station) as a result of the different requirements between the two directions and the equipment at either end. However OFDM was chosen as the signal bearer format because it is very resilient to interference. Also in recent years a
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considerable level of experience has been gained in its use from the various forms of broadcasting that use it along with Wi-Fi and WiMAX. OFDM is also a modulation format that is very suitable for carrying high data rates - one of the key requirements for LTE.
In addition to this, OFDM can be used in both FDD and TDD formats. This becomes an additional advantage.
LTE channel bandwidths and characteristics One of the key parameters associated with the use of OFDM within LTE is the choice of bandwidth. The available bandwidth influences a variety of decisions including the number of carriers that can be accommodated in the OFDM signal and in turn this influences elements including the symbol length and so forth.
LTE defines a number of channel bandwidths. Obviously the greater the bandwidth, the greater the channel capacity.
The channel bandwidths that have been chosen for LTE are: 1. 1.4 MHz
2. 3 MHz
3. 5 MHz
4. 10 MHz
5. 15 MHz
6. 20 MHz
In addition to this the subcarriers spacing is 15 kHz, i.e. the LTE subcarriers are spaced 15 kHz apart from each other. To maintain orthogonality, this gives a symbol rate of 1 / 15 kHz = of 66.7 µs. Each subcarrier is able to carry data at a maximum rate of 15 ksps (kilosymbols per second). This gives a 20 MHz bandwidth system a raw symbol rate of 18 Msps. In turn this is able to provide a raw data rate of 108 Mbps as each symbol using 64QAM is able to represent six bits. It may appear that these rates do not align with the headline figures given in the LTE specifications. The reason for this is that actual peak data rates are derived by first subtracting the coding and control overheads. Then there are gains arising from elements such as the spatial multiplexing, etc.
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LTE OFDM cyclic prefix, CP One of the primary reasons for using OFDM as a modulation format within LTE (and many other wireless systems for that matter) is its resilience to multipath delays and spread. However it is still necessary to implement methods of adding resilience to the system. This helps overcome the inter-symbol interference (ISI) that results from this.
In areas where inter-symbol interference is expected, it can be avoided by inserting a guard period into the timing at the beginning of each data symbol. It is then possible to copy a section from the end of the symbol to the beginning. This is known as the cyclic prefix, CP. The receiver can then sample the waveform at the optimum time and avoid any inter-symbol interference caused by reflections that are delayed by times up to the length of the cyclic prefix, CP.
The length of the cyclic prefix, CP is important. If it is not long enough then it will not counteract the multipath reflection delay spread. If it is too long, then it will reduce the data throughput capacity. For LTE, the standard length of the cyclic prefix has been chosen to be 4.69 µs. This enables the system to accommodate path variations of up to 1.4 km. With the symbol length in LTE set to 66.7 µs.
The symbol length is defined by the fact that for OFDM systems the symbol length is equal to the reciprocal of the carrier spacing so that orthogonality is achieved. With a carrier spacing of 15 kHz, this gives the symbol length of 66.7 µs.
LTE OFDMA in the downlink The OFDM signal used in LTE comprises a maximum of 2048 different sub- carriers having a spacing of 15 kHz. Although it is mandatory for the mobiles to have capability to be able to receive all 2048 sub-carriers, not all need to be transmitted by the base station which only needs to be able to support the transmission of 72 sub-carriers. In this way all mobiles will be able to talk to any base station. Within the OFDM signal it is possible to choose between three types of modulation for the LTE signal: 1. QPSK (= 4QAM) 2 bits per symbol
2. 16QAM 4 bits per symbol
3. 64QAM 6 bits per symbol
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LTE SC-FDMA in the uplink
For the LTE uplink, a different concept is used for the access technique. Although still using a form of OFDMA technology, the implementation is called Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA).
One of the key parameters that affects all mobiles is that of battery life. Even though battery performance is improving all the time, it is still necessary to ensure that the mobiles use as little battery power as possible. With the RF power amplifier that transmits the radio frequency signal via the antenna to the base station being the highest power item within the mobile, it is necessary that it operates in as efficient mode as possible. This can be significantly affected by the form of radio frequency modulation and signal format. Signals that have a high peak to average ratio and require linear amplification do not lend themselves to the use of efficient RF power amplifiers. As a result it is necessary to employ a mode of transmission that has as near a constant power level when operating. Unfortunately OFDM has a high peak to average ratio. While this is not a problem for the base station where power is not a particular problem, it is unacceptable for the mobile. As a result, LTE uses a modulation scheme known as SC-FDMA - Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplex which is a hybrid format. This combines the low peak to average ratio offered by single-carrier systems with the multipath interference resilience and flexible subcarrier frequency allocation that OFDM provides.
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. OFDM has developed into a popular scheme for wideband digital communication, used in applications such as digital television and audio broadcasting, DSL Internet access, wireless networks, powerline networks, and 4G mobile communications.
OFDM is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation method. A large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used to carry data[1] on several parallel data streams or channels. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth. The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions (for example,attenuation of high frequencies in a long copper wire, narrowband interference and frequency- selective fading due to multipath) without complex equalization filters. Channel equalization is simplified because OFDM may be viewed as using
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many slowly modulated narrowband signals rather than one rapidly modulated wideband signal. The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) and utilize echoes and time-spreading (on analogue TV these are visible as ghosting and blurring, respectively) to achieve a diversity gain, i.e. a signal-to-noise ratio improvement. This mechanism also facilitates the design of single frequency networks (SFNs), where several adjacent transmitters send the same signal simultaneously at the same frequency, as the signals from multiple distant transmitters may be combined constructively, rather than interfering as would typically occur in a traditional single-carrier system.
Summary of advantages
High spectral efficiency as compared to other double sideband modulation schemes, spread spectrum, etc.
Can easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex time- domain equalization.
Robust against narrow-band co-channel interference.
Robust against intersymbol interference (ISI) and fading caused by multipath propagation.
Efficient implementation using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors.
Tuned sub-channel receiver filters are not required (unlike conventional FDM).
Facilitates single frequency networks (SFNs); i.e., transmitter macrodiversity.
Summary of disadvantages
Sensitive to Doppler shift.
Sensitive to frequency synchronization problems.
High peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR), requiring linear transmitter circuitry, which suffers from poor power efficiency.
Loss of efficiency caused by cyclic prefix/guard interval.
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India-based Neutrino Observatory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Beyond the Standard Model
Simulated Large Hadron Collider CMS particle detector data depicting a Higgs bosonproduced by colliding protons decaying into hadron jets and electrons
Standard Model
Evidence[show]
Theories[show]
Supersymmetry[show]
Quantum gravity[show]
Experiments[hide]
ANNIE
Gran Sasso SRUJAN PROJECTS
INO
LHC
SNO
Super-K
Tevatron
NOνA
v
t
e
India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is a proposed particle physics research project to primarily study atmospheric neutrinosin a 1,300 meters (4,300 ft) deep cave under Ino Peak near Theni, Tamil Nadu, India. This project is notable in that it is anticipated to provide a precise measurement of neutrino mixing parameters. The project is a multi-institute collaboration and one of the biggest experimental particle physics projects undertaken in India. The project was expected to be completed in 2015 at an estimated cost of 1,500 crores, has been cleared by the Ministry of Environment (India) for construction in the Bodi West Hills Reserved Forest in the Theni district of Tamil Nadu. When completed, the INO will house the world's most massive magnet, four times larger than the 12,500-tonne magnet in the Compact Muon Solenoid detector at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.[5][6]
Contents [hide]
1 History and recent developments in the project
2 Participating Institutes
3 Design
4 Location
5 Notes and references
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6 External links
History and recent developments in the project The possibility of a neutrino observatory located in India was discussed as early as 1989 during several meetings held that year. Since then this question comes up, off and on, in many discussions. The issue was raised again in the first meeting of the Neutrino physics and Cosmology working group during the Workshop on High Energy Physics Phenomenology (WHEPP-6) held at Chennai in January 2000 and it was decided then to collate concrete ideas for a neutrino detector. Further discussions took place in August 2000 during a meeting on Neutrino Physics at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, when a small group of neutrino physics enthusiasts started discussing the possibilities. The Neutrino 2001 meeting was held in the Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai during February 2001 with the explicit objective of bringing the experimentalists and theorists in this field together. The INO collaboration was formed during this meeting. The first formal meeting of the collaboration was held in the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, during 6 and 7 September 2001 at which various subgroups were formed for studying the detector options and electronics, physics goals and simulations, and site survey.
In 2002, a document was presented to the Department of Atomic Energy, (DAE) which laid out an ambitious goal of establishing an India-based Neutrino Observatory, outlining the physics goals, possible choices for the detector and their physics. Since then many new and fast paced developments have taken place in neutrino physics. The award of the Nobel Prize in Physics (2002) to the pioneers in neutrino physics is a measure of the importance of this field. As a result of the support received from various research institutes, universities, the scientific community and the funding agency, the Department of Atomic Energy, a Neutrino Collaboration Group (NCG) was established to study the possibility of building an India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO). The collaboration was assigned the task of doing the feasibility studies for which funds were made available by the DAE. A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed by the directors of the participating institutes on August 30, 2002 to enable a smooth functioning of the NCG during the feasibility period. The NCG has the goal of creating an underground neutrino laboratory with the long-term goal of conducting decisive experiments in neutrino physics as also other experiments which require such a unique underground facility.
On 20 November 2009, Ministry of Environment (India) Minister Jairam Ramesh in a letter to Anil Kakodkar, Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy
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and Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission of India, denied permission for the Department of Atomic Energy to set up the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project at Singara in Nilgiris, as it falls in the buffer zone of the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR). Jairam Ramesh said that based on the report of Rajesh Gopal, Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests(PCCF) and Member-Secretary of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (MS-NTCA), the Ministry cannot approve the Singara site. The report says: "The proposed project site falls in the buffer zone of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve and is in close proximity to the core/critical tiger habitats of Bandipur and Mudumalai Tiger reserves. It is also an elephant corridor, facilitating elephant movement from the Western Ghats to the Eastern Ghats and vice versa. The area is already disturbed on account of severe biotic pressure due to human settlements and resorts and that the construction phase of the project would involve transport of building materials through the highways passing through the core area of the Bandipur and Mudmulai Tiger Reserves. Instead, he suggested an alternate site near Suruli Falls, Theni District in Tamil Nadu. The Minister said this site did not pose the same problems that Singara posed and environmental and forest clearances should not be a serious issue. He also assured the DAE that the Ministry would facilitate necessary approvals for the alternative location. Dr Naba K Mondal of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, who is the spokesperson for the INO project said: "But Suruliyar too is in a reserved forest area that is dense and would require cutting down of trees, something that was not required at Singara. Can the government assure us that forest clearance for this site will be given," he asks. "Alternatively, we can move to the nearby Thevaram, which is about 20-30 km away from the Suruliyar falls. This forest area has only shrubs but there is no source of water here and water will have to be piped over a distance of 30 km," On 18 October 2010, the Ministry of Environment & Forests approved both environment and forest clearance for setting up the observatory in the Bodi West Hills Reserved Forest in the Theni district of Tamil Nadu.
As of February 2012, the land was allocated to the INO collaboration by the government of Tamil Nadu and the excavation work was about to start. Naba K Mondal, chief spokesperson of INO project and a senior scientist at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, told The Hindu that the pre-project work will start in April 2012 and 66 crores has been sanctioned for the work. The first task will be to have a road connectivity from Rasingapuram to Pottipuram village. The project is expected to be completed in 2015 at an estimated cost of 1,500 crores.
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On 18 September 2012, Kerala’s octogenarian Opposition leader and CPI(M) central committee member VS Achuthanandan expressed anxiety over establishing a neutrino observatory on the Theni-Idukki border between Tamil Nadu and Kerala, citing environmental and radiological issues Soon the INO collaboration clarified on all the issues raised by him and the responses are on the INO website. On 5 January 2015, Union Cabinet headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved to set up the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO). On 20 February 2015, The southern bench of National Green Tribunal ordered notices to the central and state governments on a petition challenging the environmental clearance granted to the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project.
On 26 March 2015, The Madurai bench of the Madras high court restrained the central government from commencing the work on the proposed India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO).The court directed the government to get permission from the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) before commencing the work.
Participating Institutes Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) spelling out the operational aspects of the project and the mode of utilisation of available funds was signed by seven primary project partners: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai,Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), Kolkata, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata, Harish Chandra Research Institute (HRI), Allahabad and Institute of Physics (IOP), Bhubaneswar. Thirteen other project participants include: Aligarh University, Aligarh, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Calcutta University (CU), Kolkata, Delhi University (DU), Delhi,University of Hawaii (UHW), Hawaii, Himachal Pradesh University (HPU), Shimla, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (IITB), Mumbai, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, North Bengal University (NBU), Siliguri, Panjab University (PU), Chandigarh, Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Tamil Nadu and Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim.
Design
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Chart showing 3 neutrinos and interacting particles, according to theStandard Model of Elementary Particles The primary research instrument will consist of a 50,000 ton magnetised iron particle physics calorimeter with glass Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) technology as the sensor elements.The INO design is mostly based on the monolith experiment that could not go beyond the proposal Stage. The detector was expected to start collecting data in the year 2012. The location of INO has attracted a lot of attention from the neutrino physics community as the distance between INO and CERN is very close to "Magic Baseline" - a distance at which the effect of the CP phase on the measurement of is minimal. The project has been hit by lack of skilled man power and opposition by environmentalists. In 2008, INO started a graduate training programme leading to PhD Degree in High Energy Physics and Astronomy to deal with the shortage of particle physicists.
The Primary goals of the INO are the following 1. Unambiguous and more precise determination of Neutrino oscillation parameters using atmospheric neutrinos.
2. Study of matter effects through electric charge identification, that may lead to the determination of the unknown sign of one of themass differences.
3. Study of charge-conjugation and charge parity (CP) violation in the leptonic sector as well as possible charge-conjugation, parity, time- reversal (CPT) violation studies.
4. Study of Kolar events, possible identification of very-high energy neutrinos and multi-muon events.
The INO detector consists of 6 centimeters (2.4 in) thick Iron plates as passive material, with RPCs in between as active material. SRUJAN PROJECTS
A prototype of the INO detector with 14 layers, measuring 1 m × 1 m × 1 m is already operational in the VECC, Kolkata. The 35 ton prototype is set up over ground to track cosmic muons.
Location The location of the site was supposed to be at Singara 11°32′N 76°36′E 5.5 kilometers (3.4 mi) south-west of Masinagudi in the Nilgiri Hills of South India. The site has been changed due to protests from environmental groups. The INO will now be built at 9°57′14.3″N 77°16′47.56″ECoordinates: 9°57′14.3″N 77°16′47.56″E Bodi West Hills in Theni district, southern India.
OUR STUDENTS PROJECTS
Charging the mobile using the heat energy
Developer’s name 1: C.Kishorekumar Developer’s name 2: R.Vinothkumar,
Pre-Final Yr, ECE Dept, Pre-Final Yr, ECE Dept,
SSCET. SSCET.
Developer’s name 3: S.Veeramani
Pre-Final Yr, ECE Dept,
SSCET.
Abstract: Today we all are using electronic devices like TV, computers, laptop, microwave ovens and etc. From that it can be noticed that they produce some heat energy. The main objective of this project is to charge the mobile phones by using those energies. The heat energy will converted Steps: into microwave energy. Absorb the heat energy. SRUJAN PROJECTS
On that conductor, the The light with the longest microwave transmitter is connected. wavelength (red) is absorbed by the That transmitter will transmit the green stuff (chlorophyll) in the leaves. microwave from one place to another. So is the light with the shortest The microwave is sensed by the wavelength (blue). In between these sensor. two colors there is green light, this is Then attached to rectenna. This allowed to pass right through or is rectenna plays the main role. reflected. (Indigo and violet have Then it is tied to the microwave shorter wavelengths than blue light.) Receiver. Well it is easy to explain some of the properties of light by pretending 1.Introduction To The that it is made of tiny particles called Electromagnetic Spectrum: photons and it is easy to explain other To start with to know what a properties of light by pretending that it spectrum is: when white light is shown is some kind of wave. through a prism it is separated out into The visible spectrum is just one all the colors of the rainbow; this is the small part of the electromagnetic visible spectrum. So white light is a spectrum. These electromagnetic waves mixture of all colors. Black is not a are made up of two parts. The first part color; It is what you get when all the is an electric field. The second part is a light is taken away. So physicist magnetic field. So that why they are pretend that light consists of tiny called electromagnetic waves. The two particles which they call photons. They fields are right angle to each other. travel at the speed of light. The speed of light is about 300,000,000 meters The Microwave Region: Microwave wavelengths range per second. from approximately one millimeter (the Some things like glass thicknesss of a pencil lead) to thirty Perspex will let them go through; these centimeters (about twelve inches). In materials are transparent. Black objects amicrowave oven, the radio waves absorb the photons so you should not generated are tuned to frequencies that be able to see black things: You will can be absorbed by the food. The food have to think about this one. Light is absorbs the energy and gets warmer. made of waves. By measuring the The dish holding the food does not length of waves and this helps them to absorb a significant amount of energy explain what happens when light hits and the stays much cooler. leaves. Microwaves are emitted
from the earth from objects such as cars and planes, and from the atmosphere. These microwaves SRUJAN PROJECTS
can be detected to give information, Ku Band 12 to 18 GHz such as the temperature of the object K Band 18 to 26 GHz\ that emitted the microwaves. Ka Band 26 to 40 GHz Microwaves have wavelengths mithat Q Band 30 to 50 GHz can be measured in centimeters! The U Band 40 to 60 GHz longer microwaves, those closer to a V Band 46 to 56 GHz foot in length, are the waves which heat W Band 56 to 100 GHz our food in a microwave oven. The frequency selection is an other important aspect in transmission. Microwaves are good for Here we have selected the license free transmitting information from one 2.45 GHz ISM band for our purpose. place to another because microwave The Industrial, Scientific and Medical energy can penetrate haze, light rain (ISM)radio bands were originally and snow, clouds and smoke. Shorter reserved internationally for non microwaves are used in remote sensing. commercial use of RF electromagnetic These microwaves are used for radar fields for industrial, scientific and medical purposes. like the Doppler radar used in weather forecasts. Individual countries use of the bands designated in these sections may Microwaves, used for differ due to variations in national radio radar , are just a few inches long. regulations. In recent years they have also been used for license free error- Because microwaves can penetrate tolerant communications applications haze, light rain and snow, clouds and such as wireless LANs and Bluetooth: smoke, these waves are good for 900 MHz band (33.3 cm) (also GSM viewing the earth from space. communication in india ) 2.45GHz Microwave waves are used in the band (12.2 cm) I-EEE 802.11b wireless communication industry and in the Ethernet also operates on the 2.45 GHz kitchen as a way to cook foods. band. Microwave radiation is syill associated with energy levels that are usually considered harmless except for people 2.Transmitter Design: with pace makers. THE MAGNETRON (A), is a self contained microwave oscillator that Here we are going to use the S band of operates differently from the linear the Microwave Spectrum. Microwave beam tubes, such as the TWT and the frequency bands Designation klystron. View (B) is a simplified Frequency range: drawing of the magnetron. CROSS- L Band 1 to 2 GHz ELECTRON and MAGNETIC fields S Band 2 to 4 GHz are used in the magnetron to produce C Band 4 to 8 GHz the high-power output required in radar X Band 8 to 12 GHz and communication equipment.
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together to put the cavities in parallel with regard to the output.
The cavities control the output frequency. The straps are circular metal bands that are placed across the top of the block at the entrance slots to the cavities.
3.Receiver Design:
The basic addition to the mobile phone is going to be the rectenna. A rectenna is a rectifying antenna, a special type of antenna that is used to directly The magnetron is classed as a convert microwave energy into DC diode because it has no grid. A electricity. Its elements are usually magnetic field located in the space arranged in a mesh pattern, giving it a between the plate (anode) and the distinct appearance from most antenna. serves as a grid. The plate of a A simple rectenna can be constructed magnetron does not have the same from a schottky diode placed between physical appearance as the plate of an antenna dipoles. The diode rectifies the ordinary electron tube. The magnetron current induced in the antenna by the base is short in length and has larger microwaves. diameter leads that are carefully sealed into the tube and shielded. Rectenna are highly efficient at converting microwave energy into The cathode and filament are at the electricity. In laboratory environments, corner of the tube and are supported the efficiencies above 90% have been filament leads. The filament leads are observed with regularity. With the large and rigid enough to keep the advent of nanotechnology and MEMS cathode and filament structure fixed in the size of these devices can be brought position. The output leads is usually a down to molecular level. It has been probe or loop extending into one of the theorized that similar devices and tuned activities and coupled into a scaled down to the proportions used in waveguide or coaxial line. The plate nanotechnology, could be used to structure is a solid block of copper. convert light into electricity at much greater efficiencies than what is The cylindrical holes around its currently possible with solar cells. This circumference are resonant cavities. A narrow slot runs from each cavity into the central portion of the tube dividing the inner structure into as many segments as there are cavities. Alternate segments are strapped SRUJAN PROJECTS
type of device is called an optical from space to earth apparently has the rectenna. potential to provide environmentally clean electric power on a very large Another important part of our scale. The key to improve transmission receiver circuitry is a simple sensor. efficiency is the rectifying circuit. This is simply used to identify when the mobile phone user is talking. As The aim of this study is to make a our main objective is to charge the low cost power rectifier for low and mobile phone with the transmitted high power levels at a frequency of microwave after rectifying it by 2.45GHz with good efficiency of rectenna, the rectenna plays an rectifying operation. The objective also important role. is to increase the detection sensitivity at low level is of power.
5.Sensor Circuitry: 4.The Process Of Rectification: The sensor circuitry is the Various microwave power rectifier simple circuit, which detects if the configurations show that a bridge mobile receives any message signals. configuration is better than a single This is required, as the phone has to be diode one. But the dimensions and cost charged as long as the user is talking. of that kind of solution do not meet our Thus a simple F to V converter would objective. serve our purpose. In India the operating frequency of the mobile This study consists in designing phone operators is generally 900MHz and simulating a single diode power or 1800MHz for the GSM system for rectifier “in hybrid technology” with mobile communication. Thus the usage improved sensitivity at low power of simple F toV converters would act as levels. We achieved good matching a switches to trigger the rectenna between simulation results and circuit to ON. measurements thanks to the optimization of the packaging of the A simple yet powerful F to V schottky diode. converter is LM2907. Using LM2907 would greatly serve our purpose. It acts Microwave energy transmitted as a switch off triggering the rectenna. SRUJAN PROJECTS
The general block diagram for the circuitry directs the rectenna circuit to LM2907 is given below. Thus on the ON and mobile phones begins to reception of the signal the sensor charge using the microwave power.
Project Report On Line Follower Robot
Developer’s name 1 : M. UTHRA Developer’s name 2 : S. SWATHI Final Yr, ECE Dept, Final Yr, ECE Dept, SSCET. SSCET.
1. Introduction : 3.1 Sensors :
Line follower robot is used to Sensors are required to detect pick up and place the component. The position of the line to be followed with Robot is automatically moves in respect to the robot’s position. Here desired direction take the component in we use the IR sensor for sensing the specified place and place it in desired black surface. direction. 3.2 Micro Controller : In our robot it follows black line automatically. It senses the black line Here we use AT89c51 by IR sensor and move through the microcontroller. The microcontroller is black line. used for decision making process. It is used to move the robot forward or 2. Block Diagram : backward according to the sensor input. It also drives the DC motor.
3. Components : 3.3 Motor Driver :
The current supplied by the microcontroller to drive the motor is SRUJAN PROJECTS
small. Therefore a motor driver IC is unsigned char ent[]="ROB0"; used to drive the motor. unsigned char forw[]="FORWARD=";
3.4 PCB Board : //unsigned char backw[]="BACKWARD = "; The 8051 PCB board used for connection. unsigned char left[]="LEFT = ";
unsigned char right[]="RIGHT = ";
4. Embedded C Code : unsigned char COUNT[]="COUNT="; #include
#include
voidrfid_init(void); {
voidlcd_initialize(void); int i;
voidcmd_wrt(unsigned char c); for(i=0;i<1000;i++)
voiddata_wrt(unsigned char dat); { }
void delay(unsigned intval); }
void Delay(void); int i,t = 0;
sbitrs = P3^6; void right1()interrupt 0
sbitrw = P0^2; {
sbit en = P3^4; //while(1)
sbit buzzer=P3^5; {
#define lcd_data P2 m1 = 0;
sbit m1 = P1^0; m3 = 1;
sbit m2 = P1^1; //m4 = 0;
sbit m3 = P1^2; cmd_wrt(0xc0);
sbit m4 = P1^5; for(i=0;right[i]!='\0';i++)
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{ for(i=0;ent[i]!='\0';i++)
data_wrt(right[i]); {
delay(50); data_wrt(ent[i]);
} delay(50);
} }
} m1 = 0;
void left1()interrupt 2 m2 = 1;
{ m3 = 0;
m1 = 1; m4 = 1;
//m2 = 0; while(1)
m3 = 0; {
//m4 = 0; m1 = 0;
cmd_wrt(0xC0); //m2 = 0;
for(i=0;left[i]!='\0';i++) m3 = 0;
{ //m4 = 0;
data_wrt(left[i]); }
delay(50); }
}
} voidlcd_initialize(void)
{
void main(void) unsigned char com[]={0x38,0x0e,0x01,0x80}; { unsigned i; unsignedi,j = 0,t = 0; for(i=0;com[i]!='\0';i++) lcd_initialize(); { IE=0x85; cmd_wrt(com[i]); cmd_wrt(0x80);
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delay(100); {
} unsignedint i,j;
} for(i=0;i<200;i++)
voidcmd_wrt(unsigned char c) for(j=0;j<10000;j++);
{ }
lcd_data=c;
rs=0; void Delay()
rw=0; {
en=1; int i;
delay(1000); for(i=0;i<2000;i++)
en=0; delay(10);
} }
voiddata_wrt(unsigned char data) 5. Simulation :
{
lcd_data=dat;
rs=1;
rw=0;
en=1;
delay(1000);
en=0;
}
void delay(unsigned intval)
{
while(val--);
}
void delay1(void) SRUJAN PROJECTS
6. Result :
The main objective of the line follower robot is used to follow the black line which is sensed by IR Sensor and it is given as input to the microcontroller, which drive the dc motor using motor driver according to the input, is achieved by using the keil software & proteus simulation software..
7. Reference :
http://www.playwithrobots.com
Protected Security System
Developer’s name 1 : S.HARI PRIYA Final Yr, ECE Dept, SSCET.
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Developer’s name 2 : N.MANJU SSCET. Final Yr, ECE Dept,
Abstract :
The main aim of this project is to lock the door by using Password instead of Key. The theft can be reduced by using this system.
Keywords : ATMEL 8085 Virtual LCD Keil software Terminal Display Proteus software ATMEL DC Motor 8085 Counter LCD Display Stepper Counters Motor 1. Introduction : 3. Atmel 8085 : This system has introduced to protect the room securely. In an office, It has 4 ports with 38 pins.Its there can be an important room which is working frequency is 11.0592MHZ. allotted for a higher authority like GM, Financier, etc. With this IC, we can connect more number of electronic devices such as That room can be securely Stepper motor, LCD Display, Counters, protected. If we use a key for lock, etc. someone can broke and there may be a chance for robbery. 3.1 Keypad :
While using this system, no one It is used for typing the Password. can enter the room, without the knowledge of higher authority person (if 3.2 LCD Display : they don’t know their password). It is used to display the password which can be given by the user by keypad. 2.BlockDiagram : 3.3 Counters:
If the motor gets ON, the counters countdown starts from 100 to 0. Within the time interval between 100 to 0, the door can be either opened or closed.
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Stepper Motor: shows “PASSWORD INCORRECT”. The door will not open, if the password It rotates from 0 degree to 180 is incorrect. degree for opening the door.
After 180 degree, it returns back to 0 degree for closing the door. Result:
This motor is fixed in the side of The protected security system has been the door. successfully tested by using the keil software and proteus simulation Working Principle: software. When the password is given with the help of the keypad, The password will be displayed in the LCD display.
If the password is correct, the stepper motor rotates from 0 degree to 180 degree for opening the door and 180 degree to 0 degree for closing the door. The door opening and closing time can be maintained by using the counters.
And also the motor and motor starts simultaneously.
If the password is incorrect, the counter and the motor does not ON simultaneously and the LCD display SRUJAN PROJECTS
Robot Providing The Medicine
Developer’s name 1 : R. Sasikala
Final Yr, ECE Dept, Developer’s name 2 : R.Abinaya Final Yr, ECE Dept, SSCET. SSCET.
Abstract :
In all the instant the nurse cannot able to provide the medicine to the patient at the correct time. So, with the help of this project we make the robot to provide the medicine to the patient at the correct time.
Keywords : iii. If the one leg motor rotates in forward direction and the motor rotates AT89C51 Microcontroller in the reverse direction then the robot is Keil moving in right direction. Proteus iv. If the another leg motor DC Motor rotates in reverse direction and the motor L293D Driver circuit rotates in forward direction then the robot is moving in left direction. Block Diagram : Introduction :
In this project we are using three dc motors. Two for legs and another one is Power Micro used to arm movement. supply Controller
According to the instruction given,
i. If the dc motor rotates in forward direction, then the robot is moving in forward direction. Driver Dc motor ii. If the legs motor rotates in Circuit reverse direction then the robot is moving Design Diagram : in reverse direction.
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Finally it take 1000ms to leave from the room. We should give the proper Working 5: 4 3 2 1 distance from entrance to the bed then only it place the medicine in correct bed. 250 As the 5V250 power supply1000 given250 to the micro controller is not enough to drive Program: the motor, the L293D driver circuit is used. #include
0 1 1 0 left 0x06 TR0=1;
While (TF0==0);
TR0=0;TF0=0; By using this table the hexadecimal value is calculated. Depends upon the } movement, the values are filled in the coding. void main()
Depends on the design the coding { may be varied. motor=0x00; Here, the robot should walk 1000ms in forward direction then it take m=0; 250ms to turn left. For example, the robot provide the s=0;TMOD=0X01; medicine to the 5th bed patient so it should while(1) move 1000ms to cross the 4bed.then, it take 250ms to take right then it place the { medicine on the table by the rotation of arm motor again it take 250ms to take left. s=1;delay();
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s=0;delay(); motor=0x05;m=0;
motor=0x05; m=0; for(i=0;i<=20;i++)
for(i=0;i<=20;i++) delay();
delay();
motor=0x00;delay();
motor=0x06;m=0;
for(i=0;i<=5;i++)
delay();
motor=0x00;delay();
motor=0x05;m=0;
for(i=0;i<=20;i++)
delay();
motor=0x00;delay();
motor=0x09;m=0;
for(i=0;i<=5;i++)
delay(); motor=0x00;delay();
motor=0x00;delay(); motor=0x06;m=0;
m=1;motor=0x00; for(i=0;i<=5;i++)
for(i=0;i<=10;i++) delay();
delay(); motor=0x00; delay();
motor=0x06;m=0; }
for(i=0;i<=5;i++) }
delay();
motor=0x00;delay(); Conclusion :
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If suppose the nurse provide the medicine, This robot is very useful not only in sometimes it may fails so the robot can medical field but also in all other provide medicine at the correct application such that shopping mall, industry application , etc.,
time. Depends on the distance we can change the program.
If we are in the first floor but we want to give the medicine to the patient who present in 4th floor, then the code can be changed according to the distance and can give medicine to the patient at the correct time without anyone’s help. RAILWAY LEVEL CROSSING GATE OPERATION REMOTELY BY ANDROID
PREPARED BY:
M.HARIHARAN,IIIRD ECE
B.MATHIYAZAGAN,IIIRDECE
C.KISHOREKUMAR,IIIRDECE
manpower, which could be often
ABSTRACT erroneous leading to accidents. The
proposed system rules out the need of any The project is designed to achieve human involvement at the railway level control over the railway level crossing crossing. This system involves opening gate through Android Application by the and closing of the level crossing gate with station master. Opening and closing of help of an Android Application Device. railway level crossing gate involves
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Remote operation is achieved by family, and the input to it is a Bluetooth
any smart-phone/Tablet etc., with Android device which receives command from the
OS, upon a GUI (Graphical User user Android application. The output to
Interface) based touch screen operation. A microcontroller is given to a motor
Bluetooth device is interfaced with the through a motor driver IC for required
system. When the station master sent operation. The status, whether the gate is
command to close from the Android open / close is displayed on an LCD
application device (when the train is display interfaced to the microcontroller.
approaching at the level crossing) to the Further the project can be enhanced Bluetooth device which while fed to the by sending an acknowledgement to the microcontroller, sends an output signal sender about the status of the gate. which activates a mechanism to switch on
the motor to close the gate. To open the
gate, another command needs to be sent
for the microcontroller to open the gate
with help of motor driver IC. In this BLOCK DIAGRAM
project we use a microcontroller of 8051
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HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS: 8051 series Microcontroller, Bluetooth device, Crystal, Resistors, Capacitors, Diodes, Keil compiler Transformer, Voltage Regulator, LED, DC Motor, Motor Driver IC. Languages: Embedded C or Assembly.
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CONCLUSION An instrument that measures and indicates the level ofnoise in a communications system, such as that utilized for telephony. Such a device usually incorporates aweighting network, whose characteristics depend on the type of circuit being evaluated. The measured results approximate the effects of noise at different frequencies on a human listener.
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THANK YOU…,
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