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Chapetr-V Religious Condition- Religion and Religious Centres

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Chapetr-V Religious Condition- Religion and Religious Centres CHAPETR-V RELIGIOUS CONDITION- RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS CENTRES. Karnataka has been a land of many religions. Every religion has contributed in its own way to the shaping of the life and activities of the people and enrichment of the culture of Karnataka. The inscriptions give a glimpse of the religious condition in the period. During the ancient period of the Deccan., various religious systems played an important role on the Social and moral life of the people. In Belgaum Disitrict various religious system were in practice in the society. It is well known that the prominent rpligious in the, Deccan during this period were kalamukha Saivism, jainisam and Buddhism, vaishnavism. Important religious like saivisam. Vaishanavism. Jainism & Buddhism were continued to be the main religious in the Society, in this religion. The whole period was brimming with activities of temple building, sculptural art and worship of different deities Saiva, Vaishnava and Jaina. The rulers, their subordinates and rich merchants, patronised such institution and made munificent grants for their maintenance without discrimination. In this chapter 80 here an attempt is the period under study are discussed under the following heads. BUDDHISM. Buddism was one of the important religious. Which was so popular in the South India and Karnataka was not an exception to this. It is well known that ■: rece.ved the great patronge from the Mauryan ruler emperor Ashok. In karnataka his inscriptions found at Maski and Koppal in Raichur District, Brahmagiri, siddapura and Jatinga Rameshvara in Chitradurga district, Udego'am and Nittur in Ballary district speaks of Ashoka's desire of spreading Buddhism in this area. Ashoka1 is believed to have sent his Buddhist missionaries to Banavasr. A chutu Princess (from Banavasi) built a Vihara at Banavasi. The famous viharas of Karle (near Pune) was built by a merchant from Banavasi. At Sannati (Gulbarga district) remains of a stupa of Satavahana times have been unearthed. There are monuments at Badami & Aihole of the chaiukyan times. Hieun-Tsang who visited Karnataka in 640 A-D. says that Banavasi country had hugdreds of Viharas & thousands of Bikkus & that both in great Vehicle & the small vehicle cults of Buddhism prevailed in Karnataka. Since then ruler like, Satavahanas, chalukyas of Badami patronised the patronised the Buddhism along with other religions like jainism, Saivism & Vaishanavism Buddhist Viharas were constructed during their periods & there were a few Buddhism centres in the existence. For example, Dambal,2 Kolivada, Sannati,3 Indi,4 Bellagave, etc. are mentioned. But in the region of Belgaum district we do not find any single reference to know the influence of Buddhism. Even the inscriptions found so for from the region are remained Silent about it. Hence it is difficult to say whether Buddhism was existence in this area at all, or the evidences are destroyed on accoun. of the political, social & religious changes that took place during the period under study. Undoubtedly5 Buddhist monasteries (Veharas) must have Served as 81 centres of learning & education. The Stimulus Buddhism gave to architecture & art in the Deccan & Karnataka is notable. JAINISM: Jainism was a Predominant religion in the Deccan from the early days. The discovery of large number of Jaina records, monasteries, & reference to the names of religious teachers, ascetics & disciples and large number of Jaina authors who flourished in this tract, go to prove the incluence this religion had on the people. The advent of Jainism in South India brought the new changes in religion & the culture of the Society. It was one of the popular religions in South India & Karnataka in particular. According to the Jaina traditions Vardhamana Mahavira the 24th Tirthanakara was the founder of this new faith which become the one of the most popular religions throughout India. The history of Jainism commences in Karnataka with the entry of Jaina Guru Bhadrabahu. Who come and settled in Sravanabelgola in his last days «— along with his disciple Viz., Chandragupta Maurya. Since then Jainism has become dominent in Karnataka. Along with Sravanabelgola many Jaina centres came in to being. Koppal in Raichur district was also one of the famous Jaina centres and it is like compared to Sravanabelgola. Apart from that many Jaina centre are found in Karnataka. For example, Karkal, Tavanidi, Kothali, Examba, Halshi, Lakkundi, Lakshamesvara and many other places. They received Patronage from almost all the rulers of Karnataka, Viz., the Kadambas of Banavasi, Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas of Kalyana, Kalachuries, Rattas of Saundatti, Goa Kadambas, Shilaharas of Kolhapur, Seunas, Hoysalas & the Vijayanagara rulers: Jainism enjoyed an advantageous position especially under the Gangas & the Rashtrakutas & it continued to be a popular religion till the rise of Basaveshvara & the establishment of Neosaivism in Karnataka. 82 Even in the region of Belgaum. like Saivism. Jainism was also quite popular during the period under study. The large number of epigraphas, Jaina Basadis & their Sculptures highlights the prevalence of Jainism in that area. It appears that it was receiving patronage at the hands of both the rulers & their feudatory chieftains. According to toe epigraphical Sources, some Jaina monasteries were established in this religion. Some of toe places were famous Jaina centres viz., Raybag, Examba, Halshi, Tavandi, Belgaum, Saundatti, Telasanga, Ramatoirth, Munivalli, Kothali, Konnur, Khadaklat, Kerur, Hubli, Gokak, Degaon, Chachadi and Bellad Bagewadi. Etc., There are reference to toe construction of Jaina Basadi. For example, an inscription6 dated 875 A.D. pertaining to Rashtrakuta Krishna II refers to toe construction of a Jinendra Bhavana. VAPANIYA SAMGHA: There are many inscritpions refers to regarding Yaganiya Samgha. The earliest mention of the Yapaniya Samgha is found at Palasika or Modern Halasige.7 This is in the period of the early Kadambas, Mrigeskavarman (C.A.O. 420) caused to be built a Jinalaya at Palasika, & made grant of lands to the Yapaniyas, Nirgranthas & Kurchakas. His son Ravivarman (503 A.D.) established an ordinance at toe great city of Palsika, that the glory of Jinendra & the festival lasting for eight days should be celebrated regularly every year. Likewise, Hanivarman son of Ravivarman, also made grants to Jains & Jain temples. A temple of toe Arhat was built by Mrigesa, son of toe general Simha at Palasika. The next mention again of toe Yapaniya Samgha. is found in an inscription at Kalbhavi in toe Bailhongal Taluka dated 848 A.D. Amoghavarsha I refers to grant of toe village Kummudvada (some as Kalbhavi) to the Jain temple built by saigotta Gamga permandi Sivamara II.8 An inscription8 from Kadrolli in toe Bailhongal taluka of toe Belgaum district, it can be made outthat the Jaina order mentioned is the Yapaniya 83 Samgha one perggade Bhivanayya seems to have constructed a basadi & made grants to It. The name of the acharya is preserved as Subhachandra Siddhantadeva. We get reference to a basadi of Manikyadeva in the agrahara Kondana- Purwadavalii (M.K.Hubli in Bailhongal Tal. Belgaum dist.) and to a boundary stone of the land granted for the manifold worship of parshvanathadheva of the basadi by Mahamadatesvara Marasimgadeva, apparently of the Gamga stock in the village Hunshikatti (A.D. 1131) in the Some Bailhongal taluka.10 Another broken piece (A.D.1140) found at Kulavalli. (Bailhongal Tal.) discloses a grant made by permadideva, son of Jayakeshi II to a basadi got constructed by himself in the village.11 The next Jain inscription during the reign of Permadideva is that of Golihalli in the Khanapur Taluka (1176 A.D.) it refers to the construction of a Jain temple by Gamgisetti in Kiru-Sampagad (Golihalli).12 The inscription13 from Badli dated 1219 A.D. belong to the Ratta Chief Lakshma and mentions the following Jaina Saints Mahamandalacharya Madhdhav - Bhattaraka, ---------- Vinayadeva.----------- Kirtibhattaraka, Jinadeva, Kanakaprabha of the Yapaniya-sangha. To quote the passage here:- Vishruta Yapaniya Sanghadole (Shevam) Bhavise Reyaganam II anta Kareyaganadolati Prasidarum Mahaprabhudhana Sasanaru Sakalsatra & Vicha— -Kshanarumenisida negalda Mahamandala Charya— Tapomandanareseva Madhava-Bhattaraka--------------- name--------------ralim balikam---------------dvomauadevara Va (Rim) balikam II gu (ni)--------------------------------------- likam pranuta tapodhanaram dharinni Pogal -Urn--------------thni Kirtibhattarakaram II allim balika vesedannerlliya--------------------- dhanat Kovidajjinadevarum II Shrivibhrajita Yapaniyavara Sangharambhojinibhaska------- 84 The next record from some place refers as Jaina temple or Jain basadi. It says: --------- Nagisettiyam ankada--------------- --------- ttiyam dhosiga Parisetti------------ --------- Nitavaru mukyavagi sama--------- --------- ya Permadiya - basadiyam-------- 14 There are few nishadi stones have been found in this region. As mentioned earlier they were erected in memory of the Jaina devotees, who sacrificed their lives for the religious cause. Such people Voluntarily accepted the death by following Sallekhana rite i.e., the fasting into death, which they believed enabled them to attain moksha or merit. It is also interesting to note here that Digambara division in the Jaina community has been organised by several Sanghas. Like mula-Sangha, Mathura-Sangha and Kustha- Sangha etc., The Jaina order & Sub-division, though not clearly readable, appears to be the Yapaniya
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