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Thesis.Pdf (1.368Mb) Institutt for arkeologi, historie, religionsvitenskap og teologi, AHR “They shipped all in at North Berwick in a boat like a chimney” Forestillinger om samlinger knyttet til de hekseanklagede i North Berwick-prosessene — Berit Veierud Busch Masteroppgave i HIS-3900 mai 2018 Forord: Min vei for å fullføre dette prosjektet har vært lang og kronglete. Det har gått hele ni år siden jeg startet opp som historiestudent ved universitetet i Tromsø ved en tilfeldighet. At dette skulle føre fram til en masteroppgave, hadde jeg ingen planer om. Men det vokste på seg. Med full lærerjobb i grunnskolen sier det seg selv at det har gått i rykk og napp. En annen ting er at jeg stort sett har studert alle historieemnene på egenhånd bortsett fra et par samlingsbaserte emner og et nettbasert. Jeg har til tider følt meg ganske ensom som student. Derfor har jeg forsøkt å legge til rette for noen kjappe turer til Tromsø hvor jeg har sittet som ukjent blant mine «medstudenter» og har fulgt noen utvalgte forelesninger. Både studenter og forelesere har nok lurt på hvor jeg kom fra og hvorfor jeg satt i klasserommet. Noen ganger – når det har passet seg slik – har jeg gitt meg til kjenne. I perioder har jeg vært en ganske disiplinert student, men jeg har en lei tendens til å oppføre meg som en udressert hund på tur. Det er alltid så mange lukter og sidespor som må utforskes. Å gå rett fram passer meg ikke. Jeg finner stadig et eller annet småtteri som jeg må finne ut mer om. Derfor har min metode – nærlesing av kilder – passet meg perfekt. Jeg har fått muligheten til å henge meg opp i små antydninger og har forsøkt å forstå det som kan ligge bak. Mitt behov for å bruke opplevelsen av fysisk tilstedeværelse i min forståelse av historien, har jeg dekket gjennom mange selvkomponerte studieturer i nærområdet rundt Edinburgh. Min forståelse av emnet jeg har valgt å konsentrere meg om har trengt tid for å modnes, derfor er de fem årene selve masterstudiet har tatt akkurat passe lang tid. En stor takk til Hella som åpnet veien inn i historiestudiene ved universitetet i Tromsø for meg. Hun forstod mammas abstinens etter å ha avsluttet et større studieprosjekt i religionsfag. Hennes forslag om at vi sammen skulle ta et samlingsbasert historieemne, gjorde at jeg endelig fikk satt interessen min for historiefaget i system. At hun og tvillingsøsteren, Mari, samtidig lånte meg seng og bord på studenthybelen sin, gjorde at jeg kombinerte nytte og hygge under tromsøoppholdene mine. Og hadde ikke de to plass, var det enda en av døtrene mine, Signe, som åpnet døra for meg. Min yngste sønn Aslak fortjener også en spesiell takk. At han flyttet til Edinburgh for å studere ved universitetet der samtidig som jeg hadde fattet interesse for hekseprosessen fra 1590, ble et lykketreff. Aslak hjalp meg å spore opp aktuelle slottsruiner og fulgte villig med opp på North Berwick Law. Han holdt ut med besøk i museer og kirker, i kriker og kroker og på mange, lange fotturer i fire år. 1 I tillegg til de nevnte av mine sju barn, har også Åste, Isak og Halvor heiet meg fram og har hatt full forståelse for at jeg har brukt mye tid til bøker, lesing og skriving. Og hadde ikke Erling som jeg har vært gift med i godt over førti år syntes det hadde vært greit å ha ei kone som stadig skulle lese et eller annet eller forberede seg til en eller annen eksamen, hadde ikke dette gått. Han har lært seg å leve med en evig student. Jeg skylder Rune Blix Hagen en stor takk for at han sendte meg rett over gangen og inn kontordøra til Liv Helene Willumsen. Dette skulle vise seg å bli starten på en fantastisk reise gjennom mange og lange faglige samtaler. Etter hvert som min interesse for de skotske heksetiltalte i North Berwick-prosessene vokste, har det også blitt spennende ekskursjoner i East Lothian med besøk både i Acheson’s Haven og North Berwick når Liv Helene har hatt forskningsopphold i Edinburgh og jeg samtidig har vært på en av mine mange «studieturer» til byen. Liv Helene har vært min utrettelige pådriver og har stadig oppmuntret meg til å gå videre i mine undersøkelser. Tusen takk! En stor takk til dere alle, og velkommen med i nye studieprosjekter jeg måtte finne meg. Røros, mai 2018. Berit Veierud Busch 2 Innhold 1 Innledning ................................................................................................................................................. 5 2 Problemstilling, teori og metode .................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Problemstilling .................................................................................................................................. 13 2.2 Motivisk analyse: Muligheter og begrensinger ..................................................................... 13 2.3 Nærlesing som metode................................................................................................................... 14 2.4 Å sanse landskap og steder........................................................................................................... 14 2.5 Kilder og komplementerende litteratur .................................................................................. 18 2.6 Det lærde tankegodset – demonologien .................................................................................. 22 2.7 Kirken i Skottland – syn på djevler og demoner .................................................................. 25 2.8 Kong James demonologi ................................................................................................................ 27 3 Aksjoner på havet ............................................................................................................................... 30 4 Samlingen i North Berwick kirk, allehelgensaften 1590 ..................................................... 41 5 Samlingen i Acheson’s Haven, “Lammas Eve” 1590 .............................................................. 53 6 Demonologisk tankegods og djevelens skikkelser................................................................. 63 6.1 Demonologisk tankegods i utvalgte saker fra North Berwick-prosessene ................ 63 6.2 Djevelpakt. Djevelen oppsøker, rekrutterer, lover gjenytelser, merker ..................... 65 6.3 Djevelen opptrer i ulike former: ................................................................................................. 70 6.4 Djevelens møteinnkallinger og «heksenes» reiser til samlingene ................................ 73 7 Avslutning .............................................................................................................................................. 75 Kilder: ................................................................................................................................................................ 78 Primær litteratur .......................................................................................................................................... 79 Sekundær litteratur ..................................................................................................................................... 81 3 4 1 Innledning Det var et omstridt giftermål som utløste en intens heksejakt i Edinburgh senhøstes 1590. I løpet av 1591 var rundt 20 personer fra East Lothian dømt for trolldomshandlinger som skulle ha hatt til hensikt å hindre den unge kongen – James VI (1566–1625) – å få sin brud til Skottland. Da de ikke hadde lykkes i dette, hadde de – fortsatt med djevelens hjelp – forsøkt å hindre at kongeparet skulle få barn. Kong James hadde gått i land i Skottland den 1. mai 1590 etter selv å ha hentet danske prinsesse Anne. Anne ble kronet til skotsk dronning under en spektakulær seremoni i Edinburgh den 18. mai. Et par måneder senere nådde en melding fram til Edinburgh om at fem eller seks danske kvinner hadde blitt dømt for å ha reist storm for å hindre Annes overfart til Skottland høsten 1589. James var eneste sønn av Mary Queen of Scots,1 og det var krefter i Skottland som helst så at det ikke var ham som skulle bringe Stuart-slekten videre. En som skulle vise seg å være en ivrig konkurrent var det fire år eldre søskenbarnet Francis Stuart – den 5. lorden av Bothwell.2 I april 1591 ble han brakt fram for kongen og hans råd anklaget for forrædersk samarbeid med Agnes Sampson og Richard Graham.3 Disse to var utpekt som ledende personer i heksenes aksjoner mot kongen. Under prosessene mot de påståtte heksene fra Easth Lothian4 kom det ved flere anledninger fram at de handlet på vegne av Lord Botwell. Dersom James ikke hadde 1 Mary Queen of Scots (1587 – 1542) blir ofte omtalt som Maria Stuart. Hun var eneste overlevende legale barn av James V (1512 – 1542). James V døde 30 år gammel av sykdom og skuffelse etter å ha fått høre at hans franske kone, Mary of Guise, hadde født ham en datter og ikke en sønn. Seks dager gammel ble datteren innsatt som dronning. Mary Queen of Scots vokste opp i morens hjemland, Frankrike, hvor hun fikk katolsk oppdragelse. Hun kom tilbake til Skottland som attenårig enke og giftet seg med sin fetter – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. Han ble far til James VI. Da Lord Darnley ble myrdet i februar 1567 og Mary allerede i mai samme år giftet seg med et annet søskenbarn – James Hepburn, den 4. lorden av Bothwell – som var mistenkt for mordet, falt også mistanken på henne. Hun ble tvunget til å abdisere og rømte til England. Hennes da 13 måneder gamle sønn ble i en protestantisk seremoni i Stirling Castle innsatt som kong James VI i Skottland i juli 1567. Han
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