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Sheng Sheng Man) a Cognitive Stylistic Analysis University of Huddersfield Repository Ye, Mao Evaluating English translations of ancient Chinese poetry with special reference to image schemas and foregrounding Original Citation Ye, Mao (2015) Evaluating English translations of ancient Chinese poetry with special reference to image schemas and foregrounding. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/27839/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ Evaluating English translations of ancient Chinese poetry with special reference to image schemas and foregrounding Mao Ye A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2015 1 i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Huddersfield the right to use such Copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of any patents, designs, trade marks and any and all other intellectual property rights except for the Copyright (the “Intellectual Property Rights”) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions. 2 Abstract Poetry translation evaluation from ancient Chinese to English has been subjective in China. This is caused by the indefinable and intangible notion of ‘poetic spirit’, which is often used in influential translators’ criteria, and by the lack of a systematic investigation of translation evaluation. The problem of subjective criteria has remained unresolved for nearly a century. In order to improve the subjective criteria of poetry translation evaluation, this thesis is an attempt to make objective evaluations of the English translations of an ancient Chinese poem using stylistic theories. To make an objective criticism, it is necessary to offer evidence which is based on systematic and reliable criteria and replicable evaluation procedures. By applying stylistic theories to both the source text and the target texts, it is possible to make a judgement based on the stylistic features found in the texts themselves. Thus, objective evaluation of poetry translation from ancient Chinese to English can be made. This research is qualitative with the data consisting of one ancient Chinese poem as the source text and six English translations as the target texts. It carries out stylistic analyses on the data with two approaches based on the cognitive stylistic concept of figure and ground and the linguistic stylistic theory of foregrounding. The target texts are judged by the evidence of locative relations and foregrounding features. This research also explores and proposes a practical framework for poetry translation. The research findings suggest how to make objective poetry translation evaluations and improve translation techniques. They also point out the need to integrate stylistics with translation evaluation to make improvements in the field. 3 Acknowledgments I would like to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Dan McIntyre and Prof. Lesley Jeffries for their continuous support and encouragement, particularly for their patience in times of hardship and challenges during my study. I cannot thank my mum, Qingxing Wang, enough for her endless support both emotionally and financially. It would have been impossible to finish this thesis without her reassuring me numerous times that I am a capable researcher. I would also like to thank my family for all their support and care over these years, especially my grandparents and my aunts. My special thanks go to my boyfriend James Bingham for all his loving care and selfless sacrifice, and particularly for his unfailing assistance in running our coffee shop in the final stages of my study. My special thanks also go to Mr & Mrs Bingham for making this foreign land my second home and for their generous support throughout my study. Finally, I would like to thank Michael Serup, Zoe Jiang, Kevin Chen and other friends for their friendship, spirit, support and all the joy over these years. Their company made my research journey much more colourful and unforgettable. 4 Table of contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Introduction to the study .......................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Research questions ................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Structure of the thesis ............................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2 Chinese language ............................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 18 2.2 Chinese language ..................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Chinese phonetic system ................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Chinese writing system ..................................................................................................... 27 2.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 3 Literature review ............................................................................................................... 34 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 34 3.2 A review of translation study in China .................................................................................... 35 3.2.1 Early translation ................................................................................................................ 35 3.2.2 Early modern translation history ....................................................................................... 38 3.2.3 Literary translation ............................................................................................................ 43 3.2.4 Poetry translation .............................................................................................................. 46 3.2.5 The current state of translation study in China ................................................................. 56 3.2.6 Three translation propositions ........................................................................................... 62 3.2.6.1 Rhymed and metrical translation ............................................................................... 62 3.2.6.2 Free style translation .................................................................................................. 65 3.2.6.3 Imitation translation ................................................................................................... 69 3.2.7 The Linguistic turn in translation ...................................................................................... 71 3.3 Perspective on stylistic studies ................................................................................................. 80 3.3.1 A review of cognitive stylistic theories............................................................................. 80 3.3.1.1 Figure and ground .....................................................................................................
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