DOCSLIB.ORG

AP42 Chapter 1 Reference

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
AP42 Chapter 1 Reference Background Report Reference AP-42 Section Number: 1.2 Background Chapter: 4 Reference Number: 16 Title: Locating and Estimating Air Emissions fiom Sources of Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM) EPA-45014-84-007P US EPA September 1987 United Slates Office of Air Quality Environmental Protection Planning and Slandards EPA-450/4-84-007p Agency Rcsearch Triangle Park. NC 2771 1 Scplrmber 1987 Air LOCATINGAND ESTIMATING AIR EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES OF POLYCYCLIC ORGANIC MATTER (POW LOCATING AND ESTIMATING AIR EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES OF POLYCYCLICORGANIC MATTER Oflice Of Air Quality Planning And Standards office Of Air AndRadiation U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1 September 1987 This report has been reviewed by the Office Of Air Quality Hanning And Standards, U. S. Environmental protection Agency, and has been appmved for publication Any mention of trade names or commercial products is not intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii I Section ms. Lis of Tat 3s ...................................... >. ..... v List of Figures ........................................... xi Purpose of Document ....................................... 1 Overview of Document Contents ............................. 3 Background ................................................ 5 Nature of Pollutant .................................. 5 Nomenclature and Structure of Selected POMs .......... 7 Physical Properties of POM ........................... 7 Chemical Properties of POM ............................ 13 POM Formation Mechanisms in Combustion Sources ....... 13 Conversion of POM from Vapor to Particulate .......... 19 Persistence and Fate in the Atmosphere ............... 23 References for Section 3 ............................. 29 4 POM Emission Source Categories ............................ 33 Stationary Combustion of Solid, Liquid. and . Gaseous Fuels for Heat and Power Generation .......... 33 Mobile Sources of POK ................................ 80 Municipal, Industrial, and Commercial Waste Incineration ......................................... 105 Sewage Sludge Incineration ........................... 121 Petroleum Catalytic Cracking - Catalyst Ii ": ..................... .. Regeneration ................... :135 Sintering in the Iron and Steel Industry ............. 153 section m Ferroalloy Manufacturing .............................. 161 . Iron and Steel Foundries ............................. 181 By-product Coke Production ............................ 186 Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing ......................... 204 Hot Mix Asphalt Production ........................... 221 Carbon Black Manufacture ............................. 236 Secondary Lead Smelting .............................. 253 Primary Aluminum Production .......................... 262 Wood Charcoal Production ............................. 272 Creosote Wood Treatment .............................. 283 Oil Shale Retorting ................................... 292 Asphalt Paving and Coal Tar Pitch and Asphalt Roofing Operations .. i ................................ 304 Transfer and Handling of Coal' Tar and Petroleum Pitch ................................................ 311 Burning Coal Refuse Piles, Outcrops, and Mines ....... 314 .. Prescribed Burning and Uncontrolled Forest Fires ..... 321 Agricultural Burning .................................. 332 Miscellaneous Open Burning ............................ 337 References for Section 4 ............................. 343 5 Source Test Procedures .................................... 359 Sample Collection Methods ............................ 359 Sample Recovery ...................................... 371 Identification and Quantification of POM ........... :. 376 References for Section 5 ............................. 378 iv LIST OF TABLES B!2k ESfs 1 Physical Propertie of Various POM Compound .............. .11 2 Percent of Total PAH Associated with Soot Particles as a Function of Temperature ............................... 22 3 Half Lives (in Hours) of Selected POM in Simulated Daylight, Subjected to Varying Concentrations of Atmospheric Oxidants (Ozone) .............................. 27 4 POM Emission Factors for Pulverized Coal Utility Boilers ................................................... 44 5 POM Emission Factors for Coal-fired, Cyclone Utility Boilers ........................................... 46 6 POM Emission Factors for Coal-fired, Stoker Utility' Boilers ................................................... 48 7 POM Emission Factors for Pulverized Coal Industrial ..Boilers ................................................... 51 8 POM Emission Factors for Coal-fired, Stoker Industrial Boilers ........................................ 52 \ 9 Uncontrolled POM Emission Factors for Commercial and Residential Coal-fired Boilers ........................ 54 10 POM Emission Factors'for Residual Oil Combustion .......... 58 11 Uncontrolled WM Emission Factors for Distillate - Oil Combustion ............................................ 61 12 POM Emission Factors for Industrial and Commercial Wood-fired Boilers ........................................ 62 13 POM Species Emission Factors for Controlled and Uncontrolled Wood-fired Industrial Boilers ................ 64 14 Test Site Descriptions for the Emission Factors Given in Table 13 ......................................... 65 15 POM Emission Factors for Wood-fired Residential Heating Sources ........................................... 68 V 1 Table EUs 16 POM Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Wood-fired Heaters Under Various Burn Conditions ..................... 74 17 * Uncontrolled POM Emission Factors for Natural Gas-fired Sources ......................................... 75 18 POM Emission Factors for Bagasse-fired Industrial Boilers ................................................... 77 19 Contributions of Various Mobile Source Categories to Total Mobile Source PAH and 1-Nitropyrene Emissions in 1979 ......................................... 83 20 Benzo(a)pyrene Emission Factors at Various Levels of Emission Control ....................................... 85 21 Benzo(a)pyrene Emission Rates at Various Mileage Intervals ................................................. 86 22 Change in Average POM Emissions with Deposit Cbndition and POM Content of Fuels ........................ 88 23 Estimated Particulate Benzo(a)pyrene Emission Factors for Gasoline Automobiles, Model Years 1966-1976 ........... 91 24 Measured and Derived POM Emission Factors for Mobile 0. Sources ................................................... 93 25 Average Emission Rates of Particulate PO& from Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles in Two Tunnels in Japan at an Average Speed of 50 mi/hr ........................... 94 26 Average Particulate POM Emission Rates for Gasoline Vehicles, ‘Model Years 1970-1981, Under ETP and WET Test Cycles ............................................... 95 - 27 Emission Rates of Particulates and Particulate POMs for Various Gasoline and Diesel Automobiles Under the FTP Test Cycle ........................................ 98 28 POM Compoun@s Analyzed by HPLC-Fluorescence in Diesel Automobile Exhaust Particulates .................... 99 29 Mean and Range of Concentrations of POMs in Exhaust Particulate from Four Diesel Cars ......................... 100 30 Particulate POM Emission Rates from a Turbocharged Mack Engine at Various Loads .............................. 102 vi Gll& 31 Total POM Emission Factors for the’Ford Prototype Diesel Engine ............................................. 103 32 POM Compounds Identified by GC/MS Analysis in Exhaust from a Gas Turbine Engine Burning Kerosene-type Fuel ...... 106 33 POM Emission Factors for Municipal Waste Incinerators ..... 117 34 Locations of Conventional Municipal Waste Incinerators in the United States ...................................... 122 35 Locations of Modular Municipal Waste Incinerators in the United States ...................................... 123 36 Distribution of Emission Control Technologies Applied to Selected Sewage Sludge Incinerators Prior to 1978 ...... 130 37 Distribution of Emission Control Technologies Applied to Selected Sewage Sludge Incinerators After 1978 ......... 131 38 POM Emission Factors for a Sewage Sludge Incinerator Controlled by a Wet Scrubber .............................. 133 39 POM Compounds Identified in Sewage Sludge Incinerator Emissiohs ................................................. 134 40 Approximate Distribution of Sludge Combustion Facilities by State and Type in 1985 ...................... 136 41 Locations of Wastewater Treatment Plants Thought to be Using Sewage Sludge Incinerators .................... 138 42 POM Emission Factors for Petroleum Catalytic Cracking Catalyst Regeneration Units ............................... 152 43 Locations of Active Petroleum Refineries with Catalytic Crackers as of January 1986 ..................... 154 44 Locations of Iron and Steel Industry Sinter Plants in 1977 ................................................... 162 45 Major Types of Ferroalloys Produced in the United , States .................................................... 164 46 POM Emission Factors for Electric Arc Furnaces Producing Ferroalloys ..................................... 176 47 Locations of Ferroalloys Producers in the United States in 1984 ............................................ 178 vii TiaLLe Ei3g.S 48 Emission Controls Used on POM Emission Sources in By-product Coke Plants ..................................... 193 49 Specific POM
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Investment Casting Or the Lost Wax Process
    Investment Casting or The Lost Wax Process Apecs Investment Castings was founded in 1963 and is now situated in the Melbourne suburb of Burwood where we have been since we outgrew our Canterbury factory in August 1987. The company name (APECS), stands for Anthony Philip Eccles Casting Service. Investment is a type of plaster that we use in our process of reproducing multiple copies of an original master pattern which is usually supplied to us by our customers. This is a classic 18ct yellow gold emerald and diamond ring taken from the Apecs catalogue. The next series of photos will show the steps involved in producing multiple copies of this ring. An original master pattern is designed and fabricated by our customers and supplied to us to reproduce in the quantities and metals of their choice. It is important to ensure that the master is made as accurately as possible and to pay particular attention to the finish of the master pattern. The better the quality of the master pattern the better the casting result. The finished master pattern ready for the caster. A picture of the master pattern is drawn and a mould number is allocated for identification. When the customer wants to reorder he quotes the mould number for the pattern he wants. A sprue is soldered onto the pattern. This sprue enables the pattern to be easily located in the mould and will provide the path for the wax to be injected into the rubber mould. To make a mould the master pattern is placed between sheets of uncured vulcanising rubber.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lost-Wax Casting Process—Down to Basics by Eddie Bell, Founder, Santa Fe Symposium
    The Lost-Wax Casting Process—Down To Basics By Eddie Bell, Founder, Santa Fe Symposium. Lost-wax casting is a ancient technique that is used today in essentially the same manner as it was first used more than 5,000 years ago. As they say, there's no messing with success. Today, of course, technology has vastly expanded the technique and produced powerful equipment that makes the process faster, easier and more productive than ever, but the basic steps remain the same. The steps below represent a simple overview and are intended to provide a beginning understanding of the casting process. Concept This is obviously where the design is initally conceived, discussed,evolved, and captured on paper—or on computer; CAD (computer aided design) software is increasingly popular among designers. You create the design you envision using the computer tool and the software creates a file that can be uploaded into a CNC mill or 3D printer. Model Build a model, either by hand-carving, guided by the paper rendering, or by uploading the CAD file into a computer controlled milling machine or a 3D printing machine. Models are made using carving wax, resin or similar material. This process can also be done in metal by a goldsmith or silversmith. Note: If a 3D printer or other rapid prototyping equipment is used, it is possible to skip the molding and wax-injection steps by using one of the resins that are specially made to go directly to the treeing process. Molding Create a mold from your master model, placing it in one of a variety of rubber or silicone materials, curing the material, then removing the model from the finished mold.
    [Show full text]
  • St Luke's Farnworth BELL CASTING
    St Luke’s Farnworth BELL CASTING by Geoffrey Poole In the earliest days they were cast in different sizes to produce different notes but no attempt was made to tune bells until the 16th Century with the advent of change ringing. In those times bells were roughly tuned – where the inside of the bell or the edge of the lip was chipped away with a hammer and chisel – eight bells could be tuned to an octave of eight notes. Some deprived communities used a hagiosideron, a shaped piece of metal which was struck in a similar way to a bell. Also again due to lack of money bellcotes were used instead of costly towers. A bell-cot, bell-cote or bellcote is a small framework and shelter for one or more bells. Bellcotes are most common in church architecture but are also seen on institutions such as schools. The bellcote may be carried on brackets projecting from a wall or built on the roof of chapels or churches that have no towers. The bellcote often holds the Sanctus bell that is rung at the consecration of the Eucharist. Bellcote is a compound noun of the words bell and cot or cote. Bell is self-explanatory. The word cot or cote is Old English, from the Germanic. It means a shelter of some kind, especially for birds or animals (see dovecote), a shed, or stall. Examples of bellcotes In order St Luke’s Farnworth Bell-cot at St Edmund's Church, Church Road, Wootton, Isle of Wight, England Church of England parish church of St Alban the Martyr, CharlesStreet, Oxford.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of High-Temperature Treatment of Melt on the Composition and Structure of Aluminum Alloy
    ARCHIVES of ISSN (2299-2944) FOUNDRY ENGINEERING Volume 17 DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0131 Issue 4/2017 Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences 61 – 66 Influence of High-Temperature Treatment of Melt on the Composition and Structure of Aluminum Alloy V.A. Grachev a, *, N.D. Turakhodjaev b a A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Bldg 1, Bolshaya Ordynka St., Suite # 104, 119017 Moscow, Russia b Tashkent State Technical University, Faculty of Mechanical University 2,Tashkent 100095, Republic of Uzbekistan, * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] Received 12.04.2017; accepted in revised form 23.06.2017 Abstract The aim of the current study was to examine the structure of an alloy treated at various temperatures up to 2,000–2,100 °C. Among research techniques for studying alloy structure there were the electron and optical microstructure, X-ray structure, and spectral analysis, and for studying the developed furnace geometric parameters the authors employed mathematical modeling method. The research was performed using aluminum smelting gas-fired furnaces and electric arc furnaces. The objects of the study were aluminum alloys of the brand AK7p and AK6, as well as hydrogen and aluminum oxide in the melt. For determining the hydrogen content in the aluminum alloy, the vacuum extraction method was selected. Authors have established that treatment of molten aluminum alloy in contact with carbon melt at high temperatures of 2,000–2,100 °C has resulted in facilitating reduction of hydrogen and aluminum oxide content in the melt by 40- 43% and 50-58%, respectively, which is important because hydrogen and aluminum oxide adversely affect the structure and properties of the alloy.
    [Show full text]
  • Metal Casting Terms and Definitions
    Metal Casting Terms and Definitions Table of Contents A .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 B .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 C .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 D .................................................................................................................................................................... 4 E .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 F ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5 G .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 H .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 I ....................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Etch Overview for Microsystems Learning Module
    EEttcchh OOvveerrvviieeww ffoorr MMiiccrroossyysstteemmss Learning Module Map Knowledge Probe Etch Overview Activities (3) Final Assessments Instructor Guide www.scme-nm.org What is a SCO? A SCO is a "shareable-content object" or, what we like to call, a "self-contained object". The term SCO comes from the Shareable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM), first conceived by the Department of Defense in 1999 as part of the Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative (Gonzales, 2005; Advanced Distributed Learning, 2008). A SCO covers no more than 3 objectives that pertain to one specific topic (e.g., Material Safety Data Sheets or MEMS Applications). A SCO can be used by itself or with other SCOs with common or complementary objectives. We have grouped SCOs that support common objectives into a Learning Module. Learning Module Organization Each Learning Module (LM) contains at least one of the following three types of SCOs: Primary Knowledge (PK) - Each LM contains at least one PK which contains the basic information supporting the objectives. Most PKs have a supporting PowerPoint presentation. Activity (AC) – Each LM can contain one or more activities that provide interactive or hands-on learning that supports the objectives. Assessment (KP, FA, AA) – Each LM contains one or more assessments that determines the student's existing knowledge (Knowledge Probe (KP) or pretest) or knowledge gained relative to a particular AC, the PK or both. (Activity Assessment (AA), Final Assessment (FA)). Each SCO contains an Instructor Guide (IG) and Participant Guide (PG). Each SCO is self-contained; therefore any one SCO in the Learning Module can be used without the other SCOs, depending upon the needs of the student and the instructor.
    [Show full text]
  • 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–14 Edition) Pt. 300, App. B
    Pt. 300, App. B 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–14 Edition) gamma-emitting radionuclides in surface and nonradioactive hazardous substances materials. separately. Compare the concentration of Select the benchmark(s) applicable to the each radionuclide and each nonradioactive pathway (or threat) being evaluated. Com- hazardous substance from the sampling loca- pare the concentration of each radionuclide tion to its respective benchmark concentra- from the sampling location to its benchmark tion(s). Use only those samples and only concentration(s) for that pathway (or those substances in the sample that meet the threat). Use only those samples and only criteria for an observed release (or observed those radionuclides in the sample that meet contamination) for the pathway except: tis- the criteria for an observed release (or ob- sue samples from aquatic human food chain served contamination) for the pathway, ex- organisms may be used as specified in sec- cept: tissue samples from aquatic human tions 4.1.3.3 and 4.2.3.3. If the concentration food chain organisms may be used as speci- of one or more applicable radionuclides or fied in sections 4.1.3.3 and 4.2.3.3. If the con- other hazardous substances from any sample centration of any applicable radionuclide equals or exceeds its benchmark concentra- from any sample equals or exceeds its bench- tion, consider the sampling location to be mark concentration, consider the sampling subject to Level I concentrations. If more location to be subject to Level I concentra- than one benchmark applies to a radio- tions for that pathway (or threat).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Casting for 3D Printed Jewelry Patterns the Way Jewelers Work Is Changing, and Castable Photopolymer Resins Are Leading the Way
    Introduction to Casting for 3D Printed Jewelry Patterns The way jewelers work is changing, and castable photopolymer resins are leading the way. From independent designers concepting and prototyping in their studios, to casting houses increasing capacity and diversifying their offerings, digital fabrication techniques are increasingly key to growing a successful jewelry business. In this guide, learn how to cast fine jewelry pieces from patterns 3D printed on the Form 2. Request a Sample Part 3D Printed in Castable Wax Resin › Learn About Casting and Jewelry Production from Formlabs › July 2019 | formlabs.com What Is Direct Investment Casting? Direct investment casting, or lost wax casting, is a popular moldmaking technique that can be used to fabricate small and large parts in a wide variety of metals. Originating over 5,000 years ago, casting enables creators to work with a wide variety of materials and is one of the easiest ways to make metal parts. In investment casting, a hollow mold is created from a hand-sculpted or 3D printed master pattern. The master is immersed in a refractory casting material (or “investment”), which dries and hardens. The wax or 3D printed pattern is burned out, leaving a negative mold of the design. Metal is poured into this hollow cavity to create the final part. Wax patterns for intricate jewelry are complicated to produce by hand, and in a world driven by high demand and fast fashion, it can be difficult for hand-crafted pieces to keep pace. Advanced materials and affordable in-house 3D printers like the Form 2 are changing the way jewelry manufacturers and designers work, bringing industrial quality to the desktop and making it easier to produce and fit complicated geometries that once required hours of meticulous labor.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Technologies in Metal Working Fluids and Compatibility with Refrigeration Systems Richard Butler [email protected]
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning School of Mechanical Engineering Conference 2016 Emerging Technologies in Metal Working Fluids and Compatibility with Refrigeration Systems Richard Butler [email protected] Mike Foster [email protected] Neil Turner CPI Fluid Engineering, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc Butler, Richard; Foster, Mike; and Turner, Neil, "Emerging Technologies in Metal Working Fluids and Compatibility with Refrigeration Systems" (2016). International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference. Paper 1617. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/1617 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Complete proceedings may be acquired in print and on CD-ROM directly from the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories at https://engineering.purdue.edu/ Herrick/Events/orderlit.html 2127, Page 1 Emerging Technologies in Metal Working Fluids and Compatibility with Refrigeration Systems International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue 2016 Richard Butler1*, Neil Turner2, Nicholas Bujouves3 1Chemtool, Inc., R&D Laboratory, Rockton, Illinois, U.S.A. ([email protected]) 2CPI Fluid Engineering, R&D Laboratory, Midland, Michigan, U.S.A. ([email protected]) 3CPI Fluid Engineering, R&D Laboratory, Midland, Michigan, U.S.A. ([email protected]) * Corresponding Author ABSTRACT Metal working fluids (MWF) are basically two types, metal removal (chip making) and metal forming (chip-less). MWF are used in all aspects of production fabrication of refrigeration systems. Metal removal applications typically include turning followed by finish lapping of crankshafts and piston connecting rods, also milling and finish grinding of screw compressor vanes.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Make Rubber Jewelry Molds
    Excerpted from the book “ Modeling in Wax for Jewelry and Sculpture, 2nd Edition” published by Krause Publications of 700 E. State Street, Iola, Wisconsin. Used by permission of the author, artist and copyright holder. Rubber Molds For the purpose of reproducing a number of pieces from a single original model, rubber is the ideal material. The specially formulated rubber used in mold-making is able to hold an impression of even the most delicate detail work. It is also pliable, so that wax reproductions may easily be pulled from it. It is able to withstand the heat of the molten wax; and it is long lasting, so that many reproductions are possible from a single rubber mold. The rubber comes in strips, sheets, or rolls, and is individually cut to the correct size. It also comes in a variety of grades and in a sizable range of qualities. It is upon the grade and quality of the rubber that the shrinkage factor depends; the denser the rubber, the less it will contract after vulcanizing. But here too, discretion and economics must play a part. A grade-A quality rubber, which might be ideal for a highly detailed and precise model, would be a waste of money on a roughhewn silver bead, whereas a spongier rubber would never do justice to the finer model. So first the piece must be appraised by the mold- maker, not only for the quality of the rubber it demands, but also for the approach he will eventually take to cut it from the vulcanized mold.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Casting for 3D Printed Jewelry Patterns
    Introduction to Casting for 3D Printed Jewelry Patterns The way jewelers work is changing, and castable photopolymer resins are leading the way. From independent designers concepting and prototyping in their studios, to casting houses increasing capacity and diversifying their offerings, digital fabrication techniques are increasingly key to growing a successful jewelry business. In this guide, learn how to cast fine jewelry pieces from patterns 3D printed on the Form 3. Request a Sample Part 3D Printed in Castable Wax Resin › Learn About Casting and Jewelry Production from Formlabs › July 2019 | formlabs.com What Is Direct Investment Casting? Direct investment casting, or lost wax casting, is a popular moldmaking technique that can be used to fabricate small and large parts in a wide variety of metals. Originating over 5,000 years ago, casting enables creators to work with a wide variety of materials and is one of the easiest ways to make metal parts. In investment casting, a hollow mold is created from a hand-sculpted or 3D printed master pattern. The master is immersed in a refractory casting material (or “investment”), which dries and hardens. The wax or 3D printed pattern is burned out, leaving a negative mold of the design. Metal is poured into this hollow cavity to create the final part. Wax patterns for intricate jewelry are complicated to produce by hand, and in a world driven by high demand and fast fashion, it can be difficult for hand-crafted pieces to keep pace. Advanced materials and affordable in-house 3D printers like the Form 2 are changing the way jewelry manufacturers and designers work, bringing industrial quality to the desktop and making it easier to produce and fit complicated geometries that once required hours of meticulous labor.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Metal Founding and Its Practices and Applications for Information Purposes in Industrial Arts Education
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Plan B Papers Student Theses & Publications 1-1-1965 A Study of Metal Founding and its Practices and Applications for Information Purposes in Industrial Arts Education Jack Fuelle Follow this and additional works at: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/plan_b Recommended Citation Fuelle, Jack, "A Study of Metal Founding and its Practices and Applications for Information Purposes in Industrial Arts Education" (1965). Plan B Papers. 418. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/plan_b/418 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Plan B Papers by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A S'11UDY O:J:t"' NLE'rAL :B'OUNDING AND I'l1 S PRAC'rICES AND APPLICATIONS FOR INFOHMA'EION PURPOSES IN IlIDUSTHIAL At{rS ELJUUATION (TITLE) BY JacK .1melle PLAN B PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE IN EDUCATION AND PREPARED IN COURSE industrial Arts J75 IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY, CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS YEAR I HEREBY RECOMMEND THIS PLAN B PAPER BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE DEGREE, M.S. IN ED. ----~'7fa6,ls ---~--~---- -~-~~- DATE ADVISER TABLE OF CONTENTS Chaplier Page I INTRODUCTION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 Purpose Signiricance or tne Stua.y 'I'er.m.1no.logy II BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FOUNDHY ••••••••••••••••• b Ear.Lies1i Beginnings 5000 B. C• .lbOO B. C. Weapons in Ea:c.Ly Found.1.·y Work Guns.miths in Early Foundry Work Current Developments in Founding III FOUNDRY EQ,U.1Pl~'l'.
    [Show full text]