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Es a Corpus of Anglo-Saxon and Medieval LINCOLN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES NO. 7 Medieval Pottery from Lincoln from Pottery Medieval A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon and A Corpus A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Pottery from Lincoln Lincoln Archaeological Studies Series Editors: Michael J. Jones and Alan Vince No. 1 No. 6 Pre-Viking Lindsey Corpus of Roman Pottery from Lincoln No. 2 No. 7 The Archaeology of Wigford ACorpus of Anglo-Saxon and the Brayford Pool and Medieval Pottery from Lincoln Vince and Alan Jane Young No. 3 No. 8 with Victoria Nailor The Archaeology of The Upper City A Corpus of Roman Glass and Adjacent Suburbs from Lincoln No. 4 No. 9 The Archaeology of The Lower City Finds from the Well and Adjacent Suburbs at St Paul-in-the-Bail No. 5 No. 10 Of Butchers and Breeds The City by the Pool Jane Young and Alan Vince with Victoria Nailor Oxbow Books LINCOLN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES NO. 7 A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Pottery from Lincoln ii iii LINCOLN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES NO. 7 GENERAL EDITORS: MICHAEL J. JONES AND ALAN VINCE A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Pottery from Lincoln Jane Young and Alan Vince, with Victoria Nailor Oxbow Books Published by Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK © Jane Young, Alan Vince and Victoria Nailor 2005 ISBN 978-1-84217-083-0 A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library This book is published with the aid of a grant from English Heritage. English Heritage is now Historic England This book is available to download from http://books.casematepublishing.com/A_Corpus_of_Anglo-Saxon_and_Medieval_Pottery_from_Lincoln.pdf Front cover photo by George Jacklin Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................................... vii Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ ix I Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 II Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 5 III Dating ................................................................................................................................................ 10 IV The Pottery. ...................................................................................................................................... 27 Roman.................................................................................................................................................................27 Early Anglo-Saxon (c.450–c.650) ...................................................................................................................27 Mid-Saxon (c. 650–c. 850) ...............................................................................................................................33 Late Saxon / Anglo-Scandinavian (c.850–c.1000) .....................................................................................41 Saxo-Norman (c.1000–c.1120) ........................................................................................................................76 Early Medieval (c.1120–c.1220) ................................................................................................................... 102 Medieval (c.1220–c.1350) ............................................................................................................................. 132 Late Medieval (c.1350–c.1500) .................................................................................................................... 180 Early Post-Medieval (c.1500–c.1600) .......................................................................................................... 230 Post-Medieval to Early Modern (c.1600–c.1770)...................................................................................... 232 V Discussion ........................................................................................................................................234 VI The Pottery Catalogue ....................................................................................................244 VII Appendix 1: Pottery Codes used in this report, with horizon and date parameters .273 VIII Appendix 2: Ceramic Horizons and their dating ranges ...................................................276 IX Appendix 3: Index to sites shown on maps (Figs. 2–3) ......................................................277 X Appendix 4: Closely-dated ceramic assemblages used in the statistical analyses .......279 XI Appendix 5: Summaries of post-Roman pottery from site volumes [LAS 2–4] ...........280 XII Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................283 Index.................................................................................................................................289 XIII Colour Plates...................................................................................................................................293 vii Preface The corpus of Anglo-Saxon and medieval pottery from century. This work underlies the chronological Lincoln is one of a series of publications which make framework of the three volumes of excavation reports available to a wider public the results of analysis of all which cover the Wigford suburb (Steane 2001), the archaeological excavations carried in the city from upper city (Steane forthcoming) and the lower city 1970 until 1987. Research on pottery of this period (Steane in prep). It is also the key to a vast un- has a long history within the archaeology of the city, published archive consisting of ceramic assemblages starting with the discovery of medieval pottery kilns dating from the 9th to the 16th centuries, all of which during the construction of the railway in the 1840s have been catalogued as part of an integrated digital (ILN 1848; AI 1850). Two face moulds used to decorate archive to the physical collections now deposited in late medieval pottery vessels were found at this time Lincoln City and County Museum. and are now in the British Museum (cover). Important A notable feature of this study is the use of work was carried out by Glyn Coppack on material petrological analysis, involving the creation and from the Bishop’s Palace and other sites in the city study of over 600 thin-sections. These have been (Coppack 1973; 1975; 1980) but real advances in used to characterise the local clay and temper knowledge followed the discovery of 10th-century sources exploited by Lincoln potters and to identify pottery production at Silver Street in 1973 (Miles et al wares made in the vicinity of the city and those 1989), the large-scale excavations at Flaxengate, which made elsewhere in the county of Lincolnshire and provided a chronological context for this pottery to identify regional and foreign imports. These thin- (Adams Gilmour 1988), and the publication of material sections, and the vessels from which they were from excavations at Broadgate East (Adams 1977), The taken, are also deposited in the museum, forming a Park and West Parade (Jennings & Jones 1999; Young valuable resource for further work in the city and 1999). surrounding areas. This piecemeal approach had disadvantages, This volume is arranged as a corpus of wares, however. As each site was studied so the story illustrated by both typical and unusual examples became more complex: new types were discovered; and accompanied by descriptions of their visual previously-described wares required subdivision appearance, petrological characteristics, source, and initial chronologies were refined, sometimes forms, decoration and dating evidence. It does not involving drastic revision of accepted views. Conse- include any material published in excavated groups, quently, when the post-excavation project started in partly because this would have resulted in a large 1988 a city-wide classification was devised, created amount of duplication of the common wares and by examining all of the Anglo-Saxon and medieval forms and partly because these groups can be pottery from Lincoln and studying the sequence of reconstructed from the published and archive data. introduction and decline of pottery types through A major conclusion resulting from this study is time at numerous sites. Although the classification that Lincoln was the centre for a large pottery presented here is also capable of revision it is based industry whose products were traded over a large on a solid foundation and has been tested on part of the east midlands, and beyond. Lincoln numerous sites. Consequently, it is now possible to wares occur throughout the county, as well as in recognise a series of ceramic horizons and to date the Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire and start and finish of most of these to within a quarter even Birka in central Sweden. Despite the presence viii Preface of this large industry, which flourished with some end of the medieval period a high proportion of the fluctuations from the 9th to the 15th century, pottery wares used were made at Bourne, in the south of from surrounding areas was also used in quantity. the county. The excavations
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