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Associations, Synagogues, and Congregations ASSOCIATIONS, SYNAGOGUES, AND CONGREGATIONS: CLAIMING A PLACE IN ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN SOCIETY (Second revised edition with links to inscriptions) By Philip A. Harland Associations, Synagogues, and Congregations: Claiming a Place in Ancient Mediterranean Society. (Second revised edition with links to inscriptions) <http://www.philipharland.com/associations/> Copyright © 2013 Philip A. Harland. Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. All rights reserved. First printing: September 1, 2013 Cover image by Philip A. Harland: Marble relief of a maenad and two satyrs in a Dionysiac procession (ca. 100 CE, following Attic prototypes of the fourth century BCE). From the Villa Quintiliana on the Via Appia, south of Rome, now in the Townley collection at the British Museum (inv. GR 1805.7-3.128). Cover design by Philip A. Harland. ISBN: X-XXXX-XXXX-X BR145.2 .H37 2013 CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition...................................................................................................................i Illustrations and Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................ii Map of Italy and the Eastern Roman Empire........................................................................................vi Introduction...............................................................................................................................................1 PART 1: ASSOCIATIONS IN ASIA MINOR 1 / Associations: Social Networks and Membership.............................................................................19 2 / Purposes: Honoring the Gods, Feasting with Friends....................................................................45 3 / Symptoms of Civic Decline or Participants in Vitality?.................................................................71 PART 2: IMPERIAL CULTS AND CONNECTIONS AMONG ASSOCIATIONS 4 / Imperial Gods within Associations...................................................................................................95 5 / Positive Interactions and Imperial Connections.............................................................................119 6 / Putting Tensions and Official Intervention in Perspective............................................................141 PART 3: SYNAGOGUES AND CONGREGATIONS WITHIN SOCIETY 7 / Comparing Groups in Antiquity...................................................................................................161 8 / Judeans, Jesus-followers, and Imperial Honors...............................................................................187 9 / Imperial Cults, Persecution, and the Apocalypse of John.............................................................211 Conclusion............................................................................................................................................235 Works Cited..........................................................................................................................................241 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION This is a new, fully revised edition of a book that was originally released by Fortress Press in 2003, which was itself a revision of my doctoral dissertation at the University of Toronto’s Centre for the Study of Religion (completed in 1999). If you have not already done so, please visit the book’s website to pay an amount that you feel is appropriate for your use of this book: http://philipharland.com/associations/?p=42. There are two main advantages to this new 2013 edition over its previous incarnations. First of all, I engage with more recent scholarship (from the past 10 years) on important points, particularly in parts one and two on the associations. In some cases, I have shortened the discussion here if I have more fully developed the ideas in my subsequent work on Dynamics of Identity in the World of the Early Christians (New York: Continuum, 2009). Secondly, and perhaps more importantly, I provide hyperlinks to inscriptions that are discussed in the text and that are now gathered together on the companion website to Associations in the Greco-Roman World: A Sourcebook (Waco: Baylor University Press, 2012) = AGRW: http://philipharland.com/greco-roman-associations/. Users can simply click on an inscription in the pdf and be brought to information about the inscription, including a description, the original texts (Greek or Latin), and, often, an English translation. I also continue to maintain an easy-to- read companion website for the present book accessible at the following address: http://philipharland.com/associations/?p=43. These arrangements may also assist instructors who wish to make use of both the sourcebook and this book (or parts of it) within courses on social or religious life in the ancient Mediterranean, My wife, Cheryl Williams, and my two sons, Justin and Nathaniel, have been an ongoing support throughout my work. I would like to thank the following people who have generously taken the time to offer suggestions and criticisms at various stages: John S. Kloppenborg, Roger Beck, Peter Richardson, Keir Hammer, Richard Ascough, Philip Sellew, Dave Graham, Harold Remus, Leif E. Vaage, and K.C. Hanson, as well as members of both the Canadian Society of Biblical Literature and the Society of Biblical Literature. Andreas Bendlin’s comments on chapter 6 for preparation of this new edition have been very helpful in clarifying our agreements and disagreements. Colleagues at both Concordia University and York University have supported my work in various ways. Grants from York University have aided my research, including the construction and management of the websites. I would like to thank Fortress Press for transferring the copyright to me for this second edition. i ILLUSTRATIONS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All photos by Harland (copyright 2013) unless otherwise acknowledged. 1. Harbor street at Ephesos (from the theater). 2. Monument from the fishery toll-office at Ephesos, now in the museum at Selçuk / Ephesos. 3. Statue of Artemis of Ephesos, now in the Naples Archaeological Museum. 4. Monument erected by the Thermaia street association at Apameia Kelainai (MAMA VI 180). Public domain. 5. Relief of two gods from Maionia, likely Men Tiamou as sun god and Men Tyrannos as moon god (TAM V 536). Drawing from Salomon Reinach and Philippe Le Bas, Voyage archéologique en Grèce et en Asie Mineure (Paris: Firmin-Didot et Cie, 1888), plate 136 I. Public domain. 6. Monument from Maionia with a relief of the god Men in Phrygian garb with his left foot on the head of a prostrate bull and Zeus holding an eagle (TAM V 537). Drawing from Salomon Reinach and Philippe Le Bas, Voyage archéologique en Grèce et en Asie Mineure (Paris: Firmin- Didot et Cie, 1888), plate 136 I. Public domain. 7. Bust of the Egyptian god Sarapis, now in the Vatican museum. 8. Relief of a maenad, now in the Naples Archaeological Museum. 9. Section from the fresco at the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, depicting a reading child. 10. Relief of the priestess Stratonike approaching Cybele and Apollo with a banqueting scene, from Triglia (IApamBith 35). Drawing from Alexander Christian L. Conze, Reise auf der Insel Lesbos (Hannover: Carl Rümpler, 1865), plate 19. Public domain. 11. Relief of Asklepiades approaching Zeus (IApamBith 33). Drawing from Alexander Christian L. Conze, Reise auf der Insel Lesbos (Hannover: Carl Rümpler, 1865). Public domain. 12. Relief of Zeus, Artemis and Apollo with a banqueting scene, from Panormos (GIBM IV 1007). Photo from M. Perdrizet, “Reliefs mysiens,” BCH 23 (1899), 592-93 (plate IV). Public domain. 13. Meeting-hall of the grain-measurers at Ostia. 14. Mosaic of a grain-measurer from the meeting-hall at Ostia. 15. Banqueting room (triclinium) in the builders’ meeting-place at Ostia. 16. Plan of the meeting-place of the Berytians at Delos. Courtesy of l’École française d’Athènes. 17. Statue group of Aphrodite and Pan from the meeting-place of the Berytians at Delos. Photo by Sailko (creative commons license). 18. Hall of Benches (Podiensaal) of the cowherds at Pergamon. 19. Bronze statuette of Silenos from the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum, now in the Naples Archaeological Museum. 20. Plan of the meeting-place of the Iobacchoi at Athens. From Walther Judeich, Topographie von Athen (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft; Munich: Beck, 1931), 291. Public domain. ii 21. Drawing of the inscribed column containing the rules of the Iobacchoi at Athens. From Jane Ellen Harrison, Primitive Athens as Described by Thucydides (Cambridge: CUP, 1906), 90 (fig. 25). Public domain. 22. Facsimile of IKosPH 324. Public domain. 23. Reserved seating for the “Judeans and god-fearers” in the theater at Miletos (IMilet 940). 24. Reserved seating for the “emperor-loving goldsmiths” in the theater Miletos (IMilet 940). 25. Reserved seating for the “head of the goldsmiths” in the theater at Aphrodisias (IAph 8, Block J, 8, i). Photo from the “Inscriptions of Aphrodisias (2007)” project (Joyce Reynolds, Charlotte Roueché, and Gabriel Bodard) <http://insaph.kcl.ac.uk/iaph2007/iAph080061.html>. Creative commons license. 26. Statue of the empress Livia as the goddess Fortuna from Pozzuoli near Naples (I CE), now in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen. 27. Temple of Trajan at Pergamon. 28. Temple of the Augusti (“Sebasteion”) at Aphrodisias. 29. Image of a squeeze of the monument involving the “mystical contest” of the performers at Ankyra (IAnkyraM 141). From W. H. Buckler and Josef Keil, “Two Resolutions of the
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