Rhode Island
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1 THE LONG 19TH CENTURY IN GREATER RHODE ISLAND “History ... does not refer merely to the past ... history is literally present in all that we do.” — James Baldwin, 1965 “UNNAMEABLE OBJECTS, UNSPEAKABLE CRIMES” GO BACK TO THE PREVIOUS PERIOD 1838 THE RHODE-ISLAND ALMANAC FOR 1838. By Isaac Bickerstaff. Providence, Rhode Island: Hugh H. Brown. 1. “Greater” Rhode Island would include relevant regions connected with the local culture, such as Block Island and the other channel islands that used to be considered part of this colony, contiguous areas such as New Bedford in Massachusetts, etc. “Rhode Island” had been for a long time an ambiguous designator, as it might refer to the moderately sized island in Narragansett Bay, or it might refer to the entire colony of which said island was a part, together with the extensive Providence Plantations on the mainland shore. Also, since the period of that ambiguity, there have been significant trades of land and towns between Rhode Island and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts — such as the entire city of Fall River. You need to deal with it. HDT WHAT? INDEX RHODE ISLAND ROGUE ISLAND Friend John Wilbur was accused by several other Rhode Island Quakers of circulating, in his conversation and writings, opinions and statements derogatory to the character of the visiting English evangelical minister, Friend Joseph John Gurney. 4394 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX ROGUE ISLAND RHODE ISLAND On the other side of the globe, the new viceroy in Canton, China was destroying the illegal opium imports of the British East India Company, a total of 2,640,000 pounds of suspicious vegetable substances, and in consequence Britain was going on the warpath, seizing Hong Kong, forcing trade concessions, and garnering much loot. Meanwhile, in Rhode Island, the governor was William Sprague II and Perry Davis was removing from Westport, Massachusetts to Pawtucket and then to Taunton, Massachusetts while engaged in the development of his invention, of a mill for grinding grain. In Taunton he would fall ill and would study the effects of certain drugs upon the human system, and he would experiment in the various uses of these drugs, mostly ethanol and opiates, until he became able to concoct a dose capable of curing his own maladies. This Mr. Davis would later vend the following story: “I told my wife that she could not expect to have me with her much longer. A cold settled on my lungs. A hard cough ensued, with pains in my side. My stomach soon became sore, my digestive organs became weak, consequently my appetite failed; my kidneys had become affected. The canker in my mouth became troublesome.... I searched the globe in my mind’s eye for a cure during my illness and selected the choicest gums and healing herbs. These were carefully compounded creating a medicine to soothe the nerves and a balm to heal the body. I commenced using my new discovered “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project 4395 HDT WHAT? INDEX RHODE ISLAND ROGUE ISLAND medicine with no hope other than handing me gently to the grave.” 4396 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX ROGUE ISLAND RHODE ISLAND The MEMOIRS OF ELLEANOR ELDRIDGE, one of the few narratives of the life of an early 19th-century free black woman, was published in Providence, Rhode Island by B.T. Albro, Printer. This had been transcribed for Elleanor Eldridge (1784-1845?), who had been gifted with no formal education whatever, by Mrs. Frances Harriet Whipple Green McDougall (1805-1878). It is probable that William J. Brown knew of this book and was able to draw upon it as a model, since he was living during the same period and as a member of the same free black community and since, like her, he was a lineal descendant of the Narragansett native American family named Prophet, if not of Thomas Prophet himself. “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project 4397 HDT WHAT? INDEX RHODE ISLAND ROGUE ISLAND To supplement the facility of the Children’s Friend Society for white orphan children, an Association for the Benefit of Colored Children was organized and eventually would construct a facility in Providence, Rhode Island (the point to having such separate institutional arrangements, of course, would not have been to keep the children of different races separate, as that could easily have been accomplished within the same institutional arrangement, but would have been to ensure that colored orphans received fewer funds and were treated more poorly that white orphans. To make my point: Also, in this year, in very much the same vein, a mob of the white citizens of Philadelphia, persuaded that “nigger charity” was like throwing money away, would torch their Colored Orphan Asylum.2) 2. No such faculty would be created in Boston — which is probably the single most relevant reason why no such facility would be burned by a Boston mob persuaded that “nigger charity” was like throwing money away. 4398 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX ROGUE ISLAND RHODE ISLAND Charles Lenox Remond began to make speaking tours of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Maine as an agent of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. The device of the kneeling black female in chains, referencing her femininity and pleading for the support of her peaches-and-cream relative, made its way from England to America, as a companion piece for the similar device that had featured a black male captive: “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project 4399 HDT WHAT? INDEX RHODE ISLAND ROGUE ISLAND Richard Henry Dana, Sr. was lecturing on William Shakespeare in Providence, Rhode Island, most likely to classes made up of women. Charles Armitage Brown’s SHAKESPEARE’S AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL POEMS. 4400 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX ROGUE ISLAND RHODE ISLAND Thomas Allen Jenckes, a product of the Rhode Island public schools, graduated from Brown University. He would serve as a tutor at his alma mater in Providence during the 1839-1840 school year.3 3. This public-domain image of Jenckes was obtained from the Library of Congress by Professor Scott A. Sandage of Carnegie- Mellon University, and provided for use in the Kouroo Contexture. “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project 4401 HDT WHAT? INDEX RHODE ISLAND ROGUE ISLAND There was at this point a hot debate going on in Providence as to whether the capital city of Rhode Island ought to expand its public school system beyond its existing elementary schools, by establishing a free high school. Some members of the public objected that creating such a school would encourage the dilution of the local aristocracy, by fostering onto it a bunch of people who had merely attended a free public institution. This would interfere with the apprentice system by tending to “educate children above working for their support.” The free public high school concept would be simmering on the back burner until 1843. In 1834 the government of Rhode Island had “owed” its education fund $12,884.30. By this point the figure had become $14,662. The Quakers at the Yearly Meeting School on top of the hill was attempting to be innovative. The school abandoned its four-quarter year for a two-semester year, the winter semester to begin in early November and the summer semester in early May. This change brought a change in vacation patterns as well. Previously, the young scholars had attended as they could and had been able to go back go back and forth between the school and the homes of their parents. Under the new semester system, however, the young scholars would be with their families of origin only during two-week breaks between the semesters. Friends Rowland Rathbun and Alice Rathbun came to the school as superintendents. Superintendents. 1819-1824. Purinton, Matthew and Betsy. 1824-1835. Breed, Enoch and Lydia. 1829-1835. Gould, Stephen and Hannah, Asst. Supts. 1835-1836. Davis, Seth and Mary. 1837. Breed, Enoch and Lydia. 1838-1839. Rathbun, Rowland and Alice. 1840-1844. Wing, Allen and Olive. 1845-1846. Thompson, Olney and Lydia. 1847. Congdon, Jarvia and Lydia. 1847-1852. Cornell, Silas and Sarah M. 4402 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX ROGUE ISLAND RHODE ISLAND Friend Joseph John Gurney, the most famous British evangelical Quaker of his day, detoured from a trip down the Hudson River specifically to preach the gospel in Hudson NY, in the lair of “the heretical Hannah Barnard.” Friend Chuck Fager has analyzed the matter as follows: In 1838, more than a decade after her death, Joseph John Gurney, the most famous British evangelical Quaker of his day, detoured from a trip down the Hudson River specifically to preach his gospel in Hudson, in the lair of “the heretical Hannah Barnard.” I think I understand part of what moved him. There’s something seminal and memorable about Friend Hannah Barnard’s story. For one thing, the version of Quakerism which she articulated and championed has persisted, and even flourished. For another, the repressive orthodox reactions to it have likewise become a depressingly familiar feature of our history. Similarly, Friend Hannah Barnard carried on her ministry decades before Lucretia Mott and other Quaker women activists helped invent what we know today as feminism. Yet her assertiveness and eloquence in stating her case, her tenacity in her own behalf, her refusal to bow to male authority, and her indomitability even in isolation and defeat have hardly been bettered by the self- conscious sisters who came later. For some reason, however, Friend Hannah Barnard’s story has received but scant attention from many of the more prominent Quaker histories.