818 STATE OJ' RBODB IsLAND AND PBOVlDKNOB PLANTATIONS.

Potte- and John De Wolf, jr., also had some supporters.l The two sittin.l congressmen were re-elected, however, by more than two thou­ sand majority over all competitors.

•

CHAPTER XIX.

FROM: 1880 TO THE DORR WAR.

The National Republicans could no longer support Governor Fen­ ner. He was renominated at their convention in January, 1830, but their newspapers repudiated him, and put Dr. Asa Messer of Providence at the head of their ticket, with Nathan M. Wheaton for Lieutenant-Govemor. Fenner was re-eleeted, however, by over a thousand majority. The General Republican senatorial ticket was elected in most cases by small majorities. Elisha R. Potter was now fully committed to the Jackson party, and he was placed in nomination for speaker in May against 1'illinghast. The latter won, however, by one vote, he receiving 34 and Potter 33. At the previous January session the latter had offered resolutions indorsing Jackson's adminis­ tration. They were rejected, the vote standing 8 to 50. Mr. Potter, who was acknowledged by friends and foes alike to have been a man of great influence, seems to have been fairly driven into the Jackson camp. He was a constant target for many years for the shafts of the Providence press, and he, on his part, responded by generally opposing legislation favorable to Providence. Any measure lvhich the Provi­ dence delegation desired, if advocated by any country member, sub­ jected the latter to the charge from Potter and his followers of being "the fifth member from Providence". At the June session in"1830, Mr. Potter presented a resolution-which, however, w4s laid on the table on his own motion-for the appointment of a committee to take into consideration the expediency of more effectually guarding the liberty of the press, and" protecting the citizens of the state against its licentious abuse." The town of Providence having, by majority vote in town meeting,

I The election contests of this year 1829 were productive of no 1888 than five electioneering pamphlets in which pel'8Onal abUSA, as usual. played an impor­ tant part. The" H.rald office", the Jacksonian stronghold. started the ball roll­ ing in April with aome anonymoua H,n,t, to 1M F"·rmer. 0/ RAiNU [.land. Replies and counter-ebargee followed in rapid sucoession, Tristam Burgee himself tak­ ing a hand in the coDtroversy with an Addr•• eo u.. UlfldlwltltJrll and Fa,..".. 0/ X_IIIp"'~ O",ftt,. Th8!18 pamphlets reveal much that is interesting in relation to . the poUtioa of the penod. FROM: 1839 TO THE DORR WAR. 319 expressed its desire to adopt a city form of government, was granted a city charter by t.he general assembly in January, but it was to be void unless accepted by a three-fifths vote of the freemen of the town. The charter was submitted to the voters of the city on February 15, 1830, but although a majority of the votes polled-383 to 345-were cast for it, it railed to receive three-fifths, and the proposition "88 lost.1 At the Janua.ry session of the general assembly in 1831 the question of the reli~f of insolvent debtors again came up for legislation, and the provision by which petitions under it were referred to the Supreme Judicial Court was repealed. In June the maximum limit of school age was changed from sixteen to fifteen years. John Brown Francis of 'Varwiclt, a grandson of John Brown, one of the famous Brown family of Providence, was nominated for Governor by the National Republicans in January, 1831, and in the brief inter- val between his nomination and his declination of the honor, he was given such an excellent character-private and political-by the National Republican press, thnt when he was brought for\vard by their opponents two years later, they were obliged to abstain from the usual custom of that day-an attack upon a candidate's private character. Mr. Fran~is declined the nomination, and Lemuel H. Arnold of frovi­ dence was finally chosen to head the ticket.1 Lieutenant-Governor Collins and the other state elective officials-the secretary of state, attorney-general and general treasurer-were unobjectionable, and were put upon the ticket. The General Republicans renominated Gov­ ernor Fenner, and the other state officers. The National Republican Prox, whose senatorial candidates were entirely distinct from that of 1 the "Republican, Administration and Farmers' Prox", was endorsed , by the anti-1\fasoDs, who were now becoming actively interested in politics, and it was elected by over 800 majority. The Administration Republica.Ds were 80 badly b~aten that they mad~ no nominations for Congress in opposition to Messrs. Burges and Pearce, ,vho were re· elected in August. A state convention was held by the manufacturing interests in October to appoint delegates to a national tariff conven­ tion, to be held in New York. The National Republicans also held a 1Providenoe had 18,888 inhabitants, according to .the national census of 1880. It W&8 now more than double the size of Newport. whose population was 8,010. The factory towns of Smithfield, Warwiok, Scituate, Cumberland and North Providence were growing rapidly, while the fanning towns were at a standstill. Smithfield, the third towD. had 6,857 inhabitants, and there wete 6,tl29 in Warwiok. , During this and the following year, many abusive pamphlets were issued for election puryoeee. Governor Fenner's change in party affiliations and Arnold's connection with the Providence and Pawtuoket Turnpike gave all op­ portunity necessary for slander and vituperation, while the Anti-Masonlo troubles of the period furnished additional subject matter. After 1881 eleo­ tio~eering pamphlets seem to have been very seldom issued. 820 STATE OP RUODB IsLAND AND PBOVlDBNCB PLANTATIONS. convention at South Kingstown in November, for the purpose of elect­ ing delegates to a national Republican convention in Baltimore to nominate a candidate for President. A serious riot occurred in Providence in September, 1831, and the helplessness of the town authorities in preserving the peace on such an occasion probably had considerable influence in determining the gen­ eral assembly to grant, and the freemen of the town to accept, a city form of government. Providence had a large colored population for a New England town, and although there were many good citizens among them, there was a large floating element which was dissolute and disorderly. The riot, which was the outcome of a collision be­ tween dissolute whites and lawless blacks, is thus described in Staples's Annals of Providence: 'cThe first outbreak of popular feeling was on the night of Septem~ ber 21. A number of sailors visited Olney's lane for the purpose of having a row with the blacks inhabiting there. After making a great noise there and throwing stones, a gun was fired from one of the houses. The greater part of the persons in the lane then retreated to the west end of it, and five sailors who had not been engaged in any of the previous transaetions, went up the lane. A black maD on the steps of his house, presented a gun, and told them to keep their dis­ tance. They in turn proposed taking his gun. This they did not attempt, but pursuing their walk a little further, then stopped. Here they were ordered by the black man 'to clear out', or he would fire at them. This they dared him to do. He did fire, and one of their num­ ber was instantly killed. The first company, who were still at the foot of the lane, then returned, tore,down two houses and broke the win­ dows of the rest. During the next day there was a great excitement. The sheriff of the county with other peace officers were in 010ey'8laoe early in the evening. As tile nlob increllsed in nUlllbers and in vio­ lence of language, they were ordered to disperse, and seven taken in custody. Subsequently others were arrested, who were rescued from the officers. The sheriff then required military aid of the Gover­ nor of the state, and at midnight the First Light Infantry marched to his assistance. The mob, not intimidated by their presence, assaulted them with stones. Finding that they could effect nothing without firing upon them, the soldiers left the lane, followed by the mob, who then returned to their work, and demolished six more houses in the lane and one near Smith street, not separating until between three and four o'clock in the morning. On the Jnorning of the 23d, 8n attack on the jail being expected, the sheriff required Inilitary aid, and the Governor issued his orders to the Light Dragoons, the Artillery, the Cadets, the Volunteers, and the First Infantry, to be in arms at six o'clock in the evening. The mob appeared only in small force, and did little mischief. The military were dismissed until the next even~ng. FROM: 1830 TO THE DORR WA.B. 821

On the evening of the 24th there was a grea.t collection of persona in Smith street and its vicinity. Soon they commenced pulling down houses. Upon this, finding it impoaible to disperse or·stay them, the sheriff called again on theGovernor, and the military were again assem­ bled. During their marchtoSmith street they were assailed with stones. They marched up Smith street and took post on the hill. Here both the Governor and the sheriff remonstrated with the mob, and endea.v­ ored to induce them to separate, informing them that the muskets of the military were loaded with ball cartridges. This being ineffectual, the riot act was read, and they were required by a peace officer to disperse. The mob continued to throw stones both at the houses and soldiers. The sheriff then attempted to disperse them by marching the dragoons and infantry among them, but without success. He then ordered the military to fire, and four persons fell mortally wounded, in Smith street, just east of Smith's bridge. The mob immediately dispersed, and peace was restored. "1 The net results of the affair were the loss of four lives, and the destruction, either partial or complete, of seventeen houses. On the next Sunday a rna88 meeting was held in the State House yard, and resolutions were adopted, sympathizing with the friends of the killed, but approving of the action of the civil authorities. On October 25, at a town meeting called for the purpose, the free­ men voted-471 to 175-in favor of 8 city government, and the gen­ eral assembly at the October session granted a charter. It provided for a mayor and six aldermen, to be elected on a general ticket, and twenty-four common councilmen-four from each of the six wards. It was submitted to the freemen of the town on November 27, and was accepted by a vote of 459 to 188. The city government began on the first Monday in June, 1832. During the pendency of the charter question before the assembly, a petition from certain inhabitants of the western suburbs of the town was made, asking that the charter should not include that portion west of the junction of Broad, West­ minster and High streets, and that the remainder should be set off and incorporated as the town of Westminster.1 The acts for the relief of insolvent debtors were again tinkered in January, 1832, by which the acts of 1828 and 1830 were revised, and an appeal was granted from the Supreme Judicial Court to the greater supremacy of the a88embly. Some amendments were made to the Boston and Providence railroad act, by the provisioDB· of which the state could purchase the road, after twenty years, under certain financial conditions, and if the net receipts of the road exceeded 12 1 Staples, AnMll 01 Pf"OfJ. p. 897-899. There is also an account of the Olney'. Lane riot in the P,.",. Jou"'" for August 28, 1884. , This seems to have been a recurrence of a similar petition preeented 88 early 81 Feb. 26, 1770 (see Arnold, Hilttwr ofR.I. ii, 801). 21-1 821 STAu OP RaODB IsLAJm AND PBoYIDKHCB PLMrrATlOIfIL per cent. the general assembly eoold require a reduction of the road'. ".tolla.". The election law was amended at this le88ion, 80 88 to pro­ VIde, In case of no election of Governor and other officers on the state ticket, that new elections should be ordered within thirty days, until a choice should be effected. This amendment was doubtless made in anticipation of the result of the three-cornered campaign which had already begun. The hue and cry against Free ~1880nry, resulting from the alleged exposures in the famous Morgan case, was now in full volume in this state. A legislative committee, of which Benjamin Hazan! of Newport, James F. Simmons of Johnston and William Sprague, ir., of Warwick, were members, had been appointed in 1831 to investigate the order in Rhode Island. It had summoned a large number of Masons, from Royal Arch and Grand Lodge officers down to "entered apprentices", and had required them to make a "clean breast" of the workings, the oaths, and the other secrecies of the order. The information obtained was probably not exhaustive, but it W88 sufticient to fill 222 octavo pages of a printed report, which was sub­ mitted by a majority of the committee to the assembly in 1832. While the report exonerated the Masonic organizations of the state from most of the grave charges against them, it advised them to discontinue their lodge work. William Sprague, ir., who apparently was not in harmony with the other members of the committee, and did not attend all of its sessions, presented a minority report, in which he censured the order, and recommended the revocation of Masonic charters. The / report of the majority, which was ascribed to Mr. Hazard, the chair- , man of the committee, received considerable criticism from the Anti­ Masoll8, and some of the charges of unfairness were repeated in a private letter-\"hich soon found its way into the public prints-by ex-President John Quincy Adams. Mr. Hazard, who was no Dlean antagonist, either with his pen or Ilia voice, resente

1 For a further diIJouMiOD of this subject, see the chapteron FreeIIaaonry and Odd l'eUowahip. FROM 1830 TO THE DORB WAB. 823 again placed Fenner in nomination, with Jeffrey Hazard of Exeter for Lieutenant-Governor. There was no election in April, Governor Ar­ nold lacking 87 votes of a majority in a total poll of 5,594 votes. Sprague and his ticket had an average of nearly 600 votes. Four special elections were held afterwards-in l\{ay, July, August and Novem~er, in the vain effort to secure a choice~ but none was made on either Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, or a single one of tIle ten sen­ ators. At the trial in August' acesplit ticket" had been circulated, with Lieutenant-Governor Collins's. knowledge, containing his name and that of the Democratic-Republican candidate for Governor. His name was dropped from the National Republican ticket in Novem-, \'.. ber, and that of Joseph C:qilHenry Clay for the presidency early in the year 1832. The Clay electors received a majority of 684 at the election in November in a total vote of 4,936. Senator Robbins's term was to expire on March 4, 1833, and on Jan­ uary 19, 1833, the two houses met in grand committee and re­ elected Mr. Robbins-who was supported by the National Republican members-by a vote of 41 to 25 for Elisha R. Potter and 12 for Dutee J. Pearce. The Democratic-Republican minority-30 in number­ made a formal protest against the holding of this election, claiming that 88 the assemblymen were elected in 1831, they were not compe­ tent to represent the will of the people in such a case in 1833. The house refused to receive the protest. The Democratic-Republicans combined forces on the state ticket in 1833, and placed John Brown Francis and Jeffrey Hazard in nomina­ tion for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor respectively. The Na­ tional I~epublicans renominated Governor Arnold, with Childs for Lieutenant-Governor. A singular incident at the convention which placed them in nominatiQn W88 the presence of ex-Senator James De Wolf, who a few days later called the De~ocratic-Republican conven­ tion to order. Mr. DeWolf was invited to take a seat in the conven­ tion. He decline~ but told the assemblage that he was with them on national matters, as the Jackson administration had deserted the interests of Rhode Island. The coalition won at the April election, electing Francis and Hazard by a majority of about 750 in the largest vote that had been cast since 1818. An inspection of the ticket of the three parties at Newport, shows that the Anti-Masonic ballot had been used by 1,106 voters. 8M STATE 0. RBODB ISLAND AND PaovmBNcm PLANTATIONS. From a report regarding the Narragansett Indiaos, presented to the assembly at the January session in 1833, it appears that the commu­ nity in the town of Charlestown, living on the tribal lands, then num­ bered 198 souls, of whom 6 were full-blood Indians; 14 half-breeds; 158 of mixed parentage, but less than half Indian; and twenty nOD­ Indian residents. The six "full-bloods" were all aged females, and the 158 were, on an average, as much as three-fonrths African. About 50 members of the tribe were absent, and were not included in the enumeration. The moral and physical condition of tho tribal rem­ nant was far frQm satisfactory. Rum and other forms of vice were gradually enervating and exterminating them, they were constantly being imposed upon and robbed by designing individuals, and many of the tlibe were living in a half-starved condition. The general assembly at the May session hastened to repeal the act by which they had held 80 many abortive elections during the previous yeu. At the June session a memorial signed by Elisha MathewsoD and many others, praying that the incorporated Masonic bodies in the state be cited to appear before the general assembly and show cause why their charters should not be revoked, was accepted by a vote of 44 to 18, after a warm discussion. }Iany of the leading members of the 888embly were Masons, and while they could not defy public opin­ ion they used every parliamentary device to evade its edicts. The honse finally voted to continue the memorial to the next session, and required the petitioners, at their own expense, to cause public notice of the pendency of their memorial to be published in all of the newspapers of the state. A petition from certain citizens of the villages of Central Falls and Valley Falls to be set off from the town of Smithfield and annexed to the town of North Providence, was also continued. The progress of humanitarian ideas was shown by the paml8ge of an act at the same session to seclude executions of criminals for capital crimes from public gaze. Politics were a good deal mixed at the congressional election in August, 1833. Burges was re-elected at the first trial, and Mr. Pearce was finally re-elected, 88 the Democratic-Republican candidate, at a special election in November over Nathan F. Dixon, the candidate of the NatioDal Republicans. Other candidates who were voted for in August were Wilkins Updike and Nathan B. Sprague, Democratic­ Republicans, and Albert C. Greene, Henry Y. Cranston and Nathan F. Dixon, National Republicans. William Sprague, ir., was nomi­ nated for congress by the Anti-Masonic party, but declined. The Democratic-Republicans secured a majority in the boose of representatives at the semi-snnual election in August, and at the October session the action of the hold-over assembly on the January previous in re-electing Asher Robbins to the United States senate, was declared null and void. The two houses met in grand committee on FROM 1830 TO THE DORR WAR. 82.5 November 1, and elected Elisha R. Potter to the seat they' had thus declared vacant. The National Republicans refrained from voting, and Henry Y. Cranston of Newport, one of their number, offered a protest against the proceedings, but the grand committee, by a vote of 48 to 29, refused to receive the protest. Mr. Potter'then went to Washington and contested Mr. Robbins's right to the seat, but the senate finally decided that the latter was legally elected. President Jackson visited Newport and Providence in June, and was received at both places with the honor due to the Chief Magistrate of the nation. All eminent visitors were now entertained in Providence at the City Hotel. Among those who called upon President Jackson was the venerable l\loses Brown, then in his ninety-fifth year. The aged man, ,vho CCthee'd" and CCthou'd" Old Hickory after the Quaker manner, told him that 88 he ha.d known all the previous Presidents he thought that he would call upon him, and he invited him to visit tl1e Friends School during his local itinerary. Jackson accepted the in,:itation, and complimented the aged philanthropist upon his retain­ ing his physical and mental faculties to so great· an age. Henry Clay, \vho was at this time almost idolized by the National Republicans of Rhode Island, visited Providence in October of this year, and received great attention. At the January session of the general assembly in 1834 an act was , passed making all property devoted to religious or educational pur­ poses taxable, unless such property was held under charters granted by the assembly, and religious bodies were forbidden to hold real estate exceeding $10,000 in value, in excess of the value o.f their several churches and the lots upon which the churches stood. The license law WRS amended by giving the Providence board of alderlnen and town councils authority to prevent the sale of rum, wine and strong liquors on Sunday and on such other times as they sbould deem proper. The Anti-Masonic memorials headed by Elisha Mathewson were discussed in the house with the Governor, LieutenanirGovernor and senate present by invitation, and after a motion to dismiss them, made by ~Ir. Atwell of Glocester, had been rejected by a vote of 13 to 44, an act was finally passed revoking the charters of the six chartered bodies in the state, and requiring them to render annual reports, under penalty of a fine of $100 if the requirement was neglected.1 Other . important acts passed at this session were a mechanics' lien law, and a provision for the assessment of the machinery of cott,on and woolen companies 88 personal property, including the machinery owned by non-residents. At a special session in May, the election law was again changed, so that, when there was no choice for Governor or Lieutenant-Governor,

I Sixteen other charters of Masonio bodies were not molested. 826 STATE 01' RHODB ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS. and for a majority of the members of the senate, the speaker of the house should issue a warrant for a new election. There was a good deal of complaint of hard times during this year, a fact that was ascribed by the National Republicans to President Jackson's war upon the United States bank. The Providence Journal, in April, 1834, published a list of thirty cotton mills, containing 70,000 spindles, in and near Providence, which were closed because of the hard times. The question of a new constitution and the extension of the suffrage again came to the front in 1834. Agreeable to an invitation from the towns of Smithfield and Cumberland, delegates from Newport, Provi­ dence, Smithfield, Bristol, Warren, Cranston, Johnston, North Provi­ dence, Burrillville, and Cumberland, assembled in convention in Prov­ idence on February 22, to consult together upon the best course to be pursued for the establishment of a written state constitution which should properly define and fix the powers of the different departments of government and the rights of the citizen. Another convention, at which delegates were also present from Scituate and North Kingstown, was held on March 12. A. constitutional party was formed, and an address to the people of Rhode Island was issued.1 This address and also a memorial from the mayor and city council of Providence, de­ claring the city to have one-sixth of the inhabitants, one-seventh of the voters, and one-fourth of the wealth of the state, while it had only ooe­ eighteenth of the representation in the house of representatives, was presented to the general assembly at the January session. A commit­ tee was appoiJlted to consider the subject, and at the June session, Benjamin Hazard of Newport, presented a motion in the house to call a convention to annul the charter. Thomas W. Dorr, a new member from Providence, moved 8S 8 substitute the calling of a convention to form 8 constitution. Ilis motion \'·88 carried in nn amended form. The convention met in September, adjourned several times, the 18st time to meet in Providence, on June 29, 1835, but the members, for some reason, failed to meet at the latter date. The delegates to this convention were generally opposed to an extension of the suffrage, and a proposition to that effect received but seven votes. The National Republicans called a convention of "Independents" in January, 1834. It was presided over by Senator De Wolf, who had now definitely separated from his former political associates, and it

I This address W88 drawn up by a committee consisting of Thomaa W. Dorr, Joseph K. Angell, David DanIels, William H. Smith and Christopher Robinson, and appointed by the convention. Chiefly the product of Dorr's pen, this ad­ dress was a clear expoaition of the defects in the existing system of govem­ ment and of the cbarigee 8I88ntial for a proper correction of these defects. For the details of its &utbo1'8bip, 888 E. R. Potter, OoMidwtJtiou DR CM adopCitm of II t»nIU'utitm. p. 27. FROM 1830 TO THE DOBR WAR. 827 placed in nomination, on a "Liberty and Union Prox", ex-Governor Nehemiah R. Knight and George Cr088 of Charlestown for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor. The Constitutionalists held a convention and endorsed these nominations. Mr. Cross declined the nomination, and the National Republicans substituted the name of George Irish of Middletown in the place of Cross, while the Constitution people 8UP­ ported Cross, who received 442 votes. The Democratic-Republicans and Anti-Afasons renominated Francis and IIazard, and they were elected by small majorities. Resolutions in favor of the United States bank passed the house in October by a Yote of 41 to 24. At this session, William Sprague, jr., ,vIto ~ad been speaker since 1832, was opposed by ex-Senator De WoU, DOlV 8 representative from Bristol, but was re-elected by a vote of 36 to 31 for his opponent. At the January session of the assembly in 1835, an act was passed requiring Masonic lodges to make annual returns to the general assem- r bly Tegarding menlbership, and to divulge the forIDa of initiation and of the on tJ u; n111uinistcl'ctl to cnlldidatrs. A rtlsolutioll to restrict meetings of the general assembly to Newport and Providence was laid on the table by a vote of 41 to 13. 1'he t\VO houses met in grand com­ l)1ittee on January 21, to elect 8 successor to Senat.or Knight, whose term would expire on the 4th of l\larch, 1835, and on that day and the n~xt took twenty ballots without effecting R choice. On the first ballot Albert C. Greene of Providence, the attorney-general of the state, re­ ceived 39 votes, and on the last ballot 40. Elisha R. Potter was given 30 on the first and 29 on the last ballo\, and 'Villiam Sprague, ir., 11 and 12 Yotes, respectivel~y, on the first and last ballots. Senator Knight and Tristam Burges also received single votes in the course of the balloting. As no choice could be effected, further balloting was postponed until the May session. The gubernatorial contest of 1835 was, like that of the previous )7enr, n close one. The Democratic and Anti-~fasonic parties renomi­ nated Francis and I-Iazard, while the National Republicans, who had finally settled upon the name of "Whig", again put Knight at the hend of their ticket, and nOJninated George Engs of Newport for Lieutenant-Governor. The vote ,vas very close and there were many questions regarding fraudulent votes to be decided by the grand comnlittee on "Election Day" at Newport, before the new administra­ tion could be inaugurated. When the grand committee, which was always composed of the old senate and the new house, met on that day, Governor Francis appointed five of each party as the canvassing com­ Inittee. The situation was an alarming one. Protestations regarding alleged illegal votes had been received from several of the towns, and "gere referred to the canvassing committee. The cases were many of them difficult to decide. The committee divided on party lines, and 828 STATE OJ' RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS. was at a deadlock. Representative Allen presented a motion that the committee count the votes a8 returned, aDd Representative Bray­ ton offered as an amendment' to his motion that Speaker Sprague be added to the committee to break the tie. As this would have given the advantage to their opponents, the Whiga objected to such an arrange­ ment, and Benjamin Hazard rose to his feet and solemnly warned tbe senators, who were Democrats, against voting on any motion. He a8­ sured them hehadexaminedthe question, and was sure that they had no right to vote, and he solemnly declared that if they attempted to do so; he would address the speaker, and move that the house retire to its own chamber. He would regret to see the charter government of t.he atate destroyed by any unlawful attempts on their part, but he would do his duty. Mr. Brayton withdrew his amendment, and Mr. Allen's motion was accepted by the grand committee. The troublesome pro­ tests regarding fraudulent Yotes were ignored, and the ballots were counted 88 they had been returned by the election officers. Governor Francia and the two Democratic senators and four Whig senators had been elected, while Engs, Whig, had defeated Hazard for Lieutenant- .Governor. The house W88 composed of 37 Whigs and 35 Democrats, and the former elected Henry Y. Cranston, of Newport, speaker over Sprague by a Yote of 35 to 34. In August, however, l\lr. Sprague was elected to Congress by 148 majority over Tristam Burges, while Dutee J. Pearce was chosen by 242 majority over Speaker Cranston. On May 13, 1835, the general assembly in grand committee re­ elected Nehemiah R. Knight to the United States seoate. The vote was 41 for Knight and 38 for Elisha R. Potter. Congressman Burges desired the position, and was much disappointed at being set aside for a recent convert to Whig principles. That Mr. Potter was also dis­ appointed will readily be understood. This ended his long and event­ ful political career. He died in the following September.1 The Boston and Providence railroad, the first steam railroad to begin operations in Rhode Island, commenced running in J nne of this year. The guest-train from Providence to Boston on the opening dayt was, however, drawn by horses 88 far 88 Canton, owing to the non­ arrival of the new locomotive which was to ron between the two cities. On its arrival a few days later two trains a day began running between the two chief cities of New England. The fact that a train covered the distance in two hours, twenty-five mInutes, making five atol)S, was con­ sidered very fast time. A local census of Providence in 1835 disclosed

-llr. Potter was bom in 17M, and began life 88 a blacksmith's apprentioe. He then becBme a soldier, and finally a lawyer. He was elected from his town to the geoeral 8888mbly in t 798, aod from that date until his death, with the exception of seven years in Congress, was annually re-eleoted. It was said of him .. few political men in Rhode Island ever acquired or maintained a more commanding -inftuence." t JuneI, 18M. FROI! 1830 TO THE DORB WAR. 829 a population of 19,277, of ,,,hich 9,527 were on the east anl19,750 on the west side of the river. The colored population numbered 1,223. Great anti-slavery meetings were held in several places in the state during this year. 'rhe first public meeting in opposition to the institution of slavery had been held in Providence, on July 4, 1833. The Anti-Masonic movement W8S already beginning to wane, and St. John's lodge of Masons of Providence, which had stoutly refused to 8urrender its charter, celebrated St. John '8 dn.y by a parade through the streets. It was the first public Masonic function since 1831, and the "Republican Herald", which had been somewhat Anti..Masonic from political motives, solemnly warned the Masons of the folly of their action. In January, 1836, the statute law regulating the admission of free­ men was amended and simplified. Votes on real estate in reversion or wives' dowers were declared null and void. Over eight hundred Dames were signed to a call for an anti-slavery convention, to be held -t early in April, and numerous memorials against slavery were pre- ~ sented in the houRe at the January session. Their reccption caused SOIlIC heated discussions. An act, restricting the power of banks, introduced by Thomas W. Dorr, passed both houses. To Tristam Burges, ,vho was defeated for ~e-election to Congress the year before, was assigned the honor of bearing the Whig gubernatorial banner in April, 1836. John H. Cross of Westerly received the nomi­ nation for Lieutenant-Governor. Francis and Hazard were renomi­ nated, and ex-Lieutenant..Governor Collins and Daniel Remington of Warwick, were placed in nomination by the Constitution party. The total vote was 7,151, of which number Francis received 4,020; Burges, 2,984; and Collins, 135. Van Buren, the Democratic candidate for President, carried the state in November by a vote of 2,964 to 2,710 for Harrison, the Whig candidate. The preference of Rhode Island 'Vhigs had been divided between Daniel 'Vebster and Henry Clay, but they supported Harrison loyally, if not enthusiastically, upon his receiving the nomination. Providence gave Harrison 703 and Van Buren 279 votes. Much was said regarding the mineral possibilities of the state this year, and so confident were many people, some of whom were mining experts, of the presence of rich veins of coal within the Providence city limits that the city appropriated $2,000 for experimental pUp08e9. Borings were made in the northern section of the city, but although the presence of coal was clearly established, the vein was too thin to adJuit of renlunerative mining. 1'he Whigs made no contest against the coalition combinatiQn in 1837, and Francis and his associates upon the Democratic-Republican and Anti-Masonic tickets had no opposition, except from the Constitu­ tion party, which nominated William Peckham of South Kingstown aso STATE OP RHODE ISLAND AND PaoVIDENCB PLA!rrATlOH8. for Governor. Lieutenant-Governor Hazard declining to be a candi­ date again, Benjamin B. Thurston was nominated for the second plaee on the ticket. Peckham received 946 votes. Providence gave him 345 votes and Francis only 231. Any candidate was more acceptable to the freemen of that city than one of the Democratic stripe. In August the Whigs rallied and elected their candidates for Con­ gress, Joseph L. Tillinghast of Providence, and Robert B. Cranston of Newport, by about one thousand plurality over Dutee J. Pearce and Jesse Howard of Cranston, the Democratic candidates. William Sprague, Mr. Pearce's colleague, had declined a re-election, and, just before the close of the campaign, wrote a letter to e~...Senator De Wolf, in which he announced his withdrawal from the Democratic-Republie­ an party, because, 88 he believed, its national policy was antagonistic to Rhode Island interests. In January, 1837, a law was passed to increase the license fee of liquor sellers. The fee for hotel keepers and retailers was placed at from $5 to $25, and for those selling by the quart or gallon at from $5 to $20. The state was to receive $2 on each license. The law was unsatisfactory and was repealed at the October session following. A resolution introduced in the house by Thomas W. Dorr, to call a con­ stitutional convention, was rejected by a vote of 17 to 39. Another resolution of Air. Dorr's, instrncting Rhode Island members of Congress to favor the abolition of the slave trade, and of slavery in the District of Columbia, was rejectetl-7 to 47. A resolu­ tion, offered by Jonah Titus, instrncting Senators Robbins and Knight to vote to expunge the resolutions CeOStlring President Jackson for bis action regarding the surplus revenue, wbit'h had been passed by the senate in March, 1834, led to a heated politieal debate, but it was finally adopted by the house by a vote of 32 to 28. A. resolution opposing the annexation of Texas was also passed by the house. A bill allowing banks to issue post notes was passed by thir­ teen majority, and an act was passed restricting bank loans to certain percentages of capital and deposits. . In 1838 legislation in revision of the criminal code led to lengthy discussion in the house before the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor and the senators, who were present by invitation. The death penalty for wilful murder, arson and treason, were retained by narrow majoriti~ but in many eases former penalties were modified. A bill was passed forbidding the bringing of slaves into the state, and providing for their emancipation if the law was violated. An act protecting banks during the temporary suspension of specie payments was passed. A new license la\v, forbidding sales to habitual drunkards or on Sun- . day, and providing for local option, was enacted. Under this law, in August, Providence declared against license by a vote of 411 to 333. This experiment in prohibition W88 unpopular among business men.

__--1 FROM ~830 TO THE DORR W AB. .881 Petitions for the repeal of the act were presented at the October session of the assembly and a repeal bill was introduced at the session in October. Its advocates contended that the prohibition of the liquor traffic \vas ruining the business of Providence, as many outsiders who ,vere ,vont to trade there were then going elsewhere. The house, how­ ever, refused to repeal the act by six majority. At the January session an amendment to the election law, allowing certificate voters to ballot for members of the general assembly, passed the house by a vote of 28 to 23, but was rejected by the senate. The proposition was accepted, however, at the June session, by both houses. Encouraged by their success in the congressional election in the previous August, the Whigs held a state convention in January, 1838, and nominated William Sprague1 and Joseph Childs for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor. The Democrats renominated Francis and Thurston. Sprague was elected by 381 nlajority in a total vote of 7,587.. .In August, certain Providence Whigs favorable to the claims of Tristam Burges as a candidate for United States senator, made nOlninations for representatives in opposition to the regular Whig ticket, but tbey were unable to defeat the latter. On November 3, Nathan F. Dixon of Westerly ,vas elected United States senator by a vote of °54 to 26 for Benjamin B. Thurston. . Sprague and Childs were opposed in 1839 by Nathaniel Bullock, of Bristol, and Thurston, the Democratic candidates, and by Tristam Burges, ,vho was brought fo",'ord by certain di88atisfied Whigs. Burges's candidacy prevented an election, alt.houRh he received but 457 votes. Mr. Sprague lacked 179 of a majority, and, 8S Lieutenant­ Governor Childs also failed of an election the state again found itself \vithout an executive head. Seven of the ten senators had been chosen and, as no further elections could be held under the latest change in the election law, BODlue} W. King, the first senator, acted 88 Governor

1 Anti-Masonry was now a dying issue, but the acceptanceof this nomination by their leading ohampion called for some explanation, and, aooording to the political gossip of the day in Democratio oiroles, Mr. Sprague exoused himself for his previous affiliation upon the jp"Ound that his father (recently deoeased) had compelled him to antagonize the MasoD& 382 STATE OP RRODB IsLAND AND PBOVlDBNCB PLANTATIONS. port and Bristol bad been provided for some time with convenient public 8chool houses, and that eight other towns bad taken measures to erect school.buildings. AB, according to the election law then prevailing, the loss of one of the six senators, from death or other cause, would have left the state withont a government, the assembly at the June session passed an act, empowering the speaker of the house, in ease of such vacancy, to iaue a warrant for a new election, which should be decided by a plurality vote. .As a large number of freemen of Providenee had petitioned for a repeal of the city charter, an act was passed submitting the question of repeal to the freemen of the city, but requiring a three-fifths vote to secure the change. The special election under this act was held on the last Wednesday of March, when the repeal party was decisively de­ feated, they polling only 221 votes to 628 against repeel. At the same election the freemen decided by a vote of more than two to one in favor of establishing a high school. In .August, Messrs." branston and Tillinghast were re·elected to Congress by about 400 plurality over Benjamin B. Thurston and Thomas W. Dorr, the Democratic candidates. Mr. Dorr, who, up to within a year or two, had been quite prominent in the Whig party, was now opposed to it, 88 he found the Democratic policy in state poli- tiCS more favorable to the suffrage movement. Petitions published in New York papers, asking the national government to establish a repub­ / . liean form of government in Rhode Island, caused considerable indig­ nation among the Whigs, and a state convention was held in South Kingstown in November, to protest against outside interference in Rhode Island affairs. Samuel Ward King, who, as the first senator, had performed the duties of Governor throughout 1839, was nominated for that office by the Whigs in 1840, and Byron Diman of Bristol received tlte nomina­ tion for Lieutenan~Oovernor. The Democrats placed the name of ex-Governor Francis at the head of their ticket, with that of Nathaniel Bullock of Bristol for the second place. Francis declined the nomina­ tion, and Thomas F. Carpenter, a Providence lawyer, was nominated in his place. The Whigs taunted the Democrats with the faet that over half of the nominees on their prox, including the two chief ones, WE're of Federal antecedents, and some of them even defenders of the Hartford copvention. The vote was the largest that bad been polled since 1818, and King W88 elected by a majority of 1,311. His vote­ 4,797-was the largest that had ever been given a candidate in the history of the state, and the 3,418 which Carpenter received would ordinarily have been a large one for even the winning party. This was really the last contested election under the charter, 88 the Demo­ crats made no nominations the next year, and made little effort to elect their ticket in 1842, 88 a large proportion of them did not acknowledge FROJrl 1830 TO THE DORB WAB. 888 the validity of the char:ter government after the adoption of the Peo­ ple's constitution. Several important acts were passed at the January session in 1840. Among them were a new militia law; an act condemnatory of lotteries ; one providing for free vaccination, at the option of the town councils, every fifth year; an act allowing school committees to set apart $10 every year for the establishment of school libraries; and a law forbid­ ding the employment in factories of children under the age of twelve years, unless they could show proof of having attended school at least three months during the preceding twelve months. The resolution regarding lotteries recited their evil effects and declared that no more ought to be granted, and that the sale of lottery tickets for enterprises outside of the state should be prohibited. An act was passed requiring October sessions of the -general assembly, not then held by law at South Kingstown, to be held alternately at Bristol and East Greenwich, and t.hat the adjournments from the October sessions should be held in Providence. A proposition to build an addition to the State House at Providence encountered the determined opposition of many of the country members, who feared that it would take $20,000 to satisfy.the CCfine notions" of the people of Providence. The general assembly met in grand committee on October 29, 1840, and elected James F. Simmons of Johnston, UJ1ited States senator in place of Nehemiah R. Knight, whose term would expire on March 4, 1841, and who had been in the senate since March 4, 1820. Mr. Sim­ mODS had been a representative from his town for several years, and was one of the leading Whigs of the state. He received 53 votes to 24 for Samuel Y. Atwell of Glocester, the Democratic candidate, and 2 for Tristam Burges. ,---. Rhode Island had given its electoral votet for Ven Buren in 1836, but this year, with the same candidates confronting each other, the defeat of the Democratic ticket was a foregone conclusion. The Dem­ ocratic attitude on the tariff question was making the state solid for the -Whigs, and the strength of the latter was increased by the log cabin and hard cider appendages to the Whig campaign, which, much to the Democratic disgust and dismay, were prominent features of the contest in the state. The vote was: Harrison, 5,278; Van Buren, 3,301. The Whig state and congressional tickets were elected without opposition in April, 1841. The time for the congressional election had been changed at the previous January session from August to April. Resolutions in favor of the sale of the public lands, and the division of the proceeds among the states; in favor of the re-establishment of the United States bank; and in opposition to the sub-treasury scheme, passed the assembly at the January session in 1841. The vote in the house on the first proposition "'8S unanimous, on the second 39 to 23, and on the third 40 to 20. The debates over these measures, between 3U STATB OP RROOB IsLAND AND PBovmBNCB PLANTATIONS. e~-Senator Robbins-now a representative from Newport-and Sen­ ator..elect Simmons, on the one side, and Samuel Y. Atwell, an able Democratic lawyer from Glocester, attracted considerable attention. A warm debate also took place at this session over a proposed act to exempt debtors for sums of less than $20 from imprisonment from debt. It was finally rejected by the house. The assembly altered the license law again this year. The license fees, one-fifth of the proeeeds of which was to go to the state, were increased. Sales were forbidden on Sunday, to intoxicated persons, habitual drunkards or minon, and no debts incurred for quantities of liquor less than one quart were to be recoverable by law. An act was puaed at the June session for the "relief of married women in certain cases". It provided that a married woman, not living with herhUBband, coming into the state and residing here for two years, could transact business the same as a single woman, without in­ terference from her husband; that he could Dot take her children from her, unless she was proved to be immoral or otherwise unfit to have their management; and that if the husband and wife should become reconciled, and live together, his control of her property and financial affairs should date only from his renewal of his marital rights. An attempt was made to repeal certain portions of the law at the October stBIion, and it was charged in the COUr(fe of the discnssion which en­ sued that the degree of emancipation accorded unfortunate wiveJJ by the legislation W88 enacted for the express benefit of one l\ladame Hautreville, whose father's money had been an influential factor in securing the legisla.tion. This insinuation against the integrity of the promoters of the act was indignantly denied, and was afterwards with.. drawn. The repeal bill failed of passage, the vote standing 24 to 41. Benjamin Hazard of Newport, who had been a conspicuous factor in Rhode Island legislation for many years, died on March 10, 1841. He was a graduate of Brown University, was first elected to the house in August, 1809, and was re-elected successively sixty-one times. The August previous to his death he addressed a letter to his fellow towns­ men declining again to be a candidate on account of ill-health.