Insecta, Neuropterida)

Zootaxa 3796 (2): 349–360 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2809D03B-4E0C-4C10-8BF4-37539E5B1012 A new European species of Nevrorthus in the Iberian Peninsula (Insecta, Neuropterida)

V. J. MONSERRAT1 & O. GAVIRA2 1Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología. Universidad Complutense. E-28040 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] 2Camino Castillejos 9, 1ºD. E-29010 Málaga, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

A new species of Nevrorthus (Insecta, Neuropterida: Nevrorthidae) has been found in the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Malaga): N. reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp. This new species represents the first record of this genus and this family in the Westernmost Mediterranean basin. A key to the known species of this genus is provided.

Key words: Neuroptera, Nevrorthidae, Western Mediterranean, Spain, Malaga

Resumen

Se describe una nueva especie de Nevrorthus (Insecta, Neuropterida: Nevrorthidae) del sur de la Península Ibérica (España, Málaga): N. reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp. Esta nueva especie representa la primera cita de este género y de esta familia en el Mediterráneo más occidental. Se aporta una clave de las especies conocidas de este género.

Introduction

The family Nevrorthidae Nakahara, 1915 represents one of the most primitive, enigmatic and interesting families from the point of view of phylogeny within the order Neuroptera (Aspöck 1992, 2002; Aspöck et al. 1980, 2001; Aspöck & Aspöck 1994, 1999, 2007, 2008a, 2010; Haring & Aspöck 2004; Beutel et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2012), and is considered to be a real living fossil according to the criterion of Thenius (2000). The fossil records of Nevrorthidae (Map 1) begins in the Lower Cretaceous amber (c. 99–112 Ma) from Myanmar (Burma) with larvae thought to belong to this family (Grimaldi et al. 2002). In addition, several genera and species have been found in Baltic and Rovno (Ukraine) amber (Eocene-Oligocene, 34–55 Ma), and Saxonian amber (Lower Miocene, 22 Ma) from Bitterfeld (Germany), with 3 genera and 5 species described (Parfin & Gurney 1956; MacLeod 1970; Nel & Jarzembowski 1997; Jarzembowski 1980; Grimaldi 1996; Wichard & Weitschat 1996; Weitschat & Wichard 1998, 2002; Wichard et al. 2002, 2009, 2010; Grimaldi et al. 2002; Grimaldi & Engel 2005; Makarkin & Perkovsky 2009; Wichard et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2012, etc.). The family Nevrorthidae currently has a markedly fragmented and relict distribution, with species isolated from one another (Map 1). It includes 16 species belonging to four genera: Nevrorthus Costa, 1863 (central Mediterranean basin), Nipponeurorthus Nakahara, 1958 (east Asia), Austroneurorthus Nakahara, 1958 (southeastern Australia) and Sinoneurorthus Liu, Aspöck & Aspöck, 2012 (China) (Map 1) (Nakahara 1915, 1958; Kuwayama 1962; Monserrat 1977; Aspöck et al. 1977, 1978, 1980, 2001; Yang & Gao 2001; Aspöck & Aspöck 1983; Aspöck, 2004; Wichard et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2012). In the Mediterranean region, the genus Nevrorthus is represented by four species of the central Mediterranean basin: Nevrorthus fallax (Rambur, 1842) from Sardinia and Corsica, Nevrorthus iridipennis Costa, 1863 from the

Accepted by B. price: 31 Mar. 2014; published: 19 May 2014 349 south of the Italian Peninsula and Sicily, Nevrorthus apatelios Aspöck, Aspöck & Hölzel, 1977 from the Balkan Peninsula to Slovenia, the southwest Bulgaria and Romania, and northeast of the Italian Peninsula, and Nevrorthus hannibal Aspöck & Aspöck, 1983 from Tunisia and Algeria (Plate 3, Map 1) (Rambur 1842; Costa 1863, 1871, 1884; Esben-Petersen 1913; Klapalek 1917; Pongrácz 1923; Kimmins 1930; Mosely 1932; Morton 1934; Navás 1935; Parfin & Gurney 1956; Zelený 1964, 1971; Principi 1966; Zwick 1967; Monserrat 1977; Aspöck et al. 1977, 1978, 1980, 2001; Tjeder 1979; Aspöck & Aspöck 1983, 1994, 1999, 2008b, 2013; Malicky 1984; Saure 1989; Popov 1990, 1991, 1993, 1998, 2002a,b; Letardi 1994; Pantaleoni 1994; Bernardi Iori et al. 1995; Aspöck & Hölzel 1996; Pantaleoni 1999; Letardi 2002; Grimaldi et al. 2002; Aspöck 2004; Monserrat 2005a; Letardi et al. 2006; Aspöck & Aspöck 2007; Sziráki 2008; Jones & Devetak 2009; Beutel et al. 2010; Nicoli Aldini et al. 2012, etc.). No Nevrorthus species has previously been described in the eastern and westernmost Mediterranean basin (Map 1).

MAP 1. Known distribution of the family Nevrorthidae. (+): Fossil records. Adapted from Liu et al. 2012 and Aspöck & Aspöck 2007.

In the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands (Majorca), there are known old records of this family listed as Neurorthus iridipennis Costa, 1863 (Sisyridae, Neurortinos) (sic) (Navás 1934, 1935). These records have given rise to several references to the assumed presence of this species or questioning its presence in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands (Lestage 1935; Parfin & Gurney 1956; Nakahara 1958; Principi 1966; Aspöck et al. 1978; Popov 1990; Oswald, 2013). With a review of these records and analysis of all the relevant material that has been preserved, Monserrat (1986, 1996, 2005a, b) concluded that these records were mistaken, and were assigned to the family Sisyridae (Sisyra iridipennis Costa, 1884), ruling out the presence of Nevrorthidae in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Nevertheless, several authors have questioned the absence of this family in the Iberian Peninsula, or noted that it would be expected to be present in this part of the westernmost Mediterranean basin (Aspöck 1992; Aspöck & Hölzel 1996; Aspöck & Aspöck 1983, 2007; Monserrat 1986; Monserrat & Triviño 2013). Recently, Gavira et al. (2012) presented the first confirmed record of the family Nevrorthidae in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain: Malaga, Sierra Alpujata), based on larval specimens (not identifiable, at the moment, at species level), and described in detail the habitat in which these larvae were found. Almost simultaneously, and based on the current distribution of this genus in the Mediterranean basin (Map 1), Monserrat & Triviño (2013) asserted that it was very likely that Nevrorthidae would be found in the Iberian Peninsula (or Balearic Islands), suggesting that it was only a matter of time and luck with sampling in clean and pristine environments where they might develop and maintain a stable relict population. As noted, it was not possible to assign the reported larval forms to any species, because the juvenile stages of the extant species are very poorly known, very similar to each other, and at the time there were insufficient data

350 · Zootaxa 3796 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press MONSERRAT & GAVIRA (Takahashi 1942; Zwick 1967; New 1978, 1986; Malicky 1984; Wichard et al. 2002, 2010; Grimaldi & Engel 2005; Aspöck & Aspöck 2007; Beutel et al. 2010; Gavira et al. 2012). Data on or presumed to be assignable to fossil juvenile stages have been described or reported by Wichard & Weitschat (1996), Weitschat & Wichard (1998, 2002), Grimaldi et al. (2002), Grimaldi & Engel (2005) and Wichard et al. (2002, 2010), but at the present have not allowed species differentiation and identification.

Materials and methods

After the first finding of the reported larvae assignable to this family from the South of Spain (Malaga) (Gavira et al. 2012) intensive samplings were made in the area: 29 samplings from April to August 2012 and April to October 2013. Specifically, kick sampling was carried out with nets for aquatic macro-invertebrates to find new larvae. To capture the adults, the rivers and the streams were systematically sampled, sweeping and beating the riparian vegetation with entomological nets. Light traps (white and black fluorescent lamps and LEDs) were placed in the bushy riparian forests from evening to late at night. So far, three adult specimens (1 ♂, 2 ♀) and four larvae have been captured. On the basis of our analysis, we confirm that these specimens represent a new species and we present the following description thereof (Fig. 1–10, Map 2). Morphological terminology mainly follows Aspöck et al. (1980). Comparative specimens from other species were also studied to confirm the new species and are cited following the type material: Material examined: Type Series: Type: Spain, Malaga, Coín, Sierra Alpujata, Arroyo del Corcho, 30SUF35 (WGS84), 450 m, 13.V.2013, 1 ♂ captured with a light trap in perennial stream covered by bushy willow gallery forest, T. Herrera, P. Carrasco & O. Gavira leg. (VM).

Paratypes: Imagoes Spain, Malaga, Coín, Sierra Alpujata, Arroyo del Manzano, 30SUF45 (ETRS89), 378 m, 27.IV.2013, 1 ♀ found floating on the water of an intermittent stream over peridotite, O. Gavira, S. Sánchez & S. Solís leg. (MNCNM). Spain, Malaga, Estepona, Río Padrón, 30SUF03 (WGS84), 146 m, 3.VI.2013, 1 ♀ found in spider web on Carex elata, O. Gavira & P. Carrasco leg. (VM). Spain, Malaga, Coín, Sierra Alpujata, Arroyo del Manzano, 30SUF45 (ETRS89), 382 m, 1.V.2013, one fore wing floating in a water sample from an intermittent stream over peridotite, O. Gavira, S. Sánchez, S. Solís, P. Carrasco, J. M. Hevilla, B. Briales & S. García leg. (VM). Larvae Spain, Malaga, Coín, Sierra Alpujata, Arroyo del Corcho, 30SUF35 (ETRS89), 428 m, 18.IV.2011, one larva in a perennial stream covered by bushy willow gallery forest, O. Gavira, S. Sánchez, P. Carrasco, J. Ripoll, S. Solís leg. (VM). Spain, Malaga, Coín, Sierra Alpujata, Arroyo del Corcho, 30SUF35 (ETRS89), 442 m, 23.IV.2012, one larva in a perennial stream covered by bushy willow gallery forest, O. Gavira, S. Sánchez leg. (VM). Spain, Malaga, Coín, Sierra Alpujata, Arroyo del Corcho, 30SUF35 (ETRS89), 441 m, 7.V. 2012, one larva in a perennial stream covered by bushy willow gallery forest, O. Gavira, P. Carrasco, J. Ripoll leg. MNCNM (Ent. Cat. No. 75372). Spain, Malaga, Coín, Sierra Alpujata, Arroyo del Corcho, 30SUF35 (ETRS89), 446 m, 7.V. 2012, one larva in a perennial stream covered by bushy willow gallery forest, O. Gavira, P. Carrasco, J. Ripoll leg. (VM).

Comparison material from other species (Plate 3): Nevrorthus apatelios Aspöck, Aspöck & Hölzel, 1977 Bulgaria, Kyustendil, Grlyano, Osogoro Mts., 900 m, 8.VII.1965, 1 ♂, 1 ♀, A. Popov (VM). Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Friuli Venezia Giulia (NP), Barcis (Arcola), stream bank Cellina, 190 m, 19.VII.2006, 1 ♂, R. A. Pantaleoni (RAP).

A NEW NEVRORTHUS IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA Zootaxa 3796 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 351 Nevrorthus fallax (Rambur, 1842) France, Corsica, Vizzavona, Cascade des Anglais, 1000 m, 17.VIII.2001, 2 ♂, S. Paz (VM). Italy, Sardinia, Medio Campidano, Gonnosfanadiga, Marigosa, 185 m, 29.V.2003, 1 ♂, 1 ♀, R. A. Pantaleoni (VM). Italy, Sardinia, Nuoro, Belvi, Scala Cerasia, 660 m, 30.V.2003, 1 ♂, R. A. Pantaleoni (VM). Nevrorthus hannibal Aspöck & Aspöck, 1983 Tunisia, Jendouba, between Babouch and Hammam Bourghiba, 36°47’28”N 08°37’52”E, 336 m, 25.IV.2006, 1 ♂, R. A. Pantaleoni (RAP). Nevrorthus iridipennis Costa, 1863 Italy, Sicily, Mesina, Francavilla di Sicilia, torrente S. Paolo, 354 m, 22.V.2001, 1 ♂, R. A. Pantaleoni (RAP).

Deposition of specimens This material is owned by or deposited in the collections of V. J. Monserrat (VM), the National Museum of Natural Sciences in Madrid (MNCNM), and R. A. Pantaleoni collection (RAP) as indicated.

Description

Nevrorthus reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp.

Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by pale-greyish tegumentary coloration and strongly contrasting brownish-blackish patches. Antennae brownish, slightly darker at the distal third. Transversal venation of fore wings strongly black, this coloration is clearly extending over the adjacent membrane. Male presents the parameres strongly curved to midline and the ninth sternite is narrow, with lateral margins sub-parallel at the base and the caudal margin lightly curved against the midline but without presenting a notable cleft. Description. External morphology. General color of the tegument very pale brown-greyish, with notable darker brown-blackish patches all over the surface (Fig. 1), especially on thorax and abdomen. Head very pale brown, eyes black, vertex scarcely sclerified with a slightly more sclerified Y-shape area from the base of antennae to hind midline and carrying abundant brownish setae with dark base. Antennae with circular base poorly sclerified, scape sub-cylindrical and pedicel globular, both brownish, basal two thirds of flagellum pale brownish, flagellomeres sub-cylindrical, carrying two rings of dark setae, and progressively darker towards the apical third. Labial and maxillary palps brownish. Middle area of clyppeus and labrum poorly sclerified and pigmented at central region. Distal margin of labrum slightly emarginate in the center. Thorax with pronotum semicircular with abundant brownish setae, strongly brownish pigmented at the base. Pronotum very pale brownish and irregularly darker brownish pigmented; notably, a slight midline dark brownish and two transverse lines also dark brownish and parallel to fore and hind margins. Meso and metanotum pale brownish with a slight midline dark brownish and dark brown triangular patches over the meso and metascutellum, and circular patches over the meso and metascutum (Fig. 1). Also darker and very contrasting patches over epimera and episternum. Both segments carry a very hairy semispherical formation around the area of wing insertion. Legs pale brownish, somewhat darker at the base of coxa, especially on the second and third pair of legs. Femur-tibia joint area also somewhat darker. Male with hind femurs no broader than the femurs of fore and mid legs. Tarsomeres pale, somewhat darker at the distal part, and the last tarsomere entirely dark. Claws strongly curved at a right angle. Fore wings length (♂: 6.1 mm; ♀: 6.7–6.4 mm). Longitudinal veins pale brownish, somewhat darker from the first bifurcations to the marginal veins, and with setae distinctly brownish at the base. Costal cross-veins very dark brownish, more pale towards the pterostigma (Fig.1, 2, 17). Transverse vein between Sc and R and remaining transverse veins very dark, extensively darkening the adjacent membrane (Fig. 1, 2, 17). Wing membrane in both sexes with a dark circular patch on anal field (Fig. 2, 17) carrying numerous conical micro-trichia that could have a stridulatory/hearing function as described in other families by Riek (1967). Hind wings length (♂: 5.1 mm; ♀: 6.0–5.8 mm) with very similar pigmentation pattern but the transverse veins dark brownish, somewhat less contrasting and less extended over the adjacent membrane than on fore wings. Notably, the beginning of SR, transverse veins between this and R, and external gradate veins markedly darker but less so than on fore wings (Fig. 2, 17).

352 · Zootaxa 3796 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press MONSERRAT & GAVIRA FIGURES 1–8. Nevrorthus reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp. 1: General appearance; 2: Wings; 3: Abdominal end of male, lateral view; 4: Ditto, dorsal view; 5: Ditto, ventral view; 6: Paramere and coxopodite, ventral view; 7: Gonarcus-paramere- coxopodite complex, lateral view; 8: Ninth sternite, ventral view (c: coxopodite, e: ectoproct, g: gonarcus, pa: paramere, pl: pleuritocava, S: sternite, T: tergite). At different scales.

FIGURES 10–14. Schematic diagram of the ninth sternite in ventral view of: 10: Nevrorthus reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp.; 11: Nevrorthus fallax; 12: Nevrorthus hannibal; 13: Nevrorthus apatelios; 14: Nevrorthus iridipennis. Scale: 0.2 mm.

FIGURES 15–25. Fore wings and general appearance of Nevrorthus spp. 15, 19, 23, 24: Nevrorthus apatelios; 16, 21, 22: Nevrorthus hannibal; 17: Nevrorthus reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp.; 18: Nevrorthus fallax; 20, 25: Nevrorthus iridipennis. 15,16,18–25: Photograhs by R.A.Pantaleoni.

354 · Zootaxa 3796 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press MONSERRAT & GAVIRA Abdomen with tergites and sternites irregularly brownish pigmented (Fig. 1). Fore tergites bent at a right angle at the fore margin. Genital elements. Female: Tergite 9 with a small circular emargination on the caudal margin. Subgenital plate broad, with external margins straight. Lateral gonapophysis narrow and fusiform, somewhat more sclerified and brownish pigmented on the fore half. Ectoproct ovoid, poorly sclerified. Male: Pleuritocavae present, forming two internal bags with granular aspect, and apparently open ventrally between the sixth and seventh sternites (Fig. 3). Seventh tergite and sternite with a triangular region more sclerified and broader towards the caudal margin. Eighth tergite and sternite narrow, not fused but forming a ring (Fig. 3); tergite with a small narrow V-shape emargination, open towards the caudal margin; eighth sternite with similar emargination but comparatively larger, broader and more open. Ninth tergite narrow at middle dorsal part and rectangular in lateral view (Fig. 3). Ninth sternite hairy at the basal part (Fig. 8), narrow in lateral view (Fig. 3, 7), lateral margins sub-parallel, not sinuous, and at the distal part with caudal margin very slightly sinuous and concave at the midline but without becoming a notable cleft (Fig. 5, 8, 10). Ectoproct semicircular-ovoid (Fig. 3, 7), cercal callus with 7 trichobothria. Gonarcus with globular appearance in lateral view (Fig. 3, 7), with caudal process that is spatulated in lateral view (Fig. 3, 7) and tri-lobated in dorsal or ventral view (Fig. 4). Paremeres strongly curved towards the midline and carrying three distal bended denticles (Fig. 4–6). Coxopodite weak, hairy and digitiform (Fig. 4–7). Hypandrium weak and triangular. Larva: The external appearance of the larva of this new species was noted by Gavira et al. (2012) and is now shown in Figure 9. Notable features in these larvae are their size at the end of development (8.5–9.5 mm); their coloration—brownish-amber head, cervix and pronotum, the rest of the body being extremely pale brownish in color, almost translucent in the live specimens; their extremely long and widely spaced bristles; and, on the legs, the powerful spines on the distal part of the femur and tibia (Fig. 9). In the live specimens observed, marked characteristics were their agility and great mobility; they moved about rapidly while oscillating the head and prothorax looking for prey, using the end of the abdomen as a lever and thereby contributing to their movement. It is likely that they could move forwards as well as backwards, between detritus and submerged vegetation. Lastly, it is also interesting to note their capacity to hide in submerged hollow stems.

Discussion

External aspects. To the naked eye, the external morphology of Nevrorthus reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp. is different to that of other known Mediterranean species in that it has slightly dark flagellum on the distal third, and is not uniformly yellow or pale (Costa 1863; Aspöck et al. 1977, 1980; Aspöck & Aspöck 1983). The overall grayish-brown coloration, not pale brown yellowish, and the strongly and patent dark shading on the wing transverse veins, especially on fore wings (Fig. 1, 2, 17), immediately distinguish Nevrorthus reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp. from Nevrorthus iridipennis and Nevrorthus apatelios (Fig. 15, 19, 20). The strongly dark shading markedly extended over the membrane in the proximity of the transverse veins, especially on fore wings (Fig. 1, 2, 17), immediately distinguish it from the other species of the region (Nevrorthus fallax and Nevrorthus hannibal) (Fig. 16, 18), with which it seems to be more closely related (Nakahara 1958; Aspöck et al. 1980; Aspöck & Aspöck 1983; Nicoli Aldini et al. 2012). In relation to these two species, the tegumentary coloration with pale greyish-whitish head, thorax and abdomen, and strongly contrasting patches (Fig. 1), rather than a paler brownish more uniform tegument with somewhat darker brownish areas (Fig. 21), also distinguish it externally from the north African (Tunisia and Algeria) N. hannibal (Aspöck et al. 1980; Aspöck & Aspöck 1983). The Tyrrhenian (Corsica and Sardinia) N. fallax is more similar regarding external pigmentation, and probably closely related (Fig. 18). However, Nevrorthus reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp. has wings somewhat broader, costal veins are much darker on the fore wings, and marginal veins are mainly trifurcated (Fig. 1, 2, 17), and not only bifurcated (Fig. 18). In contrast, N. fallax has a narrower area of dark shadow on each side of the transverse veins over the wing membrane (Nakahara 1958; Aspöck et al. 1980; Aspöck & Aspöck 1983) (Fig. 18) compared to that notable in N. reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp., even on the hind wings (Fig. 1, 2, 17). In addition, on the hind legs of the male of N. fallax, the femur (all the surface except at the ends) and tibia (along the full length of its surface) are dark brownish, very different to those of the fore and mid legs (Fig. 18), whereas N. reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp. all legs have a similar uniform pale brownish coloration (Fig.1). Finally, in the male of N. fallax, the femur of the hind legs is

A NEW NEVRORTHUS IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA Zootaxa 3796 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 355 considerably more robust and fusiform than those of the fore and mid legs (Fig. 18). This characteristic is not seen in N. reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp., in which this segment is cylindrical and similar in appearance to those of the other legs (Fig. 1). Genital aspects. N. reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp. also has similarities with the other species of the genus in terms of the male genitalia, in particular with N. hannibal and N. fallax, but differs from these two species by having the parameres more strongly bent to the midline (Fig. 4–6), and particularly, the ninth sternite is narrower and the lateral margins are sub-parallel at the basal part (Fig. 5, 8, 10) but neither as spatulate and strongly convex margins as in N. hannibal (Fig. 12), nor as width, subtriangular and sinuous and markedly divergent margins as in N. fallax (Fig. 11), nor as triangular as in N. apatelios (Fig. 13), and nor as quadrangular as in N. iridipennis (Fig. 14). Finally, in N. reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp. in the distal part of the ninth sternite the caudal margin is very slightly sinuous emarginate at the midline (Fig. 5, 8, 10), but not as markedly angled emarginate as in N. fallax, or with an accentuated and deep cleft as in N. hannibal, or with semicircular-spatulate appearance as in N. apatelios, or strongly bifurcated as in N. iridipennis (Fig. 11–14) (Aspöck et al. 1980; Aspöck & Aspöck 1983). Biology and ecology. In general, larvae of the species of the family Nevrorthidae inhabit perennial and clean water systems, with high concentration of oxygen and low concentration of saprobial pollution, usually in coastal mountain ranges (Nakahara 1958; Zwick 1967; New 1978; Aspöck et al. 1977, 1980; Aspöck & Aspöck 1983, 1994; Malicky 1984; Letardi et al. 2006; Jones & Devetak 2009; Nicoli Aldini et al. 2012). The habitat of Nevrorthus reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp. is consistent with the description of the general ecology of the family, it having been found in two areas with well-conserved environments and near the coast: Sierra Alpujata (Gavira et al. 2012) and Sierra Bermeja (Map 2). Both mountain ranges are composed mainly of peridotites. This type of rock contains heavy metals that represent a barrier to many types of human uses of the land and explain the good state of conservation of these ecosystems. N. reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp. has been found in rivers and streams with clean water and perennial or intermittent flow but that never become completely dry, at an altitude of between 150 and 450 m. These water courses are flanked by large willow galleries (Salix pedicellata) and host a high diversity of macro-invertebrates (Gavira et al. 2012).

MAP 2. Known distribution of the family Nevrorthidae in the Iberian Peninsula.

The first adult specimen was collected at the end of April in Sierra Alpujata (27.IV.2013), this being a dead female floating on the water. Later, a wing was also found floating on the water in the same place (1.V.2013). The only live specimen was captured with a light trap in the middle of May in Sierra Alpujata (13.V.2013). The last specimen collected was found in Sierra Bermeja, in June (3.VI.2013), but it was another dead female and was

356 · Zootaxa 3796 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press MONSERRAT & GAVIRA found in a spider’s web. Therefore, this last specimen does not provide information about the phenology as it is not possible to ascertain how long it had been there. No further specimens were found, despite numerous samplings with light trap and sweep nets being made at these sites and others nearby (see Materials and Methods, above). Although some species of this genus (N. fallax) or Austroneurorthus were sometime reported to be abundant (Mosely 1932; New 1978, 1986), this does not seem to be generally the case. In particular, the species we describe seems to be extremely rare, scarce and very difficult to find (see number of samplings in Materials & Methods). On the basis of the data available so far, it seems that this is a spring species, being present at least in April-May (- June), similar to the characteristics cited for other Nevrorthidae species of the Northern Hemisphere (Aspöck & Aspöck 1983; Monserrat 2005a; Nicoli Aldini et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2012); this contrasts with other cases in which adults are found mainly in summer (July-August), suggesting the possibility of them having two generations per year (Mosely 1932; Nakahara 1958; Kuwayama 1962; Monserrat 2005a; Jones & Devetak 2009; Aspöck et al. 1977; Letardi et al. 2006). On the presence of this genus/species in the Iberian Peninsula and the westernmost Mediterranean basin we mostly agree with the paleo-biographical data given by Wichard et al. (2010). Derivatio nominis. We have named this new species so (from Latin reconditus = concealed, recondite, hidden) due to the isolated and almost inaccessible habitats in which it has been found in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, after a quest of almost forty samplings years looking for it.

Key to Nevrorthus species

1. Fore wings not darker shading on the transverse veins (Fig. 15) ...... 2 - Fore wings darker shading on the transverse veins (Fig. 16, 17) ...... 3 2. Scape and pedicellus yellowish as flagellum, or very slightly darker (Fig. 20, 25). Apex of the male 9th sternite deeply forked (Fig. 14) ...... N. iridipennis - Scape and pedicellus strongly dark brown (Fig. 19, 23, 24). Apex of the male 9th sternite unforked (Fig. 13) . . . . N. apatelios 3. Fore wings light dark shading on the transverse veins, hardly spread over the adjacent membrane (Fig. 16, 18). Antennae with flagellum uniformly yellow or pale brown. Apex of the male 9th sternite deeply cloven on the midline (Fig. 11, 12) ...... 4 - Fore wings intensely dark shading on the transverse veins, strongly extended over the adjacent membrane (Fig. 1, 2, 17). Antennae with light darker flagellum on the distal third. Apex of the male 9th sternite very slightly cloven on the midline (Fig. 8, 10) ...... N. reconditus n. sp. 4. Male hind legs with femurs and tibias dark brown, much darker than fore- and middle legs (Fig. 18). Male 9th sternite with basal part subtriangular shape and with slightly convex lateral margins (Fig. 11) ...... N. fallax - Male hind legs with femurs and tibias light brown, similar than fore- and middle legs (Fig. 21). Male 9th sternite with basal part spatulate shape and with very convex lateral margins (Fig. 12) ...... N.hannibal

Acknowledgments

This work is part of the coordinated Project I+D+i Fauna Ibérica (Neuroptera) CGL2010-22267-C07-05. The finding of this species was possible thanks to the collaboration of Asociación Cultural Medioambiental Jara and the Maecenas Fund "We are Learning, We are Teaching". Naturally, we thank all those have contributed to a greater or lesser degree to this achievement, in particular: Núria Bonada, Bartolo Briales, Patricia Carrasco, Salvi García, Tony Herrera, José Manuel Hevilla, José Manuel Moreno Benítez, Jesús Navas, Javier Ripoll, Salvador Sánchez, Salvador Solís, and José Miguel Vela. We also wish express our thanks to Dr. Vladimir Makarkin and Dr. Roberto A. Pantaleoni for their constant help and advice, and to Eduardo Ruiz, Fernando Acevedo and Víctor Triviño for their help obtaining and processing pictures. We are also grateful to the Andalusian regional government (Junta de Andalucía) for granting permission for samplings in the protected areas of Sierra de las Nieves and Maro-Cerro Gordo (Malaga-Granada). With this paper, we appeal to the Spanish state, regional and local authorities to act to protect the amazing, pristine and still almost unaltered natural environments where this new species was found (Malaga, Sierra Alpujata and Sierra Bermeja), these well conserved areas being the only places it is known to have survived. The finding of this new and relict species illustrates the importance of conserving these areas and the urgent need for them to be declared protected areas.

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