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Present Knowledge of Italian Neuropterida: History, Distribution and Current Problems

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Present Knowledge of Italian Neuropterida: History, Distribution and Current Problems Acta 2001.Fennica 209: 145-149 ISBN 95 1-9481-54-0 ISSN 0001-7299 Helsinki 6 May 1998 C3 Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 1998 Present knowledge of Italian Neuropterida: history, distribution and current problems Agostino Letardi Letardi, A., ENEA C. R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, S. P. 046'1-00060 S. Maria di Galeria, Roma, Italy Received 14 July 1997 Fourteen families of Neuropterida, including 185 recorded taxa (species and subspe- cies) in 69 genera, occur in Italy. A review of the history of faunistical studies, an overview of territorial distribution, and notes on current problems are presented. 1. Introduction The first well-located record of an Italian Neurop- terida was in Allioni's (1766) publication "Mani- Despite intensive studies in the past, and the avail- polus Insectorum Tauriniensis", with two lace- ability of a good amount of data on the Neurop- wings (most likely Chrysoperla sp. and Chrysopa terida of Italy (more than over 330 publications), perla (Linnaeus)) collected around Turin, North only a few recent works have attempted to sum- Italy. Allioni was also the collector of the ascala- marize the information on faunistical distribution phids on which Fabricius described Libelloides (Letardi 1994), or even simply to present a list of italicus (as Ascalaphus italicus). In 1774, Ginanni all recorded species (Bernardi Iori et al. 1995). recorded Euroleon nostras (Fourcroy) in pine- The aim of this contribution is to highlight the wood around Ravenna (Northern Adriatic coast). present status of knowledge on the Neuropterida Finally, in the last decade of the century, due to of Italy and the main taxonomic and faunistic prob- the studies of Domenico Cirillo and Vincenzo lems on which to focus research in the future. Petagna in southern Italy, and chiefly to the ac- tivities of Pietro Rossi in Central and northern Italy, the size of the known Neuropteridofauna 2. A brief history of studies on Italian rose to a couple of dozen taxa. Pietro Rossi, who Neuropterida was the first University Professor of Entomology in the world, decribed in his works (1790, 1792) 2.1. The 18th century two new species, Hemerobius italicus and Myrme- lean flavicornis (now Italochrysa italica and In 1733 Antonio Vallisneri, in a posthumous work, MegistopusfZavicomis), with their "locus typicus" described the life-history of a Myrmeleontidae in two Italian sites (respectively Florence and named "Verme Formicario" (Mymzecoleon)most Pisa). Rossi also first recorded a Megaloptera and likely coming from the northern Adriatic coast. a Raphidioptera for Italy. 146 Letardi ACTA ZOOL. FENNICA Vol. 209 Raphidioptera Fig. 1. Cumulative num- bers of Neuropterida spe- M~nalnntera cies and subspecies re- ported in Italy by year. 2.2. The 19th century forerunner in a field of practical interest such as biological pest control (she was one of the first During the 19th century, the number of studies on Italian researchers to promote this practice among Italian Neuropterida greatly increased. Besides agronomists). She and her pupil R. A. Pantaleoni some European, mostly German-speaking re- are co-authors of the recent checklist of Neurop- searchers (neuropterologists of world fame like teridofauna of Italy (Bernardi Iori et al. 1995), W. G. Schneider, H. A. Hagen, J. H. Albarda, and which actually represents the reference point for others), there were a good number of keen local taxonomic and faunistic studies in Italy, together entomologists, some highly skilled, engaged in with the basic European Fauna of Aspock et al. collecting and studying these insects. Among (1980) and a contemporaneous work of Monserrat them, Achille Costa stood out for his importance. (1980). The just-printed review of Aspock and Together with his father Oronzio Gabriele and his HolzeI (1996) on Neuropterida of the Mediterra- brother Giuseppe, he studied large areas of cen- nean is also very useful for the understanding of tral and southern Italy, describing several new the faunistical relationships of the Italian fauna species, some of them still valid at specific and inside this West-Palearctic area. Numbers of Neu- even at generic level. With the works of A. Costa ropterida knownin Italy by year are shown in Fig. l. (1855,1858,18631, C. Tacchetti (1861) and other foreign entomologists, in the second half of the century the number of known Italian Neuropterida 3. Distribution rose to 60 taxa. The data on the distribution and zoogeographical characteristics of Italian species are drawn from 2.3. The 20th century over 330 publications included in a computer da- tabase. Unpublished data from my collection and During the first of the 20th L' Navas' other sources (privatecollectiuns,R. A. Pantaleoni the most prolific author on Neuropteridea, made pers. comm.) are also considered. The Italian ter- great contributions to the knowledge of this group ritory is divided according to the political bounda- of insects for Italy (he also contributed to faunistic ries of regions. These administrative territories are and taxonomic disorder, describing a lot of new grouped in seven areas, zoogeographically quite species, actually considered probable synonyms homogeneous. They are: or nomina dubin). From the middle of the century until now, the Italian neuropterologist scene has - the north-eastern Alps been dominated by the works of Maria Matilde - the north-westem and Central Alps Principi (1952, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1966), - northern Appennins ACTA ZOOL. FENNICA Vol. 209 Italian Neuropterida: history,distribution, problems 147 - central Appennins - southern Appennins - the Sicily and Sicilian islands, and - the Sardinia and Sardinian islands. The total number of taxa (species and subspe- cies) of Italian Neuropterida is 185; the numbers for the different areas are given in Fig. 2. The zoogeographical categories in Table 1 follow Vigna Taglianti et al. (1992): they are grouped in chorotypes widespread in all or part of the Holartic region (I), widespread only in Eu- rope (11), widespread in the Mediterranean basin (111), and Afrotropical or Indomalayan chorotypes, but also occurring in Mediterranean countries (IV). Mediterranean taxa are prevalent (31.5% of all Neuropterida), followed by European species (27%) and Siberian-European taxa ( 12.5%). A view of chorotypes of the four largest Neuroptera families in Italy (i.e. Coniopterygidae, Hemerobii- dae, Chrysopidae and Myrmeleontidae) is given in Table 1. Fig. 2. Numbers of taxa (species and subspecies) of Species of southern origin are prevalent. All Italian Neuropterida in different zoogeographicalareas. Sialidae are of northern origin, while all Inocellii- In each area the numbers denote: Megaloptera (top dae, Osmylidae, Nevrorthidae, Berothidae, Manti- left), Raphidioptera(top right) and Neuroptera(bottom). spidae, Dilaridae, and Ascalaphidae are of south- ern origin. In Hemerobiidae, northern taxa are prevalent, while in Myrmeleontidae southern taxa prevail; in Coniopterygidae and Chrysopidae they 4. Current problems are about equally frequent. The unsatisfactory degree of knowledge about The study of Italian Neuropterida still presents the distribution in some areas (see Section 4) does problems to solve both taxonomically and faunis- not allow a more definite analysis. tically: the two aspects are often strictly related. Table 1. Chorotypes of Italian Megaloptera, Raphidioptera and Neuroptera (Coniopterygidae, Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae and Myrmeleontidae in parentheses) Chorotype Meg. Raph. Neur. (Con.) (Hem.) (Chr.) (Myr.) I Holartic Paleartic Siberian-European Euro-Mediterranean II European South-European Ill Mediterranean IV Afrotropical Letardi ACTA ZOOL. FENNICA Vol. 209 From a faunistical point of view, the degree of frons and D. prasinus complexes (Bernardi Iori exploration of different Italian regions is quite et al. 1995, Cianchi & Bullini 1996, R. A. heterogeneous in two aspects: some families (e.g. Pantaleoni pers. comm.) Inocelliidae, Chrysopidae, tiscalaphidae and - the exact definition of taxon Dichochrysa sp. Myrmeleontidae) have been studied adequately pr. picteti (Bernardi Iori et al. 1995, R. A. throughout the whole of Italy, while others have Pantaleoni pers. comm.) been collected only in certain areas, frequently - a review of Creoleon spp. (Pantaleoni & Lo showing an unrealistic scattered distribution. Al- Valvo 1995), and though a few geographic areas, like Appennins of - the exact definition of Megistopus? mirabilis Romagna (Pantaleoni 1990), Sardinia (Pantaleoni of Central Italy (Letardi & Pantaleoni 1996). 1994), and some Alp and Prealp areas (Nicoli Aldini 1994), are well known, the degree of ex- Some of these questions are already answered, ploration of the whole of Italy is very unsatisfac- but there are no published data. Others -includ- tory compared with other analogous Mediterra- ing a few possible new species to describe - are nean areas- i.e. the Iberian and Balkan peninsu- presently being evaluated. The problems outlined las (Popov 1992). above emphasize the need for a better knowledge From a taxonomic point of view, besides the of the Italian Neuropterida. Unfortunately, there broader problems like taxonomic definition of the are few Italian entomologists (actually no more genera Neuroleon, Dichochrysa and Chrysoperla, than half a dozen) really engaged in Neuropterolo- other questions to solve are: gy studies. The next challenge will be to include studies on Italian Neuropterida in larger projects, - the exact definition of nomina dubia Raphidia pointing out also the economic
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