The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens COOPERATION AND CONFLICT: AMERICAN INDIANS AND ENGLISH SETTLERS IN COLONIAL AMERICA Grade 5 United States History and Geography I. Standards Assessed History-Social Science Content Standards 5.3 Students describe the cooperation and conflict that existed among the American Indians and between the Indian nations and the new settlers. 2 Describe the cooperation that existed between the colonists and Indians during the 1600s and 1700s (e.g., in agriculture, the fur trade, military alliances, treaties, cultural interchanges). 3 Examine the conflicts before the Revolutionary War (e.g., the Pequot and King Philip's Wars in New England, the Powhatan Wars in Virginia, the French and Indian War). History-Social Science Analysis Skill Standards Chronological and Spatial Thinking (1) Students place key events and people of the historical era they are studying in a chronological sequence and within a spatial context; they interpret time lines. Research, Evidence, and Point-of-View (1) Students differentiate between primary and secondary sources. (2) Students pose relevant questions about events they encounter in historical documents, eyewitness accounts, oral histories, letters, diaries, artifacts, photographs, maps, artworks, and architecture. (3) Students distinguish fact from fiction by comparing documentary sources on historical figures and events with fictionalized characters and events. The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens 1 Cooperation and Conflict Lesson Plan Historical Interpretation (1) Students summarize the key events of the years they are studying and explain the historical contexts of those events. (3) Students identify and interpret the multiple causes and effects of historical events. English-Language Arts Content Standards Reading 1.2 Use word origins to determine the meaning of unknown words. 2.3 Discern main ideas and concepts presented in texts, identifying and assessing evidence that supports those ideas. 2.4 Draw inferences, conclusions, or generalizations about text and support them with textual evidence and prior knowledge. Writing 1.2 Create multiple-paragraph expository compositions. 2.3 Write research reports about important ideas, issues, or events… 2.4 Write persuasive letters or compositions. Speaking 2.2 Deliver informative presentations about an important idea, issue, or event… English-Language Development Standards (Level 4) Listening and Speaking 1 Listen attentively to more complex stories /information on new topics across content areas, and identify the main poits and supporting details. 6 Ask and answer instructional questions with more extensive supporting elements (e.g., “What part of the story was most important?”) Reading Fluency 1 Use knowledge of English morphemes, phonics, and syntax to decode and interpret the meaning of unfamiliar words. 4 Use standard dictionary to find the meanings of known vocabulary. 6 Use decoding skills and knowledge of academic and social vocabulary to achieve independent reading. 8 Read increasingly complex narrative and expository texts aloud with appropriate pacing, intonation and expression. 2 The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Cooperation and Conflict Lesson Plan Reading Comprehension 1. Describe main ideas and supporting details of a text. 2. Generate and respond to comprehension questions related to the text. 5. Use resources in the text (such as ideas, illustrations, titles, etc.) to draw conclusions and make inferences. 6. Distinguish between explicit examples of fact, opinions, inference, and cause/effect in texts. 7. Identify some significant structural (organizational) patterns in text, such as sequence/chronological order, and cause/effect. Writing Strategies 4. Use complex vocabulary and sentences appropriate for language arts and other content areas (e.g. math, science, social studies). 6. Write multi-paragraph narrative and expository compositions and examples appropriate for content areas, with consistent use of standard grammatical forms. II. Teacher Background Information o one knows for certain how many Native Americans lived in North America N before the European exploration and settlement of the continent. Anthropologists estimate that north of Mexico there may have been as many as 10 million inhabitants. Of these probably half a million lived along the coastal plain of the east coast and in the foothills of the nearby mountains. Within a few years after the Spanish set foot on the islands of the West Indies ships from other European states sailed the waters off the eastern seaboard of what is now the United States. Explorers from all maritime European states sought to establish a foothold on the continent. Raiding parties captured native peoples and in the search for wealth paid no regard to the people they encountered. In their first encounters with Europeans Native Americans were exposed to diseases to which they had no natural immunity. Without resistance to even minor European illnesses, millions of Native Americans died. It has been estimated that 90% of the native populations of the American continents perished within a hundred years of Columbus’s landing in the West Indies. Not all died as a result of Old World maladies. The ruthless treatment of native peoples by the Spanish as well as those of other colonizing powers, including the English, accounted for countless deaths. The history of the English settlement of North America is one of both cooperation and conflict with Native Americans. After initially trying to prevent the landing of the colonists at Jamestown in 1607 the Powhatans helped save the colony from starvation. The Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth in 1620 would not have survived without the help of the Wampanoag confederacy. Within a short period of time cooperation gave way to conflict. One of the chief problems involved the different concept of land and land ownership. Native Americans generally believed that the land was a gift from the creator The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens 3 Cooperation and Conflict Lesson Plan to be used for the welfare of the people. Europeans came to America with a different concept. Land was the source of both livelihood and a source of personal wealth. Private ownership was something foreign to Native Americans. Europeans also marveled at the way they could entice Indians to trade corn, furs, and other commodities for a few beads or glass trinkets. Within a short period of time fierce combat between settlers and Native Americans replaced cordial agreements. Ultimately after defeating Indians in combat treaties were imposed that ceded more and more land to the settlers. This was not the case in all English colonies. Roger Williams, founder of the Rhode Island colony, believed in fair treatment in all dealings with Native Americans. Williams, a Puritan minister, was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony partly because he preached that settlers should purchase land from the Indians at a fair price. William Penn also stands out as a colonial leader who treated the Indians of Pennsylvania with respect in signing treaties with equals rather than manipulating Indians to achieve better trade agreements or confiscate their lands. Throughout this lesson Native American and Indian are used interchangeably. It should also be noted that there are various spellings of names. The lesson attempts to use the more commonly used spelling. Primary source documents presented in the lesson have been reprinted with conventional spelling for ease in reading. III. Materials Needed Group readings Group One—Virginia 1) Native Americans and the Virginia Colony 2) Powhatan Speaks to John Smith 3) The Starving Time 4) The War of 1622 5) “The Barbarous Massacre” (Edward Waterhouse account) Group Two—New England 1) Massasoit and the Pilgrims 2) Pequot War 3) Captain Mason’s Report to the General Court of Connecticut 4) William Bradford on the Burning of the Pequot Settlement 5) King Philip’s War 4 The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Cooperation and Conflict Lesson Plan Group Three—Pennsylvania 1) William Penn 2) Concession to the Province of Pennsylvania, 1681 3) The Leni Lenape 4) Art prints by Benjamin West and Edward Hicks IV. Lesson Activities A glossary is included with each of the group readings. Definitions of the vocabulary words listed in the glossary are based on their usage in the lesson readings. You may wish to develop a vocabulary activity or game to help build student fluency and vocabulary development. A. Before beginning the lesson ask students if they know the difference between a primary source and a secondary source. Define primary source as information about events that were recorded at the time the events took place. Make certain that students understand that primary sources are more than printed words or written documents. Maps, artifacts, paintings can all be primary sources. Discuss how historians examine primary sources as pieces of evidence from the past in order to determine the causes or consequences of historical events. Remind students that primary sources may be slanted or biased. Ask students if they were writing a history of colonial America if it would be useful to have a variety of viewpoints including perspectives of Native Americans. Tell students that much of what we know about the early relations between Native Americans and white settlers comes from books, journals, or official documents written from the